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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Culture of Australia}}
'''Australian culture''' is of primarily [[Western culture|Western]] origins, and is derived from its [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British]], [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] and migrant components.
Indigenous peoples arrived as early as 60,000 years ago, and evidence of [[Aboriginal art]] in Australia dates back at least 30,000 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Australia: Indigenous peoples: an overview |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/Indigenous_peoples.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064834/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/Indigenous_peoples.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=26 September 2010 |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]}}</ref> The [[History of Australia#Colonisation|British colonisation of Australia]] began in 1788 and waves of multi-ethnic (primarily [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]]) migration followed shortly thereafter. Several [[States and Territories of Australia|states and territories]] had their origins as [[Penal colonies in Australia|penal colonies]], with this [[Convicts in Australia|convict heritage]] having an enduring effect on [[Australian music]], [[Cinema of Australia|cinema]] and [[Australian literature|literature]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Clancy|pp=9–10}}</ref>
Manifestations of British colonial heritage in [[Australia]] include the primacy of the [[English language]] and [[Western Christianity]], the institution of [[Monarchy of Australia|constitutional monarchy]], a [[Westminster system|Westminster]]-style system of democratic [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] government, and Australia's inclusion within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The American political ideals of [[constitutionalism]] and [[federalism]] have also played a role in shaping Australia's distinctive political identity.
The [[Australian gold rushes]] from the 1850s resulted in exponential population and economic growth, as well as racial tensions and the introduction of novel political ideas;<ref>{{Harvnb|Clancy|pp=10–12}}</ref> the growing disparity between the prospectors and the established colonial governments culminated in the [[Eureka Stockade]] rebellion and the shifting political climate ushered in significant electoral reform, the labour movement, and women's rights ahead of any such changes in other Western countries.<ref>{{cite web |title= Gold rushes |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/gold-rushes |website=www.nma.gov.au |access-date=29 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Australian Federation|Federation]] occurred in 1901 as the result of a burgeoning sense of national unity and identity that had developed over the latter half of the 19th century, hitherto demonstrated in the works of [[Heidelberg School]] artists and authors like [[Banjo Paterson]], [[Henry Lawson]], and [[Dorothea Mackellar]]. [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] profoundly impacted Australia, ushering in the heroic [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] legend of the former and the geopolitical reorientation in which the United States became Australia's foremost military [[ANZUS|ally]] after the latter. After the Second World War, 6.5 million people settled in Australia from 200 nations, further enriching Australian culture in the process. Over time, as immigrant populations gradually assimilated into Australian life, their cultural and culinary practices became part of mainstream Australian culture.<ref name="Reference">{{cite web|url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country |title=About Australia: Our Country |publisher= australia.gov.au |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Referencea">{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/people_culture.html |title=About Australia: People, culture and lifestyle |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=25 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512195954/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/people_culture.html |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
==Historical development of Australian culture==
{{Main|History of Australia}}
[[File:Showing method of attack with boomerang - NMA-15147.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[Luritja]] man demonstrating method of attack with [[boomerang]] under cover of shield (1920)]]
The oldest surviving cultural traditions of Australia—and some of the oldest surviving cultural traditions on earth—are those of Australia's [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders|Torres Strait Islander]] peoples, collectively referred to as [[Indigenous Australians]]. Their ancestors have inhabited Australia for between 40,000 and 60,000 years, living a [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle. In 2006, the Indigenous population was estimated at 517,000 people, or 2.5 per cent of the total population.<ref>{{cite book|title=Year Book Australia|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|year=2012|series=1301.0|chapter=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20Islander%20population~50|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> Most Aboriginal Australians have a belief system based on the [[dreaming (spirituality)|Dreaming]], or Dreamtime, which refers both to a time when ancestral spirits created land and culture, and to the knowledge and practices that define individual and community responsibilities and identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Spirituality|title=Indigenous Australians – Spirituality|year=2009|publisher=Australian Museum|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>
The arrival of the [[First Fleet|first British settlers]] at what is now Sydney in 1788 introduced [[Western culture|Western civilisation]] to the Australian continent. Although Sydney was initially used by the British as a place of banishment for prisoners, the arrival of the British laid the foundations for Australia's democratic institutions and rule of law,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Catriona |title=Laying down the law |publisher=[[LexisNexis]] |year=2015 |isbn=9780409336221 |edition=9th |___location=Chatswood, NSW |page=35 |access-date=}}</ref> and introduced the long traditions of [[English literature]], [[Western art]] and music, and [[Judeo-Christian]] ethics and religious outlook which shaped the Australian national culture and identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirillova |first=Olga O. |date=25 August 2014 |title=BRITISH CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS IN AUSTRALIA: THEIR TRANSFORMATION AND ADAPTATION |url=https://www.scientific-publications.net/en/article/1000326/ |journal=Language, Individual & Society |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=101–112 |issn=1314-7250}}</ref>
[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|Governor [[Arthur Phillip]] hoists the British flag over the new colony at [[Sydney Cove]] in 1788]]
The [[British Empire]] expanded across the whole continent and established six colonies. The colonies were originally penal colonies, with the exception of Western Australia and [[South Australia]], which were each established as a "free colony" with no convicts and a vision for a territory with political and religious freedoms, together with opportunities for wealth through business and pastoral investments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=37 |title=Documenting a Democracy – South Australia Act, or Foundation Act, of 1834 (UK)
|publisher=[[Museum of Australian Democracy]] |access-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602002025/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=37|archive-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> However, Western Australia became a penal colony after insufficient numbers of free settlers arrived. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, grew from its status as a convict free region and experienced prosperity from the late nineteenth century.
Contact between the Indigenous Australians and the new settlers ranged from cordiality to violent conflict, but the diseases brought by Europeans were devastating to Aboriginal populations and culture. According to the historian [[Geoffrey Blainey]], during the colonial period: "Smallpox, measles, influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally, demoralization."<ref>{{cite book|first=Geoffrey|last=Blainey|year=2001 |title=A Very Short History of the World|publisher=Penguin House|page=321|isbn=978-1-56663-507-3}}</ref>[[File:William Charles Wentworth (sepia).jpg|thumb|[[William Wentworth]] (1790–1872) was among the first to articulate a vision of Australian nationhood.<ref name="Tink" />{{rp||___location=xv}}|left]]
Calls for [[responsible government]] began to develop; [[William Wentworth]] helped establish [[Australian Patriotic Association|Australia's first political party]] in 1835, and later was central in the creation of [[Parliament of New South Wales|Australia's first parliament]] in New South Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tink |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=William Charles Wentworth – Father of Australia's Freedoms |url=https://gibbsfamilytree.com/tng/histories/Heritage1209_Noteworthy%20Wentworth.pdf |page=38-39}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Persse |first=Michael |title=William Charles Wentworth (1790–1872) |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wentworth-william-charles-2782 |access-date=2025-08-20 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref> From the 1850s, the colonies wrote constitutions which produced democratically advanced parliaments under the system of [[Constitutional Monarchy|constitutional monarchy]], with [[Queen Victoria]] as the head of state.<ref name="Tink">{{Cite book |author1=Tink, Andrew |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28173894 |title=William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son |date=2009 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-74175-192-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-12 |title=The Right to Vote in Australia |url=http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/righttovote.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312191539/http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/righttovote.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref>[[File:Catherine Helen Spence.jpg|thumb|[[South Australia]]n suffragette [[Catherine Helen Spence]] (1825–1910). The Australian colonies established democratic parliaments from the 1850s and began to grant women the vote in the 1890s.|alt=Nig.ger]][[Women's suffrage in Australia]] was achieved from the 1890s.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/reform.htm AEC.gov.au]</ref> Women became eligible to vote in South Australia in 1895. This was the [[Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894|first legislation]] in the world permitting women to stand for political office and, in 1897, [[Catherine Helen Spence]], an Adelaidean, became the first female political candidate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clancy|pp=15–17}}</ref><ref name="aec.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/Voting/indigenous_vote/indigenous.htm |title=AEC.gov.au |publisher=AEC.gov.au |date=25 October 2007 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8 Foundingdocs.gov.au] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203020826/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=8 |date=3 December 2010}}</ref> Though constantly evolving, the key foundations for elected parliamentary government have maintained an historical continuity in Australia from the 1850s into the 21st century.
During the colonial era, distinctive forms of [[Australian art]], [[Australian music|music]], [[Australian English|language]] and [[Australian literature|literature]] developed through movements like the [[Heidelberg school]] of painters and the work of [[bush ballad]]eers like [[Henry Lawson]] and [[Banjo Paterson]], whose poetry and prose did much to promote an egalitarian Australian outlook which placed a high value on the concept of "[[mateship]]". Games like [[cricket]] and [[rugby football|rugby]] were imported from Britain at this time and with a local variant of football, [[Australian Rules Football]], became treasured cultural traditions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |date=13 March 2012 |title=Britannia's Games Still Rule Down Under |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/sports/olympics/14iht-srolyaustralia14.html |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The [[Commonwealth of Australia]] was founded in 1901, after a series of referendums conducted in the British colonies of [[Australasia]]. The [[Australian Constitution]] established a federal democracy and enshrined [[human rights]] such as sections 41 (right to vote), 80 (right to trial by jury) and 116 (freedom of religion) as foundational principles of Australian law and included economic rights such as restricting the government to acquiring property only "on just terms".<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/1999/31.html Human Rights under the Australian Constitution by George Williams – [1999] MULR 31; (1999) 23 Melbourne University Law Review 817]</ref> The [[Australian Labor Party]] was established in the 1890s and the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] in 1944, both rising to be the dominant political parties and rivals of [[Australian politics]], though various [[List of political parties in Australia|other parties]] have been and remain influential. Voting is compulsory in Australia and government is essentially formed by a group commanding a majority of seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives]] selecting a leader who becomes [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]. Australia remains a [[Monarchy in Australia|constitutional monarchy]] in which the largely ceremonial and procedural duties of the monarch are performed by a [[Governor General of Australia|Governor General]] selected by the Australian government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are we a constitutional monarchy? - Parliamentary Education Office |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/why-are-we-a-constitutional-monarchy |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Parliamentary Education Office |language=en}}</ref>
Australia fought at Britain's side from the outset of [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] and came under attack from the Empire of Japan during the latter conflict. These wars profoundly affected Australia's sense of nationhood and a proud military legend developed around the spirit of Australia's [[ANZAC]] troops, who came to symbolise the virtues of endurance, courage, ingenuity, good humour, and mateship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anzac spirit |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/anzac/spirit |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref>
The Australian colonies had a period of extensive non-British European and [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] immigration during the [[Australian gold rushes]] of the latter half of the 19th century, but following Federation in 1901, the Parliament instigated the [[White Australia Policy]] that gave preference to British migrants and ensured that Australia remained a predominantly Anglo-Celtic society until well into the 20th century. The post-[[World War II]] immigration program saw the policy relaxed then dismantled by successive governments, permitting large numbers of non-British Europeans, and later Asian and Middle Eastern migrants to arrive. The [[Menzies Government (1949–1966)]] and [[Holt government]] maintained the White Australia Policy but relaxed it, and then the legal barriers to multiracial immigration were dismantled during the 1970s, with the promotion of [[multiculturalism]] by the [[Whitlam government|Whitlam]] and [[Fraser government]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clancy|pp=22–23}}</ref><ref>[http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 8. Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm |date=1 September 2006}}</ref>
[[File:Australian PR COB 2006.PNG|right|thumb|400px|Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population, 2006<ref name=abs34120_2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdf|title=Migration|work=2006 Census|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=29 March 2007|access-date=6 March 2009}} (table 6.6)</ref>]]
From the protest movements from the 1930s, with the gradual lifting of restrictions, Indigenous Australians began to develop a unity sense of [[Australian Aboriginal identity |Aboriginality]], maintained by all Aboriginal artists, musicians, sportsmen and writers.<ref name="abcult">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 January 1991 |title=Unity and Diversity: The History and Culture of Aboriginal Australia |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/75258e92a5903e75ca2569de0025c188?OpenDocument |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> However, some [[States and Territories of Australia]] retained discriminatory laws relating to voting rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people into the 1960s, at which point full legal equality was established. A [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|1967 referendum]] to include all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the national electoral roll census was overwhelmingly approved by voters, singling the beginning of action and organisation at a national level in Aboriginal affairs.<ref name="abcult" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 July 2024 |title=The 1967 Referendum |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/1967-referendum |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |language=en}}</ref> Since then, conflict and [[Reconciliation in Australia|reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians]] has been a source of much art and literature in Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savvas |first=Michael |date=2012 |title=Storytelling reconciliation: The Role of Literature in Reconciliation in Australia |url=https://researchnow.flinders.edu.au/en/publications/storytelling-reconciliation-the-role-of-literature-in-reconciliat |journal=International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=95–108 |doi=10.18848/1447-9532/CGP/v11i05/39050 |issn=1447-9532|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ways |first=Faiza |date=28 October 2021 |title=Art is Our Voice |url=https://www.reconciliation.org.au/art-is-our-voice/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Reconciliation Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> In 1984, [[Pintupi Nine|a group of]] [[Pintupi]] people who were living a traditional [[hunter-gatherer]] desert-dwelling life were tracked down in the [[Gibson Desert]] and brought into a settlement. They are believed to have been the last [[uncontacted peoples|uncontacted tribe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://recollections.nma.gov.au/issues/vol_1_no_2/exhibition_reviews/colliding_worlds/ |title=Colliding worlds: first contact in the western desert, 1932–1984 |publisher=Recollections.nma.gov.au |access-date=12 October 2009}}</ref>
While the British cultural influence remained strong into the 21st century, other influences became increasingly important. Australia's post-war period was marked by an influx of Europeans who broadened the nation's vision.<ref name="fma">{{cite book |last1=Wildman |first1=Kim |last2=Hogue |first2=Derry |date=2015 |title=First Among Equals: Australian Prime Ministers from Barton to Turnbull |___location=Wollombi, NSW |publisher=Exisle Publishing |page=87 |isbn=978-1-77559-266-2}}</ref> The Hawaiian sport of surfing was adopted in Australia where a beach culture and the locally developed [[surf lifesaving]] movement was already burgeoning in the early 20th century. American pop culture and cinema were embraced in the 20th century, with country music and later rock and roll sweeping Australia, aided by the new technology of television and a host of American content. The 1956 [[1956 Summer Olympics|Melbourne Olympics]], the first to be broadcast to the world,<ref name="fma"/> announced a confident, prosperous post-war nation, and new cultural icons like [[Australian country music]] star [[Slim Dusty]] and [[dadaist]] Barry Humphries expressed a uniquely Australian identity.
