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{{short description|Irish politician (1846–1891)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Charles Stewart Parnell - Brady-Handy.jpg
| office = Leader of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]]
| term_start = 11 May 1882
| term_end = 6 October 1891
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[John Redmond]]
| office1 = Leader of the [[Home Rule League]]
| term_start1 = 16 April 1880
| term_end1 = 11 May 1882
| predecessor1 = [[William Shaw (Irish politician)|William Shaw]]
| successor1 = ''Office abolished''
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for [[Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)|Cork City]]
| term_start2 = 5 April 1880
| term_end2 = 6 October 1891
| predecessor2 = [[Nicholas Daniel Murphy]]
| successor2 = Martin Flavin
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for [[Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath]]
| term_start3 = 21 April 1875
| term_end3 = 5 April 1880
| predecessor3 = [[John Martin (Young Irelander)|John Martin]]
| successor3 = [[Alexander Martin Sullivan]]
| birth_name = Charles Stewart Parnell
| birth_date = {{birth date|1846|6|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Avondale House|Avondale]], [[County Wicklow]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1891|10|6|1846|6|27|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hove]], [[East Sussex]], England
| death_cause = [[Pneumonia]]
| resting_place = [[Glasnevin Cemetery]], Dublin, Ireland
| nationality = Irish
| party = [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] (1882–1891)<br/>[[Home Rule League]] (1880–1882)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Katharine O'Shea]]|25 June 1891}}
| children = 3
| father = [[John Henry Parnell]]
| mother = Delia Tudor Stewart
| relatives = {{Unbulleted list|[[Anna Catherine Parnell]] (sister)|[[Fanny Parnell]] (sister)|[[John Howard Parnell]] (brother)}}
| alma_mater = [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
| signature = |
}}
'''Charles Stewart Parnell''' (27 June 1846 – 6 October 1891) was an [[Irish nationalist]] politician who served as a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom]] from 1875 to 1891, Leader of the [[Home Rule League]] from 1880 to 1882, and then of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] from 1882 to 1891, who held the balance of power in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] during the Home Rule debates of 1885–1886. He fell from power following revelations of a long-term affair, and died at age 45.
Born into a powerful [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] [[Church of Ireland|Protestant]] landowning family in [[County Wicklow]], he was a land reform agitator and founder of the [[Irish National Land League]] in 1879. He became leader of the [[Home Rule League]], operating independently of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], winning great influence by his balancing of constitutional, radical, and economic issues, and by his skilful use of [[parliamentary procedure]].
He was imprisoned in [[Kilmainham Gaol]], Dublin, in 1882, but he was released when he [[Kilmainham Treaty|renounced violent extra-parliamentary action]]. The same year, he reformed the Home Rule League as the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], which he controlled minutely as Britain's first disciplined democratic party.
The [[hung parliament]] of [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885]] saw him hold the balance of power between [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]]'s Liberal Party and [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. His power was one factor in Gladstone's adoption of [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Rule]] as the central tenet of the Liberal Party. Parnell's reputation peaked from 1889 to 1890, after letters published in ''[[The Times]]'', linking him to the [[Phoenix Park killings]] of 1882, were shown to have been forged by [[Richard Pigott]].
The Irish Parliamentary Party split in 1890, following the revelation of Parnell's long adulterous love affair, which led to many British Liberals, many of whom were [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformists]], refusing to work with him, and engendered strong opposition from Catholic bishops. He headed a small minority faction until his death in 1891.
Parnell's funeral was attended by 200,000, and the day of his death is still remembered as [[Ivy Day (Ireland)|Ivy Day]]. [[Parnell Square]] and [[Parnell Street]] in Dublin are named after him, and he is celebrated as the best organiser of an Irish political party up to that time, and one of the most formidable figures in parliamentary history.
==Early life==
Charles Stewart Parnell{{efn|Most contemporaries pronounced his name {{IPAc-en|p|ɑr|ˈ|n|ɛ|l}}, with the stress on the second syllable. Parnell himself disapproved of that pronunciation but pronounced his name {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɑr|n|əl}}, with the stress on the first syllable.}} was born in [[Avondale House]], County Wicklow. He was the third son and seventh child of [[John Henry Parnell]] (1811–1859), a wealthy [[Anglo-Irish]] [[Church of Ireland|Anglican]] landowner, and his American wife Delia Tudor Stewart (1816–1898) of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]], daughter of the American naval hero Admiral [[Charles Stewart (1778-1869)|Charles Stewart]] (the stepson of one of [[George Washington]]'s bodyguards). There were eleven children in all: five boys and six girls. Admiral Stewart's mother, Parnell's great-grandmother, belonged to the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] family, so Parnell had a distant relationship with the [[British royal family]]. John Henry Parnell himself was a cousin of one of Ireland's leading aristocrats, [[Richard Wingfield, 6th Viscount Powerscourt|Viscount Powerscourt]], and also the grandson of a Chancellor of the Exchequer in [[Grattan's Parliament]], [[Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet|Sir John Parnell]], who lost office in 1799, when he opposed the [[Act of Union, 1800|Act of Union]].{{sfn|Bew|2004}}
The Parnells of [[Avondale Forest|Avondale]] were descended from a Protestant English merchant family, which came to prominence in [[Congleton]], Cheshire, early in the 17th century where two generations held the office of Mayor of Congleton before moving to Ireland.<ref name=glendalough/> The family produced a number of notable figures, including [[Thomas Parnell (poet)|Thomas Parnell]] (1679–1718), the Irish poet, and [[Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton]] (1776–1842), the Irish politician. Parnell's grandfather William Parnell (1780–1821), who inherited the Avondale Estate in 1795, was an Irish liberal Party MP for [[Wicklow (UK Parliament constituency)|Wicklow]] from 1817 to 1820. Thus, from birth, Charles Stewart Parnell possessed an extraordinary number of links to many elements of society; he was linked to the old Irish Parliamentary tradition via his great-grandfather and grandfather, to the [[American War of Independence]] via his grandfather, to the [[War of 1812]] (where his grandfather [[Charles Stewart (1778–1869)]] had been awarded a gold medal by the [[United States Congress]] for gallantry in the U.S. Navy). Parnell belonged to the [[Church of Ireland]], disestablished in 1868 (its members mostly [[Unionists (Ireland)|unionists]]) though in later years he began to drop away from formal church attendance;{{sfn|Bew|2004}} and he was connected with the aristocracy through the Powerscourts. Yet it was as a leader of [[Irish Nationalism]] that Parnell established his fame.
Parnell's parents separated when he was six, and as a boy, he was sent to different schools in England, where he spent an unhappy youth. His father died in 1859 and he inherited the Avondale estate, while his older brother John inherited another estate in [[County Armagh]]. The young Parnell studied at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]] (1865–1869) but, due to the troubled financial circumstances of the estate he inherited, he was absent a great deal and never completed his degree. In 1871, he joined his elder brother [[John Howard Parnell]] (1843–1923), who farmed in [[Alabama]] (later an [[Irish National League|Irish Parnellite]] MP and heir to the Avondale estate), on an extended tour of the United States. Their travels took them mostly through the [[Southern United States|South]] and apparently, the brothers neither spent much time in centres of Irish immigration nor sought out Irish-Americans.
In 1874, he became [[High Sheriff of Wicklow]], his home county in which he was also an officer in the [[Wicklow Militia]] (commissioned as [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] 25 February 1865, retired 1870<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u0IIAAAAQAAJ Maj E.B. Evans, ''An Outline of the History of The County Wicklow Regiment of Militia'', published by the Officers of the County Wicklow Militia, 1885, pp. 44–5.]</ref>). He was noted as an improving landowner who played an important part in opening the south Wicklow area to industrialisation.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} His attention was drawn to the theme dominating the Irish political scene of the mid-1870s, [[Isaac Butt]]'s [[Home Rule League]] formed in 1873 to campaign for a moderate degree of self-government. It was in support of this movement that Parnell first tried to stand for election in Wicklow, but as high sheriff was disqualified. He was unsuccessful as a home rule candidate in the [[1874 County Dublin by-election]].
