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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
This is a timeline of the [[history of medicine]] and [[medical technology]].{{efn|The dates given for these medical works are uncertain. [http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Culture2.htm A Tribute to Hinduism] suggests that Sushruta lived in the 5th century BC.}}
== Antiquity ==
* 3300 BC – During the [[Stone Age]], early doctors used very primitive forms of [[herbal medicine]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Lessons in Iceman's Prehistoric Medicine Kit|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/08/science/lessons-in-iceman-s-prehistoric-medicine-kit.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 8 December 1998|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250209202504/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/08/science/lessons-in-iceman-s-prehistoric-medicine-kit.html%23 | archive-date=9 February 2025|access-date = 7 December 2015|issn = 0362-4331|first = John Noble|last = Wilford}}</ref>
* 3000 BC – [[Ayurveda]] The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 3,000 BCE.<ref name="book9781464967566">{{cite book|title=Issues in Pharmaceuticals by Disease, Disorder, or Organ System|isbn=9781464967566|pages=|edition=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbhvXzqwCRsC|date=9 January 2012|publisher=ScholarlyEditions }}</ref>
* c. 2600 BC – [[Imhotep]] the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.<ref name="MagillAves1998" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/imhotep?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Imhotep|access-date=30 December 2015|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>
* 2500 BC – [[Iry]] Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 1900–1600 BC [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from [[Ashurbanipal]]'s library at [[Nineveh]].<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
* 1800 BC – [[Code of Hammurabi]] sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpractice<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 1800 BC – [[Kahun Gynecological Papyrus]]
* 1600 BC – [[Hearst papyrus]], coprotherapy and magic<ref name="Loudon2001" />
* 1551 BC – [[Ebers Papyrus]], coprotherapy and magic<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* 1500 BC – [[Saffron]] used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
* 1500 BC – [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]], an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 1300 BC – [[Brugsch Papyrus]] and [[London Medical Papyrus]]
* 1250 BC – [[Asklepios]]<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 9th century – [[Hesiod]] reports an ontological conception of disease via the [[Pandora]] myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.<ref name="Loudon2001">{{cite book|last=Loudon|first=Irvine|title=Western Medicine: An Illustrated History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEWZq0bq8kC|access-date=16 December 2013|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199248131}}</ref>
* 8th century – [[Homer]] tells that [[Polydamna]] supplied the Greek forces besieging [[Troy]] with healing drugs. Homer also tells about battlefield surgery [[Idomeneus]] tells [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] after Machaon had fallen: ''A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment''.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
* 700 BC – [[Cnidos]] medical school; also one at [[Kos|Cos]]
* 500 BC – [[Darius I]] orders the restoration of the ''House of Life'' (First record of a (much older) medical school)<ref name="Silverberg1967" />{{rp|47}}
* 500 BC – [[Bian Que]] becomes the earliest physician known to use [[acupuncture]] and pulse diagnosis
* 500 BC – The [[Sushruta Samhita]] is published, laying the framework for [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]], giving many surgical procedures for first time such as [[lithotomy]], forehead flap [[rhinoplasty]], [[otoplasty]] and many more.
* {{circa|490}} – {{circa|430}} – [[Empedocles]] four elements<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* 500 BC – Pills were used. They were presumably invented so that measured amounts of a medicinal substance could be delivered to a patient.
* 510–430 BC – [[Alcmaeon of Croton]] scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.<ref name="Silverberg1967" /> Variously described by modern scholars as ''Father of Anatomy''; ''Father of Physiology''; ''Father of Embryology''; ''Father of Psychology''; ''Creator of Psychiatry''; ''Founder of Gynecology''; and as the ''Father of Medicine'' itself.<ref name="Harris1973">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Charles Reginald Schiller|title=The heart and the vascular system in ancient Greek medicine, from Alcmaeon to Galen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--dqAAAAMAAJ|access-date=19 August 2012|year=1973|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=9780198581352}}</ref> There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.<ref name="Longrigg1993">{{cite book|last=Longrigg|first=James|title=Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT5lzingflYC|access-date=19 August 2012|date=1993|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415025942}}</ref><ref name="Magill2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC|title=Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World|last=Magill|first=Frank N.|date= 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781579580407|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>
* fl. 425 BC – [[Diogenes of Apollonia]]<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* {{Circa|484}} – 425 BC – [[Herodotus]] tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: ''Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.''<ref name="Silverberg1967">{{cite book|last=Silverberg|first=Robert|title=The dawn of medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IyFf8j7JrUC|access-date=18 August 2012|year=1967|publisher=Putnam}}</ref>
* 496 – 405 BC – [[Sophocles]] "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."<ref name="Carrick2001">{{cite book|last=Carrick|first=Paul|title=Medical Ethics in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcj1hq1nFWsC|access-date=19 August 2012|year=2001|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=9780878408498}}</ref>
* 420 BC – [[Hippocrates of Cos]] maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the [[Hippocratic Oath]]. Origin of rational medicine.
==Medicine after Hippocrates==
* c. 400 BC – 1 BC – The ''[[Huangdi Neijing]]'' (''Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine'') is published, laying the framework for [[traditional Chinese medicine]]
* 4th century BC – [[Philistion of Locri]]<ref name="Longrigg1993" /> [[Praxagoras]] distinguishes veins and arteries and determines only arteries pulse<ref name="Traver2002">{{cite book|last=Traver|first=Andrew G.|title=From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEvN6XwWTk8C&pg=PA132|access-date=19 October 2012|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313309427}}</ref>
* 375–295 BC – [[Diocles of Carystus]]<ref name="MagillAves1998">{{cite book|last1=Magill|first1=Frank Northen|last2=Aves|first2=Alison|title=Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC|access-date=1 September 2013|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781579580407}}</ref><ref name="Longrigg1993" /><ref name="Nutton2005" />
* 354 BC – [[Critobulus of Cos]] extracts an arrow from the eye of [[Philip II of Macedon|Phillip II]], treating the loss of the eyeball without causing facial disfigurement.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Av7u5Df1bQC&pg=PA10 ''Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander'' by Richard A. Gabriel, 2010, pg. 10]</ref>
* 3rd century BC – [[Philinus of Cos]] founder of the [[Empiricist]] school. Herophilos and Erasistratus practice [[androtomy]]. (Dissecting live and dead human beings)
* 280 BC – [[Herophilus]] Dissection<ref name="Magill2003" /> studies the [[nervous system]] and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves and the brain. also the anatomy of the eye and medical terminology such as (in Latin translation "net like" becomes ''retiform''/retina.<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
* 270 – [[Huangfu Mi]] writes the ''Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng'' (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture.
* 250 BC – [[Erasistratus]] studies the [[Human brain|brain]] and distinguishes between the [[telencephalon|cerebrum]] and [[cerebellum]] physiology of the brain, heart and eyes, and in the vascular, nervous, respiratory and reproductive systems.
* 219 – [[Zhang Zhongjing]] publishes [[Shang Han Lun]] (On Cold Disease Damage).
