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{{For|the timeline of the smart phone|Smartphone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
This timeline of the [[telephone]] covers landline, radio, and [[cellular telephony]] technologies and provides many important dates in the [[history of the telephone]].
[[File:Antonio Meucci.jpg|thumb|130px|Antonio Meucci]]
[[File:Charles-bourseul-l-enfant-de-douai-qui-1690515.jpg|thumb|130px|Charles Bourseul]]
[[File:JPReis.jpg|thumb|130px|Johann Philipp Reis]]
[[File:Elisha gray.jpg|thumb|130px|Elisha Gray]]
[[File:Thomas Edison2.jpg|thumb|130px|Thomas Edison]]
[[File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Alexander Graham Bell]]
[[File:Thomas watson.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Thomas Augustus Watson]]
[[File:Tivadar Puskas.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Tivadar Puskás]]
[[File:Emile Berliner.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Emile Berliner]]
[[File:Charles Sumner Tainter.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Charles Sumner Tainter]]
[[File:Theodore Newton Vail, bw photo portrait, 1913.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Theodore Newton Vail]]
==
* 1667: [[Robert Hooke]] creates an [[acoustics|acoustic]] [[string telephone]] that conveys sounds over a taut extended wire by mechanical vibrations.<ref name="McVeigh">McVeigh, Daniel P.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20130618081711/http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part1.html An Early History of the Telephone: 1664–1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Acoustic Inventions] (archived from [http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part1.html the original] on 18 June 2013), [[Columbia University]] website. Retrieved 15 January 2013.</ref><ref name="ScottishPostOffice">Giles, Arthur (editor). [http://digital.nls.uk/directories/browse/pageturner.cfm?id=85502911&mode=transcription County Directory of Scotland (for 1901–1904): Twelfth Issue: Telephone (Scottish Post Office Directories)], Edinburgh: R. Grant & Son, 1902, p. 28.</ref>
* 1844: [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] first suggests the idea of an electric "speaking telegraph", or [[telephone]].
* 1849: [[Antonio Meucci]] developed a voice-communication apparatus that several sources credit as the first [[telephone]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews|title=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules|first=Rory|last=Carroll|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 17, 2002|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=August 24, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731091627/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1854: [[Charles Bourseul]] publishes a description of a make-and-break telephone transmitter and receiver in ''[[L'Illustration]]'', (Paris) but does not construct a working instrument.
* 1854: Meucci demonstrates an electric voice-operated device in New York, but it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated.
* 1860: [[Johann Philipp Reis]] of Germany demonstrates a [[Reis telephone|make-and-break transmitter]] after the design of Bourseul and a knitting-needle receiver. Witnesses said they heard human voices being transmitted.
* 1861: Johann Philipp Reis transfers voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet with his [[Reis telephone]]. To prove that speech can be recognized successfully at the receiving end, he uses the phrase "The horse does not eat cucumber salad" as an example because this phrase is hard to understand acoustically in German.
* 1864: In an attempt to give his musical [[automaton]] a voice, Innocenzo Manzetti invents the 'speaking telegraph'. He shows no interest in patenting his device, but it is reported in newspapers.
* 1865: Meucci reads of Manzetti's invention and writes to the editors of two newspapers claiming priority and quoting his first experiment in 1849. He writes "I do not wish to deny Mr. Manzetti his invention, I only wish to observe that two thoughts could be found to contain the same discovery, and that by uniting the two ideas one can more easily reach the certainty about a thing this important."
* 1871: Meucci files a [[patent caveat]] (a statement of intention to file a [[patent application]])<ref>[http://files.meetup.com/1004848/MeucciMarch07.pdf Text of Meucci's Caveat, pages 16-18].</ref> for a Sound Telegraph, but it does not describe an electromagnetic telephone.
* 1872: [[Elisha Gray]] founds the [[Western Electric|Western Electric Manufacturing Company]].
* 1872: Professor Vanderwyde demonstrates Reis's telephone in New York.
* July 1873: [[Thomas Edison]] notes varying resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, and builds a rheostat based on the principle but abandons it because of its sensitivity to vibration.
* May 1874: Gray invents an electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use a metallic diaphragm.