Australia's contemporary immigration program has two components: a program for skilled and family migrants and a humanitarian program for refugees and asylum seekers.<ref>[http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/60refugee.htm Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 60 – Australia's Refugee and Humanitarian Program] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001125010/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/60refugee.htm |date=1 October 2008 }}</ref> By 2010, the post-war immigration program had received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. The population tripled in the six decades to around 21 million in 2010, including people originating from 200 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/overview.html |title=Australia in Brief: Australia – an overview – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216000834/http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/overview.html |archive-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> More than 43 per cent of Australians were either born overseas or have one parent who was born overseas. The population is highly urbanised, with more than 75% of Australians living in urban centres, largely along the coast though there has been increased incentive to [[Decentralization|decentralise]] the population, concentrating it into developed regional or rural areas.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/people_culture.html |title=About Australia: People, culture and lifestyle |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512195954/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/people_culture.html |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
Contemporary Australia is a pluralistic society, rooted in [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] traditions and espousing informality and egalitarianism as key societal values. While strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic origins, the culture of Australia has also been shaped by multi-ethnic migration which has influenced all aspects of Australian life, including business, the arts, [[Australian cuisine|cuisine]], [[Australian comedy|sense of humour]] and sporting tastes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clancy|pp=23}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Contemporary Australia is also a culture that is profoundly influenced by global movements of meaning and communication, including advertising culture. In turn, globalising corporations from Holden to Exxon have attempted to associate their brand with Australian cultural identity. This process intensified from the 1970s onwards. According to [[Paul James (academic)|Paul James]],
{{blockquote|this consciously created interlock of the image of the multinational corporation with aspects of Australia's national mythology, has itself over the last decade [the 1970s to 1980s] contributed to the maintenance and evolution of those national themes. But paradoxically, during the same period it has reinforced Australia's international orientation.<ref>{{Cite journal | year= 1983 | last1= James | first1= Paul | title= Australia in the Corporate Image: A New Nationalism | url= https://www.academia.edu/33644385 | journal= Arena | issue=63 | pages= 65–106}}</ref>}}
==Symbols==
{{Main|National symbols of Australia|Australian royal symbols}}
[[File:Golden-wattle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Golden Wattle]], Australia's floral emblem and the source of Australia's national colours, [[green and gold]]]]
When the Australian colonies federated on 1 January 1901, an official competition for a design for an [[Flag of Australia|Australian flag]] was held. The design that was adopted contains the [[Union Jack]] in the left corner, symbolising Australia's historical links to the [[United Kingdom]], the stars of the [[Crux|Southern Cross]] on the right half of the flag indicating Australia's geographical ___location, and the seven-pointed Federation Star in the bottom left representing the six [[states and territories of Australia|states and the territories of Australia]].<ref name= "otherflags">{{Cite web |title=Australian Flags |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/resource/download/australia-flag-booklet-fa-accessible.pdf |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=pmc.gov.au }}</ref> Other official flags include the [[Australian Aboriginal flag]], the [[Torres Strait Islander flag]] and the flags of the individual states and territories.<ref name= "otherflags" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/otherflag.cfm |title=It's an Honour – Symbols – Other Australian Flags |access-date=30 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719051017/http://itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/otherflag.cfm |archive-date=19 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Coat of arms of Australia|Australian Coat of Arms]] was granted by [[George V|King George V]] in 1912 and consists of a shield containing the badges of the six states, within an ermine border. The crest above the shield and helmet is a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath, representing the 6 states and the territories. The shield is supported by a [[red kangaroo]] and an [[emu]], which were chosen to symbolise a nation moving forward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Coat of Arms |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/commonwealth-coat-arms |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=www.pmc.gov.au}}</ref>
Green and gold were confirmed as [[National colours of Australia|Australia's national colours]] in 1984, though the colours had been adopted on the uniforms of Australia's sporting teams long before this.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's national colours |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/australian-symbols-booklet/national-symbols/australias-national-colours |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=www.pmc.gov.au}}</ref> The [[Acacia pycnantha|Golden Wattle]] (''Acacia pycnantha'') was officially proclaimed as the national floral emblem in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Golden Wattle |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/aust.emblem.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Australian National Botanic Gardens |language=}}</ref>
Reflecting the country's status as a [[constitutional monarchy]], [[the Crown]] remains part of Australian public life, maintaining a visual presence through federal and state coats of arms, [[List of Australian organisations with royal patronage|charitable and cultural patronage]], the names and symbols of public institutions and the governor-general and state governors, who are the [[Monarchy of Australia|monarch's]] representatives on Australian soil.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=The Crown in Australia: An anthropological study of a constitutional symbol |url=https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/30432 |publisher=The University of Auckland|date=2016 |degree= |first=S. |last=Raudon |pages=13–14 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> Some [[Banknotes of the Australian dollar|Australian banknotes]] and all [[Coins of the Australian dollar|coins]] bear an image of the [[monarch]].{{efn|Historically, since the introduction of [[Decimalisation#Australia_and_New_Zealand|decimal currency]], the lowest denomination note ([[Australian one-dollar note|$1]] from 1966, until the note's replacement by a [[Australian one-dollar coin|coin]] in 1984; [[Australian five-dollar note|$5]] since 1992) has depicted [[Queen Elizabeth II]], as have all coins until her death in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://museum.rba.gov.au/exhibitions/queen-elizabeth-ii/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Reserve Bank of Australia |language=en-au}}</ref> [[King Charles III]]'s image appeared on new $1 coins in 2023, and all new coins by 2024.<ref name="Charles on all coins"/> In 2023 the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] announced that the design of the $5 note would be updated, replacing Elizabeth with imagery that "honours the culture and history of the [[Indigenous Australians|First Australians]]", instead of Charles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2023/mr-23-02.html|title=New $5 Banknote Design|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of Australia]]|date=2023-02-01|access-date=2024-08-25}}</ref>}}<ref name="Charles on all coins">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-15 |title=Effigy of King Charles III now on all coins made at the Royal Australian Mint |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-15/king-charles-australian-coins-full-set-2024/103846914 |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> At least 14,9% of lands in Australia are referred to as [[Crown land]], considered [[public land]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who owns Australia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/ng-interactive/2021/may/17/who-owns-australia |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=}}</ref> There are many geographic places that have been named in honour of a reigning monarch, including the states of [[Queensland]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], named after [[Queen Victoria]], with numerous rivers, streets, squares, parks and buildings carrying the names of past or present members of the royal family.
==Language==
{{Further|Languages of Australia|Australian slang|Indigenous Australian languages|Variation in Australian English}}
[[File:DennisWriting.jpg|thumb|[[C. J. Dennis]], poetic humourist of [[Australian English]]]]
Although Australia has no official language, it is largely [[monoglottism|monolingual]] with [[English language|English]] being the de facto [[national language]]. [[Australian English]] is a major variety of the language that is immediately distinguishable from [[British English|British]], [[American English|American]], and other national dialects by virtue of its unique accents, pronunciations, idioms and vocabulary, although its spelling more closely reflects British versions rather than American. According to the 2011 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin (1.7%), Italian (1.5%), and Arabic (1.4%); almost all migrants speak some English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013|title=Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013|date=21 June 2012|work=Catalogue item 2071.0|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Australia has multiple sign languages, the most spoken known as [[Auslan]], which in 2004 was the main language of about 6,500 deaf people,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asliansw.org.au/work.php|title=Working with interpreters|year=2014|publisher=Australian Sign Language Interpreters' Association of NSW|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> and [[Australian Irish Sign Language]] with about 100 speakers.
It is believed that there were between 200 and 300 [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] at the time of first European contact, but only about 70 of these have survived and all but 20 are now endangered. An Indigenous language is the main language for 0.25% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |title=Dictionary of Languages |year=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |isbn=978-0-7475-3117-3 |page=43}}</ref>
==Humour==
{{Main|Australian comedy}}
[[File:Dame Edna at the royal wedding cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dame Edna Everage]], a comic creation of [[Barry Humphries]]]]
Comedy is an important part of the Australian identity. The "Australian sense of humour" is characterised as dry and sarcastic,<ref name="auhum">{{Cite web |title=Australia Explained: A guide to Aussie humour and pop culture|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/punjabi/en/podcast-episode/australia-explained-a-guide-to-aussie-humour-and-pop-culture/68quki512 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref> exemplified by the works of performing artists like Barry Humphries and [[Paul Hogan]].
The convicts of the [[History of Australia (1788-1850)|early colonial period]] helped establish anti-authoritarianism as a hallmark of Australian comedy. Influential in the establishment of stoic, dry wit as a characteristic of Australian humour were the [[bush ballad]]eers of the 19th century, including [[Henry Lawson]], author of "[[The Loaded Dog]]". His contemporary, [[Banjo Paterson]], contributed a number of classic comic poems including ''[[The Man from Ironbark]]'' and ''[[The Geebung Polo Club]]''. [[CJ Dennis]] wrote humour in the Australian vernacular – notably in ''[[The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke]]''. The ''[[Dad and Dave]]'' series about a farming family was an enduring hit of the early 20th century. The [[World War I]] [[ANZAC]] troops were said to often display irreverence in their relations with superior officers and dark humour in the face of battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australians in France: 1918 - Friends and Foe - Australian soldiers' relations with their superiors |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/1918/soldier/superiors |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref>
Australian comedy has a strong tradition of self-mockery,<ref name="auhum"></ref> from the outlandish [[Barry McKenzie]] ''expat-in-Europe'' [[ocker]] comedies of the 1970s, to the quirky outback characters of the ''[["Crocodile" Dundee]]'' films of the 1980s, the suburban parody of [[Working Dog Productions]]' 1997 film ''[[The Castle (1997 Australian film)|The Castle]]'' and the dysfunctional suburban mother–daughter sitcom ''[[Kath & Kim (Australian TV series)|Kath & Kim]]''. In the 1970s, satirical talk-show host [[Norman Gunston]] (played by Garry McDonald), with his [[malapropism]]s, sweep-over hair and poorly shaven face, rose to great popularity by pioneering the satirical "ambush" interview technique and giving unique interpretations of pop songs. [[Roy and HG]] provide an affectionate but irreverent parody of Australia's obsession with sport.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
The unique character and humour of Australian culture was defined in cartoons by immigrants, [[Emile Mercier (cartoonist)|Emile Mercier]] and [[George Molnar]], and in the novel ''[[They're a Weird Mob]]'' (1957) by [[John O'Grady (writer)|John O'Grady]], which looks at Sydney through the eyes of an Italian immigrant. Post-war immigration has seen migrant humour flourish through the works of Vietnamese refugee [[Anh Do]], Egyptian-Australian stand-up comic [[Akmal Saleh]] and Greek-Australian actor [[Nick Giannopoulos]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Since the 1950s, the satirical character creations of [[Barry Humphries]] have included housewife "gigastar" [[Edna Everage]] and "Australian cultural attaché" [[Les Patterson]], whose interests include boozing, chasing women and flatulence.<ref>[http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/barry-humphries Barry Humphries – australia.gov.au]</ref> For his delivery of dadaist and [[Absurdism|absurdist]] humour to millions, biographer Anne Pender described Humphries in 2010 as "the most significant comedian to emerge since [[Charlie Chaplin]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meacham |first=Steve |date=14 September 2010 |title=Absurd moments: in the frocks of the dame |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/entertainment/books/absurd-moments-in-the-frocks-of-the-dame-20100914-15ar3.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Brisbane Times |language=en}}</ref>
The vaudeville talents of [[Daryl Somers]], [[Graham Kennedy]], [[Don Lane]] and [[Bert Newton]] earned popular success during the early years of Australian television. The variety show ''[[Hey Hey It's Saturday]]'' screened for three decades. Among the best loved Australian sitcoms was ''[[Mother and Son]]'', about a divorcee who had moved back into the suburban home of his mother – but [[sketch comedy]] has been the stalwart of [[Australian television]]. ''[[The Comedy Company]]'', in the 1980s, featured the comic talents of [[Mary-Anne Fahey]], [[Ian McFadyen]], [[Mark Mitchell (actor)|Mark Mitchell]], [[Glenn Robbins]], [[Kym Gyngell]] and others. Growing out of [[Melbourne University]] and ''[[The D-Generation]]'' came ''[[The Late Show (1990s Australian TV series)|The Late Show]]'' (1991–1993), starring the influential talents [[Santo Cilauro]], [[Tom Gleisner]], [[Jane Kennedy (actor)|Jane Kennedy]], [[Tony Martin (comedian)|Tony Martin]], [[Mick Molloy]] and [[Rob Sitch]] (who later formed [[Working Dog Productions]]); and during the 1980s and 1990s ''[[Fast Forward (Australian TV series)|Fast Forward]]'' ([[Steve Vizard]], [[Magda Szubanski]], [[Marg Downey]], [[Michael Veitch]], [[Peter Moon (comedian)|Peter Moon]] and others) and its successor ''[[Full Frontal (Australian TV series)|Full Frontal]]'', which launched the career of [[Eric Bana]] and featured [[Shaun Micallef]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
The perceptive wit of [[Clive James]] and [[Andrew Denton]] has been popular in the talk-show interview style. Representatives of the "bawdy" strain of Australian comedy include [[Rodney Rude]], [[Austen Tayshus]] and [[Chad Morgan]]. [[Rolf Harris]] helped defined a comic tradition in [[Australian music]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Cynical satire has had enduring popularity, with television series such as ''[[Frontline (Australian TV series)|Frontline]]'', targeting the inner workings of "news and current affairs" TV journalism, ''[[The Hollowmen]]'' (2008), set in the office of the Prime Minister's political advisory (spin) department, and ''[[The Chaser's War on Everything]]'', which cynically examines domestic and international politics. Actor/writer [[Chris Lilley (comedian)|Chris Lilley]] has produced a series of award-winning "mockumentary" style television series about Australian characters since 2005.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
The annual [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]] is one of the largest comedy festivals in the world, and a popular fixture on the city's cultural calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2005 |title=Ten years on and still laughing! The Comedy Festival and Oxfam workingto make poverty history |url=http://www.oxfam.org.au/media/article.php?id=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630110150/http://www.oxfam.org.au/media/article.php?id=12 |archive-date=30 June 2006 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Oxfam Australia}}</ref>
==Arts==
The [[arts in Australia]]—[[cinema of Australia|film]], [[music of Australia|music]], [[art of Australia|painting]], [[Theatre of Australia|theatre]], [[dance in Australia|dance]] and crafts—have achieved international recognition. While much of Australia's cultural output has traditionally tended to fit with general trends and styles in Western arts, the arts as practised by [[Indigenous Australians]] represent a unique Australian cultural tradition, and Australia's landscape and history have contributed to some unique variations in the styles inherited by Australia's various migrant communities.<ref name="painters">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/painters/
|title=Australian painters
|work=Australian Culture and Recreation Portal
|publisher=Australia Government
|access-date=16 February 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205141433/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/painters/
|archive-date=5 February 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/film/ |title=Film in Australia – Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217010927/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/film/ |archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/arts_culture.html |title=Australia in Brief: Culture and the arts – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |date=1 July 2008 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215212137/http://dfat.gov.au/aib/arts_culture.html |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}</ref>
===Literature===
{{Main|Australian Literature}}
As the convict era passed—captured most famously in [[Marcus Clarke]]'s ''[[For the Term of His Natural Life]]'' (1874), a seminal work of [[Tasmanian Gothic]]<ref>Davidson, Jim (1989). "Tasmanian Gothic", ''[[Meanjin]]'' '''48''' (2), pp. 307–324</ref>—the bush and Australian daily life assumed primacy as subjects. [[Charles Harpur]], [[Henry Kendall (poet)|Henry Kendall]] and [[Adam Lindsay Gordon]] won fame in the mid-19th century for their lyric nature poems and patriotic verse. Gordon drew on Australian colloquy and idiom; Clarke assessed his work as "the beginnings of a national school of Australian poetry".<ref>Smith, Vivian (2009). "Australian Colonial Poetry, 1788–1888". In Pierce, Peter. ''The Cambridge History of Australian Literature''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. pp. 73–92. {{ISBN|9780521881654}}</ref> First published in serial form in 1882, [[Rolf Boldrewood]]'s ''[[Robbery Under Arms]]'' is regarded as the classic [[bushranger|bushranging]] novel for its vivid use of the bush vernacular and realistic detail of situations in the Australian bush.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moore |first=T. Inglis |title=Thomas Alexander Browne (1826–1915) |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/browne-thomas-alexander-3085 |access-date=2024-08-22 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:J F Archibald Henry Lawson.jpg|thumb|''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'', founded by [[J. F. Archibald]] (left), nurtured [[bush poetry|bush poets]] such as [[Henry Lawson]] (right).]]
Founded in 1880, ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]]'' did much to create the idea of an Australian national character—one of [[anti-authoritarianism]], [[egalitarianism]], [[mateship]] and a concern for the "[[battler (underdog)|battler]]"—forged against the brutalities of the bush. This image was expressed within the works of its [[bush poetry|bush poets]], the most famous of which are [[Henry Lawson]], widely regarded as Australia's finest short-story writer, and [[Banjo Paterson]], author of classics such as "[[Clancy of the Overflow]]" (1889) and "[[The Man from Snowy River (poem)|The Man From Snowy River]]" (1890). In [[Bulletin Debate|a literary debate]] about the nature of life in the bush, Lawson said Paterson was a romantic while Paterson attacked Lawson's pessimistic outlook.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/lawson/ |title=Henry Lawson: Australian writer – Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |date=2 September 1922 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408180527/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/lawson/ |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> [[C. J. Dennis]] wrote humour in the Australian vernacular, notably in the verse novel ''[[The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke]]'' (1915), while [[Dorothy Mackellar]] wrote the iconic patriotic poem "[[My Country]]" (1908) which rejected prevailing fondness for England's "green and shaded lanes" and declared: "I love a sunburned country". Early Australian [[children's literature]] was also embedded in the bush tradition; perennial favourites include [[Norman Lindsay]]'s ''[[The Magic Pudding]]'' (1918), [[May Gibbs]]' ''[[Snugglepot and Cuddlepie]]'' (1918) and [[Dorothy Wall]]'s ''[[Blinky Bill]]'' (1933).
Significant poets of the early 20th century include [[Kenneth Slessor]], [[Mary Gilmore]] and [[Judith Wright]]. The nationalist [[Jindyworobak Movement]] arose in the 1930s and sought to develop a distinctive Australian poetry through the appropriation of Aboriginal languages and ideas.<ref>McGregor, Russell (2011). ''Indifferent Inclusion: Aboriginal People and the Australian Nation''. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 24–27. {{ISBN|9780855757793}}.</ref> In contrast, the [[Angry Penguins]], centred around [[Max Harris (poet)|Max Harris]]' journal of the same name, promoted international [[modernist poetry|modernism]]. A backlash resulted in the [[Ern Malley]] affair of 1943, Australia's most famous [[literary hoax]].<ref>[[David Lehman|Lehman, David]] (June 2002). [http://jacketmagazine.com/17/ern-dl.html "The Ern Malley Poetry Hoax"], ''Jacket2''. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</ref>
{{multiple image
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| header =
| image1 = Miles Franklin 1901.jpg
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| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Miles Franklin]], founder and namesake of Australia's [[Miles Franklin Award|most prestigious literary award]]
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| caption2 =[[Patrick White]], winner of the first Miles Franklin Award and the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
}}
The legacy of [[Miles Franklin]], renowned for her 1901 novel ''[[My Brilliant Career]]'', is the [[Miles Franklin Award]], which is "presented each year to a novel which is of the highest literary merit and presents Australian life in any of its phases".<ref>[http://www.milesfranklin.com.au/ Miles Franklin Literary Award]. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</ref> [[Patrick White]] won the inaugural award for ''[[Voss (novel)|Voss]]'' in 1957; he went on to win the 1973 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], [[Thomas Keneally]] and [[Richard Flanagan]] are recipients of the [[Booker Prize]]. Other acclaimed Australian authors include [[Colleen McCullough]], [[Nevil Shute]], [[Tim Winton]], [[Ruth Park]] and [[Morris West]]. [[Helen Garner]]'s 1977 novel ''[[Monkey Grip (novel)|Monkey Grip]]'' is widely considered one of Australia's first contemporary novels–she has since written both fiction and non-fiction work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/the-screen-guide/t/helen-garners-monkey-grip-2014/32187/|title=Helen Garner's Monkey Grip (2014)|date=2014|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Notable expatriate authors include the feminist [[Germaine Greer]] and humourist [[Clive James]]. Greer's controversial 1970 nonfiction book ''[[The Female Eunuch]]'' became a global bestseller and is considered a watershed [[Feminism|feminist]] text.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Female Eunuch|work=HarperCollins Australia|url=https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780008436186/the-female-eunuch/|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Among the best known contemporary poets are [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]] and [[Bruce Dawe]].