* 200 BC – the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of [[clinic]]al examination
* 124 – 44 BC – [[Asclepiades of Bithynia]]<ref name="Magill2003" />
* 116 – 27 BC – [[Marcus Terentius Varro]] Prototypal germ theory of disease.<ref name="Adler2004">{{cite book|last=Adler|first=Robert E.|title=Medical Firsts: From Hippocrates to the Human Genome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2JtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 May 2014|date=2004|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780471401759}}</ref>
* 1st century AD – [[Rufus of Ephesus]]; Marcellinus a physician of the first century AD;<ref name="Longrigg1993" /> [[Numisianus]]<ref name="Harris1973" />
* 23 – 79 AD – [[Pliny the Elder]] writes ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''
* {{circa|25 BC}} – {{circa|50 AD}} – [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] Medical encyclopedia<ref name="Celsus1837">{{cite book|last=Celsus|first=Aulus Cornelius|title=The first four books of Aur. Corn. Celsus de re medica, with an ordo verborum and tr. by J. Steggall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0wEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7|access-date=10 October 2014|year=1837}}</ref>
* 50 – 70 AD – [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] writes ''[[De Materia Medica]]'' – a precursor of modern [[pharmacopoeia]]s that was in use for almost 1600 years
* 2nd century AD [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia]]
* 98 – 138 AD – [[Soranus of Ephesus]]<ref name="Durant1993">{{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|title=The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization-Christian, Islamic, and Judaic-From Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mk8BAAAACAAJ|access-date=9 September 2012|date=1993|publisher=Fine Communications|isbn=9781567310153}}</ref>
* 129 – 216 AD – [[Galen]] – Clinical medicine based on observation and experience.<ref name="Nutton2005" /> The resulting tightly integrated and comprehensive system, offering a complete medical philosophy dominated medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until the beginning of the modern era.<ref name="Loudon2002" />
== After Galen 200 AD ==
{{Main|Medieval medicine of Western Europe}}
* {{Floruit|before AD 210}} – Fabulla or Fabylla, medical writer<ref>Flemming 2007, p. 265.</ref>
* d. 260 – [[Gargilius Martialis]], short Latin handbook on ''Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits''<ref name="Nutton2005" />
* 4th century [[Magnus of Nisibis]], Alexandrian doctor and professor book on [[urine]]<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
* 325 – 400 – [[Oribasius]] 70 volume encyclopedia<ref name="ColónColón1999">{{cite book|last1=Colón|first1=A. R.|last2=Colón|first2=P. A.|title=Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8NsAAAAMAAJ|access-date=19 October 2012|date= 1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313310805|page=61}}</ref>
* 362 – [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] orders [[xenones]] built, imitating Christian charity (proto hospitals)<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
* 369 – [[Basil of Caesarea]] founded at [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] in [[Cappadocia]] an institution (hospital) called [[Basileias]], with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools<ref name="Durant1993" />
* 375 – [[Ephrem the Syrian]] opened a [[hospital]] at [[Edessa]]<ref name="Durant1993" /> They spread out and specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old.<ref name="Durant1993" />
* 400 – The first hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by [[Saint Fabiola|Fabiola]] at Rome<ref name="Durant1993"/>
* 420 – [[Caelius Aurelianus]] a doctor from Sicca Veneria (El-Kef, Tunisia) handbook ''On Acute and Chronic Diseases'' in Latin.<ref name="Nutton2005" />
* 447 – [[Cassius Felix|Cassius Felix of Cirta]] (Constantine, Ksantina, Algeria), medical handbook drew on Greek sources, Methodist and Galenist in [[Latin]]<ref name="Nutton2005" />
* 480 – 547 [[Benedict of Nursia]] founder of "monastic medicine"<ref name="Prioreschi1996">{{cite book|last=Prioreschi|first=Plinio|title=A History of Medicine: Medieval Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb_UMcH5C7EC&pg=PA383|access-date=28 December 2012|year=1996|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=9781888456059}}</ref>
* 484 – 590 – Flavius Magnus Aurelius [[Cassiodorus]]<ref name="Getz1998">{{cite book|last=Getz|first=Faye|title=Medicine in the English Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4a_GVtI1lVYC|access-date=2 April 2015|date=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400822676}}</ref>
* fl. 511 – 534 – [[Anthimus (physician)|Anthimus Greek: Ἄνθιμος]]<ref name="Albala2002">{{cite book|last=Albala|first=Ken|title=Eating Right in the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coTiVJiWS00C|access-date=18 December 2013|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520927285}}</ref>
* 536 – [[Sergius of Reshaina]] (died 536) – A Christian theologian-physician who translated thirty-two of [[Galen]]'s works into [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and wrote medical treatises of his own<ref name="Russell" />
* 525 – 605 – [[Alexander of Tralles]]<ref name="Prioreschi2001">{{cite book|last=Prioreschi|first=Plinio|title=A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0IIpnov0BsC|access-date=10 September 2012|year=2001|publisher=Horatius Press|isbn=9781888456042}}</ref> Alexander Trallianus
* 500 – 550 – [[Aetius of Amida]] Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections<ref name="ColónColón1999" /><ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
* second half of 6th century building of xenodocheions/bimārestāns by the [[Church of the East|Nestorians]] under the [[Sasanian]]s, would evolve into the complex secular "Islamic hospital", which combined lay practice and [[Galen]]ic teaching<ref name="Russell">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-x|title=Greece x. Greek Medicine in Persia – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Russell|first=Gül|access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>
* 550 – 630 [[Stephanus of Athens]]<ref name="Nutton2005" /><ref name="Athens.)Dickson1998">{{cite book|last1=Athens.)|first1=Stephanus (of|last2=Dickson|first2=Keith M.|title=Stephanus the Philosopher and Physician: Commentary on Galen's Therapeutics to Glaucon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2rL22CjOTgC&pg=PP15|access-date=9 December 2012|year=1998|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004109353}}</ref>
* 560 – 636 – [[Isidore of Seville]]
* c. 620 [[Aaron of Alexandria]] [[Syriac language|Syriac]] . He wrote 30 books on medicine, the "Pandects". He was the first author in antiquity who mentioned the diseases of smallpox and measles<ref name="Riggs2012">{{cite book|last=Riggs|first=Christina|title=The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wPAmml1G9sC&pg=PA763|access-date=10 October 2014|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191626333|pages=311–312}}</ref> translated by [[Māsarjawaih]] a Syrian Jew and Physician, into Arabic about A. D. 683
* c. 630 – [[Paul of Aegina]] Encyclopedia in 7 books very detailed ''surgery'' used by Albucasis<ref name="Nutton2005">{{cite book|last=Nutton|first=Dr Vivian|author-link=Vivian Nutton|title=Ancient Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PREr9_rojrQC|access-date=19 August 2012|date=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|isbn=9780415368483}}</ref><ref name="Prioreschi2001" /><ref name="Pormann2004">{{cite book|last=Pormann|first=P. E.|title=The Oriental Tradition of Paul of Aegina's "Pragmateia"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SszCRRlW5asC|access-date=19 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004137578}}</ref>
* 790 – 869 – [[Leo the Mathematician|Leo Itrosophist]] also ''Mathematician'' or ''Philosopher'' wrote "Epitome of Medicine"
* c. 800 – 873 – [[Al-Kindi]] (Alkindus) ''[[De Gradibus]]''
* 820 – [[Benedictine]] hospital founded, [[School of Salerno]] would grow around it<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
* d. 857 – [[Mesue]] the elder (Yūḥannā ibn Māsawayh) Syriac Christian<ref name="Loudon2002">{{cite book|last=Loudon|first=Irvine|title=Western Medicine: An Illustrated History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJEWZq0bq8kC|access-date=29 August 2012|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199248131}}</ref>
* c. 830 – 870 – [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]] (Johannitius) Syriac-speaking Christian also knew Greek and Arabic. Translator and author of several medical tracts.<ref name="Loudon2002" />
* c. 838 – 870 – [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]], writes an [[encyclopedia]] of medicine in Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Selin|editor-first=Helaine|editor-link=Helaine Selin|title=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]]|year=1997|publisher=Kluwer|isbn=0-7923-4066-3|page=930}}</ref>
* c. 910d – [[Ishaq ibn Hunayn]]
* 9th century – [[Yahya ibn Sarafyun]] a Syriac physician Johannes Serapion,<ref name="Loudon2002" /> Serapion the Elder
* c. 865 – 925 – [[Rhazes]] [[pediatrics]],<ref name="ColónColón1999" /><ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> and makes the first clear distinction between [[smallpox]] and [[measles]] in his ''al-Hawi''.