* July 1874: [[Alexander Graham Bell]] conceives the theoretical concept for the telephone while vacationing at his parents' farm near [[Brantford]], Ontario, Canada. [[Alexander Melville Bell]] records notes of his son's conversation in his personal journal.
* 29 December 1874: Gray demonstrates his musical tones device and transmits "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" at the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois.
* 4 May 1875: Bell conceives of using varying resistance in a wire conducting electric current to create a varying current amplitude.<ref>Bruce (1990), pages 144-145.</ref>
* 2 June 1875: Bell transmits the sound of a plucked steel reed using electromagnet instruments.
* 1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "indistinct but voice-like sounds" rather than clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
* 1875: Thomas Edison experiments with [[acoustic telegraphy]] and, in November, builds an electro-dynamic receiver but does not exploit it.
==
* 11 February 1876: [[Elisha Gray]] invents a [[Water microphone|liquid transmitter]] for use with a telephone, but he did not make one.
* 14 February 1876
** about 9:30{{nbsp}}am: Gray or his lawyer brings Gray's [[patent caveat]] for the telephone to the [[Old Patent Office Building|Washington, D.C. Patent Office]] (a caveat was a notice of intention to file a patent application. It was like a [[patent application]], but without a request for examination, for the purpose of notifying the patent office of a possible [[invention]] in process).
** about 11:30{{nbsp}}am: Bell's lawyer brings to the same patent office Bell's patent application for the telephone. Bell's lawyer requests that it be registered immediately in the cash receipts blotter.
** about 1:30{{nbsp}}pm: Approximately two hours later Elisha Gray's [[patent caveat]] is registered in the cash blotter. Although his caveat was not a full application, Gray could have converted it into a patent application and contested Bell's priority, but did not do so because of advice from his lawyer and his involvement with [[acoustic telegraphy]]. The result was that the patent was awarded to Bell.<ref>[[David A. Hounshell|Hounshell, David A.]] 1975. "Elisha Gray and the Telephone: On the Disadvantages of Being an Expert", ''Technology and Culture'', 1975, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 133–161.</ref>
* 7 March 1876: Bell's [[United States patent law|U.S. Patent]], No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
* 10 March 1876: Bell first successfully transmits speech, saying "Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you!" using a liquid transmitter as described in Gray's caveat, and Bell's own electromagnetic receiver.
* 16 May 1876: [[Thomas Edison]] files first patent application for [[acoustic telegraphy]] for which U.S. patent 182,996 was granted 10 October 1876.
* 25 June 1876: Bell exhibits his telephone at the [[Centennial Exposition]] in Philadelphia, where it draws enthusiastic reactions from Emperor [[Dom Pedro II]] of Brazil and [[Lord Kelvin]], attracting the attention of the press and resulting in the first announcements of the invention to the general public. Lord Kelvin describes the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20170407132609/http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/Scienceandtechnology/Telecommunications/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID={26E01AAD-9528-A037-3F8D-18F71C87E944}&s=S1&viewby=images& |title=Bell's centennial telephone transmitter, 1876 |publisher=National Archives UK |access-date=14 January 2020 }}</ref>
* 10 August 1876: Alexander Graham Bell makes the world's first long-distance telephone call, one-way, not reciprocal, over a distance of about 6 miles, between [[Brantford]] and [[Paris, Ontario]], Canada.
* 1876: Hungarian [[Tivadar Puskás]] invents the [[telephone exchange|telephone switchboard exchange]] (later working with Edison).
* 9 October 1876: Bell makes the first two-way long-distance telephone call between Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts.
* October 1876: Edison tests his first [[carbon microphone]].
* 1877: The first experimental telephone exchange in Boston.
* 20 January 1877: Edison "first [succeeds] in transmitting over wires many articulated sentences" using carbon granules as a pressure-sensitive varying resistance under the pressure of a diaphragm.<ref>Josephson, p. 143.</ref>
* 30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. Patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
* 4 March 1877: [[Emile Berliner]] invents a microphone based on "loose contact" between two metal electrodes, an improvement on [[Reis telephone|Reis' Telephone]], and in April 1877 files a caveat of an invention in process.