[[David Unaipon]] is known as the first Indigenous Australian author. [[Oodgeroo Noonuccal]] was the first [[Aboriginal Australian]] to publish a book of verse.<ref>"Oodgeroo Noonuccal." Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 27. Gale, 2007</ref> A significant contemporary account of the experiences of Indigenous Australia can be found in [[Sally Morgan (artist)|Sally Morgan]]'s ''[[My Place (book)|My Place]]''. Contemporary academics and activists including [[Marcia Langton]] and [[Noel Pearson]] are prominent essayists and authors on Aboriginal issues.
[[Charles Bean]] (''The Story of Anzac: From the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign 4 May 191''5, 1921) [[Geoffrey Blainey]] (''The Tyranny of Distance'', 1966), [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] (''[[The Fatal Shore]]'', 1987), [[Manning Clark]] ''(A History of Australia'', 1962–87), and [[Marcia Langton]] (''First Australians'', 2008) are authors of important Australian histories.
===Theatre===
{{Main|Theatre in Australia}}
European traditions came to Australia with the [[First Fleet]] in 1788, with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts.<ref name="olioweb.me.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.olioweb.me.uk/plays/ |title=Our Country's Good: The Recruiting Officer |publisher=Olioweb.me.uk |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> In 1988, the year of [[Australia's bicentenary]], the circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in [[Timberlake Wertenbaker]]'s play ''[[Our Country's Good]]''.<ref name="olioweb.me.uk"/>
[[File:Melbourne Princess Theatre Feb 2013.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Princess Theatre, Melbourne|Princess Theatre]] in Melbourne]]
Hobart's [[Theatre Royal, Hobart|Theatre Royal]] opened in 1837 and is Australia's oldest continuously operating theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatreroyal.com.au/history.html |title=a great night out! – Hobart Tasmania |publisher=Theatre Royal |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004163331/http://www.theatreroyal.com.au/history.html |archive-date=4 October 2010 }}</ref> Inaugurated in 1839, the [[Melbourne Athenaeum]] is one of Melbourne's oldest cultural institutions, and Adelaide's [[Queen's Theatre, Adelaide|Queen's Theatre]], established in 1841, is today the oldest purpose-built theatre on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.sa.gov.au/queens/about.htm |title=Queen's Theatre |publisher=History.sa.gov.au |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221043342/http://history.sa.gov.au/queens/about.htm |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The mid-19th-century [[Australian gold rushes|gold rushes]] provided funds for the construction of grand theatres in the Victorian style, such as the [[Princess Theatre, Melbourne|Princess Theatre]] in Melbourne, established in 1854.
After Federation in 1901, theatre productions evidenced the new sense of national identity. ''[[On Our Selection (1912 play)|On Our Selection]]'' (1912), based on the stories of [[Steele Rudd]], portrays a pioneer farming family and became immensely popular. Sydney's grand [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]] opened in 1928 and after restoration remains one of the nation's finest auditoriums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitoltheatre.com.au/explore.htm |title= The Capitol Theatre - Sydney|website=www.capitoltheatre.com.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210113100/http://www.capitoltheatre.com.au/explore.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010}}</ref>
In 1955, ''[[Summer of the Seventeenth Doll]]'' by [[Ray Lawler]] portrayed resolutely Australian characters and went on to international acclaim. That same year, young Melbourne artist [[Barry Humphries]] performed as [[Edna Everage]] for the first time at [[Melbourne University]]'s Union Theatre. His satirical stage creations, notably Dame Edna and [[Les Patterson]], became Australian cultural icons. Humphries also achieved success in the US with tours on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and has been honored in Australia and Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6757531.stm |title=Entertainment | The man behind Dame Edna Everage |work=BBC News |date=15 June 2007 |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref>
Founded in Sydney 1958, the [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] boasts famous alumni including [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Mel Gibson]] and [[Hugo Weaving]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rawlings-Way |first=Charles |title=Sydney |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049206/page/167 167] |isbn=978-1740598392 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049206/page/167 }}</ref> Construction of the [[Adelaide Festival Centre|Adelaide Festival Center]] began in 1970 and South Australia's Sir [[Robert Helpmann]] became director of the Adelaide Festival of Arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaidefestivalcentre.com.au/afc/history.php |title=History |publisher=Adelaide Festival Centre |date=2 June 1973 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529170931/http://www.adelaidefestivalcentre.com.au/afc/history.php |archive-date=29 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpmannawards.com.au/default.aspx?s=sir_robert_helpmann |title=Robert Helpmann |publisher=Helpmannawards.com.au |date=28 September 1986 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217064310/http://helpmannawards.com.au/default.aspx?s=sir_robert_helpmann |archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> The new wave of Australian theatre debuted in the 1970s as "a new and more realistic look into [Australia's] beginnings as a nation". It explored the confrontation in social relations, the use of vernacular language and expressions of masculine social habits in contemporary Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=new wave |url=https://resource.acu.edu.au/siryan/Academy/theatres/new%20wave.htm#:~:text=The%20New%20Wave%20was%20a,Jack%20Hibberd%20and%20John%20Romeril. |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=resource.acu.edu.au}}</ref> The [[Belvoir St Theatre]] presented works by [[Nick Enright]] and [[David Williamson]]. The [[Sydney Opera House]], inaugurated in 1973, is the home of [[Opera Australia]] and the [[Sydney Theatre Company]].
The [[Bell Shakespeare Company]] was created in 1990. A period of success for Australian musical theatre came in the 1990s with the debut of musical biographies of Australian music singers [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]] (''[[The Boy From Oz]]'' in 1998) and [[Johnny O'Keefe]] (''[[Shout! The Legend of The Wild One]]'').
In ''The One Day of the Year'', [[Alan Seymour]] studied the paradoxical nature of the [[ANZAC Day]] commemoration by Australians of the defeat of the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. ''Ngapartji Ngapartji'', by [[Scott Rankin]] and [[Trevor Jamieson]], recounts the story of the effects on the [[Pitjantjatjara people]] of nuclear testing in the Western Desert during the [[Cold War]]. It is an example of the contemporary fusion of traditions of drama in Australia with Pitjantjatjara actors being supported by a multicultural cast of Greek, Afghan, Japanese and New Zealand heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Ngapartji Ngapartji, Belvoir Street Theatre |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/review-ngapartji-ngapartji/story-e6frev39-1111115327660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113031144/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/review-ngapartji-ngapartji/story-e6frev39-1111115327660 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=dailytelegraph.com.au}}</ref>
===Architecture===
{{Main|Architecture of Australia|Australian architectural styles}}
[[File:Sydney Opera House Close up HDR Sydney Australia.jpg|thumb|[[Sydney Opera House]] (foreground) and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Sydney Harbor Bridge]]]]
[[File:Queenslander style house in Sherwood, Queensland, 2022, 03.jpg|thumb|A high-set [[Victorian architecture|Victorian-era]] [[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]] with a large veranda in [[Brisbane]]]]
Australia has three architectural listings on [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage]] list: [[Australian Convict Sites]] (comprising a collection of 11 separate sites around Australia, including [[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]] in Sydney, [[Port Arthur, Tasmania|Port Arthur]] in Tasmania, and [[Fremantle Prison]] in Western Australia);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/convict-sites|title=Australian Convict Sites|website=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> the [[Sydney Opera House]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/sydney-opera-house|title=World Heritage Places - The Sydney Opera House|website=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> and the [[Royal Exhibition Building]] in Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/royal-exhibition|title=World Heritage Places - Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens|website=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> Examples of contemporary Australian architecture includes the [[Australian Academy of Science#The Shine Dome|Shine Dome]] in Canberra, considered "the only true example in Australia of [[Architectural geometry|geometric structuralism]]"; the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]], the bridge with the second longest span when completed; and the [[Sidney Myer Music Bowl]], Melbourne's first major purpose-built.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/4fc7a335-aa33-468d-ade1-6c575e5aee6a/files/national-heritage-architecture.pdf|title=20th Century Architecture|website=[[Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water]]|access-date=28 January 2025|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/sydney-harbour-bridge|title=Sydney Harbour Bridge|website=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> Significant architects who have worked in Australia include Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]]'s colonial architect, [[Francis Greenway]]; the ecclesiastical neo-Gothic architect [[William Wardell]]; the designer of Canberra's layout, [[Walter Burley Griffin]]; the modernist [[Harry Seidler]]; and [[Jørn Utzon]], designer of the Sydney Opera House.<ref name="aurch">{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=D. L.|title=Australian Architectural Histories, 1848-1968|date=December 1972|volume=31|issue=4|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|doi=10.2307/988815}}</ref>{{rp|323–332}} The [[National Trust of Australia]] is a non-governmental organisation charged with protecting Australia's built heritage.
Evidence of permanent structures built by Indigenous Australians before European settlement of Australia in 1788 is limited. Much of what they built was temporary, and was used for housing and other needs. As a British colony, the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time. Tents and [[wattle and daub]] huts preceded more substantial structures.<ref>{{Harvnb|Clancy|pp=171}}</ref> [[Georgian architecture]] is seen in early government buildings of Sydney and Tasmania and the homes of the wealthy. While the major Australian cities enjoyed the boom of the [[Victorian era]], the [[Australian gold rushes]] of the mid-19th century brought major construction works and exuberant [[Victorian architecture]] to the major cities, particularly Melbourne, and regional cities such as [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]] and [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]]. Other significant architectural movements in Australian architecture include the [[Federation style]] at the turn of the 20th century, and the modern styles of the late 20th century which also saw many older buildings demolished. The Victorian and Federation eras saw the development of the [[Filigree architecture|Filigree style]], style of [[vernacular architecture]] developed by early European migrants as a response to the new subtropical climate. The style favoured the usage of ornamental [[Veranda|verandahs]], both for decorative and climatic cooling purposes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apperly |first=Richard |title=A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture: Styles and Terms from 1788 to the Present |last2=Irving |first2=Robert |last3=Reynolds |first3=Peter |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1989 |isbn=0-207-18562-X |pages=60-63, 108-111}}</ref> The [[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]] developed in Queensland and the northern parts of New South Wales as a regional variation of the Filigree style, as is strongly associated with that region's iconography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Lindy |date=2014-06-17 |title=Sublime design: the Queenslander |url=https://theconversation.com/sublime-design-the-queenslander-27225 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=The Conversation}}</ref>
Religious architecture is also prominent throughout Australia, with large [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] and [[Catholicism in Australia|Catholic]] cathedrals in every major city and Christian churches in most towns. Notable examples include [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne]] and [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney]]. Other houses of worship are also common, reflecting the cultural diversity existing in Australia; the oldest Islamic structure in the Southern Hemisphere is the [[Central Adelaide Mosque]] (built in the 1880s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://recollections.nma.gov.au/issues/vol_2_no2/notes_and_comments/australias_muslim_cameleer_heritage/ |title=reCollections – Australia's Muslim cameleer heritage |publisher=Recollections.nma.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> and one of the Southern Hemisphere's largest [[Buddhist Temple]]s is [[Wollongong]]'s [[Nan Tien Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nantien.org.au/en/about/history.asp |title=Nan Tien Temple-History of Temple |publisher=Nantien.org.au |date=28 November 1991 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220170543/http://www.nantien.org.au/en/about/history.asp |archive-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> Sydney's [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]-style [[Great Synagogue (Sydney)|Great Synagogue]] was consecrated in 1878.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatsynagogue.org.au/ |title=The Great Synagogue Sydney – Home |publisher=Greatsynagogue.org.au |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref>
[[Coffee palace|Coffee palaces]] are large and elaborate examples of High Victorian and [[Second Empire style|Second Empire]] styles.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book |last1=Goad, Willis |title=The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=161}}</ref> Historically, [[Australian pubs]] have also been noted for often distinctive designs.<ref name="aurch"></ref>{{rp|330}}
Significant concern was raised during the 1960s, with developers threatening the destruction of historical buildings, especially in Sydney. Heritage concerns led to union-initiated ''[[green ban]]s'', which saved significant examples of Australia's architectural past. Green bans helped to protect historic 18th-century buildings in [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]] from being demolished to make way for office towers, and prevented the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]] from being turned into a car park for the Sydney Opera House.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mundey|first=Jack|title=Green bans and beyond|publisher=Angus and Robertson|___location=Sydney|year=1981|isbn=0207143676}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:HydeParkBarracks.JPG|[[Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney|Hyde Park Barracks]], Sydney
File:PortArthur main lowres.JPG|Convict architecture at [[Port Arthur, Tasmania|Port Arthur]], Tasmania
File:Usydcampuspicture.jpg|The [[University of Sydney]]
File:SaintMarys CathedralSydney.jpg|Interior of [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]], Sydney
File:Royal exhibition building tulips straight.jpg|The [[Royal Exhibition Building]], Melbourne
File:Birdsville Hotel.jpg|[[Birdsville]] Hotel, an [[Australian pub]] in outback Queensland
File:Parliament House Canberra Dusk Panorama.jpg|[[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], Canberra
File:15 Northcote Avenue, Killara, New South Wales (2011-06-15).jpg|[[Federation Bungalow]] in [[Killara, New South Wales|Killara]], Sydney
File:Queenslander East Brisbane 1a.jpg|A typical [[Queenslander (architecture)|Queenslander]] house in Brisbane
File:(1)Killara house 023.jpg|[[Tudor Revival architecture|Tudor Revival]] house in [[Killara, New South Wales]]
File:Imperial-hotel-ravenswood-outback-queensland-australia.JPG|The [[Veranda|verandah]] is the dominant feature of this [[Federation Filigree|Federation Filigree-style]] pub in [[Ravenswood, Queensland|Ravenswood]].
</gallery>
===Visual arts===
{{Main|Visual arts of Australia}}
{{See also|Indigenous Australian art}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Bradshaw rock paintings2.jpg
| caption1 = [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of Western Australia
| image2 = Sunbaker maxdupain nga76.54.jpg
| caption2 = ''[[Sunbaker]]'' (1937), an iconic photograph by [[Max Dupain]]
}}
Aboriginal [[rock art]] is the oldest continuous art tradition in the world, dating as far back as 60,000 years. From the [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings|Gwion Gwion]] and [[Wondjina]] imagery in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] to the [[Sydney rock engravings]], it is spread across hundreds of thousands of sites, making Australia the richest continent in terms of [[prehistoric art]].<ref>Taçon, Paul S. C. (2001). "Australia". In Whitely, David S.. ''Handbook of Rock Art Research''. [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. pp. 531–575. {{ISBN|978-0-7425025-6-7}}</ref> 19th-century Indigenous activist [[William Barak]] painted ceremonial scenes, such as [[corroboree]]s.<ref>Sayers, Andrew. ''Aboriginal artists of the nineteenth century''. Oxford University Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-19-553392-5}}, p. 6</ref> The [[Hermannsburg School]], led by [[Albert Namatjira]], received national fame in the 1950s for their desert [[watercolour]]s.<ref>[http://www.hermannsburgschool.com/index.php?history History of the Hermannsburg School], Hermannsburg School. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</ref> Leading critic [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] saw [[contemporary Indigenous Australian art|contemporary Indigenous art]] as "the last great art movement of the 20th century".<ref>Henly, Susan Gough (6 November 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/06/arts/06iht-aborigine.html?pagewanted=all "Powerful growth of Aboriginal art"], ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 20 November 2012.</ref> Key exponents such as [[Emily Kame Kngwarreye]], [[Rover Thomas]] and the [[Papunya Tula]] group use acrylic paints on canvas to depict [[Dreaming (spirituality)|dreaming]]s set in a symbolic topography. [[Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri]]'s ''[[Warlugulong]]'' (1977) typifies this style, popularly known as "[[dot painting]]". Art is important both culturally and economically to Indigenous society; central Australian Indigenous communities have "the highest per capita concentrations of artists anywhere in the world".<ref>{{cite news|title=Next generation Papunya|last=Grishin|first=Sasha|date=8 December 2007|work=The Canberra Times|page=6}}</ref> Issues of race and identity are raised in the works of many [[Contemporary Indigenous Australian art#Urban art|'urban']] Indigenous artists, including [[Gordon Bennett (artist)|Gordon Bennett]] and [[Tracey Moffatt]].