* d. 955 – [[Isaac Judaeus]] Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrāʾīlī Egyptian born Jewish physician<ref name="Loudon2002" />
* 913 – 982 – [[Shabbethai Donnolo]] alleged founding father of ''School of Salerno'' wrote in Hebrew<ref name="GraetzBloch1894">{{cite book|last1=Graetz|first1=Heinrich|last2=Bloch|first2=Philipp|title=History of the Jews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joMrAAAAYAAJ|access-date=30 October 2012|year=1894|publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America}}</ref>
* d. 982 – 994 – [['Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi]] Haly Abbas<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
* 1000 – [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi|Albucasis]] (936–1018) [[surgery]] ''Kitab [[al-Tasrif]]'', [[surgical instruments]].<ref name="Loudon2002" />
* d. 1075 – [[Ibn Butlan]] Christian physician of Baghdad [[Tacuinum sanitatis]] the Arabic original and most of the Latin copies, are in tabular format<ref name="Loudon2002" />
* 1018 – 1087 – [[Michael Psellos]] or Psellus a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian. several books on medicine<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
* c. 1030 – [[Avicenna]] ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' The ''Canon'' remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European [[University|universities]] until the 18th century.
* c. 1071 – 1078 – [[Simeon Seth]] or Symeon Seth an 11th-century Jewish Byzantine translated Arabic works into Greek<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
* 1084 – First documented hospital in England Canterbury<ref name="Durant1993" />
* d. 1087 – [[Constantine the African]]<ref name="Loudon2002" />
* 1083 – 1153 – [[Anna Komnene]], Latinized as Comnena
* 1095 – Congregation of the Antonines, was founded to treat victims of "[[Ergotism|St. Anthony's fire]]" a skin disease.<ref name="Durant1993" />
* Late 11th or early 12th century – [[Trotula]]<ref name="Schulman2002">{{cite book|last=Schulman|first=Jana K.|title=The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_jLbHTM_zgC&pg=PR2|access-date=19 October 2012|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313308178}}</ref>
* 1123 – [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] founded by the court jester [[Rahere]] [[Augustine]] nuns originally cared for the patients. Mental patients were accepted along with others<ref name="HowellsOsborn1984">{{cite book|last1=Howells|first1=John G.|last2=Osborn|first2=M. Livia|title=A Reference Companion to the History of Abnormal Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGmRpwAACAAJ|access-date=30 October 2012|year=1984|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313221835}}</ref>
* 1127 – [[Stephen of Pisa|Stephen of Antioch]] translated the work of Haly Abbas
* 1100 – 1161 – [[Ibn Zuhr|Avenzoar]] Teacher of Averroes<ref name="O'Leary1939">{{cite book|last=O'Leary|first=De Lacy|author-link=De Lacy O'Leary|title=Arabic Thought and Its Place in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoRGZANMdPcC|access-date=5 September 2012|year=1939|publisher=Forgotten Books|isbn=9781605066943}}</ref>
* 1170 – [[Rogerius (physician)|Rogerius Salernitanus]] composed his ''Chirurgia'' also known as ''The Surgery of Roger''
* 1126 – 1198 – [[Averroes]]<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
* d. c. 1161 – [[Matthaeus Platearius]]
==1200–1499==
* 1203 – [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] organized the hospital of Santo Spirito at Rome inspiring others all over Europe
* c. 1210 – 1277 – [[William of Saliceto]], also known as Guilielmus de Saliceto
* 1210 – 1295 – [[Taddeo Alderotti]] – Scholastic medicine<ref name="French2003">{{cite book|last=French|first=Roger Kenneth|title=Medicine Before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf1htsj-usAC|access-date=10 October 2014|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521007610}}</ref>
* 1240 [[Bartholomeus Anglicus]]<ref name="Loudon2001" />
* 1242 – [[Ibn al-Nafis]] suggests that the right and left [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]]s of the [[human heart|heart]] are separate and discovers the [[pulmonary circulation]] and [[coronary circulation]]<ref name="Loudon2002" />
* c. 1248 – [[Ibn al-Baytar]] wrote on [[botany]] and [[pharmacy]],<ref name="Loudon2002" /> studied animal anatomy and medicine [[veterinary medicine]].
* 1249 – [[Roger Bacon]] writes about [[Lens (optics)#Types of simple lenses|convex lens]] [[spectacles]] for treating [[long-sightedness]]
* 1257 – 1316 [[Pietro d'Abano]] also known as Petrus De Apono or Aponensis<ref>{{cite book|last=French|first=Roger|title=Medicine before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MglvQgAACAAJ|access-date=19 November 2012|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521809771}}</ref>
* 1260 – [[Louis IX]] established Les Quinze-vingt; originally a retreat for the blind, it became a hospital for eye diseases, and is now one of the most important medical centers in Paris<ref name="Durant1993" />
* c. 1260 – 1320 [[Henri de Mondeville]]
* 1284 – Mansur hospital of Cairo<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
*{{circa|1275}} – {{circa|1328}} [[Joannes Actuarius|Joannes Zacharias Actuarius]] a Byzantine physician wrote the last great compendium of [[Byzantine]] medicine<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
*1275 –1326 – [[Mondino de Luzzi]] "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since [[Herophilus of Chalcedon]] and [[Erasistratus of Ceos]] 1500 years earlier.<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Crombie1959">{{cite book|last=Crombie|first=Alistair Cameron|title=The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGDScHy1clsC&pg=PA4|access-date=19 December 2012|year=1959|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=9780486288505}}</ref>[[Image:Mondino - Anathomia, 1541 - 3022668.tif|thumb|''Anathomia'', 1541]]
* 1288 – The hospital of Santa Maria Nuova founded in Florence, it was strictly medical.<ref name="Loudon2001" />
* 1300 – [[lens (optics)|concave lens]] [[spectacles]] to treat [[myopia]] developed in Italy.<ref>Vincent Ilardi, ''Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes'' (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA5 page 5].</ref>
* 1310 – [[Pietro d'Abano]]'s Conciliator ({{circa|1310}})<ref name="Loudon2001" />
* d. 1348 – [[Gentile da Foligno]]<ref name="French2003" />
* 1292–1350 – [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya]]<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
* 1306–1390 – [[John of Arderne]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="ArderneMillar1922">{{cite book|last1=Arderne|first1=John|last2=Millar|first2=Eric|title=De arte phisicali et de cirurgia of Master John Arderne, surgeon of Newark, dated 1412|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NC1rAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1922|publisher=W. Wood}}</ref><ref name="Arderne1999">{{cite book|last=Arderne|first=John|title=Treatises of Fistula in Ano, Hemorrhoids, and Clysters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwD4d6LjuZQC|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1999|publisher=Elibron.com|isbn=9781402196805}}</ref>
* d. 1368 – [[Guy de Chauliac]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993">{{cite book|last1=Zimmerman|first1=Leo M.|last2=Veith|first2=Ilza|title=Great Ideas in the History of Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbCI7z4UwMC|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1993|publisher=Norman Publishing|isbn=9780930405533}}</ref><ref name="Chauliac)McVaugh1997">{{cite book|last1=Chauliac)|first1=Guy (de|last2=McVaugh|first2=M. R. (Michael Rogers)|title=Inventarium sive chirugia magna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6R5UM6rsYcsC&pg=PP12|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004107847}}</ref>
* f. 1460 – [[Heinrich von Pfolspeundt]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Crombie1959" /><ref name="Grant1974">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Edward|title=Source Book in Medieval Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAPN_3w4hAUC&pg=PA807|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1974|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674823600|pages=807–}}</ref><ref name="McCallum2008">{{cite book|last=McCallum|first=Jack E.|title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BXB9QtUfFQC&pg=PA202|access-date=7 December 2012|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096930}}</ref><ref name="BuckFund1917" />