* April 1877: A [[telephone line]] connects the workshop of Charles Williams, Jr., located in [[Boston]], to [[Charles Williams Jr. House|his house]] in [[Somerville, Massachusetts]], at 109 Court Street in Boston, where [[Alexander Graham Bell]] and [[Thomas A. Watson|Thomas Watson]] had previously experimented with their telephone. The telephones became No. 1 and 2 in the [[Bell Telephone Company]].<ref>John Lossing, Woodrow Wilson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_zXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA38 Harpers' Encyclopædia Of United States From 458 A. D. To 1905], Harper & Brothers, 1905. Original from [[Pennsylvania State University]], Digitized: 25 June 2009.</ref>
* 27 April 1877: Edison files telephone patent applications. U.S. patents (Nos. 474,230, 474,231 and 474,232) were awarded to Edison in 1892 over the competing claims of [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[Emile Berliner]], [[Elisha Gray]], [[Amos Dolbear]], J.W. McDonagh, G.B. Richmond, W.L.W. Voeker, J.H. Irwin and [[Francis Blake (telephone)|Francis Blake Jr]].<ref>Edison, Thomas A. 1880. [http://edison.rutgers.edu/singldoc.htm ''The Speaking Telephone Interferences, Evidence for Thomas A. Edison. Vol. 1''] (jpg image), [cited 21 April 2006].</ref> Edison's [[carbon microphone|carbon granules transmitter]] and Bell's electromagnetic receiver are used, with improvements, by the [[Bell system]] for many decades thereafter.<ref>Josephson, p. 146.</ref>
* 4 June 1877: Emile Berliner files telephone patent application that includes a carbon microphone transmitter.
* 9 July 1877: The [[Bell Telephone Company]], a [[common law]] [[joint-stock company]], is organized by Alexander Graham Bell's future father-in-law [[Gardiner Greene Hubbard]], a lawyer who becomes its first president.
* 6 October 1877: the Scientific American publishes the invention from Bell – at that time still without a ringer.
* 25 October 1877: the article in the Scientific American is discussed at the Telegraphenamt in Berlin
* November 1877: First permanent telephone connection in UK between two business in [[Telephony in Greater Manchester|Manchester]] using imported Bell instruments.
* 12 November 1877: The first commercial telephone company enters telephone business in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdrecord.org/private/tel.html|title = Cdrtools (Cdrecord) release information}}</ref> using the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices built by Siemens.
* 1 December 1877: [[Western Union]] enters the telephone business using Edison's superior carbon microphone transmitter.
* 14 January 1878: Bell demonstrates the device to [[Queen Victoria]] and gives her an opportunity to try it. Calls are made to Cowes, Southampton and London, the first long-distance calls in the [[UK]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/alexander-graham-bell-unveils-telephone/ Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the newly invented telephone]</ref> The queen asks to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offers to make a model specifically for her.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/magbell.30000106/ |title=pdf, Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Sir Thomas Biddulph, February 1, 1878 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=14 January 2020 |quote="The instruments at present in Osborne are merely those supplied for ordinary commercial purposes, and it will afford me much pleasure to be permitted to offer to the Queen a set of Telephones to be made expressly for her Majesty's use."}}</ref>
* 28 January 1878: The first commercial North American [[telephone exchange]] is opened in [[New Haven, Connecticut]].
* 4 February 1878: Edison demonstrates the telephone between [[Menlo Park, New Jersey|Menlo Park]], New Jersey and [[Philadelphia]].
* 14 June 1878: The Telephone Company (Bell's Patents) Ltd. is registered in London. Opened in London on 21 August 1879, it is Europe's first telephone exchange, followed a couple of weeks later by one in [[Manchester]].<ref>[http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/33871608/earlymanchestertelephoneexchanges.pdf Early Manchester Telephone Exchanges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207102045/http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/33871608/earlymanchestertelephoneexchanges.pdf |date=7 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 12 September 1878: the Bell Telephone Company sues Western Union for infringing Bell's patents.
* 1878: The first Australian telephone trials were made between [[Semaphore, South Australia|Semaphore]] and [[Kapunda, South Australia|Kapunda]] (and later [[Adelaide]] and [[Port Adelaide]]) in South Australia.<ref name="FirstAust">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46982173 |title= Development of Telephone | newspaper = [[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |___location=Adelaide |date=21 June 1933 |access-date=16 April 2012 | page=5 | publisher = National Library of Australia}}</ref>
== 1879 to 1919 ==
[[File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14756440715).jpg|thumb|Alexander Graham Bell at the opening of the first New York – Chicago telephone line (October 18, 1892)]]
* Early months of 1879: The [[Bell Telephone Company]] is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter.