== Rise to political power ==
On 17 April 1875, Parnell was first elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in [[1875 Meath by-election|a by-election]] for [[Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath]], as a Home Rule League [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]], backed by [[Fenian]] [[Patrick Egan (activist)|Patrick Egan]].{{sfn|Bew|2004}} He replaced the deceased League MP, veteran Young Irelander [[John Martin (Young Irelander)|John Martin]]. Parnell later sat for the constituency of [[Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)|Cork City]], from 1880 until 1891.
[[File:M. Parnell - DPLA - f0008d2e844056344bca19d702be39ed (page 1).jpg|left|thumb|M. Parnell, ca. 1880-1891; from the Cabinet Card Collection of the Boston Public Library]]
During his first year as an MP, Parnell remained a reserved observer of parliamentary proceedings. He first came to attention in the public eye in 1876, when he claimed in the House of Commons that he did not believe that any murder had been committed by [[Manchester Martyrs|Fenians in Manchester]]. That drew the interest of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB), a [[physical force Irish republicanism|physical force]] Irish organisation that had staged a rebellion in 1867.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} Parnell made it his business to cultivate Fenian sentiments both in Britain and Ireland{{sfn|Bew|2004}} and became associated with the more radical wing of the Home Rule League, which included [[Joseph Gillis Biggar|Joseph Biggar]] (MP for [[Cavan (UK Parliament constituency)|Cavan]] from 1874), [[John O'Connor Power]] (MP for [[County Mayo (UK Parliament constituency)|County Mayo]] from 1874) (both, although constitutionalists, had links with the IRB), [[Edmund Dwyer Gray (Irish politician)|Edmund Dwyer-Gray]] (MP for [[Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency)|Tipperary]] from 1877), and [[Frank Hugh O'Donnell]] (MP for [[Dungarvan (UK Parliament constituency)|Dungarvan]] from 1877). He engaged with them and played a leading role in a policy of [[obstructionism]]{{sfn|Bew|2004}} (i.e., the use of technical procedures to disrupt the House of Commons ability to function) to force the House to pay more attention to Irish issues, which had previously been ignored. Obstruction involved giving lengthy speeches which were largely irrelevant to the topic at hand. This behaviour was opposed by the less aggressive chairman (leader) of the Home Rule League, [[Isaac Butt]].
Parnell visited the United States that year, accompanied by O'Connor Power. The question of Parnell's closeness to the IRB, and whether indeed he ever joined the organisation, has been a matter of academic debate for a century. The evidence suggests that later, following the signing of the [[Kilmainham Treaty]], Parnell did take the IRB oath, possibly for tactical reasons.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=45}} What is known is that IRB involvement in the League's sister organisation, the ''Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain'', led to the moderate Butt's ousting from its presidency (even though he had founded the organisation) and the election of Parnell in his place, on 28 August 1877.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=42}} Parnell was a restrained speaker in the House of Commons, but his organisational, analytical and tactical skills earned wide praise, enabling him to take on the presidency of the British organisation. Butt died in 1879, and was replaced as chairman of the Home Rule League by the [[British Whig Party|Whig]]-oriented [[William Shaw (Irish politician)|William Shaw]]. Shaw's victory was only temporary.
===New departure===
From August 1877, Parnell held a number of private meetings with prominent [[Fenian]] leaders. He visited Paris where he met [[John O'Leary (Fenian)|John O'Leary]] and [[James Joseph O'Kelly|J. J. O'Kelly]] both of whom were impressed by him and reported positively to the most capable and militant Leader of the American republican [[Clan na Gael]] organisation, [[John Devoy]].{{sfn|Bew|2004}}{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} In December 1877, at a reception for [[Michael Davitt]] on his release from prison, he met William Carrol who assured him of Clan na Gael's support in the struggle for Irish self-government. This led to a meeting in March 1878 between influential constitutionalists, Parnell and Frank Hugh O'Donnell, and leading Fenians O'Kelly, O'Leary and Carroll. This was followed by a [[telegram]] from John Devoy in October 1878 which offered Parnell a "[[New Departure (Ireland)|New Departure]]" deal of separating militancy from the constitutional movement as a path to all-Ireland self-government, under certain conditions: abandonment of a federal solution in favour of separatist self-government, vigorous agitation in the land question on the basis of peasant proprietorship, exclusion of all sectarian issues, collective voting by party members and energetic resistance to coercive legislation.{{sfn|Bew|2004}}{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}}
Parnell preferred to keep all options open without clearly committing himself when he spoke in 1879 before Irish Tenant Defence Associations at [[Ballinasloe]] and [[Tralee]]. It was not until Davitt persuaded him to address a second meeting at [[Westport, County Mayo]] in June that he began to grasp the potential of the [[Land Acts (Ireland)|land reform]] movement. At a national level, several approaches were made which eventually produced the "New Departure" of June 1879, endorsing the foregone informal agreement which asserted an understanding binding them to mutual support and a shared political agenda. In addition, the New Departure endorsed the Fenian movement and its armed strategies.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=48}} Working together with Davitt (who was impressed by Parnell{{sfn|Collins|2008|p=45}}) he now took on the role of leader of the New Departure, holding platform meeting after platform meeting around the country.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} Throughout the autumn of 1879, he repeated the message to tenants, after the long depression had left them without income for rent:
{{blockquote|You must show the landlord that you intend to keep a firm grip on your homesteads and lands. You must not allow yourselves be dispossessed as you were dispossessed in 1847.|source={{harvnb|Collins|2008|p=47}}}}
===Land League leader===
Parnell was elected president of Davitt's newly founded [[Irish National Land League]] in Dublin on 21 October 1879, signing a militant Land League address campaigning for [[land reform]]. In so doing, he linked the mass movement to the parliamentary agitation, with profound consequences for both of them. [[Andrew Kettle]], his 'right-hand man', became honorary secretary.
In a bout of activity, he left for America in December 1879 with [[John Dillon]] to raise funds for [[famine relief]] and secure support for Home Rule. [[Timothy Michael Healy|Timothy Healy]] followed to cope with the press and they collected £70,000{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} for distress in Ireland. During Parnell's highly successful tour, he had an audience with American President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]. On 2 February 1880, he addressed the [[United States House of Representatives]] on the state of Ireland and spoke in 62 cities in the United States and in Canada. He was so well received in [[Toronto]] that Healy dubbed him "the uncrowned king of Ireland".{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} (The same term was applied 30 years earlier to [[Daniel O'Connell]].) He strove to retain Fenian support but insisted when asked by a reporter that he personally could not join a secret society.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} Central to his whole approach to politics was ambiguity in that he allowed his hearers to remain uncertain. During his tour, he seemed to be saying that there were virtually no limits. To abolish [[Absentee landlord|landlordism]], he asserted, would be to undermine English misgovernment, and he is alleged to have added:
{{blockquote|When we have undermined English misgovernment we have paved the way for Ireland to take her place amongst the nations of the earth. And let us not forget that that is the ultimate goal at which all we Irishmen aim. None of us whether we be in America or in Ireland ... will be satisfied until we have destroyed the last link which keeps Ireland bound to England.|source={{harvnb|Lyons|1973|p=186}}}}
His activities came to an abrupt end when the [[1880 United Kingdom general election]] was announced for April and he returned to fight it. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] were defeated by the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]]; [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] was again Prime Minister. Sixty-three Home Rulers were elected, including twenty-seven Parnell supporters, Parnell being returned for three seats: [[Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)|Cork City]], [[Mayo (UK Parliament constituency)|Mayo]] and [[Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath]]. He chose to sit for the Cork seat. His triumph facilitated his nomination in May in place of Shaw as leader of a new Home Rule League Party, faced with a country on the brink of a land war.
Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian outrages grew from 863 incidents in 1879 to 2,590 in 1880{{sfn|Bew|2004}} after evictions increased from 1,238 to 2,110 in the same period. Parnell saw the need to replace violent agitation with country-wide mass meetings and the application of Davitt's [[boycott]], also as a means of achieving his objective of self-government. Gladstone was alarmed at the power of the Land League at the end of 1880.{{sfn|Collins|2008|pp=50–53}} He attempted to defuse the land question with ''dual ownership'' in the [[Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881]], establishing a [[Land Commission]] that reduced rents and enabled some tenants to buy their farms. These halted arbitrary evictions, but not where rent was unpaid.