* 1443 – 1502 – [[Antonio Benivieni]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="BenivieniPolybus1529">{{cite book|last1=Benivieni|first1=Antonio|last2=Polybus|last3=Guinterius|first3=Joannes|title=De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum & sanationum causis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieNEAAAAcAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1529|publisher=apud Andream Cratandrum}}</ref> Pathological anatomy<ref name="Thorndike1958">{{cite book|last=Thorndike|first=Lynn|title=A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbvlQFj4YfUC&pg=PA586|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1958|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231087971}}</ref>
* 1493 – 1541 – [[Paracelsus]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /> On the relationship between medicine and surgery<ref name="Pagel1958">{{cite book|last=Pagel|first=Walter|title=Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wO244WXEBKcC&pg=PA15|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1958|publisher=Karger Publishers|isbn=9783805535182|pages=15–}}</ref> surgery book<ref name="Crone2004">{{cite book|last=Crone|first=Hugh D.|title=Paracelsus: The Man who Defied Medicine : His Real Contribution to Medicine and Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPYfCb9vClsC&pg=PR5|access-date=7 December 2012|date=2004|publisher=Albarello Press|isbn=9780646433271|page=104}}</ref>
== 1500–1799 ==
[[Image:Acquapendente - Operationes chirurgicae, 1685 - 2984755.tif|thumb|[[Hieronymus Fabricius]], ''Operationes chirurgicae'', 1685]]
* Early 16th century:
** [[Paracelsus]], an [[alchemy|alchemist]] by trade, rejects [[occultism]] and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Burns the books of Avicenna, Galen and Hippocrates.<ref name="Hamilton1831">{{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=William|title=The history of medicine, surgery and anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOtg0feXqFwC&pg=PA214|access-date=24 December 2013|year=1831|page=358|quote=As a proof of his ignorance and his arrogance, he commenced his very first lecture by publicly consigning to the flames the works of Galen and Avicenna, impudently declaring that his cap contained more knowledge than all the physicians, and the hair of his beard more experience than all the universities in the world. "Greeks, Romans, French, and Italians," he exclaimed, "you Avicenna, you Galen, you Rhazes, you Mesne; you Doctors of Paris, of Montpellier, of Swabia, of Misnia, of Cologne, of Vienna, and all you through out the countries bathed by the Danube and the Rhine; and you who dwell in the islands of the sea, Athenian, Greek, Arab, and Jew! you shall all follow and obey me. I am your king; to me belongs the sceptre of physic."}}</ref>
** [[Hieronymus Fabricius]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /> His "Surgery" is mostly that of [[Celsus]], [[Paul of Aegina]], and [[Abulcasis]] citing them by name.<ref name="M.D.1895">{{cite book|last=M.D.|first=FREDERIC S. DENNIS|title=SYSTEM OF SURGERY|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6sRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1895|pages=56–57}}</ref>
** [[Caspar Stromayr]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Schumpelick2000">{{cite book|last=Schumpelick|first=Volker|title=Hernien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttVuAV2bJeQC&pg=PA88|access-date=7 December 2012|year=2000|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|isbn=9783131173645}}</ref>
* 1500? – 1561 [[Pierre Franco]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="BuckFund1917">{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Albert Henry|last2=Fund|first2=Williams Memorial Publication|title=The growth of medicine from the earliest times to about 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQkwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1917|publisher=Yale university press|page=490}}</ref><ref name="Barsky1964">{{cite journal|last=Barsky|first=Arthur Joseph|title=Pierre Franco, father of cleft lip surgery: his life and times|journal=British Journal of Plastic Surgery|volume=17|pages=335–50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-dpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1964|pmid=14218955|doi=10.1016/s0007-1226(64)80059-x|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="FrancoRosenman2006">{{cite book|last1=Franco|first1=Pierre|last2=Rosenman|first2=Leonard D.|title=The surgery of Pierre Franco: of Turriers in Provence : written in 1561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtsAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1 March 2006|publisher=XLibris Corp.|isbn=9781599263885}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* [[Ambroise Paré]] (1510–1590) pioneered the treatment of gunshot wounds.<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Paget1897">{{cite book|last=Paget|first=Stephen|title=Ambroise Paré and his times, 1510–1590|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dm3XIRPbdYC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1897|publisher=G.P. Putnam's sons}}</ref><ref name="ParéSpiegel1649">{{cite book|last1=Paré|first1=Ambroise|last2=Spiegel|first2=Adriaan van den|title=The Workes of that Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzVbqmHLfGMC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1649|publisher=R. Cotes and Willi Du-gard, and are to be sold by John Clarke}}</ref>
** [[Bartholomeo Maggi]] at Bologna, [[Felix Wurtz]] of Zurich, [[Léonard Botal]] in Paris, and the Englishman [[Thomas Gale (surgeon)]], (the diversity of their geographical origins attests to the widespread interest of surgeons in the problem), all published works urging similar treatment to Paré's. But it was Paré's writings which were the most influential.<ref name="Tallett1997">{{cite book|last=Tallett|first=Frank|title=War and Society in Early-Modern Europe: 1495–1715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhpKQ_QwQzgC|access-date=15 January 2013|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415160735}}</ref>
* 1518 – College of Physicians founded now known as [[Royal College of Physicians of London]] is a British professional body of doctors of general medicine and its subspecialties. It received the royal charter in 1518<ref name="WolfDannemann1935" />
* 1510 – 1590 – [[Ambroise Paré]] surgeon<ref name="WolfDannemann1935">{{cite book|last1=Wolf|first1=Abraham|last2=Dannemann|first2=Friedrich|last3=Armitage|first3=Angus|title=A history of science, technology and philosophy in the 16th & 17th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNg8AAAAIAAJ|access-date=6 September 2012|year=1935|publisher=Macmillan}}</ref>
* 1540 – 1604 – [[William Clowes (surgeon)|William Clowes]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Norton2008">{{cite book|last=Norton|first=Jeffrey A.|title=Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cs6O3QIwrKcC&pg=PA8|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780387681139}}</ref> – Surgical chest for military surgeons<ref name="Norton2008" /><ref name="Ellis2001">{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Harold|title=A History Of Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsZWFyUYtDQC&pg=PA47|access-date=7 December 2012|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781841101811|page=47}}</ref>
* 1543 – [[Andreas Vesalius]] publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine<ref name="Asling2010">{{cite book|last=Asling|first=C. W.|title=The Epitome of Andreas Vesalius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMh4cgAACAAJ|access-date=15 October 2014|date=September 2010|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=9781163151303}}</ref><ref name="Vesalius1633">{{cite book|last=Vesalius|first=Andreas|title=Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis Epitome anatomica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFf-14G6JRkC|access-date=15 October 2014|year=1633|publisher=apud Henricum Laurentii bibliopolam}}</ref>
* 1546 – [[Girolamo Fracastoro]] proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
* 1550 – 1612 – Peter Lowe<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="Finlayson1889">{{cite book|last=Finlayson|first=James|author-link=James Finlayson (surgeon)|title=Account of the life and works of Maister Peter Lowe: the founder of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9s4UAAAAYAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1889|publisher=J. Maclehose}}</ref>
* 1553 – [[Miguel Servet]] describes the circulation of blood through the [[human lung|lung]]s.