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Tom Roberts - Shearing the rams - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption1 = ''[[Shearing the Rams]]'' (1890) by [[Heidelberg School]] artist [[Tom Roberts]]
| image2 = Sidney Nolan Snake.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sidney Nolan]]'s ''Snake'' (1972), held at the [[Museum of Old and New Art]]
| image3 =
| caption3 = ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' heralded Melbourne as the "street art capital of the world".<ref name="streetart">Freeman-Greene, Suzy (26 February 2011). [http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/street-art-deserves-more-than-a-citys-double-standards-20110225-1b8i0.html "Street art deserves more than a city's double standards"], ''The Age''. Retrieved 20 November 2012.</ref>
}}
[[John Glover (artist)|John Glover]] and [[Eugene von Guerard]] were among the foremost landscape painters during the colonial era.<ref>Copeland, Julie (1998). [http://www.abc.net.au/arts/headspace/rn/special/brush/brush1.htm "A Brush with Landscape, Part 1"], ''Headspace'' '''2'''. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 December 2012.</ref> The origins of a distinctly Australian school of painting is often associated with the [[Heidelberg School]] of the late 1800s.<ref name="ausart"/> Major figures of the movement include [[Tom Roberts]], [[Arthur Streeton]] and [[Frederick McCubbin]]. They painted ''[[en plein air]]'', like the [[French Impressionists]], and sought to capture the intense light and unique colours of the Australian bush. Popular works such as McCubbin's ''[[Down on His Luck]]'' (1889) and Roberts' ''[[Shearing the Rams]]'' (1890) defined an emerging sense of national identity in the lead-up to Federation.<ref>[http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/australianimpressionism/education/insights_national.html Australian Impressionism | National themes], National Gallery of Victoria. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</ref> Civic monuments to national heroes were erected; an early example is [[Charles Summers]]' 1865 statue of the ill-fated explorers [[Burke and Wills]], located in Melbourne.<ref>Williams, Donald. ''In Our Own Image: The Story of Australian Art''. Melbourne: [[Cengage Learning|Cengage Learning Australia]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-07-471030-3}}, pp. 42–43</ref>
Among the first Australian artists to gain a reputation overseas was the impressionist [[John Peter Russell]] in the 1880s. He and [[Charles Conder]] of the Heidelberg School were the only Australian painters known to have close links with the European [[avant-garde]] at the time.<ref>[[Robert Hughes (critic)|Hughes, Robert]]. ''The Art of Australia''. Melbourne: [[Penguin Books]], 1970. {{ISBN|0-87585-103-7}}, p. 93</ref> Other notable expatriates include [[Rupert Bunny]], a [[Salon (Paris)|salon]] painter of sensual portraits, and sculptor [[Bertram Mackennal]], known for his commissioned works in Australia and abroad.<ref name="ausart"/>
The Heidelberg tradition lived on in [[Hans Heysen]]'s imagery of gum trees.<ref>Hylton, Jane; [[John Molony|Molony, John]]. ''Hans Heysen: Into the Light''. Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-86254-657-6}}, p. 12</ref> [[Roy de Maistre]] and [[Grace Cossington Smith]] were pioneers of [[modern art|modernism]] in Australia.<ref>[[Humphrey McQueen|McQueen, Humphrey]]. ''The Black Swan of Trespass: The Emergence of Modernist Painting in Australia to 1944''. Sydney: Alternative Publishing, 1979. {{ISBN|0-909188-12-2}}, p. 4</ref> [[Jessie Traill]] and [[Margaret Preston]] excelled at printmaking;<ref>{{cite book|last=Butler|first=Roger|title=Printed. Images by Australian Artists 1885–1955|publisher=National Gallery of Australia|___location=Canberra, ACT|year=2007|isbn=978-0642-54204-5|page=90}}</ref> the latter artist advocated for a modern national art based on Aboriginal designs.<ref>[[Terry Smith (art historian)|Smith, Terry]]. ''Transformations in Australian Art, Volume 2: The 20th Century – Modernism and Aboriginality''. Sydney: Craftsman House, 2002. {{ISBN|1-877004-14-6}}, p. 8</ref> The conservative art establishment largely opposed modern art, as did the Lindsays and [[Australian Tonalists]].<ref>Williams, John Frank. ''The Quarantined Culture: Australian Reactions to Modernism, 1913–1939''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1995. {{ISBN|0-521-47713-1}}, pp. 1–14</ref> Controversy over modern art in Australia reached a climax when [[William Dobell]] won the 1943 [[Archibald Prize]] for portraiture.<ref>[http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/archibald/history/controversy-and-debate/ Archibald Prize | Controversy and debate], Art Gallery of New South Wales. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</ref> Despite such opposition, new artistic trends grew in popularity. Photographer [[Max Dupain]] created bold modernist compositions of Sydney beach culture.<ref>White, Jill. ''Dupain's Beaches''. Sydney: Chapter & Verse, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-947322-17-5}}</ref> [[Sidney Nolan]], [[Arthur Boyd]], [[Joy Hester]] and [[Albert Tucker (artist)|Albert Tucker]] were members of the [[Angry Penguins]], a group of [[expressionist]]s who revived Australian landscape painting through the use of myth, folklore and personal symbolism.<ref>Haese, Richard. ''Rebels and Precursors: The Revolutionary Years of Australian Art''. Melbourne: Penguin Books, 1988. {{ISBN|0-14-010634-0}}</ref> The use of [[surrealism]] allowed artists to evoke the strange disquiet of the outback, exemplified in Nolan's iconic [[Ned Kelly]] series and [[Russell Drysdale]]'s ''[[The Cricketers]]'' (1948). The post-war landscapes of [[Fred Williams (artist)|Fred Williams]], [[Ian Fairweather]] and [[John Olsen (Australian artist)|John Olsen]] border on [[abstract art|abstraction]],<ref name="ausart">[http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/discover-art/learn-more/australian-art/ Australian art], Art Gallery of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 November 2012.</ref> while the [[Antipodeans]] and [[Brett Whiteley]] further explored the possibilities of figurative painting.
Photographer [[Bill Henson]], sculptor [[Ron Mueck]], and "living art exhibit" [[Leigh Bowery]] are among Australia's best-known contemporary artists. [[Pro Hart]]'s output of [[Australiana]], [[Michael Leunig]]'s poetic cartoons, and [[Ken Done]]'s Sydney Harbor views are widely known through reproductions. [[Public art]]works have sprung up in unlikely places, from the annual [[Sculpture by the Sea]] exhibitions to the rural [[folk art]] of "[[Australia's big things]]". Australian [[street art]] flourished at the turn of the 21st century, [[Melbourne street art|particularly in Melbourne]].<ref name="streetart"/>
Major arts institutions in Australia include the [[National Gallery of Victoria]] in Melbourne, the [[National Gallery of Australia]], [[National Museum of Australia]] and [[National Portrait Gallery (Australia)|National Portrait Gallery]] in Canberra, and the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] in Sydney. The [[Museum of Old and New Art]] in Hobart is the Southern Hemisphere's largest private museum.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/culture/2011/01/27/something-new "Art in Tasmania: Something new"] (27 January 2011), ''[[The Economist]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2012.</ref>
===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Australia}}
[[File:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1906.jpg|thumb|Actor playing the bushranger [[Ned Kelly]] in ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first [[feature film]]]]
Australia's first dedicated film studio, the [[Limelight Department]], was created by [[The Salvation Army]] in Melbourne in 1898, and is believed to be the world's first.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/SALV/STANDARD/PC_60860.html |title=Australia's first film studio |publisher=Salvationarmy.org.au |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030184703/http://salvationarmy.org.au/SALV/STANDARD/PC_60860.html |archive-date=30 October 2009 }}</ref> The world's first feature-length film was the 1906 Australian production ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]''.<ref>[http://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/film/story-kelly-gang/ The Story of the Kelly Gang], [[National Film and Sound Archive]]. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</ref> Tales of [[bushranging]], gold mining, convict life and the colonial frontier dominated the [[List of Australian films#1890s–1930s|silent film era of Australian cinema]]. Filmmakers such as [[Raymond Longford]] and [[W. J. Lincoln]] based many of their productions on Australian novels, plays, and even paintings. An enduring classic is Longford and [[Lottie Lyell]]'s 1919 film ''[[The Sentimental Bloke]]'', adapted from [[The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke|the 1915 poems]] by C. J. Dennis. After such early successes, Australian cinema suffered from the rise of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>Routt, William D. "Chapter 3: Our reflections in a window: Australian silent cinema (c. 1896–1930)". In Sabine, James. ''A Century of Australian Cinema''. Melbourne: [[Mandarin Publishing|Mandarin Australia]], 1995. {{ISBN|0-85561-610-5}}, pp. 44–63</ref>
In 1933, ''[[In the Wake of the Bounty]]'' was directed by [[Charles Chauvel (filmmaker)|Charles Chauvel]], who cast [[Errol Flynn]] as the leading actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/features/wake-bounty/ |title=In the Wake of the Bounty (1933) on ASO – Australia's audio and visual heritage online |publisher=Aso.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Flynn went on to a celebrated career in Hollywood. Chauvel directed a number of successful Australian films, the last being 1955's ''[[Jedda]]'', which was notable for being the first Australian film to be shot in colour, and the first to feature Aboriginal actors in lead roles and to be entered at the Cannes Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3702/year/1955.html |title=Festival de Cannes – From 11 to 22 may 2011 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215228/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3702/year/1955.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> It was not until 2006 and [[Rolf de Heer]]'s ''[[Ten Canoes]]'' that a major feature-length drama was shot in an Indigenous language ([[Yolngu language|Yolngu]]).
[[Ken G. Hall]]'s 1942 documentary feature ''[[Kokoda Front Line!]]'' was the first Australian film to win an [[Academy Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/newsreels/kokoda-front-line/ |title=Kokoda Front Line! (1942) on ASO – Australia's audio and visual heritage online |publisher=Aso.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> In 1976, [[Peter Finch]] posthumously became the first Australian actor to win an Oscar for his role in ''[[Network (1976 film)|Network]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Finch – About This Person | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/23460/Peter-Finch?inline=nyt-per| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413161443/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/23460/Peter-Finch?inline=nyt-per| url-status=dead| archive-date=13 April 2011|department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2011 | access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref>
During the late 1960s and 1970s an influx of government funding saw the development of a new generation of filmmakers telling distinctively Australian stories, including directors [[Peter Weir]], [[George Miller (filmmaker)|George Miller]] and [[Bruce Beresford]]. This era became known as the [[Australian New Wave]]. Films such as ''[[Wake in Fright]]'', ''[[Walkabout (film)|Walkabout]]'' and ''[[Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)|Picnic at Hanging Rock]]'' had an immediate international impact. These successes were followed in the 1980s with the historical epic ''[[Gallipoli (1981 film)|Gallipoli]]'', the romantic drama ''[[The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)|The Man From Snowy River]]'', the comedy ''[["Crocodile" Dundee]]'', and the post-apocalyptic [[Mad Max (franchise)|Mad Max series]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/Croc.html |title="Fair Dinkum Fillums": the Crocodile Dundee Phenomenon |publisher=Cc.murdoch.edu.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412042204/http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/Croc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Tropfest 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Founded in 1993, Sydney's [[Tropfest]] is the world's largest short film festival.]]
The 1990s saw a run of successful comedies including ''[[Muriel's Wedding]]'' and ''[[Strictly Ballroom]]'', which helped launch the careers of [[Toni Collette]] and [[Baz Luhrmann]] respectively. [[Australian humour]] features prominently in Australian film, with a strong tradition of self-mockery, from the ''[[Ozploitation]]'' style of the [[Barry McKenzie]] ''expat-in-Europe'' movies of the 1970s, to the [[Working Dog Productions]]' 1997 homage to suburbia ''[[The Castle (1997 Australian film)|The Castle]]'', starring [[Eric Bana]] in his debut film role. Comedies like the barn yard animation ''[[Babe (film)|Babe]]'' (1995), directed by [[Chris Noonan]]; [[Rob Sitch]]'s ''[[The Dish]]'' (2000); and [[Stephan Elliott]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert]]'' (1994) all feature in the top ten box-office list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australiamovie.net/2009/02/second-highest-grossing-australian-film-of-all-time/ |title=AUSTRALIA - A Baz Luhrmann Film » Second Highest Grossing Australian Film of All Time |access-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324201044/http://www.australiamovie.net/2009/02/second-highest-grossing-australian-film-of-all-time/ |archive-date=24 March 2010}}</ref> During the 1990s, a new crop of Australian stars were successful in Hollywood, including [[Russell Crowe]], [[Cate Blanchett]] and [[Heath Ledger]]. Between 1996 and 2013, [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]] won four [[Academy Awards]] for her costume and production designs, the most for any Australian.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/catherine-martin-breaks-record-with-fourth-oscar-win-20140303-33yjz.html|title=Catherine Martin breaks record with fourth Oscar win|last=Maddox|first=Garry|date=3 March 2014|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> ''[[Saw (2004 film)|Saw]]'' (2004) and ''[[Wolf Creek (film)|Wolf Creek]]'' (2005) are credited with the revival of Australian horror.<ref>[http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/movies/local-horror-film-revival/story-e6freqex-1111117952346 "Home-grown horror revival hits our screens"] (5 November 2008), ''The Courier Mail''. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</ref> The comedic, exploitative nature and "[[gimmick]]y" style of 1970s Ozploitation films waned in the mid to late 1980s, as social [[realism (arts)|realist]] dramas such as ''[[Romper Stomper]]'' (1992), ''[[Lantana (film)|Lantana]]'' (2001) and ''[[Samson and Delilah (2009 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' (2009) became more reflective of the Australian experience in the 1980s, 90s and 2000s.
The domestic film industry is also supported by US producers who produce in Australia following the decision by Fox head [[Rupert Murdoch]] to utilise new studios in Melbourne and Sydney where filming could be completed well below US costs. Notable productions include ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[Star Wars]]'' episodes [[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones|II]] and [[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith|III]], and ''[[Australia (2008 film)|Australia]]'' starring [[Nicole Kidman]] and [[Hugh Jackman]].
===Music===
{{Main|Music of Australia}}
====Indigenous music====
{{Main|Indigenous Australian music}}
[[File:Buskers Fremantle Markets.jpg|thumb|[[Didgeridoo]] performers]]
Music is an integral part of Aboriginal culture as a way of passing ancestral knowledge, cultural values and wisdom through generations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Songlines: the Indigenous memory code |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/allinthemind/songlines-indigenous-memory-code/7581788 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=ABC listen}}</ref> The most famous feature of their music is the [[didgeridoo]], considered the "national instrument of Australia". This wooden instrument, used among the Aboriginal tribes of northern Australia, makes a distinctive droning sound and it has been adopted by a wide variety of non-Aboriginal performers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frenkel|first=Dean|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-21/frenkel---digeridoo/4693662|title=Why the didgeridoo should be our national instrument|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=20 May 2013|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>
Since the 1980s, Indigenous music has experienced a "cultural renaissance", turning to Western popular musical forms and "demand[ing] a space within the Australian arts industry".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahudka |first=Ines |date=31 May 2021 |title=Baker Boy and beyond: the Aboriginal 'Cultural Renaissance' of the 1980s and Australia's view of Indigenous music |url=https://chariotjournal.wordpress.com/2021/05/31/baker-boy-and-beyond/ |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Chariot Journal |language=en}}</ref> Pioneers include [[Lionel Rose]] and [[Jimmy Little]], while notable contemporary examples include [[Archie Roach]], [[Kev Carmody]], the [[Warumpi Band]], [[Troy Cassar-Daley]] and [[Yothu Yindi]]. [[Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu]] (formerly of Yothu Yindi) has attained international success singing contemporary music in English and in the language of the [[Yolngu]]. [[Christine Anu]] is a successful [[Torres Strait Islander]] singer. Among young Australian aborigines, [[African American|African-American]] and Aboriginal [[hip hop]] music and clothing is popular.<ref>{{cite news
| title = The New Corroboree
| first = Tony
| last = Mitchell
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/music/the-new-corroboree/2006/03/30/1143441270792.html
| newspaper = [[The Age]]
| date = 1 April 2006
| ___location=Melbourne
}}</ref>
The [[Deadly Awards]] are an annual celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community.