Historian [[R. F. Foster (historian)|R. F. Foster]] argues that in the countryside the Land League "reinforced the politicization of rural Catholic nationalist Ireland, partly by defining that identity against urbanization, landlordism, Englishness and—implicitly—Protestantism."{{sfn|Foster|1988|p=415}}
===Kilmainham Treaty===
Parnell's own newspaper, the ''United Ireland'', attacked the Land Act{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} and he was arrested on 13 October 1881, together with his party lieutenants, [[William O'Brien]], John Dillon, Michael Davitt and [[William Hoey Kearney Redmond|Willie Redmond]], who had also conducted a bitter verbal offensive. They were imprisoned under a proclaimed [[Irish Coercion Act|Coercion Act]] in [[Kilmainham Gaol]] for "sabotaging the Land Act", from where the ''[[No Rent Manifesto]]'', which Parnell and the others signed, was issued calling for a national tenant farmer [[rent strike]]. The Land League was suppressed immediately.
[[File:Punch Anti-Irish propaganda (1882) Irish Frankenstein.jpg|thumb|right|[[Punch (magazine)|''Punch'']] magazine depicts the Fenian movement as [[Frankenstein's monster]] to Charles Parnell's [[Victor Frankenstein|Frankenstein]], in the wake of the [[Phoenix Park killings]]]]
Whilst in jail, Parnell moved in April 1882 to make a deal with the government, negotiated through Captain [[William Henry O'Shea|William O'Shea]] MP, that, provided the government settled the "rent arrears" question allowing 100,000 tenants to appeal for fair rent before the land courts, then withdrawing the manifesto and undertaking to move against agrarian crime, after he realised militancy would never win Home Rule. Parnell also promised to use his good offices to quell the violence and to cooperate cordially for the future with the Liberal Party in forwarding Liberal principles and measures of general reform.{{sfn|O'Day|1998|p=77}}
His release on 2 May, following the so-called [[Kilmainham Treaty]], marked a critical turning point in the development of Parnell's leadership when he returned to the parameters of parliamentary and constitutional politics,{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=53}} and resulted in the loss of support of Devoy's American-Irish. His political diplomacy preserved the national Home Rule movement after the [[Phoenix Park killings]] of the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland|Chief Secretary]] [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]], and his Under-Secretary, [[Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)|T. H. Burke]] on 6 May. Parnell was shocked to the extent that he offered Gladstone to resign his seat as MP.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} The militant [[Irish National Invincibles|Invincibles]] responsible fled to the United States, which allowed him to break links with radical Land Leaguers. In the end, it resulted in a Parnell – Gladstone alliance working closely together. Davitt and other prominent members left the IRB, and many rank-and-file Fenians drifted into the Home Rule movement. For the next 20 years, the IRB ceased to be an important force in Irish politics,{{sfn|Collins|2008|p=60}} leaving Parnell and his party the leaders of the nationalist movement in Ireland.{{sfn|Collins|2008|p=60}}
===Party restructured===
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:The Irish Vampire - Punch (24 October 1885), 199 - BL.jpg|thumb|right|Another hostile ''Punch'' cartoon, from 1885, depicting the Irish National League as the "Irish Vampire", with Parnell's head]]
Parnell now sought to use his experience and huge support to advance his pursuit of Home Rule and resurrected the suppressed Land League, on 17 October 1882, as the [[Irish National League]] (INL). It combined moderate agrarianism, a Home Rule programme with electoral functions, was hierarchical and autocratic in structure with Parnell wielding immense authority and direct parliamentary control.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=54}} Parliamentary constitutionalism was the future path.
The informal alliance between the new, tightly disciplined INL and the Catholic Church was one of the main factors for the revitalisation of the national Home Rule cause after 1882. Parnell saw that the explicit endorsement of Catholicism was of vital importance to the success of this venture and worked in close cooperation with the Catholic hierarchy in consolidating its hold over the Irish electorate.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=56}} The leaders of the Catholic Church largely recognised the Parnellite party as guardians of church interests, despite uneasiness with a powerful lay leadership.{{sfn|Maume|1999|p=8}}
At the end of 1885, the highly centralised organisation had 1,200 branches spread around the country, though there were fewer in Ulster than in the other provinces.{{sfn|Collins|2008|p=65}} Parnell left the day-to-day running of the INL in the hands of his lieutenants [[Timothy Charles Harrington|Timothy Harrington]] as Secretary, [[William O'Brien]], editor of its newspaper ''United Ireland'', and [[Tim Healy (politician)|Tim Healy]]. Its continued agrarian agitation led to the passing of several [[Irish Land Acts]] that over three decades changed the face of Irish land ownership, replacing large [[Anglo-Irish]] estates with tenant ownership.
[[File:Parnell sitting.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Charles Stewart Parnell, the 'un-crowned King of Ireland']]
Parnell next turned to the Home Rule League Party, of which he was to remain the re-elected leader for over a decade, spending most of his time at [[Westminster]], with [[Henry Campbell (MP)|Henry Campbell]] as his personal secretary. He fundamentally changed the party, replicated the INL structure within it and created a well-organised grassroots structure, introduced membership to replace "ad hoc" informal groupings in which MPs with little commitment to the party voted differently on issues, often against their own party.{{efn|A land bill introduced by party leader Isaac Butt in 1876 was voted down in the House of Commons, with 45 of his ''own'' MPs voting against him.}} Some did not attend the House of Commons at all, citing expense, given that MPs were unpaid until 1911 and the journey to [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] was both costly and arduous.
In 1882, he changed his party's name to the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] (IPP). A central aspect of Parnell's reforms was a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats. In 1884, he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged party MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party [[whip (politics)|whip]] and formal party structure was unique in party politics at the time. The Irish Parliamentary Party is generally seen as the first modern British political party, its efficient structure and control contrasting with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties, which came to model themselves on the Parnellite model. The [[Representation of the People Act 1884]] enlarged the franchise, and the IPP increased its number of MPs from 63 to 85 in the [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885 election]].
The changes affected the nature of candidates chosen. Under Butt, the party's MPs were a mixture of [[Catholicism|Catholic]] and [[Protestant]], [[landlord]] and others, [[British Whig Party|Whig]], [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], often leading to disagreements in policy that meant that MPs split in votes. Under Parnell, the number of Protestant and landlord MPs dwindled, as did the number of Conservatives seeking election. The parliamentary party became much more Catholic and middle class, with a large number of journalists and lawyers elected and the disappearance of [[Protestant Ascendancy]] landowners and Conservatives from it.
===Push for home rule===
{{Main|Irish Home Rule Movement}}
Parnell's party emerged swiftly as a tightly disciplined and, on the whole, energetic body of parliamentarians.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=56}} By 1885, he was leading a party well-poised for the next general election, his statements on Home Rule designed to secure the widest possible support. Speaking in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] on 21 January 1885, he stated:
{{blockquote|We cannot ask the British constitution for more than the restitution of [[Henry Grattan|Grattan's parliament]], but no man has the right to fix the boundary of a nation. No man has the right to say to his country, "Thus far shalt thou go and no further", and we have never attempted to fix the "ne plus ultra" to the progress of Ireland's nationhood, and we never shall.|source={{harvnb|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}}}}
Both British parties toyed with various suggestions for greater self-government for Ireland. In March 1885, the British cabinet rejected the proposal of radical minister [[Joseph Chamberlain]] of democratic county councils which in turn would elect a [[Central Board|Central Board for Ireland]]. Gladstone on the other hand said he was prepared to go 'rather further' than the idea of a Central Board.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=63}} After the collapse of Gladstone's government in June 1885, Parnell urged the Irish voters in Britain to vote against the Liberal Party. The [[1885 United Kingdom general election|November general elections]] (delayed because boundaries were being redrawn and new registers prepared after the Third Reform Act) brought about a hung Parliament in which the Liberals with 335 seats won 86 more than the Conservatives, with a Parnellite bloc of 86 Irish Home Rule MPs holding the balance of power in the Commons. Parnell's task was now to win acceptance of the principle of a Dublin parliament.
Parnell at first supported a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government – they were still the smaller party after the elections – but after renewed agrarian distress arose when agricultural prices fell and unrest developed during 1885, [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]]'s Conservative government announced coercion measures in January 1886. Parnell switched his support to the Liberals.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} The prospects shocked [[Unionism (Ireland)|Unionists]]. The [[Orange Order]], revived in the 1880s to oppose the Land League, now openly opposed Home Rule. On 20 January, the [[Irish Unionist Party]] was established in Dublin.{{sfn|Collins|2008|p=79}} By 28 January, Salisbury's government had resigned.