* 1556 – [[Amato Lusitano]] describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein
* 1559 – [[Realdo Colombo]] describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
* 1563 – [[Garcia de Orta]] founds [[tropical medicine]] with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments
* 1570 – 1643 – [[John Woodall]] Ship surgeons used lemon juice to treat [[scurvy]]<ref name="Ellis2001" /> wrote "The Surgions Mate"<ref name="Woodall1617">{{cite book|last=Woodall|first=John|title=The Surgions Mate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebycQgAACAAJ|access-date=16 October 2014|year=1617|publisher=Kingsmead|isbn=9780906230152}}</ref>
* 1590 – [[Microscope]] was invented, which played a huge part in medical advancement
* 1596 – [[Li Shizhen]] publishes ''Běncǎo Gāngmù'' or ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''
* 1603 – [[Girolamo Fabrici]] studies leg [[vein]]s and notices that they have [[vein valve|valves]] which allow blood to flow only toward the heart
* 1621 – 1676 – [[Richard Wiseman (surgeon)|Richard Wiseman]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="Longmore1891">{{cite book|last=Longmore|first=Sir Thomas|title=Richard Wiseman, surgeon and sergeant-surgeon to Charles II.: A biographical study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFdUAAAAQAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1891|publisher=Longmans, Green and co.}}</ref><ref name="Wiseman1734">{{cite book|last=Wiseman|first=Richard|title=Eight chirurgical treatises, on these following heads: viz. I. Of tumours. II. Of ulcers. III. Of diseases of the anus. IV. Of the king's evil. V. Of wounds. VI. Of gun-shot wounds. VII. Of fractures and luxations. VIII. Of the lues venerea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddNEAAAAcAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1734|publisher=J. Walthoe}}</ref>
* 1628 – [[William Harvey]] explains the [[circulatory system]] in ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]]''
* 1683 – 1758 – [[Lorenz Heister]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="Heister1763">{{cite book|last=Heister|first=Lorenz|title=A General System of Surgery: In Three Parts ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSpmtwAACAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1763|publisher=J. Clarke, [ect.]}}</ref>
* 1688 – 1752 – [[William Cheselden]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="HoustounCheselden1723">{{cite book|last1=Houstoun|first1=Robert|last2=Cheselden|first2=William|last3=Arbuthnot|first3=John|title=Lithotomus castratus; or Mr. Cheselden's Treatise on the high operation for the stone: thoroughly examin'd and plainly found to be Lithotomia Douglassiana, under another title: in a letter to Dr. John Arbuthnot. With an appendix, wherein both authors are fairly compar'd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGDZrXCuu0MC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1723|publisher=T. Payne}}</ref><ref name="Cheselden2010">{{cite book|last=Cheselden|first=William|title=Anatomical Tables of the Human Body. by William Cheselden, Surgeon to His Majesty's Royal Hospital at Chelsea, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Member|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe22cQAACAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|date=10 June 2010|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=9781170888018}}</ref><ref name="Dran1768">{{cite book|last=Dran|first=Henri-François Le|title=The operations in surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SztSGFYY3oMC&pg=PP5|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1768|publisher=printed for Hawes Clarke and Collins, J. Dodsley, W. Johnston, B. Law and T. Becket}}</ref>
* 1701 – [[Giacomo Pylarini]] gives the first [[smallpox]] [[inoculation]]s in Europe. They were widely practised in the East before then.
* 1714 – 1789 – [[Percivall Pott]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Pott(Sir.)1808">{{cite book|last1=Pott|first1=Percivall|last2=(Sir.)|first2=James Earles|title=The chirurgical works of Percival Pott ...: to which are added a short account of the life of the author, a method of curing the hydrocele by injection and occasional notes and observations by Sir James Earle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvS_o4-jIzwC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1808|publisher=J. Johnson}}</ref><ref name="PottEarle1819">{{cite book|last1=Pott|first1=Percivall|last2=Earle|first2=Sir James|title=The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott: with his last corrections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlcSAAAAYAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1819|publisher=Published by James Webster; William Brown, printer}}</ref><ref name="Mostof2005">{{cite book|last=Mostof|first=Seyed Behrooz|title=Who's Who in Orthopedics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5v12IKsI-M4C&pg=PA278|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781846280702|page=278}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Journal of Surgery: Devoted to the Theory and Practice of Modern Surgery and Gynecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyXlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA392|year=1919|publisher=The International Journal of Surgery Co.|page=392}}</ref>
* 1720 – [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]]
* 1728 – 1793 – [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Paget|first=Stephen|title=John Hunter, man of science and surgeon (1728–1793)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9HOC2WVlzgC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1897|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|isbn=9780598677426}}</ref><ref name="Moore2005">{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Wendy|title=The Knife Man: The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsWsKGUmr9YC|access-date=7 December 2012|date=13 September 2005|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=9780767916523}}</ref><ref name="Londoncurator.)1993">{{cite book|last1=London|first1=Hunterian Museum|last2=curator.)|first2=Elizabeth Allen (George Qvist|last3=England|first3=Royal College of Surgeons of|title=A guide to the Hunterian Museum: John Hunter, 1728–1793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FxPAQAAIAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1993|publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of England}}</ref>
* 1736 – [[Claudius Aymand]] performs the first successful [[appendectomy]]
* 1744 – 1795 – [[Pierre-Joseph Desault]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="Desault1794">{{cite book|last=Desault|first=Pierre-Joseph|title=Parisian Chirurgical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1xzWURePCMC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1794|publisher=Printed for the translator}}</ref> First surgical periodical<ref name="Porter2001">{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Roy|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsyYXczSmhgC&pg=PA221|access-date=7 December 2012|date=30 July 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521002523|page=221}}</ref>
* 1747 – [[James Lind]] discovers that [[citrus]] [[fruit]]s prevent [[scurvy]]
* 1749 – 1806 – [[Benjamin Bell]] – Leading surgeon of his time and father of a surgical dynasty,<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /> author of "A System of Surgery"<ref name="Bell2010">{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Benjamin|title=A System of Surgery. by Benjamin Bell, ... Illustrated with Copperplates. ... the Fifth Edition. Volume 6 of 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTQzSgAACAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|date=May 2010|publisher=BiblioLife|isbn=9781140774365}}</ref>
* 1752 – 1832 – [[Antonio Scarpa]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="KingsnorthMajid2006">{{cite book|last1=Kingsnorth|first1=Andrew N.|last2=Majid|first2=Aljafri A.|title=Fundamentals of Surgical Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJ__osz_Un0C&pg=PA265|access-date=7 December 2012|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521677066|page=265}}</ref><ref name="Scarpa1808">{{cite book|last=Scarpa|first=Antonio|title=A treatise on the anatomy, pathology and surgical treatment of aneurism, with engravings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ES0AAAAAQAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1808|publisher=Printed for Mundell, Doig, & Stevenson}}</ref>
* 1763 – 1820 – [[John Bell (surgeon)|John Bell]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Garrison1921" /><ref name="Bell1808">{{cite book|last=Bell|first=John|title=The principles of surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ywVAAAAQAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1808|publisher=Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme}}</ref>
