Makurap language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Tupian language spoken in Brazil}}

{{Lead too short|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Makurap

| states = {{flag|[[Brazil}}]]

| ethnicity = 130 Makurap (2007)<ref name=e18/>

|speakers=110 in 1995

| speakers = 45

|ethnicity=267 (date unknown)

| date = 1992

|familycolor=American

| ref = e18

|fam1=[[Tupian languages|Tupian]]

| familycolor = tupian

|fam2=[[Tuparí languages|Tuparí]]

| fam1 = [[Tupian languages|Tupian]]

|iso3=mpu

| fam2 = [[Tuparí languages|Tuparí]]

| iso3 = mpu

| glotto = maku1278

| glottorefname = Makuráp

| altname = Macurapi

| region = [[Rondônia]]

}}

'''Makurap''' (Macurapi) is a [[Tupian language]] of [[Brazil]], spoken by the Makurap people of [[Rondônia]]. Portuguese is now the primary language of the younger Makurap; older members of Indigenous peoples in the region use Makurap during 'chichada' festivals where [[chicha]] is communally consumed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Makurap - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Makurap |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=pib.socioambiental.org}}</ref>

'''Makurap''' (Macurapi) is a [[Tupian language]] of [[Brazil]].

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center"

|+Makurap consonants<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aspects morphosyntaxiques de la langue makurap/tupi (Braga 2005) - Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:braga-2005 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.etnolinguistica.org}}</ref>

!

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Postalveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

|-

!Occlusive

|p

|t

|

|

|k

|-

!Affricate

|

|

|tʃ&emsp;(dʒ)

|

|

|-

!Fricative

|(β)

|

|

|

|

|-

!Tap/Flap

|

|ɾ

|

|

|

|-

!Nasal

|m

|n

|

|(ɲ)

|ŋ

|-

!Approximant

|w

|(l)

|(ɻ)

|j

|

|}

Sounds /p, t, k/ are heard as voiced [b, d, ɡ] when before voiced consonants.

Sounds /p, t, tʃ, k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, c̚, k̚] when in word-final position.

Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ/ are heard as prenasalized stops [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ] in syllable-initial positions in free variation.

/w/ is also heard as a fricative [β] in free variation.

/ɾ/ is also heard as liquid sounds [ɻ] and [l] in free variation.

/j/ may also be heard as an affricate [dʒ] or prenasal [ⁿdʒ] in word-initial positions, and as [ɲ] when in between nasal vowels.<ref name=":1" />

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center"

|+Makurap vowels<ref name=":1" />

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Central

! colspan="2" |Back

|-

! colspan="2" |<small>unrounded</small>

! colspan="2" |<small>rounded</small>

|-

!<small>oral</small>

!<small>nasal</small>

!<small>oral</small>

!<small>nasal</small>

!<small>oral</small>

!<small>nasal</small>

|-

!Close

|i

|ĩ

|ɨ

|ɨ̃

|u

|ũ

|-

!Close-mid

|e

|ẽ

|

| rowspan="2" |ə̃

|o

|õ

|-

!Open-mid

|(ɛ)

|

|

|

|

|-

!Open

|

|

|a

|

|

|

|}

/e/ may also be heard as [ɛ] in free variation.

A length distinction is lost among younger speakers. For example, the words {{IPA|[tsãn]}} 'sweet' and {{IPA|[tsã:n]}} 'cold' are homophones in modern pronunciation.<ref name=":0" />

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Tupian languages}}

[[Category:Tupian languages]]

[[Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area]]

{{natupian-lang-stub}}