The Liberal Party regained power on 1 February, their leader Gladstone – influenced by the status of [[Norway]], which at the time was [[Union between Sweden and Norway|self-governing but under the Swedish Crown]] – moving towards Home Rule, which Gladstone's son Herbert revealed publicly under what became known as the "flying of the [[Hawarden Kite]]". The third Gladstone administration paved the way towards the generous response to Irish demands that the new Prime Minister had promised,{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=66}} but was unable to obtain the support of several key players in his own party. [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Lord Hartington]] (who had been Liberal leader in the late 1870s and was still the most likely alternative leader) refused to serve at all, while Joseph Chamberlain briefly held office then resigned when he saw the terms of the proposed bill.
On 8 April 1886, Gladstone introduced the [[First Irish Home Rule Bill]], his object to establish an Irish legislature, although large imperial issues were to be reserved to the Westminster parliament.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} The Conservatives now emerged as enthusiastic unionists, [[Lord Randolph Churchill]] declared, ''"The Orange card is the one to play"''.{{sfn|Collins|2008|p=80}} In the course of a long and fierce debate Gladstone made a remarkable [[s:Irish Home Rule Speech|Home Rule Speech]], beseeching parliament to pass the bill. However, the split between pro- and anti-home rulers within the Liberal Party caused the defeat of the bill on its second reading in June by 341 to 311 votes.<ref name="parnellsociety.com"/>
Parliament was dissolved and elections called, with Irish Home Rule the central issue. Gladstone hoped to repeat his triumph of [[1868 United Kingdom general election|1868]], when he fought and won a general election to obtain a mandate for [[Irish Church Act 1869|Irish Disestablishment]] (which had been a major cause of dispute between Conservatives and Liberals since the 1830s), but the result of the July [[1886 United Kingdom general election|1886 general election]] was a Liberal defeat. The Conservatives and the [[Liberal Unionist Party]] returned with a majority of 118 over the combined Gladstonian Liberals and Parnell's 85 Irish Party seats. Salisbury formed his second government – a minority Conservative government with Liberal Unionist support.
The Liberal split made the Unionists (the Liberal Unionists sat in coalition with the Conservatives after 1895 and would eventually merge with them) the dominant force in British politics until [[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]], with strong support in [[Lancashire]], Liverpool, [[Manchester]] and [[Birmingham]] (the fiefdom of its former mayor [[Joseph Chamberlain]] who as recently as [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885]] had been a furious enemy of the Conservatives) and the House of Lords where many Whigs sat (a second Home Rule Bill would pass the Commons in 1893 only to be overwhelmingly defeated in the Lords).
===Pigott forgeries===
Parnell next became the centre of public attention when in March and April 1887 he found himself accused by the British newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' of supporting the [[Phoenix Park killings|brutal murders in May 1882]] of the newly appointed [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]], [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]], and the Permanent Under-Secretary, [[Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)|Thomas Henry Burke]], in Dublin's [[Phoenix Park]], and of the general involvement of his movement with crime (i.e., with illegal organisations such as the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood|IRB]]). Letters were published which suggested Parnell was complicit in the murders. The most important one, dated 15 May 1882, ran as follows:
{{blockquote|Dear Sir, – I am not surprised at your friend's anger, but he and you should know that to denounce the murders was the only course open to us. To do that promptly was plainly our best policy. But you can tell him, and all others concerned, that, though I regret the accident of Lord Frederick Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts. You are at liberty to show him this, and others whom you can trust also, but let not my address be known. He can write to House of Commons.
Yours very truly,
Chas S. Parnell.|source={{harvnb|Special Commission |1890|p=58}}}}
A [[Parnell Commission|Commission of Enquiry]], which Parnell had requested, revealed in February 1889, after 128 sessions that the letters were a fabrication created by [[Richard Pigott]], a disreputable anti-Parnellite rogue journalist. Pigott broke down under cross-examination after the letter was shown to be a forgery by him with his characteristic spelling mistakes. He fled to [[Madrid]] where he committed suicide. Parnell was vindicated, to the disappointment of the Tories and the Prime Minister, [[Lord Salisbury]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=85–86}}
The 35-volume commission report published in February 1890, did not clear Parnell's movement of criminal involvement. Parnell then took ''The Times'' to court and the newspaper paid him £5,000 ({{Inflation|UK|5000|1890|fmt=eq|r=-3|cursign=£}}) damages in an out-of-court settlement. When Parnell entered the House of Commons on 1 March 1890, after he was cleared, he received a hero's reception from his fellow MPs led by Gladstone.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} It had been a dangerous crisis in his career, yet Parnell had at all times remained calm, relaxed and unperturbed which greatly impressed his political friends. But while he was vindicated in triumph, links between the Home Rule movement and militancy had been established. This he could have survived politically were it not for the crisis to follow.
===Pinnacle of power===
[[File:Queensland Figaro and Punch, cover 16 March 1889.png|thumb|''[[Queensland Figaro and Punch]]'' cover, 16 March 1889, depicting [[Irish Australian]]s offering enthusiastic support to Parnell's struggle for [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Rule]]]]
During the period 1886–1890, Parnell continued to pursue Home Rule, striving to reassure British voters that it would be no threat to them. In Ireland, unionist resistance (especially after the Irish Unionist Party was formed) became increasingly organised.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} Parnell pursued moderate and conciliatory tenant land purchase and still hoped to retain a sizeable landlord support for home rule. During the agrarian crisis, which intensified in 1886 and launched the [[Plan of Campaign]] organised by Parnell's lieutenants, he chose in the interest of Home Rule not to associate himself with it.{{sfn|Bew|2004}}
All that remained, it seemed, was to work out details of a new home rule bill with Gladstone. They held two meetings, one in March 1888 and a second more significant meeting at Gladstone's home in [[Hawarden]] on 18–19 December 1889. On each occasion, Parnell's demands were entirely within the accepted parameters of Liberal thinking, Gladstone noting that he was one of the best people he had known to deal with,{{sfn|Bew|2004}} a remarkable transition from an inmate at [[Kilmainham Gaol|Kilmainham]] to an intimate at Hawarden in just over seven years.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=87}} This was the high point of Parnell's career. In the early part of 1890, he still hoped to advance the situation on the land question, with which a substantial section of his party was displeased.
== Political downfall ==
===Divorce crisis===
Parnell's leadership was first put to the test in February 1886, when he forced the candidature of Captain [[William O'Shea]], who had negotiated the Kilmainham Treaty, for [[1886 Galway Borough by-election|a Galway by-election]]. Parnell rode roughshod over his lieutenants Healy, Dillon and O'Brien who were not in favour of O'Shea. [[Galway]] was the harbinger of the fatal crisis to come.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} O'Shea had separated from his wife [[Katharine O'Shea]], sometime around 1875,{{sfn|Boyce|1990|p=}} but would not divorce her as she was expecting a substantial inheritance. Mrs. O'Shea acted as liaison in 1885 with Gladstone during proposals for the First Home Rule Bill.{{sfn|Kehoe|2008|loc=ch. 12, "Emissary to the Prime Minister"}}{{sfn|Kehoe|2008|loc=ch. 13, "The Go-between"}} Parnell later took up residence with her in [[Eltham]], Kent, in the summer of 1886,{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} and was a known overnight visitor at the O'Shea house in [[Brockley]], Kent.<ref name="RWN"/><ref name="TDN"/><ref name="BP"/> When Mrs O'Shea's aunt died in 1889, her money was left in trust.
On 24 December 1889, Captain O'Shea filed for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent, although the case did not come to trial until 15 November 1890. The two-day trial revealed that Parnell had been the long-term lover of Mrs. O'Shea and had fathered three of her children. Meanwhile, Parnell assured the Irish Party that there was no need to fear the verdict because he would be exonerated. During January 1890, resolutions of confidence in his leadership were passed throughout the country.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} Parnell did not contest the divorce action at a hearing on 15 November, to ensure that it would be granted and he could marry Mrs O'Shea, so Captain O'Shea's allegations went unchallenged. A divorce decree was granted on 17 November 1890, but Parnell's two surviving children were placed in O'Shea's custody.