* 1766 – 1842 – [[Dominique Jean Larrey]] Surgeon to [[Napoleon]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="M.D.Shuster2007">{{cite book|last1=M.D.|first1=Ann M. Berger|last2=Shuster|first2=John L.|last3=M.D.|first3=Jamie H. Von Roenn|title=Principles and Practice of Palliative Care and Supportive Oncology, 3e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LngD6RFXY_AC&pg=PA322|access-date=7 December 2012|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781795951|page=322}}</ref><ref name="Larrey1814">{{cite book|last=Larrey|first=baron Dominique Jean|title=Memoirs of Military Surgery, and Campaigns of the French Armies, on the Rhine, in Corsica, Catalonia, Egypt, and Syria; at Boulogne, Ulm, and Austerlitz; in Saxony, Prussia, Poland, Spain, and Austria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-wRAAAAYAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1814|publisher=Joseph Cushing, 6, North Howard street}}</ref><ref name="(baron)Waller1815">{{cite book|last1=(baron)|first1=Dominique Jean Larrey|last2=Waller|first2=John Augustine|title=Memoirs of military surgery: Containing the practice of the French military surgeons during the principal campaigns of the late war. Abridged and translated from the French by John Waller. In two parts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfbp9fZb_gEC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1815|publisher=Cox}}</ref><ref name="(baron)1861">{{cite book|last=(baron)|first=Dominique Jean Larrey|title=Memoir of Baron Larrey, surgeon-in-chief of the Grande Armée, from the French|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HEvAAAAYAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1861|publisher=H. Renshaw}}</ref>
* 1768 – 1843 – [[Astley Cooper]] surgeon<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="KingsnorthMajid2006" /> lectures<ref name="bart.)1824">{{cite book|last=bart.)|first=Astley Paston Cooper (sir, 1st|title=The lectures of sir Astley Cooper, bart ... on the principles and practice of surgery, with additional notes and cases, by F. Tyrrell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LUMwT6-bUgC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1824}}</ref> principles and practice<ref name="CooperGreen1832">{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Sir Astley|last2=Green|first2=Joseph Henry|title=A manual of surgery: founded upon the principles and practice lately taught by Sir Astley Cooper ... and Joseph Henry Green ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ts8YAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1832|publisher=Printed for E. Cox}}</ref>
* 1774 – 1842 – [[Charles Bell]], surgeon<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Garrison1921">{{cite book|last=Garrison|first=Fielding Hudson|title=An Introduction to the history of medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA508|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1921|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|pages=508–}}</ref><ref name="BellBell1827">{{cite book|last1=Bell|first1=John|last2=Bell|first2=Sir Charles|last3=Godman|first3=John Davidson|title=The anatomy and physiology of the human body|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8ZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR2|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1827|publisher=Collins & co.}}</ref>
* 1774 – [[Joseph Priestley]] discovers [[nitrous oxide]], [[nitric oxide]], [[ammonia]], [[hydrogen chloride]] and [[oxygen]]
* 1777 – 1835 – [[Baron Guillaume Dupuytren]]<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /> – Head surgeon at [[Hôtel-Dieu de Paris]],<ref name="EatonSeegenschmiedt2012">{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Charles|last2=Seegenschmiedt|first2=M. Heinrich|last3=Bayat|first3=Ardeshir |author4=Giulio Gabbiani |author5=Paul Werker |author6=Wolfgang Wach|title=Dupuytren's Disease and Related Hyperproliferative Disorders: Principles, Research, and Clinical Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eKjm_rsRQ8C&pg=PA200|access-date=7 December 2012|date=20 March 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783642226960|pages=200–}}</ref> ''The age Dupuytren''<ref name="Wylock2010">{{cite book|last=Wylock|first=Paul|title=The Life and Times of Guillaume Dupuytren, 1777-1835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWrznUOS1agC|access-date=7 December 2012|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Asp / Vubpress / Upa|isbn=9789054875727}}</ref><ref name="Dupuytren1847">{{cite book|last=Dupuytren|first=Guillaume|title=On the injuries and diseases of bones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y4JAAAAIAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1847|publisher=Sydenham Society}}</ref>
* 1785 – [[William Withering]] publishes ''"An Account of the Foxglove"'' the first systematic description of [[digitalis]] in treating [[dropsy]]
* 1790 – [[Samuel Hahnemann]] rages against the prevalent practice of [[bloodletting]] as a universal cure and founds [[homeopathy]]
* 1796 – [[Edward Jenner]] develops a smallpox [[vaccination]] method
* 1799 – [[Humphry Davy]] discovers the [[anesthetic]] properties of nitrous oxide
== 1800–1899 ==
* 1800 – [[Humphry Davy]] announces the [[anaesthetic]] properties of [[nitrous oxide]].
* 1803 – 1841 – [[Morphine]] was first isolated by [[Friedrich Sertürner]], this is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant.
* 1813–1883 – [[James Marion Sims]] vesico-vaganial surgery<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Rutkow1992">{{cite book|last=Rutkow|first=Ira M.|title=History of Surgery in the United States 1775–1900: Periodical and Pamphlet Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGQ0YB7yLy4C&pg=PA98|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1992|publisher=Norman Publishing|isbn=9780930405489|pages=98–}}</ref><ref name="Sims1886">{{cite book|last=Sims|first=James Marion|title=Clinical notes on uterine surgery c. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nug0QDklPTgC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1886|publisher=William Wood}}</ref> Father of surgical gynecology.<ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Sims1888">Biography: {{cite book|last=Sims|first=James Marion|title=The story of my life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oya_9k2196UC|access-date=7 December 2012|year=1888|publisher=D. Appleton and Company}}</ref>
* 1816 – [[René Laennec]] invents the [[stethoscope]].
* 1827 – 1912 – [[Lord Lister|Joseph Lister]] antiseptic surgery<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="PasteurLister2008">{{cite book|last1=Pasteur|first1=Louis|last2=Lister|first2=Joseph|title=Collected Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNIp6ETMB_kC|access-date=7 December 2012|date=2008|publisher=Kaplan Publishing|isbn=9781427798008}}</ref> Father of modern surgery<ref name="Truax2010">{{cite book|last=Truax|first=Rhoda|title=Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtAtYgEACAAJ|access-date=7 December 2012|date=2010|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=9781164499572}}</ref>
* 1818 – [[James Blundell (physician)|James Blundell]] performs the first successful human [[blood transfusion|transfusion]].
* 1842 – [[Crawford Long]] performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with [[diethyl ether|ether]].
* 1845 – [[John Hughes Bennett]] first describes leukemia as a blood disorder.
* 1846 – First painless surgery with general [[anesthetic]].
* 1847 – [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] discovers how to prevent [[puerperal fever]].
* 1849 – [[Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)|Elizabeth Blackwell]] is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States.
* 1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania|Woman's Medical College]]), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia.<ref>"[http://archives.drexelmed.edu/history.php History of the Institution]," ''Drexel University College of Medicine Legacy Center''. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</ref>
* 1858 – [[Rudolf Carl Virchow]] 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of [[Humoral medicine]].
* 1861 – [[Louis Pasteur]] discovers the Germ Theory
* 1867 – [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Lister]] publishes ''[[Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery]]'', based partly on Pasteur's work.
* 1870 – [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Robert Koch]] establish the [[germ theory of disease]].
* 1878 – [[Ellis Reynolds Shipp]] graduates from the [[Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] and begins practice in Utah.
* 1879 – First vaccine for [[cholera]].
* 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops an [[anthrax disease|anthrax]] vaccine.
* 1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a [[rabies]] vaccine.
* 1887 – [[Willem Einthoven]] invents [[electrocardiography]] (ECG/EKG)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barold |first1=S. Serge |title=Willem Einthoven and the birth of clinical electrocardiography a hundred years ago |journal=Cardiac Electrophysiology Review |date=January 2003 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=99–104 |doi=10.1023/a:1023667812925 |pmid=12766530 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/flashback_the_first_ecg | title=Flashback: The First ECG | Pfizer }}</ref>
* 1890 – [[Emil von Behring]] discovers [[antitoxin]]s and uses them to develop [[tetanus]] and [[diphtheria]] vaccines.