* 17 February 1879: Bell Telephone merges with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. [[Theodore Vail]] takes over operations.
* 1879: Francis Blake invents a carbon transmitter similar to Edison's that saves the Bell company from extinction.
* 2 August 1879: The Edison Telephone Company London Ltd, registered. Opened in London 6 September 1879.
* 10 September 1879: Connolly and McTighe patent a "dial" telephone exchange (limited in the number of lines to the number of positions on the dial.).
* 1879: The [[International Bell Telephone Company]] (IBTC) of [[Brussels|Brussels, Belgium]] was founded by [[Bell Telephone Company]] president [[Gardiner Greene Hubbard]], initially to sell imported [[telephone]]s and [[telephone switchboard|switchboards]] in [[Continental Europe]].<ref name="StowgerNet">StowgerNet Museum. [http://strowger-net.telefoonmuseum.com/tel_hist_antwerp.html BTMC And ATEA—Antwerp's Twin Telephone Companies], StowgerNet Telephone Museum website. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</ref><ref name="BOPw">Bob's Old Phones. [http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Bell_WE_files/BellWEHistory.htm European Bell and Western Electric Phones], Bob's Old Phones website. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</ref> International Bell rapidly evolved into an important European [[telephone company|telephone service provider]] and manufacturer, with major operations in several countries.
* 19 February 1880: The [[photophone]], also called a [[radiophone]], is invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and [[Charles Sumner Tainter]] at Bell's [[Volta Laboratory and Bureau|Volta Laboratory]].<ref>Bruce 1990, p. 336</ref><ref name="SDU">Jones, Newell. [http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html First 'Radio' Built by San Diego Resident Partner of Inventor of Telephone: Keeps Notebook of Experiences With Bell] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060904235846/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html |date=4 September 2006 }}, San Diego Evening Tribune, 31 July 1937. Retrieved from the University of San Diego History Department website, 26 November 2009.</ref> The device allowed for the [[transmission (telecommunications)|transmission]] of sound on a beam of light.
* 20 March 1880: National Bell Telephone merges with others to form the [[American Bell Telephone Company]].
* 1 April 1880: world's first wireless telephone call on Bell and Tainter's photophone (distant precursor to [[fiber-optic communication]]s) from the [[Franklin School (Washington, D.C.)|Franklin School]] in Washington, D.C. to the window of Bell's laboratory, 213 meters away.<ref>Bruce 1990, p. 338</ref><ref name="Carson-2007-gvttw">Carson 2007, pp. 76–78</ref>
* 1 July 1881: The world's first international [[telephone call]] is made between [[St. Stephen, New Brunswick]], Canada, and [[Calais, Maine]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.famousdaily.com/history/worlds-first-international-telephone-call.html|title=First international phone call}}</ref>
* 11 October 1881: The [[Sydney]] telephone exchange opened with 12 subscribers.
* 1882: A telephone company—an American Bell Telephone Company affiliate—is set up in Mexico City.
* 14 May 1883: The [[Adelaide]] exchange was opened, with 48 subscribers.<ref name="FirstAust" />
* 7 September 1883: The [[Port Adelaide]] exchange was opened, with 21 subscribers.<ref name="FirstAust" />
* 4 September 1884: Opening of telephone service between New York and Boston (235 miles).<ref name="Bell1953">{{cite book|title=The Magic of Communication|publisher=Bell Telephone System|date=October 1953}}</ref>
* 3 March 1885: The [[American Telephone & Telegraph Company]] (AT&T) is incorporated as the long-distance division of American Bell Telephone Company. It will become the head of the [[Bell System]] on the last day of 1899.
* 1886: Gilliland's ''Automatic circuit changer'' is put into service between [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] and [[Leicester]] featuring the first operator dialing allowing one operator to run two exchanges.