News of the long-standing adultery created a huge public scandal. The [[Irish National League]] passed a resolution to confirm his leadership. The [[Catholic Church hierarchy]] in Ireland was shocked by Parnell's immorality and feared that he would wreck the cause of Home Rule. Besides the issue of tolerating immorality, the bishops sought to keep control of Irish Catholic politics, and they no longer trusted Parnell as an ally. The chief Catholic leader, [[William Walsh (archbishop of Dublin)|Archbishop Walsh]] of Dublin, came under heavy pressure from politicians, his fellow bishops, and [[Henry Edward Manning|Cardinal Manning]]; Walsh finally declared against Parnell. {{harvnb|Larkin|1961}} says, "For the first time in Irish history, the two dominant forces of Nationalism and Catholicism came to a parting of the ways.
In England one strong base of Liberal Party support was [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]] Protestantism, such as the Methodists; the '[[nonconformist conscience]]' rebelled against having an adulterer play a major role in the Liberal Party.{{sfn|Oldstone-Moore|1995|pp= 94–110}} Gladstone warned that if Parnell retained the leadership, it would mean the loss of the next election, the end of their alliance, and also of Home Rule. With Parnell obdurate, the alliance collapsed in bitterness.{{sfn|Magnus|1960|p=390–394}}
===Party divides===
When the annual party leadership election was held on 25 November, Gladstone's threat was not conveyed to the members until after they had loyally re-elected their 'chief' in his office.{{sfn|Bew|2004}}{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} Gladstone published his warning in a letter the next day; angry members demanded a new meeting, and this was called for 1 December. Parnell issued a manifesto on 29 November, saying a section of the party had lost its independence; he falsified Gladstone's terms for Home Rule and said they were inadequate. A total of 73 members were present for the fateful meeting in committee room 15 at Westminster. Leaders tried desperately to achieve a compromise in which Parnell would temporarily withdraw. Parnell refused. He vehemently insisted that the independence of the Irish party could not be compromised either by Gladstone or by the Catholic hierarchy.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} As chairman, he blocked any motion to remove him.
On 6 December, after five days of vehement debate, a majority of 44 present led by [[Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)|Justin McCarthy]] walked out to found a new organisation, thus creating rival Parnellite and anti-Parnellite parties. The minority of 28 who remained true to their embattled 'Chief' continued in the Irish National League under [[John Redmond]], but all of his former close associates, Michael Davitt, John Dillon, William O'Brien and Timothy Healy deserted him to join the anti-Parnellites. The vast majority of anti-Parnellites formed the [[Irish National Federation]], later led by John Dillon and supported by the Catholic Church. The bitterness of the split tore Ireland apart and resonated well into the next century. Parnell soon died, and his faction dissipated. The majority faction henceforth played only a minor role in British or Irish politics until the next time the UK had a [[hung Parliament]], in [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|1910]].{{sfn|Kee|1994|p=}}
===Undaunted defiance===
Parnell fought back desperately, despite his failing health. On 10 December, he arrived in Dublin to a hero's welcome.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} He and his followers forcibly seized the offices of the party paper ''United Irishman''. A year before, his prestige had reached new heights, but the new crisis crippled this support, and most rural nationalists turned against him. In the December [[North Kilkenny (UK Parliament constituency)|North Kilkenny]] by-election, he attracted [[Fenian]] "hillside men" to his side. This ambiguity shocked former adherents, who clashed physically with his supporters; his candidate lost by almost two to one.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp=382–385}} Deposed as leader, he fought a long and fierce campaign for reinstatement. He conducted a political tour of Ireland to re-establish popular support. In a [[North Sligo (UK Parliament constituency)|North Sligo]] by-election, the defeat of his candidate by 2,493 votes to 3,261 was less resounding.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp=382–385}}
He fulfilled his loyalty to Katharine when they married on 25 June 1891, after Parnell had unsuccessfully sought a church wedding. On the same day, the Irish Catholic hierarchy, worried by the number of priests who had supported him in North Sligo, signed and published a near-unanimous condemnation: "by his public misconduct, has utterly disqualified himself to be ... leader."<ref name="ucc.ie"/> Only [[Edward O'Dwyer (bishop)|Edward O'Dwyer]], [[bishop of Limerick]] withheld his signature. The Parnells took up residence in [[Brighton]].
He returned to fight the third and last by-election in [[County Carlow (UK Parliament constituency)|County Carlow]], having lost the support of the ''Freeman's Journal'' when its proprietor [[Edmund Dwyer-Gray]] defected to the anti-Parnellites. At one point [[quicklime]] was thrown at his eyes by a hostile crowd in [[Castlecomer]], County Kilkenny. Parnell continued the exhausting campaigning. One loss followed another but he looked to [[1892 United Kingdom general election|the next general election in 1892]] to restore his fortunes. On 27 September, he addressed a crowd in pouring rain at [[Creggs]], subjecting himself to a severe soaking. On the difficult campaign trail, his health continuously deteriorated; furthermore, he had kidney disease. Parnell fought on furiously but, though aged just 45, he was a dying man.{{sfn|Lyons|1973|pp=600–602}}
==Death and legacy==
[[File:Cemetery- Parnell's Grave- Glasnevin Co. Dublin (19257693464).jpg|thumbnail|left|Parnell's grave around the turn of the 20th century]]
[[File:parnellgrave.jpg|frame|upright=0.25|right|Parnell's grave in [[Glasnevin Cemetery]] in Dublin]]
He returned to Dublin on 30 September. He died in his home at 10 Walsingham Terrace, [[Hove]] (now replaced by Dorset Court, Kingsway) on 6 October 1891 of pneumonia and in the arms of his wife Katharine.{{sfn|Bew|2004}} He was 45 years of age at the time of his death. Though an [[Church of Ireland|Anglican]], his funeral on 11 October was at the Irish National nondenominational [[Glasnevin Cemetery]] in Dublin, and was attended by more than 200,000 people.{{sfn|Hickey|Doherty|2003|pp= 382–385}} His notability was such that his [[gravestone]] of unhewn [[County Wicklow|Wicklow]] granite, erected in 1940,{{sfn|Horgan|1948|p=50}} reads only "Parnell".