* 1895 – [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] discovers medical use of [[X-ray]]s in [[medical imaging]]
== 1900–1999 ==
* 1901 – [[Karl Landsteiner]] discovers the existence of different human [[blood type]]s
* 1901 – [[Alois Alzheimer]] identifies the first case of what becomes known as [[Alzheimer's disease]]
* 1906 – [[Frederick Hopkins]] suggests the existence of [[vitamin]]s and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes [[scurvy]] and [[rickets]]
* 1907 – [[Paul Ehrlich]] develops a chemotherapeutic cure for [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]]
* 1907 – [[Henry Stanley Plummer]] develops the first structured patient record and clinical number (Mayo clinic)
* 1908 – [[Victor Horsley]] and R. Clarke invents the [[Horsley–Clarke apparatus|stereotactic method]]
* 1909 – First [[intrauterine device]] described by Richard Richter.<ref name="histcontraception">{{Cite journal|date=February 2000 |title=Evolution and Revolution: The Past, Present, and Future of Contraception |journal=Contraception Online (Baylor College of Medicine) |volume=10 |issue=6 |url=http://www.contraceptiononline.org/contrareport/article01.cfm?art=93 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606233856/http://www.contraceptiononline.org/contrareport/article01.cfm?art=93 |archive-date=6 June 2009 }}</ref>
* 1910 – [[Hans Christian Jacobaeus]] performs the first [[laparoscopic surgery|laparoscopy]] on humans
* 1917 – [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] discovers the malarial fever [[Electroconvulsive therapy|shock therapy]] for [[general paresis of the insane]]
* 1921 – [[Edward Mellanby]] discovers [[vitamin D]] and shows that its absence causes [[rickets]]
* 1921 – [[Frederick Banting]] and Charles Best discover [[insulin]] – important for the treatment of diabetes
* 1921 – [[Fidel Pagés]] pioneers [[epidural anesthesia]]
* 1923 – First vaccine for [[diphtheria]]
* 1924 – [[Hans Berger]] discovers human [[electroencephalography]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Louis |first1=Erik K. St |last2=Frey |first2=Lauren C. |last3=Britton |first3=Jeffrey W. |last4=Frey |first4=Lauren C. |last5=Hopp |first5=Jennifer L. |last6=Korb |first6=Pearce |last7=Koubeissi |first7=Mohamad Z. |last8=Lievens |first8=William E. |last9=Pestana-Knight |first9=Elia M. |last10=Louis |first10=Erik K. St |chapter=Appendix 6. A Brief History of EEG |date=2016 |publisher=American Epilepsy Society |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390348/ |title=Electroencephalography (EEG): An Introductory Text and Atlas of Normal and Abnormal Findings in Adults, Children, and Infants }}</ref>
* 1926 – First vaccine for [[pertussis]]
* 1927 – First vaccine for [[tuberculosis]]
* 1927 – First vaccine for [[tetanus]]
* 1930 – First successful [[sex reassignment surgery]] performed on [[Lili Elbe]] in Dresden, Germany.
* 1932 – [[Gerhard Domagk]] develops a chemotherapeutic cure for [[streptococcus]]
* 1933 – [[Manfred Sakel]] discovers [[insulin shock therapy]]
* 1935 – [[Ladislas J. Meduna]] discovers [[metrazol]] [[Electroconvulsive therapy|shock therapy]]
* 1935 – First vaccine for [[yellow fever]]
* 1936 – [[Egas Moniz]] discovers prefrontal [[lobotomy]] for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractor
* 1938 – [[Ugo Cerletti]] and [[Lucio Bini]] discover [[electroconvulsive therapy]]
* 1938 – [[Howard Florey]] and [[Ernst Chain]] investigate [[Penicillin]] and attempted to mass-produce it and tested it on the policeman [[Albert Alexander (police officer)]] who recovered but died due to a lack of [[Penicillin]]
* 1943 – [[Willem J. Kolff]] builds the first [[dialysis machine]]
* 1944 – Disposable catheter – [[David S. Sheridan]]
* 1946 – [[Chemotherapy]] – [[Alfred G. Gilman]] and [[Louis S. Goodman]]
* 1947 – [[Defibrillator]] – Claude Beck
* 1948 – [[Acetaminophen]] – [[Julius Axelrod]], [[Bernard Brodie (biochemist)|Bernard Brodie]]
* 1949 – First implant of [[intraocular lens]], by [[Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)|Sir Harold Ridley]]
* 1949 – Mechanical assistor for anesthesia – John Emerson
* 1952 – [[Jonas Salk]] develops the first [[polio]] vaccine (available in 1955)
* 1952 – [[Cloning]] – Robert Briggs and Thomas King
* 1953 – First live birth from [[Semen cryopreservation|frozen sperm]]
* 1953 – [[Heart-lung machine]] – John Heysham Gibbon
* 1953 – [[Medical ultrasonography]] – Inge Edler
* 1954 – [[Joseph Murray]] performs the first human kidney transplant (on identical twins)
* 1954 – [[Ventouse]] – Tage Malmstrom
* 1955 – [[Tetracycline]] – Lloyd Conover
* 1956 – [[Metered-dose inhaler]] – 3M
* 1957 – [[William Grey Walter]] invents the brain [[Electroencephalography|EEG topography]] (toposcope)
* 1958 – [[Pacemaker]] – Rune Elmqvist
* 1959 – [[In vitro fertilization]] – Min Chueh Chang
* 1960 – Invention of [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] ([[CPR]])
* 1960 – First [[combined oral contraceptive]] approved by the FDA<ref name="histcontraception" />
* 1962 – [[Hip replacement]] – [[John Charnley]]
* 1962 – [[Beta blocker]] [[James W. Black]]
* 1962 – [[Albert Sabin]] develops first oral [[polio vaccine]]
* 1963 – [[Artificial heart]] – Paul Winchell
* 1963 – [[Thomas Starzl]] performs the first [[human liver]] transplant
* 1963 – [[James Hardy (surgeon)|James Hardy]] performs the first [[human lung]] transplant
* 1963 – Valium ([[diazepam]]) – Leo H. Sternbach
* 1964 – First vaccine for [[measles]]
* 1965 – [[Frank Pantridge]] installs the first portable [[defibrillator]]
* 1965 – First commercial [[ultrasound]]
* 1966 – [[C. Walton Lillehei]] performs the first [[pancreas|human pancreas]] transplant
* 1966 – Rubella Vaccine – Harry Martin Meyer and Paul D. Parkman<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/25/us/harry-martin-meyer-jr-72-helped-create-rubella-vaccine.html |title=Harry Martin Meyer Jr., 72; Helped Create Rubella Vaccine |author=Wolfgang Saxon |newspaper=New York Times |date=25 August 2001 |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>
* 1967 – First vaccine for [[mumps]]
* 1967 – [[René Favaloro]] develops Coronary Bypass surgery
* 1967 – [[Christiaan Barnard]] performs the first [[human heart]] transplant
* 1968 – [[Powered prothesis]] – Samuel Alderson
* 1968 – [[Controlled drug delivery]] – Alejandro Zaffaron
* 1969 – [[Balloon catheter]] – Thomas Fogarty
* 1969 – [[Cochlear implant]] – William House
* 1970 – [[Cyclosporine]], the first effective [[immunosuppressive drug]] is introduced in [[organ transplant]] practice
* 1971 – [[MMR Vaccine]] – developed by [[Maurice Hilleman]]
* 1971 – [[Genetically modified organism]]s – Ananda Chakrabart
* 1971 – [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] – [[Raymond Vahan Damadian]]
* 1971 – [[Computed tomography]] (CT or CAT Scan) – [[Godfrey Hounsfield]]
* 1971 – [[Transdermal patch]]es – Alejandro Zaffaroni
* 1971 – Sir [[Godfrey Hounsfield]] invents the first commercial [[CT scanner]]
* 1972 – [[Insulin pump]] Dean Kamen
* 1973 – Laser eye surgery ([[LASIK]]) – [[Mani Lal Bhaumik]]
* 1974 – [[Liposuction]] – [[Giorgio Fischer]]
* 1976 – First commercial [[PET scanner]]
* 1978 – First live birth from [[In vitro fertilisation|in vitro fertilisation (IVF)]]
* 1978 – Last fatal case of [[smallpox]]<ref name="Pennington">{{Cite journal|author=Pennington H|title=Smallpox and bioterrorism|url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862003001000014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Bull World Health Organ|volume=81|issue=10|pages=762–7|year=2003|pmid=14758439|pmc=2572332|s2cid=315574}}</ref>
* 1979 – [[Antiviral drugs]] – George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion
* 1980 – [[Raymond Damadian]] builds first commercial [[MRI scanner]]
* 1980 – [[Lithotripter]] – Dornier Research Group
* 1980 – First [[Hepatitis B vaccine|vaccine for hepatitis B]] – [[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]]
* 1980 – Cloning of [[interferon]]s – [[Sidney Pestka]]
* 1981 – [[Artificial skin]] – [[John F. Burke]] and [[Ioannis V. Yannas]]
* 1981 – [[Bruce Reitz]] performs the first human heart-lung combined transplant
* 1982 – [[Human insulin]] – Eli Lilly
* 1982 – [[Willem Johan Kolff]] performs the first artificial heart transplant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oliver |first1=Melvin J |last2=Dowd |first2=Scot E |last3=Zaragoza |first3=Joaquin |last4=Mauget |first4=Steven A |last5=Payton |first5=Paxton R |title=The rehydration transcriptome of the desiccation-tolerant bryophyte Tortula ruralis: transcript classification and analysis |journal=BMC Genomics |date=16 November 2004 |volume=5 |article-number=89 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-5-89 |pmid=15546486 |pmc=535811 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 1985 – Automated [[DNA sequencer]] – Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith
* 1985 – [[Polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) – [[Kary Mullis]]
* 1985 – [[Surgical robot]] – Yik San Kwoh
* 1985 – [[DNA fingerprinting]] – Alec Jeffreys
* 1985 – [[Capsule endoscopy]] – Tarun Mullick
* 1986 – [[Fluoxetine]] HCl – Eli Lilly and Co
* 1987 – commercially available [[Statin]]s – Merck & Co.