====Folk music and national songs====
[[File:The Old Bush Songs by Banio Paterson.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cover of ''Old Bush Songs'', [[Banjo Paterson]]'s 1905 collection of [[bush ballad]]s]]
The [[national anthem]] of Australia is "[[Advance Australia Fair]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian National Anthem |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/government/australian-national-anthem |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet}}</ref>
The early [[Anglo-Celtic]] immigrants of the 18th and 19th centuries introduced folk ballad traditions which were adapted to Australian themes: "[[Botany Bay (song)|Bound for Botany Bay]]" tells of the voyage of British convicts to Sydney, "[[The Wild Colonial Boy]]" evokes the spirit of the bushrangers, and "[[Click Go the Shears]]" speaks of the life of Australian shearers. The lyrics of Australia's best-known folk song, "[[Waltzing Matilda]]", were written by the bush poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. This song remains popular and is regarded as "the nation's unofficial national anthem".<ref>[http://www.nla.gov.au/epubs/waltzingmatilda/index.php "Who'll come a 'Waltzing Matilda' with me?"], National Library of Australia. Retrieved 24 December 2012.</ref>
Well-known singers of Australian folk music include [[Rolf Harris]] (who wrote "[[Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport]]"), [[John Williamson (singer)|John Williamson]], and [[Eric Bogle]] whose 1972 anti-war ballad "[[And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]" is a criticism of Australian involvements in [[Gallipoli campaign|Gallipolli]] and [[Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AND THE BAND PLAYED WALTZING MATILDA BY ERIC BOGLE |url=https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/asset/82296-and-band-played-waltzing-matilda-eric-bogle |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=nfsa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-04-20 |title=Secret life of Matilda |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/secret-life-of-matilda-20020420-gdf7n4.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
====Classical music====
[[File:Melba Rupert Bunny.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of [[Nellie Melba|''Madame Melba'']] by Rupert Bunny]]
The earliest Western musical influences in Australia can be traced back to two distinct sources: the first free settlers who brought with them the European classical music tradition, and the large body of convicts and sailors, who brought the traditional folk music of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The practicalities of building a colony mean that there is very little music extant from this early period, although some samples of music originating from [[Hobart]] and Sydney date back to the early-19th century.<ref name="Oxford">Oxford, A Dictionary of Australian Music, Edited by Warren Bebbington, Copyright 1998</ref>
[[Nellie Melba]] traveled to Europe in 1886 to commence her international career as an opera singer. She became among the best-known Australians of the period and participated in early gramophone-recording and radio-broadcasting.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100464b.htm |title= Melba, Dame Nellie (1861–1931) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online |chapter= Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931) |publisher= Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date= 29 January 2011}}</ref> The establishment of choral societies ({{circa}} 1850) and of symphony orchestras ({{circa}} 1890) led to increased compositional activity, although many Australian classical composers worked entirely within European models. Popular works such as [[Percy Grainger]]'s "[[Country Gardens]]" (1918) were heavily influenced by the folk music of other countries and by a conservative British orchestral tradition.<ref name="Oxford"/>
In the mid 20th century, as the desire to express a uniquely Australian identity in music developed, composers such as [[John Antill]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/artist/antill-john
|title= John Antill : Represented Artist Profile
|publisher= Australian Music Centre |access-date= 29 January 2011
}}
</ref>
and [[Peter Sculthorpe]] drew influences from nature and Aboriginal culture, and [[Richard Meale]] turned to [[south-east Asia]]n music.<ref name="Oxford"/> [[Nigel Butterley]] combined his penchant for international modernism with his own individual voice.
At the beginning of the 1960s Australian classical music erupted with influences, with composers incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from Aboriginal and Southeast Asian music and instruments, to American [[jazz]] and [[blues]], and belatedly discovering European atonality and the [[avant-garde]]. Composers like [[Don Banks]] (1923–1980), [[Don Kay (composer)|Don Kay]], [[Malcolm Williamson]] and [[Colin Brumby]] (1933–2018) epitomise this period.<ref name="Oxford"/> In recent times composers including [[Liza Lim]], [[Nigel Westlake]], [[Ross Edwards (composer)|Ross Edwards]], [[Graeme Koehne]], [[Julian Cochran]], [[Georges Lentz]], [[Elena Kats-Chernin]], [[Richard Mills (composer)|Richard Mills]], [[Brett Dean]] and [[Carl Vine]] have embodied the pinnacle of established [[List of Australian composers|Australian composers]].
Well-known Australian classical performers include: sopranos [[Joan Sutherland|Dame Joan Sutherland]], Dame [[Joan Hammond]], [[Joan Carden]], [[Yvonne Kenny]], and [[Emma Matthews]]; pianists [[Roger Woodward]], [[Eileen Joyce]], [[Geoffrey Tozer]], [[Leslie Howard (musician)|Leslie Howard]] and [[Ian Munro (pianist)|Ian Munro]]; guitarists [[John Williams (guitarist)|John Williams]] and [[Slava Grigoryan]]; horn player [[Barry Tuckwell]]; oboist [[Diana Doherty]]; violinists [[Richard Tognetti]] and [[Elizabeth Wallfisch]]; cellist [[David Pereira]]; orchestras including the [[Sydney Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Australian Chamber Orchestra]] and the [[Australian Brandenburg Orchestra]]; and conductors Sir [[Charles Mackerras]], and [[Simone Young]]. Indigenous performers like [[didgeridoo]]-player [[William Barton (musician)|William Barton]] and immigrant musicians like Egyptian-born [[oud]] virtuoso [[Joseph Tawadros]] have stimulated interest in their own music traditions and have also collaborated with other musicians and ensembles, both in Australia and internationally.
====Popular music====
{{See also|Australian rock|Australian country music}}
[[File:Paul Kelly 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Singer-songwriter [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]]]]
[[File:Kylie Minogue at The Queen's Birthday Party (cropped 3).jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Kylie Minogue]], one of Australia's most successful pop musicians]]
[[Johnny O'Keefe]] became the first Australian [[rock and roll]] artist to reach the national charts with his 1958 hit "[[Wild One (Johnny O'Keefe song)|Wild One]]".<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150610b.htm |title=O'Keefe, John Michael (Johnny) (1935–1978) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online |chapter=O'Keefe, John Michael (Johnny) (1935–1978) |publisher=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> While American and British content dominated airwaves and record sales into the 1960s, local successes began to emerge, notably [[The Easybeats]] and [[The Seekers]]. From the 1970s onwards, [[Pub rock (Australia)|pub rock]], which grew out of the Australian pub scene, began to gain prominence and established home-grown bands, "whose lyrics were locally specific and about issues that everyday Australians could relate to".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noisey|first=Staff|url= https://www.vice.com/en/article/is-australian-music-identity-still-shaped-through-pub-rock/|title= Is Australian Music Identity Still Shaped Through Pub Rock?|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=1 February 2016|access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> In this context, the [[Bee Gees]] and [[AC/DC]] rose to prominence in Australia before going on to international success. Australian performers continued to do well at a local and international level into the 1980s, for example [[Cold Chisel]], [[INXS]], [[Nick Cave]], [[Crowded House]], [[Midnight Oil]] and [[Little River Band]]. Held since 1987, the [[ARIA Music Awards|ARIA]]s are Australia's premier music [[awards]]. [[Silverchair]], [[Powderfinger]], [[AC/DC]], [[John Farnham]], [[Jimmy Barnes]], the [[Bee Gees]], [[Savage Garden]], [[Tina Arena]], [[Vanessa Amorosi]] and [[Kylie Minogue]] are among the most successful artists in the awards' history. Singer-songwriter [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]], whose music style straddles folk, rock, and country, has been described as the ''poet laureate'' of Australian music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=15390 |title=Civics | Paul Kelly (1955–) |publisher=Civicsandcitizenship.edu.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602031440/http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/default.asp?id=15390 |archive-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Spurred in part by the national expansion of [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] youth radio station [[Triple J]], a string of successful alternative Australian acts have emerged since the 1990s, including [[You Am I]], [[Gotye]], [[Sia]] and [[Tame Impala]].
[[Australian country music]] has developed a style quite distinct from its American counterpart, drawing more on local folklore like the Australian [[bushranging]] tradition.<ref name="cultureandrecreation.gov.au">{{cite web |title=Australian country music - Australia's Culture Portal |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/country/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217020802/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/country/ |archive-date=17 February 2011 |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Pioneers of popular Australian country music include [[Tex Morton]] in the 1930s and [[Smoky Dawson]] from the 1940s onward. Known as the "King of Australian Country Music", [[Slim Dusty]] released over 100 albums in a career spanning almost six decades; his 1957 hit "[[A Pub With No Beer]]" was the first Australian single to go [[Music recording sales certification|gold]].<ref>Dave" Laing, [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/sep/20/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries "Slim Dusty: Country singer famous for A Pub With No Beer"], ''The Guardian (UK)'', 20 September 2003</ref> Dusty's wife [[Joy McKean]] penned several of his most popular songs. Other notable Australian country music performers include [[John Williamson (singer)|John Williamson]] who wrote the iconic song "[[True Blue (John Williamson song)|True Blue]]", [[Lee Kernaghan]], [[Adam Brand (musician)|Adam Brand]] and [[Kasey Chambers]]. [[Olivia Newton-John]] and [[Keith Urban]] have attained success in the United States. The [[Tamworth Country Music Festival]] is held annually in [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]], the "Country Music Capital of Australia". During the festival the [[Country Music Association of Australia]] holds the [[Country Music Awards of Australia]] ceremony awarding the [[Golden Guitar]] trophies.
===Dance===
{{main|Dance in Australia}}
The ceremonial dances of [[Indigenous Australians]] recount stories of the [[Dreamtime]] and have been performed for thousands of years. They usually consist of short, intensive rhythmic and imitative sequences, accompanied by chants alluding to the myth of the characters danced, clapping with the hands or, sometimes, with a didgeridoo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engelhart |first=Monica |date=1 January 1996 |title=The Dancing Picture — The Ritual Dance of Native Australians |url=https://journal.fi/scripta/article/view/67224 |format=PDF |journal=[[Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis]] |volume=16 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.30674/scripta.67224|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[Bush dance]] is a traditional style of Australian [[dance]] with strong [[Celts|Celtic]] roots influenced by country music. It is generally accompanied by such instruments as the fiddle, accordion, concertina and percussion instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.hiwaay.net/~lkseitz/Australia/bushdance.html |title=How to Do a Bush Dance |publisher=Home.hiwaay.net |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref>
===Television===
{{Main|Television in Australia}}
[[File:Federation Square (SBS Building).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] building in [[Melbourne]]'s [[Federation Square]]. SBS is Australia's [[multicultural]] broadcaster.]]
Experiments with television began in Australia in the 1930s and television was officially launched on 16 September 1956 in Sydney.<ref>{{in lang|en}} http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/extras/federation/Timelines/CMFedTimelineNat3.htm {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215131629/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/extras/federation/Timelines/CMFedTimelineNat3.htm |date=15 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|en}} http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,20357015-5007183,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311030441/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,23663,20357015-5007183,00.html |date=11 March 2008 }}</ref> Colour TV arrived in 1975.<ref>{{in lang|en}} http://www.televisionau.com/seventies.htm</ref> The [[Logie Awards]] are the major annual awards for Australian TV.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Logie_Awards/ Logie Awards]</ref>
While US and British television is popular in Australia, locally produced content has had many successes. Successful local product has included ''[[Homicide (Australian TV series)|Homicide]]'' and ''[[Division 4]]'' in the late 1960s and early 1970s, ''[[Play School (Australian TV series)|Play School]]'' and ''[[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo]]'' in the late 1960s, ''[[Matlock Police]]'', ''[[The Sullivans]]'', ''[[The Young Doctors]]'', ''[[Number 96 (TV series)|Number 96]]'' and ''[[The Box (soap opera)|The Box]]'' in the 1970s, ''[[The Flying Doctors]]'', ''[[Round the Twist]]'', ''[[Prisoner (TV series)|Prisoner]]'' and ''[[A Country Practice]]'' (1981–1993) in the 1980s, ''[[Blue Heelers]]'', ''[[Neighbours]]'' and ''[[Home and Away]]'' in the 1980s and 1990s and ''[[Summer Heights High]]'' and ''[[H2O: Just Add Water|H<sub>2</sub>O: Just Add Water]]'' in the 2000s. Since then shows like ''[[Packed to the Rafters]]'', ''[[SeaChange]]'' and ''[[Wentworth (TV series)|Wentworth]]'' have continued to help redefine Australian television. Many of the shows from the mid-1980s onwards have been exported and have sometimes been even more successful abroad, such as [[Steve Irwin]]'s ''[[The Crocodile Hunter]]''. Popular stars of Australian TV have included: the pioneer variety show hosts [[Graham Kennedy]], [[Bert Newton]], [[Don Lane]] and [[Daryl Somers]], and contemporary talk show hosts [[Mike Willesee]], [[Steve Vizard]], [[Ray Martin (television presenter)|Ray Martin]], [[Mike Munro]], [[Andrew Denton]] and [[Rove McManus]]. Popular international exports include the [[Bee Gees]], [[Dame Edna Everage]], [[Sir Les Patterson]], [[AC/DC]], [[The Fairies (TV series)|The Fairies]], [[Clive James]], [[Geoffrey Robertson]] and [[The Wiggles]]. Australian Content Standard requires all free-to-air commercial networks to broadcast an annual minimum of 55% Australian content for primary channels and 1460 hours for non-primary channels between 6 a.m. and midnight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Broadcasters - Content regulation - Industry trends - Television - Fact Finders |url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/fact-finders/television/industry-trends/content-regulation/commercial-broadcasters |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=screenaustralia.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Wiggles 2007 Lineup.jpg|thumb|[[The Wiggles]] performing in the United States in 2007]]
While Australia has ubiquitous media coverage, the longest established part of that media is the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC), the Federal Government owned and funded organisation offering national TV and radio coverage. The ABC, like the BBC in Britain, CBC in Canada, and PBS in the United States, is a non-commercial public service broadcaster, showing many [[BBC]] or [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] productions from Britain. The publicly funded [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (SBS) has a multicultural focus, broadcasting TV and radio programs in a variety of languages, as well as world news and documentary programming in English. SBS commenced as a commercial-free enterprise, but this changed in 2006 with the broadcasting of commercials between programs. In 2005, ABC and SBS accounted for 15.7% and 6.1% of the national ratings, respectively.<ref>[http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftvratingsnetwork.html Get the Picture – Free-to-air TV – Ratings – By network] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112035530/http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftvratingsnetwork.html |date=12 November 2009 }}</ref>
Commercial broadcasters include the [[Seven Network]], the [[Nine Network]] and [[Network Ten]] on [[free-to-air]] broadcasting to the larger cities with affiliated regional networks like [[Prime Television]] and [[WIN Television]] broadcasting to regional areas. [[Foxtel]], [[Austar]] and [[Optus Television]] have been the main providers of pay TV. [[Fox8|Fox 8]] and [[Sky News Australia]] are among the popular Pay TV channels. The [[Australia Network]], established in 2001, is Australia's international television service, beaming to more than 44 countries across Asia, the Pacific and the Indian subcontinent.
The ABC has made a significant contribution to television drama with popular series like ''[[SeaChange]]'' and ''[[Brides of Christ (TV miniseries)|Brides of Christ]]'', and to comedy with the 1970s hits ''[[Aunty Jack]]'' and ''[[The Norman Gunston Show]]'' and more recently [[Roy & HG]], ''[[Kath & Kim (Australian TV series)|Kath & Kim]]'' and ''[[The Chaser's War on Everything]]''. ABC status as Australia's flagship broadcaster is facing significant challenges in recent years such as budget cuts and declining in overall reach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=The ABC's new chair faces a big audience problem |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-audience-problem-waiting-for-the-abc-s-new-supremo-20231215-p5erue |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref>
==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Australia}}
[[File:Joseph Lycett Corroboree Newcastle.jpg|thumb|''[[Corroboree]] at [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]]'' by convict artist [[Joseph Lycett]], {{Circa|1818}}. Aboriginal Australian religious practices associated with the [[Dreamtime]] have been practised for tens of thousands of years.]]
Australia has no official state religion and the [[Australian Constitution]] prohibits the Commonwealth government from [[established church|establishing a church]] or interfering with the [[freedom of religion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/chapter5.htm |title=Parliament of Australia: Senate: Constitution – Chapter 5 |publisher=Aph.gov.au |date=21 May 2003 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116165850/http://www.aph.gov.au/SEnate/general/constitution/chapter5.htm |archive-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref> According to the 2011 [[Australian Census]], 61.1% of Australians were listed as [[Christians|Christian]]. Historically, this proportion has been higher and a growing proportion of the population define themselves as [[Irreligion in Australia|irreligious]], with 22.3% of Australians declaring "no religion" on the census. There are also growing communities of various other religions.<ref name="abs.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=2071.0 – Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013 |date=21 June 2012 |publisher=abs.gov.au |access-date=9 October 2015 }}</ref> From the early decades after federation, people from diverse religious backgrounds have held public office. The first Jewish Governor General, [[Isaac Isaacs]], was selected by the first Catholic prime minister, [[James Scullin]], in the 1930s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Robertson |first=J. R. |title=Scullin, James Henry (1876–1953) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/scullin-james-henry-8375 |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |access-date=2023-06-17 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref> In the 21st-century, some prime ministers have identified as religious, others as non-religious.
[[File:Mary MacKillop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mary MacKillop|St Mary Mackillop]] established an extensive network of schools and is Australia's first [[canonised]] [[saint]] of the [[Catholic Church]].]]
Christianity has had an enduring impact on Australia. At the time of Federation in 1901, 97% of Australians professed to be Christians. The Anglican Church (formerly [[Church of England]]) remained the largest denomination until 1986, when it was surpassed by the Roman Catholic Church. Australian Catholics were predominantly of Irish origin until post-World War II immigration brought more than a million Catholics from elsewhere in Europe. The Christian festivals of [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] are national public holidays in Australia. Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education since colonial times. In 2008, 20% of total students attended [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] schools.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606034747/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/0/93EB4563583425CCCA25773700169C91?opendocument Year Book Australia, 2009–10: Primary and Secondary Education: School attendance]</ref> Christian organisations such as the [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul|St. Vincent de Paul Society]], the [[Salvation Army]] and [[Anglicare]] provide social services throughout Australia. Historically significant Christians include preachers [[David Unaipon]], the first Aboriginal author, and the Reverend [[John Flynn (minister)|John Flynn]], who founded the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]]. Suffragette [[Catherine Helen Spence]] was not only Australia's first female political candidate, but also one of its first female preachers.<ref>[http://www.rba.gov.au/Museum/Displays/1988_onwards_polymer_currency_notes/centenary_of_federation.html Museum of Australian Currency Notes: Centenary of Federation<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121203085908/http://www.rba.gov.au/Museum/Displays/1988_onwards_polymer_currency_notes/centenary_of_federation.html |date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Mary MacKillop]], who co-founded an order of nuns in the 19th century, called the [[Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart|Sisters of St. Joseph]], became the first Australian to be canonised as a Catholic Saint in 2010,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/10/20101017144255773848.html |title=Nun becomes first Australian saint |date=17 October 2010 |publisher = [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> and Sir [[Douglas Nicholls]], a preacher and Aboriginal rights activist was the first Indigenous Australian to be appointed Governor of an Australian State.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/messagestick/stories/s3014566.htm|title=Bloodlines: The Nicholls Family|last=Corowa|first=Miriam|date=19 September 2010|work=Message Stick|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123902/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/messagestick/stories/s3014566.htm|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Nan-Tien-Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Nan Tien Temple]], a [[Buddhist]] temple in [[Wollongong]]. Multicultural immigration has increased Australia's religious diversity.]]