His brother [[John Howard Parnell|John Howard]] inherited the Avondale estate. He found it heavily mortgaged and eventually sold it in 1899. Five years later, at the suggestion of [[Horace Plunkett]], it was purchased by the state. It is open to public view and is where the "Parnell Society" holds its annual August summer school. The "Parnell National Memorial Park" is in nearby [[Rathdrum, County Wicklow]]. Dublin has locations named [[Parnell Street]] and [[Parnell Square]]. At the north end of [[O'Connell Street]] stands the Parnell Monument. This was planned and organised by [[John Redmond]], who chose the American [[Augustus Saint Gaudens]] to sculpt the statue; it was funded by Americans and completed in 1911. Art critics said it was not an artistic success.{{sfn|O'Keefe|1984|p=}}
He is also commemorated on the first Sunday after the anniversary of his death on 6 October, known as [[Ivy Day (Ireland)|Ivy Day]], which originated when the mourners at his funeral in 1891, taking their cue from a wreath of ivy sent by a Cork woman "as the best offering she could afford", took ivy leaves from the walls and stuck them in their lapels. Ever after, the ivy leaf became the Parnellite emblem, worn by his followers when they gathered to honour their lost leader.{{sfn|McCartney|Travers|2006|p=}}
Since 1991, the centenary of his death, [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]], where Parnell studied, has offered the Parnell Fellowship in Irish Studies, which is awarded to a scholar for up to a year for study without teaching or administrative responsibilities. Parnell Fellows have often been historians, but have spanned a wide range of disciplines.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
==Political views and affiliations==
Parnell's personal political views remained an enigma. An effective communicator, he was skilfully ambivalent and matched his words depending on circumstances and audience, but he would always first defend constitutionalism on which basis he sought to bring about change, but he was hampered by the crimes that hung around the Land League and by the opposition of landlords against the attacks on their property.{{sfn|Bew|2004}}
Parnell's personal complexities or his perception of a need for political expediency to his goal permitted him to condone the radical [[Republicanism|republican]] and atheist [[Charles Bradlaugh]], while he associated himself with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. Parnell was a close friend and political associate of fellow land reform activist [[Thomas Nulty]], the Roman Catholic [[Bishop of Meath]], until Parnell's [[#Divorce crisis|divorce crisis]] in 1889.{{sfn|Lawlor|2010}}{{sfn|O'Beirne|2012|p=161}}
Parnell was linked both with the landed aristocracy class and the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB), with speculation in the 1890s that he may have even joined the latter organisation. Historian Andrew Roberts argues that he was sworn into the IRB in the [[Trinity College Library, Dublin|Old Library]] at [[Trinity College Dublin]] in May 1882 and that this was concealed for 40 years.{{efn|This is based on a 1928 letter from a radical Land League activist, Thomas J. Quinn, to William O'Brien, found in the William O'Brien Papers, [[University College Cork]]. Quinn, who emigrated to [[Colorado]] in 1882, told O'Brien that in Colorado, he had made the acquaintance of the former radical Land League organiser Patrick Joseph Sheridan, who privately told him that he had sworn Parnell into the IRB under those circumstances. The historians Paul Bew and Patrick Maume, who discovered this material, state that Quinn was probably reporting correctly what Sheridan had told him, but it cannot be proven that Sheridan was telling the truth.{{sfn|Roberts|1999|pp=456–457}}}} In Barry O'Brien's ''Parnell'', X, Fenian Parliamentarian [[John O'Connor Power]], relates, 'And, in fact, I was, about this time [1877], deputed to ask Parnell to join us. I did ask him. He said "No" without a moment's hesitation.'{{sfn|O'Brien|1898|p=137}}
On 24 September 1877, Parnell told his constituents that "No amount of eloquence could achieve what the fear of an impending insurrection, what the [[Clerkenwell explosion]] and [[Manchester Martyrs|the shot in the police van]] [Manchester Martyrs incident] had achieved."<ref>The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell 1846-1891 by R. Barry O'Brien, page 150</ref> Parnell also attributed the explosion and the Manchester Martyrs incident as leading to "some measure of protection being given to the Irish tenant" and the [[Church of Ireland]] being "[[Irish Church Act 1869|disestablished and disendowed]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638281|jstor = 2638281|title = The Political Ideas of Parnell|last1 = Lyons|first1 = F. S. L.|journal = The Historical Journal|year = 1973|volume = 16|issue = 4|pages = 749–775|doi = 10.1017/S0018246X00003939| s2cid=153781140 |access-date = 23 September 2021|archive-date = 12 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112211637/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638281?read-now=1&seq=11#page_scan_tab_contents|url-status = live}}</ref> Speaking in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], Parnell told the House: "I wish to say as directly as I can that I do not believe, and never shall believe, that any murder was committed [[Manchester Martyrs|in Manchester]]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Paul |title=The Manchester Martyrs: The Story of a Fenian Tragedy |date=1970 |publisher=Lawrence & Wishart |page=116}}</ref>
Parnell was conservative by nature, which leads some historians to suggest that personally, he would have been closer to the Conservative Party, rather than the Liberal Party, but for political needs. [[Andrew Kettle]], Parnell's right-hand man, who shared many of his opinions, wrote of his own views, "I confess that I felt [in 1885], and still feel, a greater leaning towards the British Tory party than I ever could have towards the so-called Liberals".{{sfn|Kettle|1958|p=69}} In later years, the double effect of the Phoenix Park trauma and the O'Shea affair reinforced the conservative side of his nature.{{sfn|Bew|2004}}
==Legacy==
[[Image:Memorial to Charles Parnell.jpg|thumb|Memorial at the junction of [[O'Connell Street]] and [[Parnell Street]], Dublin]]
Charles Stewart Parnell possessed the remarkable attribute of charisma, was an enigmatic personality and politically gifted, and is regarded as one of the most extraordinary figures in Irish and British politics. He played a part in the process that undermined his own [[Anglo-Irish]] caste; within two decades [[absentee landlord]]s were almost unknown in Ireland. He created single-handedly in the Irish Party Britain's first modern, disciplined, political-party machine. He held all the reins of Irish nationalism and also harnessed Irish-America to finance the cause. He played an important role in the rise and fall of British governments in the mid-1880s and in Gladstone's conversion to Irish Home Rule.{{sfn|Bew|2011|p=}}
Over a century after his death he is still surrounded by public interest. His death, and the divorce upheaval which preceded it, gave him a public appeal and interest that other contemporaries, such as Timothy Healy or John Dillon, could not match. His leading biographer, [[F. S. L. Lyons]], says historians emphasise numerous major achievements:
Above all there is the emphasis on constitutional action, as historians point to the [[Land Act 1881]]; the creation of the powerful third force in Parliament using a highly disciplined party that he controlled; the inclusion of Ireland in the [[Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881]], while preventing any reduction in the number of Irish seats; the powerful role of the Irish National League and organising locally, especially County conventions that taught peasants about democratic self-government; forcing Home Rule to be a central issue in British politics; and persuading the great majority of the Liberal party to adopt his cause. Lyons agrees that these were remarkable achievements, but emphasises that Parnell did not accomplish them alone, but only in close coordination with men such as Gladstone and Davitt.{{sfn|Lyons|1973|p=615}}
Gladstone described him: "Parnell was the most remarkable man I ever met. I do not say the ablest man; I say the most remarkable and the most interesting. He was an intellectual phenomenon."{{sfn|O'Brien|1898|p=357}} Liberal leader [[H. H. Asquith]] called him one of the three or four greatest men of the 19th century, while [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane|Lord Haldane]] described him as the strongest man the House of Commons had seen in 150 years. Historian [[A. J. P. Taylor]] says, "More than any other man he gave Ireland the sense of being an independent nation."{{sfn|Taylor|1980|p=91}}
Lyons points up the dark side as well. The decade-long liaison with Mrs. O'Shea was a disaster waiting to happen, and Parnell had made no preparations for it. He waited so long because of money – there was an expectation that Mrs. O'Shea would receive a large inheritance from her elderly aunt who might have changed her will if she had known about the affair.{{efn|In the end, she received a much smaller amount and was swindled out of even that. Furthermore, Parnell tried to leave her his family estate, but he neglected to do the legal work and his brother took it all.{{sfn|Lyons|1973|pp=459–461, 604}}}} In the aftermath of the divorce he fought violently to retain control in a hopeless cause. Thereby he ruined his health and wrecked his movement, which never fully recovered. The bottom line for Lyons, however, is positive:
{{blockquote|''He gave his people back their self respect.'' He did this ... by rallying an inert and submissive peasantry to believe that by organized and disciplined protest they could win a better life for themselves and their children. He did it further, and still more strikingly, by demonstrating ... that even a small Irish party could disrupt the business of the greatest legislature in the world and, by a combination of skill and tenacity, could deal on equal terms with – eventually, hold the balance between – the two major English parties.|source={{harvnb|Lyons|1973|p=616}}}}
==Portrayal in fiction==
In [[Knut Hamsun]]'s 1892 novel ''[[Mysteries (novel)|Mysteries]]'', the characters, on a couple of occasions, briefly discuss Charles Stewart Parnell, particularly in relation to [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]]: "Dr. Stenerson had a high opinion of Parnell, but if Gladstone was so opposed to him, he must know what he was about—with apologies to the host, Mr. Nagel, who couldn't forgive Gladstone for being an honourable man".
Parnell's death shocks the character Eleanor in [[Virginia Woolf]]'s novel ''[[The Years]]'', published in 1937: "...{{nbsp}}how could he be dead? It was like something fading in the sky."<ref>{{cite book |title=Virginia Woolf: The Complete Collection |date=2017 |publisher=Oregan Publishing |page=1768}}</ref>
Parnell is toasted in the 1938 poem of [[William Butler Yeats]], "Come Gather Round Me, Parnellites",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yeats |first1=William Butlers |title=Selected Poems And Four Plays |date=1996 |publisher=Scribner |page=188}}</ref> while he is also referred to in "To a Shade",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar Sarker |first1=Sunil |title=W.B. Yeats: Poetry and Plays |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |page=152}}</ref> where he performs the famous "C.S.Parnell Style", and in Yeats' two-line poem "Parnell".