* 1987 – [[Tissue engineering]] – Joseph Vacanti & Robert Langer
* 1988 – [[Stent|Intravascular stent]] – Julio Palmaz
* 1988 – [[Laser cataract surgery]] – Patricia Bath
* 1989 – [[Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis]] (PGD) – Alan Handyside
* 1989 – [[DNA microarray]] – Stephen Fodor
* 1990 – [[Gamow bag]]® – Igor Gamow
* 1992 – Description of Brugada syndrome (Pedro and Josep Brugada)
* 1992 – First [[Hepatitis A vaccine|vaccine for hepatitis A]] available<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/albionstcentre/infection/Resource%20Packages/hepa.asp |title=Resource Packages: Hepatitis A |author=Albion Street Centre |publisher=South Eastern Sydney Illawarra Health, [[NSW Health Department]] |access-date=11 May 2009 |archive-date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222024728/http://www.sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au/albionstcentre/infection/Resource%20Packages/hepa.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1992 – [[Electroactive polymers]] (artificial muscle) – SRI International
* 1992 – [[Intracytoplasmic sperm injection]] (ICSI) – Andre van Steirteghem
* 1995 – Adult stem cell use in regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo – B. G Matapurkar U.S . International Patent
* 1996 – [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the Sheep]] cloned
* 1998 – [[Stem cell therapy]] – James Thomson
== 2000–2022 ==
{{further|21st century#Medicine}}
{{See also|Medicine in the 2010s}}
* 2000 – The [[Human Genome Project]] draft was completed.
* 2001 – The first [[telesurgery]] was performed by [[Jacques Marescaux]].
* 2003 – [[Carlo Urbani]], of [[Doctors without Borders]] alerted the [[World Health Organization]] to the threat of the [[SARS]] virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.
* 2005 – [[Jean-Michel Dubernard]] performs the first partial [[face transplant]].
* 2006 – First [[HPV vaccine]] approved.
* 2006 – The second [[rotavirus vaccine]] approved (first was withdrawn).
* 2007 – The [[visual prosthetic]] (bionic eye) Argus II.
* 2008 – [[Laurent Lantieri]] performs the first full [[face transplant]].
* 2011 – First successful [[Uterus transplant]] from a deceased donor in Turkey
* 2013 – The first [[kidney]] was grown ''in vitro'' in the U.S.
* 2013 – The first [[human liver]] was grown from stem cells in Japan.
* 2014 – A [[3D printer]] is used for first ever [[skull transplant]].
* 2014 - Sonendo, a medical technology company based in [[Laguna Hills, California]], introduces the GentleWave system in the United States for [[root canal treatment]]s.
* 2016 – The first ever [[artificial pancreas]] was created
* 2019 – 3D-print heart from human patient's cells.
* 2020 – First [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine]] for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]].
* 2022 – The complete [[human genome]] is sequenced.
== See also ==
* [[Timeline of antibiotics]]
* [[Timeline of vaccines]]
* [[Timeline of hospitals]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==Citations==
{{Reflist|3}}
Reference:
*1. International patent USA. .wef 1995. US PTO no.6227202 and 20020007223.
*2. R. Maingot's Text Book of Abdominal operations.1997 USA.
*3. Text book of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010 J P Publishers.
== References ==
Matapurkar B G. (1995). US international Patent 6227202 and 20020007223.medical use of Adult Stem cells. A new physiological phenomenon of Desired Metaplasia for regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo. Annals of NYAS 1998.
* Bynum, W. F. and Roy Porter, eds. ''Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine'' (2 vol. 1997); 1840pp; 72 long essays by scholars [https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Encyclopedia-History-Medicine-Set/dp/0415164184/ excerpt and text search]
* Conrad, Lawrence I. et al. '' The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800'' (1995); [https://www.amazon.com/Western-Medical-Tradition-800-1800/dp/0521475643/ excerpt and text search]
** Bynum, W.F. et al. ''The Western Medical Tradition: 1800–2000'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/Western-Medical-Tradition-1800-2000/dp/0521475651/ excerpt and text search]
* Loudon, Irvine, ed. ''Western Medicine: An Illustrated History'' (1997) [https://www.questia.com/read/97988313/western-medicine-an-illustrated-history online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926041825/https://www.questia.com/read/97988313/western-medicine-an-illustrated-history |date=26 September 2017 }}
* McGrew, Roderick. ''Encyclopedia of Medical History'' (1985)
* {{cite book | title = The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present | last = [[Roy Porter|Porter]] | first = Roy | year = 1997 | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 0-00-215173-1 }}
* Porter, Roy, ed. '' The Cambridge History of Medicine'' (2006); 416pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Medicine-Roy-Porter/dp/0521682894/ excerpt and text search]
** Porter, Roy, ed. '' The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Illustrated-History-Medicine-Histories/dp/0521002524/ excerpt and text search] [https://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Illustrated-History-Medicine-Histories/dp/0521002524/ excerpt and text search]
* Singer, Charles, and E. Ashworth Underwood. ''A Short History of Medicine'' (2nd ed. 1962)
* Watts, Sheldon. ''Disease and Medicine in World History'' (2003), 166pp [https://www.questia.com/read/107990563/disease-and-medicine-in-world-history online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100017/https://www.questia.com/read/107990563/disease-and-medicine-in-world-history |date=26 September 2017 }}
{{notelist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite EB1911|first=Thomas Clifford |last=Allbutt |authorlink=Thomas Clifford Allbutt|wstitle=Medicine |volume=18}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216092053/http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/resources04/history/timeline.cfm Interactive timeline of medicine and medical technology] (requires Flash plugin)
* [http://historyscoper.com/doctornursescope.html The Historyscoper]
{{History of medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Medicine And Medical Technology}}
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[[Category:History of medicine]]
[[Category:History of medical technology]]
[[Category:Technology timelines|Medical]]
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