The proportion of the total population who are Christian fell from 71% in 1996 to around 61.1% in 2011, while people affiliated with non-Christian religions increased from around 3.5% to 7.2% over the same period.<ref name="abs.gov.au"/> [[Buddhism]] increased most rapidly from 1.1% to 2.5%. Increased immigration from South-East Asia has been a major factor in this growth, but Australians of Anglo-Celtic origin have also shown increasing interest in Buddhism. [[Islam]] increased during the period from 1.1% to 2.2% with diverse communities concentrated mainly in Sydney and Melbourne. The [[history of the Jews in Australia]] dates back to the First Fleet, which brought Jewish convicts to Sydney in 1788. Today, many Jews in Australia originated as refugees and [[Holocaust survivor]]s who arrived during and after World War II.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary.org">{{Cite web |title=Australia Virtual Jewish History Tour |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/australia-virtual-jewish-history-tour |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> [[Hindus]] came to Australia as laborers and merchants during the 19th century and numbers increased dramatically from the 1960s, more than doubling between 1996 and 2006.<ref name="dfat.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/religion.html |title=About Australia: Religious Freedom |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122061450/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/religion.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 }}</ref>
The tradition and spirituality of Aboriginal Australians places great emphasis on the role of tribal Elders in passing down stories of the [[Dreaming (spirituality)|Dreaming]], and skills and lessons for survival (such as hunting and [[Aboriginal tracker|tracking]]). The creation story and belief system of the Aboriginal tradition, known in English as the ''[[Dreamtime]]'', reverences the land and the animals and spirits that inhabit the land and animals. European settlement introduced Indigenous Australians to Christianity, especially through "[[Mission (Christianity)|missions]]". There was a wide range of experiences of the missions by Aboriginal people.<ref name="dfat.gov.au"/>
==Public holidays==
{{Main|Public holidays in Australia}}
[[File:Dawn service gnangarra 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Anzac Day]] dawn services are held throughout Australia every April.]]
The national [[Australia Day]] holiday is celebrated on 26 January,<ref name="holidays">{{Cite web |title=2024 public holidays |url=https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employment-conditions/public-holidays/2024-public-holidays |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=fairwor.gov.au}}</ref> the anniversary of the day [[First Fleet]] Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] first raised the [[Union Jack]] flag in [[Sydney Cove]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Australia Day wasn't always on 26 January. Why is the national holiday on that date now? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australia-day-wasnt-always-on-26-january-why-is-the-national-holiday-on-that-date-now/n2x3sl3vs |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=SBS}}</ref> That date marks the beginning of modern Australia and national awards are distributed to distinguished citizens for services to the community, as on the King's Birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian honours and awards |url=https://www.governor.vic.gov.au/events/australian-honours-and-awards |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Governor of Victoria |language=en}}</ref>
Also strongly associated with Australian nationhood is [[Anzac Day]]. It specifically commemorates the landing of troops in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at [[Gallipoli]] on 25 April 1915. The day is named in their honour but more generally commemorates all Australians who have fought in wars.<ref name="ANZAC day">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 March 2017 |title=Anzac Day traditions and rituals: a quick guide |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/TraditionsRituals |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=www.aph.gov.au |language=en-AU}}</ref>
The Christian festivals of [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]] are public holidays in Australia. Christmas Day, 25 December, falls during the [[Southern Hemisphere]] summer.<ref name= "holidays" />
The [[King's Birthday]] is generally observed on the second Monday in June, except in Western Australia, where it usually is observed in September or October to distance it from [[Western Australia Day]].<ref name= "holidays" />
[[New Year's Day]] is celebrated and coincidentally marks the date upon which the Australian colonies officially federated in 1901.<ref name= "holidays" />
[[Labour Day|Labor Day]] is also a public holiday, but on different days throughout the nation.<ref name= "holidays" />
==Cuisine==
{{Main|Australian cuisine}}
[[File:Australian bush tucker, Alice Springs.jpg|thumb|[[Bush tucker]] harvested in [[Alice Springs]]]]
Contemporary Australian cuisine combines British and Indigenous origins with Mediterranean and Asian influences. Australia's abundant natural resources allow access to a large variety of quality meats, and to barbecue beef or lamb in the open air is considered a cherished national tradition. The great majority of Australians live close to the sea and Australian seafood restaurants have been listed among the world's best.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/module/acms_winners?group_id=1 |title=The Top 50 Best Restaurants 1–50 | The World's 50 Best Restaurants |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113043907/http://www.theworlds50best.com/module/acms_winners?group_id=1 |archive-date=13 January 2010 }}</ref>
[[Bush tucker]] refers to a wide variety of plant and animal foods native to the Australian bush: bush fruits such as [[kakadu plum]]s, [[finger lime]]s and [[desert quandong]]s; [[fish]] and [[shellfish]] of Australia's saltwater river systems; and bush meats including [[emu]], [[crocodile]] and [[kangaroo meat|kangaroo]]. Many of these are still seasonally hunted and gathered by Indigenous Australians, and are undergoing a renaissance of interest on contemporary Australian menus.<ref>White, Janelle. "Bush Tucker: Australian Native Foods". In Vaisutis, Justine. ''Australia 15''. Lonely Planet, 2009. {{ISBN|1-74179-160-X}}, p. 67</ref> The [[macadamia nut]] is the most famous bushfood plant harvested and sold in large quantities.
[[File:Sheep eating grass edit02.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Sheep grazing in rural Australia. Early British settlers introduced Western stock and crops and [[Australian agriculture]] now produces an abundance of fresh produce.]]
Early British settlers brought familiar meats and crops with them from Europe and these remain important in the Australian diet. The British settlers found some familiar game – such as [[swan]], [[goose]], [[pigeon]], and fish – but the new settlers often had difficulty adjusting to the prospect of [[Australian fauna|native fauna]] as a staple diet.<ref name="culture.gov.au"/> They established agricultural industries producing more familiar Western style produce. Queensland and New South Wales became Australia's main [[beef cattle]] producers, while [[dairy cattle]] farming is found in the southern states, predominantly in Victoria. Wheat and other grain crops are spread fairly evenly throughout the mainland states. [[Sugar cane]] is also a major crop in Queensland and New South Wales. Fruit and vegetables are grown throughout Australia.<ref>[http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/farms/ Australian farms and farming communities – australia.gov.au] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408181402/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/farms/ |date=8 April 2011 }}</ref> "[[Meat and three veg]]", [[fish and chips]], and the [[Australian meat pie]] continue to represent traditional meals for many Australians. The post-World War II multicultural immigration program brought new flavours and influences, with waves of immigrants from Greece, Italy, Thailand, Vietnam, China, and elsewhere bringing about diversification and of the typical diet consumed–leading to an increasingly gastronomical culinary scene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A (brief) history of Australian food |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/a-brief-history-of-australian-food/2w85bcokq |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=SBS Food |language=en}}</ref>
Australia's {{convert|11|e6km2|e6mi2|abbr=off|adj=on}} fishing zone is the third largest in the world and allows for easy access to seafood which significantly influences Australian cuisine. Clean ocean environments produce high quality seafoods. [[Lobster]], [[prawns]], [[tuna]], [[salmon]] and [[abalone]] are the main ocean species harvested commercially, while [[aquaculture]] produces more than 60 species for consumption, including [[oysters]], salmonoids, [[southern bluefin tuna]], [[mussels]], prawns, [[barramundi]], [[yellowtail kingfish]], and [[Freshwater fish of Australia|freshwater finifish]].<ref>[http://dfat.gov.au/facts/seafoodindustry.html About Australia: The Australian seafood industry] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206144048/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/seafoodindustry.html |date=6 February 2012 }}</ref> While inland river and lake systems are relatively sparse, they nevertheless provide some unique fresh water game fish and crustacea suitable for dining. Fishing and aquaculture constitute Australia's fifth most valuable agricultural industry after [[wool]], [[beef]], [[wheat]] and [[dairy]].<ref>[http://www.daff.gov.au/fisheries Fisheries Home – DAFF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925025706/http://www.daff.gov.au/fisheries |date=25 September 2011 }}</ref>
[[Vegemite]] is a well-known spread originating from Australia. Iconic Australian desserts include [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]] and [[lamingtons]].<ref>[http://abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1188249.htm "Pavlova"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416134604/http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1188249.htm |date=16 April 2010 }}. Australian Broadcasting Corporation</ref> [[ANZAC biscuits]] recall the diet of Australia's [[World War I]] soldiers at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]].
===Beverages===
{{main|Alcohol in Australia}}
[[File:Billycan-campfire.jpg|thumb|right|A [[billycan]] used for heating water]]
Australia's reputation as a nation of heavy drinkers goes back to the earliest days of colonial Sydney, when [[rum]] was used as currency and grain shortages followed the installation of the first [[still]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-14 |title='Selling your wife for rum': The messy history of alcohol and binge drinking in Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-15/do-australians-have-problem-with-alcohol-edmund-barton-bob-hawke/101288620 |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[James Squire]]s is considered to have founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798 and the [[Cascade Brewery]] in Hobart has been operating since 1832. Since the 1970s, Australian beers have become increasingly popular globally, with [[Foster's Lager]] being an iconic export. Foster's is not however the biggest seller on the local market, with alternatives including [[Carlton Draught]] and [[Victoria Bitter]] outselling it.
[[Billycan|Billy tea]] was a staple drink of the Australian colonial period, considered to be a symbol of the bush lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Billy |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/defining-symbols-australia/billy |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=National Museum of Australia |language=en}}</ref> It is typically boiled over a camp fire on a billy can, with a gum or lemon myrtle leaf added for flavouring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Billy tea |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipe/billy-tea/4jay9jfm4 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=SBS Food |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Australian wine]] industry is one of the largest exporters of wine in the world, contributing $2.2 billion to the nation's economy in 2023–24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian wine export report |url=https://www.wineaustralia.com/market-insights/export-report |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=www.wineaustralia.com}}</ref> Wine is produced in every state, however, wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler regions. Among the most famous wine districts are the [[Hunter Valley]] and [[Barossa Valley]] and among the best known wine producers are [[Penfolds]], [[Rosemount (wine)|Rosemount Estate]], [[Wynns Coonawarra Estate]] and [[Lindemans (wine)|Lindemans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/wine/ |title=Australia's wine industry – Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217023344/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/wine/ |archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> The Australian [[Penfolds Grange]] was the first wine from outside France or California to win the ''[[Wine Spectator]]'' award for Wine of the Year in 1995.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spinning the bottle: case studies in wine public relations|first=Harvey|last= Posert|author2=Paul Franson|publisher=HPPR Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-9747566-0-8|page=182}}</ref>
==Clothing and apparel==
[[File:Elderly swagman.jpg|thumb|left|140px|A [[swagman]] in bushman's apparel, wearing a brimmed hat and carrying swag and billy can]]
Australia has no official designated [[national dress]], but iconic local styles include ''bushwear'' and ''surfwear''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/fashion/nationaldress/ |title=Australian national dress – Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217025028/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/fashion/nationaldress/ |archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> The country's best-known fashion event is [[Australian Fashion Week]], a twice yearly industry gathering showcasing seasonal collections from Australian and Asia Pacific Designers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/fashion/aussie-fashion-hits-new-york/2006/08/27/1156617212361.html |title=Aussie fashion hits New York – Fashion – Entertainment |newspaper=smh.com.au |date= 28 August 2006|access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Top Australian models include [[Elle Macpherson]], [[Miranda Kerr]] and [[Jennifer Hawkins]] ([[Miss Universe 2004]]).
Major clothing brands associated with bushwear are the broad brimmed [[Akubra]] hats, [[Driza-Bone]] coats and [[RM Williams (company)|RM Williams]] bushmen's outfitters (featuring in particular: [[moleskin]] trousers, [[riding boots]] and [[merino]] woolwear). [[Blundstone Footwear]] and [[Country Road (retailer)|Country Road]] are also linked to this tradition. Made from the leaves of ''[[Livistona australis]]'', the [[cabbage tree hat]] was the first uniquely Australian headwear, dating back to the early 1800s, and was the hat of choice for colonial-born Australians.<ref>Barnard, Edwin. ''Emporium: Selling the Dream in Colonial Australia'' (2015). [[National Library of Australia]], p. 59. {{ISBN|9780642278685}}.</ref> Traditionally worn by [[Jackaroo (trainee)|jackaroos]] and [[swagman|swagmen]] in the [[blow-fly]] infested Australian outback, the [[cork hat]] is a type of headgear strongly associated with Australia, and comprises [[Cork (material)|cork]] strung from the brim, to ward off insects.<ref>[http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/comedy/ Australian comedy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921041746/http://cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/comedy/ |date=21 September 2010 }}, Australian Government culture and recreation portal. Retrieved 17 February 2007.</ref>
World-famous Australian surfwear labels include [[Billabong (clothing)|Billabong]], [[Rip Curl]], [[Mambo Graphics|Mambo]] and [[Quiksilver]]. Australian surfers popularised the [[ugg boot]], a unisex sheepskin boot with fleece on the inside, a tanned outer surface and a synthetic sole. Worn by the working classes in Australia, the boot style emerged as a global fashion trend in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|author=Alyssa Abkowitz|url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/08/18/pf/deckers_uggs_boots.fortune/index.htm |title=Investor Daily: Deckers finds its footing with Uggs – Aug. 19, 2009 |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=19 August 2009 |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Underwear and sleepwear brands include [[Bonds (clothing)|Bonds]], [[Berlei]], [[Bras N Things]] and [[Peter Alexander Sleepwear]].
The [[slouch hat]] was first worn by military forces in Australia in 1885, looped up on one side so that rifles could be held at the slope without damaging the brim. After federation, the slouch hat became standard Australian Army headgear in 1903 and since then it has developed into an important national symbol and is worn on ceremonial occasions by the Australian army.<ref>Dennis, Peter, Grey, Jeffrey, Morris, Ewan, Prior, Robin. (eds). (2008). ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History''. Second Edition. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. {{ISBN|978-0-19-551784-2}}</ref>
[[File:Australia national rugby union team (Wallabies).jpg|thumb|200px|A group of Australian men wearing speedos]]
Australians generally have a relaxed attitude to what beachgoers wear, although this has not always been the case. At the start of the twentieth century a proposed ordinance in Sydney would have forced men to wear skirts over their "bathing costume" to be decent. This led to the [[1907 Sydney bathing costume protests]] which resulted in the proposal being dropped.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14902614 |title=Skirts and Surf |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |___location=NSW |date=15 October 1907 |access-date=18 May 2012 |page=4 }}</ref> In 1961, [[Bondi Beach|Bondi]] inspector Aub Laidlaw, already known for kicking women off the beach for wearing [[bikini]]s, arrested several men wearing [[Swim Briefs|swim briefs]] charging them with indecency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/topless-wars-reignited-on-australias-beaches-1218251.html|title=Topless wars reignited on Australia's beaches|last=Marks |first=Kathy |date=31 December 2008|access-date=14 September 2009 | ___location=London | work=The Independent}}</ref> The judge found the men not guilty because no pubic hair was exposed.<ref name="NZ_Herald_9004886">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=9004886 |title=To be brief – no thanks! |date=29 December 2004 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> As time went on Australians' attitudes to swimwear became much more relaxed. Over time swim briefs, better known locally as [[speedos]] after the Australian brand, became an iconic swimwear for males.
==Sport==
{{Main|Sport in Australia}}
Early colonial Australian sport was influenced by British sport heritage brought by the convicts and free settlers, serving as a nostalgic link to their nations of origin and a way for replicating the English lifestyle for the upper classes in an environment far from familiar for the settlers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vamplew & Stoddart|ref=CITEREFVamplew|pp=1–2}}</ref> As a result of this influence, many Australians are passionate about sport, and it forms a major part of the country's culture and economy in terms of spectating and participation.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=About sport in Australia |url=https://www.health.gov.au/topics/sport/about-sport-in-australia |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=health.gov.au}}</ref> Cricket is popular in the summer, and football codes are popular in the winter. Australian traditions such as [[grand finals]] and [[footy tipping]] are shared among the codes.
Australia's successes in events such as the [[Olympic Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], World Cup competitions in [[cricket]], [[rugby union]], [[Rugby League World Cup|rugby league]], [[field hockey]], [[netball]], and major tournaments in [[tennis]], [[golf]], [[surfing]], and other sports are a source of pride for many Australians. Sports people such as [[Donald Bradman]], [[Dawn Fraser]], and [[Cathy Freeman]] remain in the nation's cultural memory and are accorded high civilian honours and public status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/sportinggreats/ |title=Sporting greats – Stories from Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408184025/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/sportinggreats/ |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>
===Cricket===
{{Main|Cricket in Australia}}
[[File:MCG-1864.JPG|thumb|left|Cricket match at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], 1860s]]
[[Cricket]] is Australia's most popular summer sport and has been played since colonial times. It is followed in all states and territories, unlike the football codes which vary in popularity between regions.<ref>[http://annualreport.cricketaustralia.com.au/ceos-report Cricket Australia Annual Report 2014-15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224231059/http://annualreport.cricketaustralia.com.au/ceos-report/ |date=24 February 2017 }} Cricket Australia. Retrieved on 15 December 2015</ref>
[[File:Bradman c.1928.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Donald Bradman]] is often cited as statistically the greatest sportsman of any major sport.]]