In [[W. Somerset Maugham]]'s ''[[The Razor's Edge]]'', published in 1944, the author mentions Parnell and O'Shea: "Passion is destructive. It destroyed [[Antony and Cleopatra]], [[Tristan and Isolde]], Parnell and Kitty O'Shea."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maugham |first1=William Somerset |title=The Razor's Edge: A Novel |date=1944 |publisher=Doran & Company |page=183}}</ref>
Parnell is the subject of a discussion in Irish author [[James Joyce]]'s first chapter of the semi-autobiographical novel ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'', first serialised in ''[[The Egoist (periodical)|The Egoist]]'' magazine in 1914–15. Parnell appears in "[[Ivy Day in the Committee Room]]" in ''[[Dubliners]]''. He is also discussed in ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', as is his brother.{{sfn|Gifford|Seidman|1989|p=172}} The main character in ''[[Finnegans Wake]]'', HCE, is partially based on Parnell;{{efn|''[[Finnegans Wake]]'', p. 25, describing HCE, refers to Parnell's support for tenants and later divorce scandal: "If you were bowed and soild and letdown itself from the oner of the load it was that paddyplanters might pack up plenty and when you were undone in every point fore the laps of goddesses you showed our labourlasses how to free was easy." See also {{harvnb|Tindall|1996|pp=92–93}}}} among other resemblances, both are accused of transgressions in Phoenix Park.
Parnell is a major background character in [[Thomas Flanagan (writer)|Thomas Flanagan]]'s 1988 historical novel ''The Tenants of Time'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=des Lauriers Cieri |first1=Carol |title=A tale of a famous failed rebellion - the Ireland of Parnell's times |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/0229/dbflan.html |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=29 February 1988}}</ref> and in [[Leon Uris]]'s 1976 historical novel ''[[Trinity (novel)|Trinity]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cahalan |first1=James M. |title=Great Hatred, Little Room The Irish Historical Novel |date=1983 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=196}}</ref>
Parnell was played by [[Clark Gable]] in ''[[Parnell (film)|Parnell]]'', the 1937 [[MGM]] production about the Irish leader.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Essoe |first1=Gabe |title=The Films of Clark Gable |date=1970 |publisher=Citadel Press |page=181}}</ref> Instead of wearing a full beard like the real Parnell, the popular actor sported sideburns in addition to his trademark moustache. The film is notable as Gable's biggest flop and occurred at the height of his career when almost every Gable film was a smash hit. Parnell was portrayed by [[Robert Donat]] in the 1947 film ''[[Captain Boycott (film)|Captain Boycott]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Babington |first1=Bruce |title=Launder and Gilliat |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=119}}</ref> In 1954, [[Patrick McGoohan]] played Parnell in "The Fall of Parnell (December 6, 1890)", an episode of the historical television series ''[[You Are There (series)|You Are There]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Chris |title=Be Seeing You: Decoding The Prisoner |date=1997 |publisher=University of Luton Press |page=220}}</ref>
In 1991, [[Trevor Eve]] played Parnell in the television mini-series ''Parnell and the Englishwoman''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Jerry |title=Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=65}}</ref>
The 1992 novel ''[[Death and Nightingales]]'' by [[Eugene McCabe]] mentions him numerous times.
The Irish rebel song by [[Dominic Behan]] "[[Come Out, Ye Black and Tans]]" contains a reference to Parnell:
{{blockquote|<poem>
Come let me hear you tell
How you slandered great Parnell,
When you thought him well
and truly persecuted,
Where are the sneers and jeers
That you bravely let us hear
When our heroes of '16 were executed?
</poem>}}
==See also==
* [[Irish issue in British politics]]
* [[List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="parnellsociety.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.parnellsociety.com/csp.htm |title=Chronology of Parnell's life|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142629/http://www.parnellsociety.com/csp.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |website=The Parnell Society}}</ref>
<ref name="RWN">''[[Reynolds's Weekly Newspaper]]'', Sunday 16 November 1890, issue 2101</ref>
<ref name="TDN">''[[The Daily News (UK)|The Daily News]]'', 17 November 1890, issue 13921</ref>
<ref name="BP">''[[Birmingham Post|Birmingham Daily Post]]'', 17 November 1890, issue 10109.</ref>
<ref name="ucc.ie">{{cite web|url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Charles_Stewart_Parnell |title=Charles Stewart Parnell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502024238/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Charles_Stewart_Parnell |archive-date=2 May 2006 |website=[[University College Cork]]}}</ref>
<ref name=glendalough>{{cite web|title=Parnell and the Parnells|url=http://www.glendalough.connect.ie/pages/articles/history/pages/Parnell.html|publisher=glendalough.connect.ie|access-date=15 November 2012|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075127/http://www.glendalough.connect.ie/pages/articles/history/pages/Parnell.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite ODNB|first=Paul|last=Bew|title=Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846–1891)|id=21384|date=23 September 2004}}
* {{cite book|last=Bew|first=Paul |title=Enigma A New Life of Charles Stewart Parnell: Enigma|url={{google books|id=2974AwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes|keywords=Gladstone's conversion to Irish Home Rule}}|date=2011|publisher=Gill Books|isbn=978-0-7171-5193-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Boyce|first=David George|title=Nineteenth-century Ireland: The Search for Stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLJnAAAAMAAJ|date=1990|publisher=Gill and Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7171-1620-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022170007/https://books.google.com/books?id=tLJnAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Collins|first= M.E. |title=Movements For Reform 1870–1914|date=2008|isbn=978-1-8453-6003-0|publisher=The Educational Company}} Text for [[Irish Leaving Certificate|Leaving Certificate History]] exams, covering Later Modern Irish History, "Topic 2 for [[GCE Ordinary Level|Ordinary]] and [[GCE Advanced Level|Higher Level]]."
* {{cite book|last=Foster|first=Robert Fitzroy|author-link=R. F. Foster (historian)|title=Modern Ireland, 1600–1972|url=https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost/page/n415|date=1988|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-1401-3250-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gifford|first1=Don|last2=Seidman|first2=Robert J.|title=Ulysses Annotated: Notes for James Joyce's Ulysses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5iTi8f_b8C|date=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-5200-6745-5|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200926/https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5iTi8f_b8C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Hickey|editor1-first=D. J.|editor2-first=J. E.|editor2-last=Doherty|title=A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800|publisher=Gill & Macmillan|date=2003|isbn=978-0-7171-2520-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZRnAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202811/https://books.google.com/books?id=fZRnAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author-link=John Horgan (Irish nationalist)|last=Horgan|first= John J.|title=Parnell to Pearse|publisher=Browne and Nolan|___location= Dublin|date= 1948|asin=B001A4900Q}}
* {{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Alvin|title=Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljCBmuJkMC|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1952-2048-3|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200949/https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljCBmuJkMC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kee|first= Robert|title=The Laurel and the Ivy|date=1994|publisher= Penguin|isbn=0-1402-3962-6}} A detailed political biography
* {{cite book|last=Kehoe|first=Elisabeth|title=Ireland's misfortune: the turbulent life of Kitty O'Shea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SEOAQAAMAAJ|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-8435-4486-9|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727201311/https://books.google.com/books?id=6SEOAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kettle|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew J. Kettle|editor-first=Laurence J.|editor-last=Kettle|title=The Material for Victory: Being the Memoirs of Andrew J. Kettle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXcZAAAAIAAJ|date=1958|publisher=Fallon|___location=Dublin|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708230222/https://books.google.com/books?id=WXcZAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Larkin|first= Emmet|title=The Roman Catholic Hierarchy and the Fall of Parnell|journal= Victorian Studies|volume= 4|issue=4|date= 1961|pages= 315–336|jstor=3825041}}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Lawlor|first1=David|title=Political priests: the Parnell split in Meath|url=http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/political-priests-the-parnell-split-in-meath/|magazine=History Ireland|date=April 2010|volume=18|issue=2|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155905/http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/political-priests-the-parnell-split-in-meath/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=McCartney|first1=Donal|last2=Travers|first2=Pauric|title=The Ivy Leaf: The Parnells Remembered : Commemorative Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKRnAAAAMAAJ|date=2006|publisher=University College Press|___location=Dublin|isbn=978-1-9045-5860-6|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202631/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKRnAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Magnus|first=Sir Philip Montefiore|title=Gladstone: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQuwAEACAAJ|date=1960|publisher=Dutton|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727205607/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQuwAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Maume|first=Patrick|title=The long gestation: Irish nationalist life 1891–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q69DAQAAIAAJ|date=1999|publisher=Gill & Macmillan|___location=Dublin|isbn=978-0-7171-2744-3|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710125908/https://books.google.com/books?id=q69DAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=O'Beirne|first1=John Ranelagh|title=A Short History of Ireland|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-1397-8926-4|pages=300|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAEgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416080920/https://books.google.com/books?id=zAEgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=R. Barry|title=The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell 1846~1891|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesstewartp00obrgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/charlesstewartp00obrgoog/page/n153 137]|date=1898}}