The first recorded cricket match in Australia took place in Sydney in 1803. [[Intercolonial cricket in Australia|Intercolonial contests]] started in 1851<ref name=PictorialHistory>{{cite book |last=Pollard |first= Jack|title=The Pictorial History of Australian Cricket|year=1986 |publisher= J.M Dent Pty Ltd & Australian Broadcasting Corporation|___location=Boronia |isbn=0-86770-043-2|edition= revised}}</ref> and [[Sheffield Shield]] inter-state cricket continues to this day. In 1866–67, prominent cricketer and [[Australian rules football]] pioneer [[Tom Wills]] coached an Aboriginal cricket team, which later [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]] under the captaincy of [[Charles Lawrence (cricketer)|Charles Lawrence]]. The 1876–77 season is notable for a match between a combined [[XI (cricket)|XI]] from New South Wales and Victoria and a [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|touring English team]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], which was later recognised as the first [[Test cricket|Test match]].<ref name=CricketColosseum>{{cite book |last=Piesse |first= Ken|author-link=Ken Piesse |title=Cricket Colosseum:125 Years of Test Cricket at the MCG|year=2003 |publisher= Hardie Grant|___location=South Yarra|isbn=978-1-74066-064-8}}</ref> A famous victory on the [[Australian cricket team in England and the United States in 1882|1882 tour of England]] resulted in the placement of a satirical [[obituary]] in an English newspaper saying that English cricket had "died", and the "body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia". The English media then dubbed the next English tour to Australia ([[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]]) as the quest to "regain the ashes".<ref name=AshesAnthology>{{cite book |last=Arnold|first= Peter|author2=Wynne-Thomas, Peter |title=An Ashes Anthology:England v. Australia|year=1989 |publisher= Simon and Schuster|___location=Brookvale|isbn=978-0-7318-0105-3}}</ref> This success of the national cricket team ignited sport nationalism in the Australian population, and ultimately helped pave the way for political federation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vamplew & Stoddart|ref=CITEREFVamplew|p=5}}</ref> The tradition continues with [[the Ashes]] series, an icon of the sporting rivalry between the two countries.
Australian cricket developed more distinctive traditions after 1900, paralleling the federation of the country in 1901, which helped stimulate pride for "Australian things".<ref>{{Harvnb|Vamplew & Stoddart|ref=CITEREFVamplew|p=62}}</ref> Successful cricketers often become lasting celebrities in Australia. Sir [[Donald Bradman]], who made his Test debut in the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29 series]] against England, is regarded as the game's greatest batsman and a byword for sporting excellence.<ref name="Bradman">{{cite web
| url = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4188.html
| title = Sir Donald Bradman
| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]
| access-date = 4 April 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212191148/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4188.html
| archive-date = 12 February 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Other Australian cricketers who remain household names include [[Richie Benaud]], [[Dennis Lillee]] and [[Shane Warne]] and others who pursued media careers after they retired from the game. Internationally, Australia has for most of the last century sat at or near the top of the cricketing world. In the 1970s, Australian media tycoon [[Kerry Packer]] founded [[World Series Cricket]] from which many international forms of the game have evolved.
Events on the cricket pitch have occasionally been elevated to diplomatic incidents in Australian history, such as the infamous [[Bodyline]] controversy of the 1930s, in which the English team bowled in a physically intimidating way leading to accusations of ''unsportsmanlike'' conduct.<ref name=Jardine>{{cite book
| last =Douglas
| first =Christopher
| title =Douglas Jardine: Spartan Cricketer
| publisher =Methuen
| year = 2002
| isbn = 978-0-413-77216-9
}}</ref>
===Football codes===
{{See also|Australian rules football in Australia|Rugby union in Australia|Rugby league in Australia|Soccer in Australia}}
[[File:Fremantle Oval Statue.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Statue in [[Fremantle]] of an [[Australian rules football]]er taking a [[spectacular mark]]]]
[[Australian rules football]] is the most highly attended spectator sport in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 December 2010 |title=Most popular sports attended |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/4174.0~2009-10~Main+Features~Most+popular+sports+attended?OpenDocument |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |language=}}</ref> Its core support lies in four of the six states: Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vamplew & Stoddart|ref=CITEREFVamplew|p=20}}</ref> Originating in Melbourne and codified during the late 1850s and early 1860s, the sport is the world's oldest codified football game.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vamplew & Stoddart|ref=CITEREFVamplew|pp=20; 25}}</ref> The national competition, the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL), [[History of the Australian Football League|evolved from the Victorian Football League]] in 1990, and has expanded to all states except Tasmania. The [[AFL Grand Final]] is traditionally played on the last Saturday of September at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], the sport's "spiritual home".<ref>[http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Australian%20Football/MCG%20Football%20-%20A%20Brief%20History.aspx MCG Football – A Brief History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023020142/http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Australian%20Football/MCG%20Football%20-%20A%20Brief%20History.aspx |date=23 October 2014 }}, Melbourne Cricket Ground. Retrieved 29 September 2014.</ref> [[Australian rules football culture]] has a strong set of rituals and traditions, such as [[kick-to-kick]] and [[wikt:barracking|barracking]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Trail|first=Margaret|url=https://raco.cat/index.php/coolabah/article/view/327767/418289|title=‘And she flies! Beautiful’: the dislocating geography of football sound|journal=Coolabah|publisher=Australian Studies Centre ([[University of Barcelona]])|issue=11|page=318|doi=10.1344/co201311315-322|issn=1988-5946}}</ref> [[International rules football]] is a [[hybrid sport]] of Australian football and [[Gaelic football]] devised to facilitate matches between Australia and Ireland.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
[[Rugby union]] was first played in Australia in the 1860s and is followed predominately in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The [[Australian national rugby union team|national team]] is known as the Wallabies. Despite having a relatively small player base, Australia has twice won the [[Rugby World Cup]], in [[1991 Rugby World Cup|1991]] and [[1999 Rugby World Cup|1999]], and hosted the [[2003 Rugby World Cup]]. Other notable competitions include the annual [[Bledisloe Cup]], played against Australia's main rivals, the [[New Zealand All Blacks]], and [[the Rugby Championship]], involving [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]], New Zealand, and [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]]. Provincial teams from Australia, South Africa and New Zealand compete in the annual [[Super Rugby]] competition. Rugby [[Test match (rugby union)|test matches]] are also popular and have at times become highly politicised, such as when many Australians, including the Wallabies, demonstrated against the racially selected South African teams of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.aru.rugby.com.au/news/2001_july/mandela_to_honour_anti-apartheid_wallabies_o_11660,4273.html/news/archive/section/21893 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215175853/http://www.aru.rugby.com.au/news/2001_july/mandela_to_honour_anti-apartheid_wallabies_o_11660,4273.html/news/archive/section/21893 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=Mandela to Honour Anti-Aparteid Wallabies of 71 |publisher=ARU |date=6 July 2001 |access-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref> Notable Australian rugby union players include Sir [[Weary Dunlop|Edward Dunlop]], [[Mark Ella]] and [[David Campese]].
[[File:First State of Origin Shield.jpg|thumb|The first [[State of Origin series|State of Origin]] shield]]
[[File:AusChi3 - LogarzoKerrGielnikCelebrate (51556664139).jpg|thumb|The [[Australia women's national soccer team|Matildas]], Australia's national women's football team]]
In 1908, [[rugby league]] was established in Australia, by former rugby union players and supporters as a breakaway professional code. The new code gained and has maintained a wider following in Australia than rugby union, which remained amateur until the 1990s. The sport has roots in the working class communities of [[Lancashire]] and [[Yorkshire]] in Northern England, translating to similar areas in [[Sydney]] and [[Brisbane]]. The elite club competition is the [[National Rugby League]] (NRL), which features ten teams from New South Wales, four teams from Queensland, and one team each from Victoria, Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand. The season culminates in the [[NRL Grand Final]]. The New South Wales [[New South Wales rugby league team|Blues]] and Queensland [[Queensland rugby league team|Maroons]] compete in the annual [[State of Origin series]]. [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia's national team]], the Kangaroos, has contested all 15 [[Rugby League World Cup]] titles, winning 11 of them.
Despite attracting less media attention, spectators and sponsorship than Australian rules football and rugby league, [[soccer]] is Australia's highest participation football code,<ref>[http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6123-australian-sports-participation-rates-among-children-and-adults-december-2014-201503182151 "The Top 20 sports played by Aussies young and old(er)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417151016/http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6123-australian-sports-participation-rates-among-children-and-adults-december-2014-201503182151 |date=17 April 2020 }}, Roy Morgan. Retrieved 18 December 2016,</ref> although in South Australia, Australian rules football is still the most-participated football code.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiZDgwYjA1MzYtMmQ3MS00YmE5LWEwM2MtYTVhMDg3YTg4OWQ3IiwidCI6IjhkMmUwZjRjLTU1ZjItNGNiMS04ZWU3LWRhNWRkM2ZmMzYwMCJ9 | title=Microsoft Power BI }}</ref> During the second half of the 20th century many Australian soccer clubs were based around ethnic groups, mostly European.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tayloe |first1=Deborah |title=The Influence of Australian Migrant Minorities on Soccer Today |url=https://www.footyalmanac.com.au/the-influence-of-australian-migrant-minorities-on-soccer-today/ |website=The Footy Almanac |access-date=8 June 2019 |language=en-AU |date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=The story of Australian soccer, from ethnic clubs to the A-League |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-joe-gorman/9105786 |access-date=8 June 2019 |series=Conversations |series-link=Conversations (radio program) |first1=Sarah |last1=Kanowski | first2=Nicola | last2=Kanowski |network=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Australia]] |station=ABC |date=7 November 2017 |series-no=2017 |number=9105786}}</ref> However, the [[A-League|national league]] was completely reformed in 2004. [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia's national male team]], the Socceroos, has competed in the finals of five [[FIFA World Cup]] championships. In 2006 the Socceroos moved from the [[Oceania Football Confederation]] to the [[Asian Football Confederation]], a much stronger confederation which has allowed the Australian team to avoid repetition of a history of missed World Cup qualifications in forced sudden-death playoffs. Australia won the [[2015 AFC Asian Cup]]. Major international stars from Australia include [[Tim Cahill]], [[Mark Viduka]], [[Mark Schwarzer]] and [[Harry Kewell]]. In the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]], [[Australia women's national soccer team|Australia's national women's team]] set an Australian TV rating record, averaging 7.13 million viewers in the semi-finals against England, after the previous game against France became the most viewed event of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mitchell|first1=Thomas |last2=Quinn|first2=Karl |date=2023-08-17 |title=Matildas semi-final fever scores another TV viewing record |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/matildas-semi-final-fever-scores-another-tv-viewing-record-20230816-p5dwxm.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The significant outpouring of community support for the team was dubbed by the media as "[[Matildas fever]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beveridge|first=Anthea|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-06/matildas-induced-womens-sport-love-not-new-in-canberra/102943646|title=Matildas fever saw the nation fall in love with women's sport — but that's not a new concept in the nation's capital|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=5 October 2023|access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>
===Water sports===
{{See also|Surfing in Australia}}
[[File:George Caddy Surf Lifesavers.jpg|thumb|The [[surf lifesaving]] movement originated in Australia. Pictured: surf lifesavers, [[Bondi Beach]], 1930s.]]
Australia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and [[surfing]]. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.<ref name="culture.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/ |title=Surf Life Saving – Australia's Culture Portal |publisher=Culture.gov.au |date=6 February 1938 |access-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228072923/http://culture.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/ |archive-date=28 February 2011}}</ref>
Swimming is a popular pastime for Australians. In the early 1900s, members of the Australian [[Cavill family (swimming)|Cavill family]] pioneered the [[crawl stroke]] ("Australian crawl") and [[butterfly stroke]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ishof.org/Honorees/70/70cavillfamily.html |title=The Cavill Family |website=ISHOF.org |publisher=[[International Swimming Hall of Fame]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104173114/http://ishof.org/honorees/70/70cavillfamily.html |archive-date=4 November 2007 }}</ref> Australia is a world power in Olympic swimming, second only to the United States in total gold medals in the sport. Swimmers like [[Dawn Fraser]], [[Kieren Perkins]] and [[Ian Thorpe]] have taken multiple gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.olympics.com.au/sport/1/14/Swimming |title=Sport: Swimming – Australian Olympic Committee |publisher=Corporate.olympics.com.au |access-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> Most states have a compulsory school swimming program, so it is common for Australians to be competent in swimming and water safety.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aquastarswim.com.au/are-swimming-lessons-complusory-in-australia/ |title=Are swimming lessons compulsory in Australia? |date=29 October 2020 |publisher=aquastarswim.com.au/ |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
Australians have a particular affinity for [[surf lifesaving]], and surf lifesavers have a revered status in Australian culture. The world's first surf lifesaving club, [[Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club]], was founded at [[Bondi Beach]], Sydney, in 1906. [[Surf Life Saving Australia]] has conducted hundreds of thousands of rescues around Australia. Tens of thousands of Australians compete in surf lifesaving training and competitions, such as [[Ironman (surf lifesaving)|Ironman]] events.<ref name="culture.gov.au"/>
In the summer of 1915, [[Duke Kahanamoku]] of [[Hawaii]] introduced [[surf board]] riding to Sydney's [[Freshwater Beach]], amazing locals and starting a long-term love affair with the sport in Australia.<ref name="culture.gov.au"/> Over 1 in 10 Australians surf recreationally,<ref>[http://www.surfingaustralia.com/statistics.php Surfing Australia Fast Facts] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140130025713/http://www.surfingaustralia.com/statistics.php |date=30 January 2014 }}, Surfing Australia. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</ref> and more Australians have been declared [[world surfing champion]]s than any other nation.<ref>[http://www.isasurf.org/isa-world-champions/ 50 Years of ISA World Champions], International Surfing Association. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</ref>
The [[Sydney to Hobart]] yacht race is a much anticipated fixture on the Australian sporting calendar. Australia won the [[America's Cup]] under skipper [[John Bertrand (Australian sailor)|John Bertrand]] in [[1983 America's Cup|1983]], becoming the first country other than the United States to win the race.
===Other sports===
[[File:PharLap.JPG|thumb|left|[[Phar Lap]] winning the [[Melbourne Cup]], "the race that stops a nation"]]
[[Horse racing]] has had a prominent place in Australian culture since the colonial era, with the first spectator sports event in Australia being [[Lachlan Macquarie]]'s race meeting at [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], Sydney, in 1810.<ref>Lester, Gary and Heads, Ian (2010). ''And the Crowd Went Wild'', Playright Publishing</ref> First run in 1861, the [[Melbourne Cup]] is known as "the race that stops a nation" for the enthusiasm with which Australians tune in for the annual race, and is said to encapsulate the country's twin obsessions of sport and [[gambling in Australia|gambling]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Melbourne Cup: The horse race that captivates and divides Australia |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/en/podcast-episode/melbourne-cup-horse-race-explainer/squgz9mad |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref>
[[Basketball]] is popular in Australia in terms of participation, especially among children.<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Sports%20and%20physical%20recreation~116 Sport and Physical Recreation], [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]. Retrieved 9 June 2014.</ref> The [[National Basketball League (Australasia)|National Basketball League]] (NBL) began in 1979 and is contested by eight teams—seven from Australia and one from New Zealand.<ref name=nbl-hq>[http://www.nbl.com.au/nbl-hq NBL HQ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626103747/http://www.nbl.com.au/nbl-hq |date=26 June 2015 }}</ref> The [[Women's National Basketball League]] (WNBL) is the top women's basketball league, having begun in 1981, and the [[Australia national women's basketball team|national women's team]] (the Opals) has won medals at the Olympics since 1994. [[Netball]] has the highest participation rate of any women's sport in Australia. Established in 2008, the [[ANZ Championship]] is the premier netball league in Australia and New Zealand, featuring five teams from each country. The [[Australian national netball team]] (the Diamonds) is considered the best in the world, having won 10 of 13 [[World Netball Championships]].
The Australian [[V8 Supercars]] series is steadily growing in popularity across the world, where television coverage allows.
Australia regularly raises world champion [[field hockey]] teams. Australian [[Road bicycle racing|cyclists]] have won international cycling competitions, most notably [[Cadel Evans]]' win in the [[2011 Tour de France]]. In 2008, the [[Tour Down Under]], centred around Adelaide, became the first [[UCI ProTour]] cycling race to be held outside of Europe. Among young people and within schools nationwide, various forms of handball or [[downball]] games have been among the most prevalent sports games for some decades.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Kiandra carnival 1900 Charles Kerry.jpeg|thumb|[[Skiing in Australia]] began in [[Kiandra]], a goldmining town in the [[Snowy Mountains]] of New South Wales, in the 1860s.]]
Snow sports are enjoyed in the [[Australian Alps]] and in Tasmania. [[Skiing in Australia]] was first introduced by Norwegian miners in the gold mining town of [[Kiandra, New South Wales|Kiandra]] in the [[Snowy Mountains]] of New South Wales around 1859. The sport remains a popular winter activity in the south-eastern states and territories. Major [[alpine skiing]] resorts include [[Thredbo]], [[Perisher Ski Resort|Perisher]] and [[Charlotte Pass]] in New South Wales; [[Mount Hotham]], [[Falls Creek, Victoria|Falls Creek]] and [[Mount Buller]] in Victoria and [[Mount Ben Lomond]] in Tasmania. Extensive areas are available for cross country skiing within national parks including [[Kosciuszko National Park]] (NSW), [[Alpine National Park]] (VIC); [[Namadgi National Park]] (ACT) and in the [[Tasmanian Wilderness]]. Australia has long [[Australia at the Winter Olympics|participated in the Winter Olympics]] and has won medals at the Games since the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Increased interest and participation in American sports has led to opportunities for Australians to play at the top level in sports such as [[baseball]], [[ice hockey]] and [[American football]]. [[Grant Balfour]] is a relief pitcher for the [[Tampa Bay Rays]], and played in the [[2008 World Series]]. The skill set of Australian rules footballers fits the mould of US [[National Football League]] (NFL) [[Punter (football)|punters]], and they stand out from their American peers with their ability to tackle returners. Two former AFL footballers competed in the 2009 [[National Football Conference|NFC]] Championship game as punters, [[Saverio Rocca]] for the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] and [[Ben Graham (football player)|Ben Graham]] for the [[Arizona Cardinals]]. Graham's appearance in [[Super Bowl XLIII]] made him the first Australian to play in the NFL's championship game. The first College Bowl game to feature two Australians was the [[2012 BCS National Championship Game]] with punter [[Brad Wing]] from LSU and defensive end [[Jesse Williams (American football)|Jesse Williams]] for Alabama. In 2018, [[Nathan Walker]], the first Australian drafted by an NHL team, also became the first to play on a Stanley Cup winning team, the 2018 Washington Capitals.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
==Folklore==
{{main|Australian folklore}}
[[File:SIMPSON AND HIS DONKEY MONUMENT.jpg|thumb|upright|A commemorative statue of [[John Simpson Kirkpatrick]], a famous stretcher bearer who was killed in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]].]]
Australian stories and legends have a cultural significance independent of their empirical truth or falsehood. This can be seen in the portrayal of [[bushranger]] [[Ned Kelly]] as a mixture of the underdog and [[Robin Hood]] and an example of "the independence and the maverick spirit of early Australia".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-18 |title=Ned Kelly: The outlaw who divides a nation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21077457#:~:text=To%20many%20Australians,%20Ned%20Kelly,colonists%20in%20the%2019th%20Century. |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Militarily, Australians have served in numerous overseas wars, ranging from [[World War I]] through to recent regional security missions, such as [[East Timor]], [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Australian war culture generally consists of somber reflection and commemoration, focusing on "on-field heroism and sacrifice" rather than glory.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daley |first=Paul |date=2014-04-24 |title=Anzac Day: duck as the glory talk flies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/postcolonial/2014/apr/24/anzac-day-time-to-duck-as-guts-and-glory-assault-the-senses |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An annual national holiday, [[Anzac Day]], exists for this purpose. The Australian experience of defeat in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]], the first iconic moment in modern Australia's involvement in war, is viewed by Australians with both pride for the fighting of the soldiers, and bitterness for the perceived negligence on the part of British commanders. The instances of bravery and determination displayed during the campaign for Gallipoli, as well as the mutual respect for their [[Turkey|Turkish]] adversaries led by Kemal [[Atatürk]], are seen as part of the [[ANZAC]] spirit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anzac legend |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/personnel/anzac-legend#7 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=anzacportal.dva.gov.au}}</ref><ref name="ANZAC day" /> During the First World War, Australian soldiers were considered to be remarkably determined, united and hard-working. Many Australians knew how to ride and shoot prior to enlistment, making them talented recruits, but they were also infamous for their lax attitude towards formal parade ground discipline, a notoriety that the Australian soldiers reveled in. From this the notion of the larrikin [[Digger (soldier)|Digger]] emerged,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Luke J. |date=24 April 2024 |title=Clash of Cultures: The Digger Legend of the First Australian Imperial Force |url=https://theforge.defence.gov.au/article/clash-cultures-digger-legend-first-australian-imperial-force |access-date=16 August 2024|website=theforge.defence.gov.au}}</ref> an important part of contemporary Australian identity.
==Attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes==
{{quote box|width=275px|align=left|quote="Canberra is a poor thing compared to Washington [D.C.] and there is no great metropolis like New York that sets many of the nation's trends. There is no generally acknowledged central city where the important things are believed to happen and it seems better to be."|source=[[Donald Horne]] in ''[[The Lucky Country]]'' (1964), describing the comfortable provinciality of Australians and the lack of cultural epicentre in a major city.}}
Critics and scholars have sometimes scrutinised the Australian culture, with aspects of it loosely criticised for being [[kitsch]], low-brow or rooted in poor taste.<ref>{{cite book|title=Memory Fragments: Visualising Difference in Australian History|year=2012|publisher=Intellect Books|first=Marita|last=Bullock|page=17|isbn=9781841505534}}</ref> The term "[[cultural cringe]]" was coined to describe this entrenched national inferiority complex which assumes ideas and cultures of other places are automatically superior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/10/1974488.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524155438/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/10/1974488.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2009 |title=Getting over Australia's Cultural Cringe |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=10 July 2007 |access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Phillips | first = Arthur Angel | author-link = A. A. Phillips | title = A. A. Phillips on the Cultural Cringe | publisher = [[Melbourne University Publishing]] | url = http://www.mup.unimelb.edu.au/catalogue/0-522-85221-1.html | date = January 2006 | isbn = 0-522-85221-1 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061214115020/http://www.mup.unimelb.edu.au/catalogue/0-522-85221-1.html | archive-date = 14 December 2006 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Expatriate Games | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Expatriate-games/2005/03/24/1111525276948.html | newspaper = [[The Age]] | date = 25 March 2005 | access-date = 17 January 2007 }}</ref><ref name="When London Calls">{{cite book | last = Alomes | first = Stephen | title = When London Calls: The Expatriation of Australian Creative Artists to Britain | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | ___location = Melbourne | url = https://archive.org/details/whenlondoncalls00step | isbn = 0-521-62031-7 }}</ref><ref name="Once an Australian">{{cite book | last = Britain | first = Ian | title = Once an Australian: Journeys with Barry Humphries, Clive James, Germaine Greer and Robert Hughes | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1997 | ___location = Melbourne | url = https://archive.org/details/onceaustralianjo00brit | isbn = 0-19-553742-4 }}</ref> Some links have been made between the cultural cringe and a perceived [[anti-intellectualism]] that has underpinned public life in Australia.<ref>{{cite news | title = Anti-Intellectualism in Australia | url = http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/austback/stories/s198653.htm | publisher = [[Radio National]] | date = 5 October 2000 | access-date = 17 January 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820103334/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/austback/stories/s198653.htm | archive-date = 20 August 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some commentators have noted a decline in the cultural cringe in the 21st century, with a "social change" and wider reverence for Australian culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Getting over Australia's cultural cringe|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Online]]|date=10 July 2007|access-date=30 August 2016|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-10/getting-over-australias-cultural-cringe/95094}}</ref>
The phrase "[[Lucky Country|the lucky country]]", coined by [[Donald Horne]], is a reference to Australia's weather, lifestyle, and history.<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/luckycountry/ The Lucky Country] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007062744/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/luckycountry/ |date=7 October 2006 }}</ref> Ironically, Horne was using the term to denigrate the political [[philistinism]], a lack of innovation and criticise the complacency of Australian society in the early 1960s. Since he coined the phrase it has commonly been misapplied by both the media and general public to denote Australia's perceived fortunes.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Despite Horne's lament that Australia had no "major city" that "set the nation's trends", a [[Counterculture|counter-cultural]] movement and intellectual scene known as the [[Sydney Push]] did emerge in Sydney in the 1940s–70s, of which feminist [[Germaine Greer]] was a noted member.<ref>{{cite web|title=When the Push came to shove|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=4 April 2009|accessdate=25 January 2023|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/when-the-push-came-to-shove-20141112-9qi9.html}}</ref>
"Mateship", or loyal fraternity is the code of conduct, particularly between men, although more recently also between men and women, stressing equality and friendship.<ref name=GP/><ref name="Mateship Redefined">{{cite news|title=Mateship Redefined|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=25 January 2013 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/mateship-redefined-20130124-2d9dm.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Great Mateship Myth|newspaper=The Australian|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/the-great-mateship-myth/story-e6frg9jx-1226809429369}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Mateship: Hit for six|date= 12 August 1999 |website=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/418548.stm}}</ref> The value of mateship is sourced in the difficulty of subduing the land. Unlike other cultures based on a nurturing landscape that they seek to protect from others, Australian settlers experienced great hardship and had to support each other in order to survive. The battle against the elements led to the nickname of a member of Australia's working class being the "Aussie battler".<ref name=GP/>
An aspect of the mateship culture on language is that Australians have a propensity for the diminutive forms of names e.g. Hargrave → Hargie; Wilkinson → Wilko; John → Johnno; David → Davo; Hogan → Hoges; James → Jimmy → Jim → Jimbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicknames you don't forget |url=http://blogs.brisbanetimes.com.au/rhymeorreason/archives/2007/04/nicknames_you_d.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110316050143/http://blogs.brisbanetimes.com.au/rhymeorreason/archives/2007/04/nicknames_you_d.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |work=Brisbane times}}</ref> This is a display of affection and acceptance rather than belittlement.<ref name=GP>{{cite book|last1=Kirsten|first1=Wolf|last2=Karch|first2=Robert C.|title=Global Perspectives in Workplace Health Promotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1q2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|year=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-0-7637-9358-6|page=8}}</ref> Any disloyalty to or poor treatment of their "mates" is treated harshly. Australians particularly dislike bragging or overly advertising one's own successes. The term "tall poppy syndrome" is commonly used to describe people who grow greater than their peers and are harshly criticised as being narcissistic, or "up themselves". Even the most successful and beautiful Australians are eager to proclaim how ordinary they are, to the extent that two-thirds of the highest earning households define themselves as middle class, lower middle class or even working class.<ref>{{cite news|title=Income distribution: Australia's highest earners think they are battlers|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/income-distribution-australias-highest-earners-think-they-are-battlers-20160212-gmt62w.html}}</ref> This egalitarian social system makes Australians appear "laid-back", welcoming or relaxed to others. Australians generally address one another verbally by the first name alone. In formal situations, people may use a person's title (e.g. Mr., Mrs., Ms., Doctor, etc.) followed by their family name. Middle names are almost never used to address a person, unless quoted on formal/legal documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2021 |title=Australian - Naming |url=https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/australian-culture/australian-culture-naming |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=}}</ref>
The [[mateship]] culture combined with the original convict and then colonial culture has created an irreverence for established authority, particularly if it is pompous or out of touch with reality. Politicians, or "pollies", are generally disliked and distrusted.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Politicians who seek to lead must comply to the views of the egalitarian electorate, who will punish any hint of arrogance or glory-seeking behavior. Voter turnout at elections had in fact been so low that [[compulsory voting]] was introduced for the [[1925 Australian federal election|1925 federal election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/voting/compulsory_voting.pdf |title=Compulsory Voting in Australia |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]|date=16 January 2006 |access-date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
Mirroring the [[tall poppy syndrome]] which brings back to Earth the high fliers, the egalitarian Australian society has a traditional Australian support for the [[underdog (competition)|underdog]].<ref name=GP/> Australians will show support for those who appear to be at a disadvantage even when the underdog is competing against fellow Australians, such as in sporting events. Related to the underdog is the belief in a "fair go", which is said to be a key part of Australian culture and Australian society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/values/book/english/lia_english_full.pdf |title=Living in Australia |publisher=Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship |year=2007 |access-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625225148/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/values/book/english/lia_english_full.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One accepted definition of a "fair go" in this Australian sense is "a chance, an adequate opportunity. Often used to describe a fair and reasonable course of action".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deafau.org.au/advocacy/fairaward.php/ |title=Fair Go Award |publisher=Deaf Australia Inc |format=webpage |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813090139/http://www.deafau.org.au/advocacy/fairaward.php |archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref>
The right to "a fair go" has been found to be the most highly rated value on a recent published survey of the opinion of Australian citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/australians-value-a-fair-go-highest/2006/11/11/1162661949374.html/
|url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002812/https://www.theage.com.au/national/australians-value-a-fair-go-highest-20061112-ge3juk.html |archive-date=15 October 2018 |title=Australians Value a Fair Go Highest |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=12 November 2006 |access-date=19 August 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This belief sustains bipartisan political support for strong public health and education systems in Australia, as well as equal opportunity legislation to ensure people are not excluded from jobs or positions by their race, gender or sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business.gov.au/BusinessTopics/Employingpeople/Hiringpeople/Pages/Equalemploymentopportunityandantidiscrimination.aspx/ |title=Equal Employment Opportunity and Antidiscrimination |publisher=business.gov.au |format=webpage |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730030300/http://www.business.gov.au/BusinessTopics/Employingpeople/Hiringpeople/Pages/Equalemploymentopportunityandantidiscrimination.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>
This value is frequently cited by politicians who wish to associate themselves or their party with the positive connotations of this notion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2011/02/16/fair-go-australian-industries-and-jobs-0/ |title=A Fair Go For Australian Industries and Jobs |publisher=[[Liberal Party of Australia]] |format=webpage |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008135746/http://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2011/02/16/fair-go-australian-industries-and-jobs-0 |archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Swan |first=Wayne |date=27 April 2013 |title=Fair Go Under Fire |url=http://www.chifley.org.au/fair-go-under-fire/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20131010032758/http://www.chifley.org.au/fair-go-under-fire/ |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=Australian Labor Party |format=webpage}}</ref> There has been ongoing public and political discussion of the place and future of "the fair go" in Australian society. This is especially frequent with reference to economics issues and policies.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2013 |title=Aussie Fair Go Under Threat |url=http://www.news.com.au/money/cost-of-living/aussie-fair-go-under-threat-as-the-rich-get-richer/story-fnagkbpv-1226671914315/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130701061927/http://www.news.com.au/money/cost-of-living/aussie-fair-go-under-threat-as-the-rich-get-richer/story-fnagkbpv-1226671914315/ |archive-date=1 July 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=news.com.au |format=webpage}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/the-fair-go-has-fairly-gone-20120522-1z2zz.html/ |title= The Fair Go has fairly gone |newspaper= smh.com.au|format=webpage |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2013 |title=Fair Go: Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cis.org.au/publications/policy-monographs/article/4791-a-fair-go-fact-or-fiction/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140126044434/http://www.cis.org.au/publications/policy-monographs/article/4791-a-fair-go-fact-or-fiction/ |archive-date=26 January 2014 |access-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=Centre for Independent Studies |format=webpage}}</ref> The call for "a fair go" is also regularly used by advocates wanting to point out groups who have been overlooked or treated unfairly according to the expectations of treatment by the wider community. Recent examples of this include media presentation of the treatment of illegal immigrants, [[asylum seekers]] and refugees,<ref>[http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/a-fair-go-for-refugees-is-a-fair-go-for-all-australians/story-e6frezz0-1225842035844/ A fair go for refugees is a fair go for all Australians] [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanson-Young |first=Sarah |date=2012-10-09 |title=Australia's fair-go values must extend to refugees |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australias-fair-go-values-must-extend-to-refugees-20121009-27ay8.html |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> as well as the community campaign in support of "a fair go" for the large group of Australian doctors who have been classified as "non-vocationally registered [[general practitioners]]" (non-VR GPs),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ama.com.au/ama-policy-non-vocationally-registered-general-practitioners|title=AMA Policy on Non-Vocationally Registered General Practitioners|publisher=[[Australian Medical Association]]|date=27 June 2013|access-date=19 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006183105/https://ama.com.au/ama-policy-non-vocationally-registered-general-practitioners|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> and are subject to discriminatory pay and conditions compared to their colleagues, for identical work.<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=Equal Work for Half Pay |url=http://www.fairgofordoctors.org/equal-work-for-half-pay/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20141006191605/http://www.fairgofordoctors.org/equal-work-for-half-medicare/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=19 August 2013 |website=fairgofordoctors.org |publisher= |format=webpage}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Australia}}
* [[Australiana]]
* [[Australian Aboriginal culture]]
* {{section link|Torres Strait Islanders|Culture}}
* [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]]
* {{section link|Anglo-Saxons|Culture}}
* [[Australian rules football in popular culture]]
* [[Sport in rural and regional Australia]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}
=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite book|first=James|last=Jupp|year=2001 |title=The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5218-0789-0|ref=CITEREFJupp1}}
* {{Cite book|first=Laurie|last=Clancy|year=2004 |title=Culture and Customs of Australia|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-3133-2169-6|ref=CITEREFClancy}}
* {{Cite book|first1=Wray|last1=Vamplew|first2=Brian|last2=Stoddart|year=1994 |title=Sport in Australia: A Social History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521071352|ref=CITEREFVamplew}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Culture of Australia}}
* [https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/australian-culture SBS Australian Cultural Atlas]
{{Australia topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture of Australia}}
[[Category:Culture of Australia| ]]
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