* {{cite book|first=Alan|last=O'Day|title=Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&pg=PA77|date=1998|publisher=Manchester UP|isbn=978-0-7190-3776-4|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200037/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_6EK8JP4y8C&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|first=Timothy J.|last= O'Keefe|title=The Art And Politics Of The Parnell Monument|journal=Eire-Ireland|date=1984|volume= 19|issue=1|pages= 6–25}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Oldstone-Moore|first1=Christopher|title=The Fall of Parnell: Hugh Price Hughes and the Nonconformist Conscience|journal=Éire-Ireland|volume=30|issue=4|date=1995|pages=94–110|issn=1550-5162|doi=10.1353/eir.1995.0059|s2cid=159212205}}
* {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian)|title=Salisbury: Victorian Titan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psBfQgAACAAJ|date=1999|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978-0-2978-1713-0|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200847/https://books.google.com/books?id=psBfQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Special Commission |1890}}|title=Report of the 1888 Special Commission to Inquire into Charges and Allegations Against Certain Members of Parliament and Others|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqpmRXa1rq8C&pg=PA58|date=1890|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727200026/https://books.google.com/books?id=sqpmRXa1rq8C&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author-link=A. J. P. Taylor|first=A. J. P.|last=Taylor|title=Politicians, Socialism, and Historians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EM-ZAAAAIAAJ|date=1980|publisher=H. Hamilton |isbn=978-0-2411-0486-6|access-date=5 July 2016|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727201341/https://books.google.com/books?id=EM-ZAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author-link=William York Tindall|last=Tindall|first= William York|title=A Reader's Guide to Finnegans Wake|publisher= [[Syracuse University Press]]|date= 1996|isbn=978-0-8156-0385-6}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bew|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Bew|title=Charles Stewart Parnell|url=https://archive.org/details/csparnell00paul/page/n3/mode/2up|date=1980|publisher=Gill and Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7171-1886-1|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Boyce|editor1-first= D. George |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-last=O'Day|title=Parnell in Perspective|date=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Brady|first=William Maziere|title=Rome and Fenianism: The Pope's Anti-Parnellite Circular|publisher=Robert Washbourne|___location=London|date=1883|edition=1|title-link=s:Rome and Fenianism: The Pope's Anti-Parnellite Circular}}
* {{Cite book|first=Frank|last=Callanan|title=The Parnell Split, 1890–91|url=https://archive.org/details/parnellsplit189000fran|url-access=registration|date=1992|publisher=Syracuse University Press}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Parnell, Charles Stewart|volume=20}}
* [[Richard English|English, Richard]]. ''Irish Freedom: A History of Nationalism in Ireland'' (Macmillan, 2007)
* Finnegan, Orla and Ian Cawood. "The Fall of Parnell: Orla Finnegan and Ian Cawood Show That the Reasons for Parnell's Fall in 1890 Are Not as Straightforward as They May Appear at First Sight," ''History Review'' (Dec. 2003) [https://www.questia.com/article/1G1-111768523/the-fall-of-parnell-orla-finnegan-and-ian-cawood online]
* {{Cite journal |title=Parnell, The Rebel Prince |journal=History Today |last=Flynn |first=Kevin Haddick |volume=55 |date=4 April 2005 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/parnell-rebel-prince |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530062601/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/parnell-rebel-prince |url-status=live}}
* Foster, R. F. ''Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Vivid-Faces-Revolutionary-Generation-1890-1923/dp/0393082792/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528234047/http://www.amazon.com/Vivid-Faces-Revolutionary-Generation-1890-1923/dp/0393082792 |date=28 May 2016}}
* {{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Harrison (MP)|title=Parnell Vindicated: The Lifting of the Veil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DkGAQAAIAAJ|date=1931|publisher=Constable|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210743/https://books.google.com/books?id=3DkGAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} Harrison's two books defending Parnell were published in 1931 and 1938. They have had a major impact on Irish historiography, leading to a more favourable view of Parnell's role in the O'Shea affair. {{harvnb|Lyons|1973|p=324}} commented that Harrison "did more than anyone else to uncover what seems to have been the true facts" about the Parnell-O'Shea liaison.
* {{cite journal|last1=Houston|first1=Lloyd (Meadhbh)|title=A portrait of the chief as a general paralytic: rhetorics of sexual pathology in the Parnell split|journal=Irish Studies Review|date=2017|volume=25|issue=4|pages=472–492|doi=10.1080/09670882.2017.1371105|s2cid=149234858|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:341ead28-9efd-477b-953d-65e8fd90ac7c|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416091633/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:341ead28-9efd-477b-953d-65e8fd90ac7c|url-status=live}}
* [[Leon Ó Broin|León Ó Broin]]. ''Parnell'' (Dublin: Oifig an tSoláthair 1937)
* [[Robert Kee|Kee, Robert]]. ''The Green Flag'', (Penguin, 1972) {{ISBN|0-1402-9165-2}}
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Parnell, Charles Stewart|volume=46}}
* {{cite journal|author-link=F. S. L. Lyons|last=Lyons|first= F. S. L.|title=The Political Ideas of Parnell|journal=Historical Journal|volume= 16|issue=4 |date=1973a|pages=749–775|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00003939|jstor=2638281|s2cid=153781140}}
* [[F. S. L. Lyons|Lyons, F. S. L.]] ''. The Fall of Parnell, 1890–91'' (1960) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155623/https://www.questia.com/library/494558/the-fall-of-parnell-1890-91 |date=6 March 2016}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=F. S. L. Lyons |last=Lyons |first=F. S. L. |title=Charles Stewart Parnell |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |date=1977 |isbn=0-0021-1682-0 |ol=4611072M}}
* {{Cite news |title=Was Chicago home to the country's 1st female cop? |last1=Mastony |first1=Colleen |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2010-09-01-ct-met-first-police-woman-20100901-story.html |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509050831/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2010-09-01-ct-met-first-police-woman-20100901-story.html |url-status=live}}
* [[Justin McCarthy (1830–1912)|McCarthy, Justin]], ''A History of Our Own Times'' (Vols. I–IV 1879–1880; Vol. V 1897); reprinted in paperback [[Inter alia#inter alia|i.a.]] by [[Nabu Press]], 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-1778-8693-2}}<br/>When Parnell was rejected by the majority of his parliamentary party, McCarthy assumed its chairmanship, a position which he held until 1896.
* {{Cite journal|first=Daniel|last= Mulhall|title=Parallel Parnell: Parnell delivers Home Rule on 1904|journal=History Ireland|date=2010|volume=18|issue=3|pages= 30–33}}
* {{Cite book|first=William Michael |last=Murphy|title=The Parnell myth and Irish politics, 1891–1956|publisher=Lang|date= 1986}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Charles Stewart Parnell}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [http://www.parnellsociety.com/ The Parnell Society] website
*[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/from-the-parliamentary-collections/furniss1/furniss3/ Charles Parnell Caricature by Harry Furniss – UK Parliament Living Heritage]
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-charles-parnell | Charles Stewart Parnell}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{Succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath]]
| years = 1875–1880
| with = [[Nicholas Ennis]] to April 1880
| with2 = [[Robert Henry Metge]] from April 1880
| before = [[John Martin (Young Irelander)|John Martin]]<br/>[[Nicholas Ennis]]
| after = [[Alexander Martin Sullivan]]<br/>[[Robert Henry Metge]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Cork City (UK Parliament constituency)|Cork City]]
| years = [[1880 United Kingdom general election|1880]]–1891
| with = [[John Daly (MP)|John Daly]] 1880–1882
| with2 = [[John Deasy (MP)|John Deasy]] 1882–1884
| with3 = [[Maurice Healy]] from 1884
| before = [[Nicholas Daniel Murphy]]<br/>[[William Goulding]]
| after = [[Martin Flavin (politician)|Martin Flavin]]<br/>[[Maurice Healy]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Nationalist Party leaders}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1846 births]]
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[[Category:Political scandals in Ireland]]
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