* 1887: Tivadar Puskás introduced the [[Multiplexer|multiplex]] [[Telephone switchboard|switchboard]], that had an epochal significance in the further development of telephone exchange.<ref>Francis S. Wagner: ''Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization'' – Page 68</ref>
* 13 January 1887: the Government of the United States moves to annul the master patent issued to [[Alexander Graham Bell]] on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. The case, known as the 'Government Case', is later dropped after it was revealed that the U.S. Attorney General, [[Augustus Hill Garland]] had been given millions of dollars of stock in the company trying to unseat Bell's telephone patent.
* 1888: Telephone patent court cases are confirmed by the Supreme Court, see [[The Telephone Cases]]
* 1889: AT&T becomes the overall holding company for all the Bell companies.
* 2 November 1889: A.G. Smith patents a telegraph switch which provides for [[Trunk (telecommunications)|trunks]] between groups of selectors allowing for the first time, fewer trunks than there are lines, and automatic selection of an idle trunk.
* 10 March 1891: [[Almon Strowger]] patents the [[Strowger switch]] the first [[Automatic telephone exchange]].
* 30 October 1891: The independent [[Automatic Electric|Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company]] is formed.
* 3 May 1892: [[Thomas Edison]] awarded patents for the [[microphone#Carbon microphone|carbon microphone]] based on applications lodged in 1877.
* 18 October 1892: Opening of telephone service between New York and Chicago (950 miles).<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 3 November 1892: The first [[Strowger switch]] goes into operation in [[LaPorte, Indiana]], with 75 subscribers and capacity for 99.
* 30 January 1894: The second fundamental Bell patent for the telephone expires; [[Independent telephone companies]] established, and independent manufacturing companies ([[Stromberg-Carlson]] in 1894 and [[Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company]] in 1897).
* 30 December 1899: [[American Bell Telephone Company]] is purchased by its own long-distance subsidiary, [[American Telephone and Telegraph]] (AT&T) to bypass state regulations limiting capitalization. AT&T assumes leadership role of the [[Bell System]].
* 25 December 1900: John W. Atkins, the manager at International Ocean Telegraph Company (IOTC), a subsidiary of [[Western Union]] Telegraph Company made the first international telephone call over telegraph cable at 09:55 from his office in Key West to Havana, Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/KeyWest/index2.htm|title = History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Key West}}</ref> Atkins was reported in the [[Florida Times Union|Florida Times Union and Citizen]] as saying, "For a long time there was no sound, except the roar heard at night sometimes, caused by electric light current." He continued calling Cuba and finally came back the words, clear and distinct: "I don't understand you."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/a-centenary-of-christmas-phone-calls-1.57637|title=A centenary of Christmas phone calls}}</ref>
* 27 February 1901: [[United States Court of Appeal]] declares void [[Emile Berliner]]'s patent for a telephone transmitter used by the Bell telephone system
* 1902: The first Australian interstate calls between [[Mount Gambier]] and [[Nelson, Victoria|Nelson]].<ref name="FirstAust" />
* 26 February 1914: Boston-Washington underground cable commenced commercial service.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 16 January 1915: The first automatic [[Panel switch|Panel]] exchange was installed at the Mulberry Central Office in [[Newark, New Jersey]]; but was a semi-automatic system using non-dial telephones.
* 25 January 1915: [[First transcontinental telephone call]] (3600 miles), with [[Thomas Augustus Watson]] at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco receiving a call from Alexander Graham Bell at 15 Dey Street in New York City, facilitated by a newly invented vacuum tube amplifier.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0125.html |title=Phone to Pacific From the Atlantic |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 January 1915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010616082913/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0125.html |archive-date=16 June 2001}}</ref>
* 21 October 1915: First transmission of speech across the Atlantic Ocean by radiotelephone from Arlington, Virginia to Paris, France.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 1919: The first [[rotary dial]] telephones in the Bell System installed in [[Norfolk, Virginia]]. Telephones that lacked dials and [[touch-tone]] pads were no longer made by the Bell System after 1978.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* 1919: AT&T conducts more than 4,000 measurements of people's heads to gauge the best dimensions of standard headsets so that callers' lips would be near the microphone when holding handsets up to their ears.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Feldman
| first = David
| title = When Do Fish Sleep? And Other Imponderables of Everyday Life
| publisher = Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
| year = 1989
| pages = 15
| url = https://archive.org/details/whendofishsleepa00feld
| isbn = 0-06-016161-2
| url-access = registration
}}</ref>
== 1920 to 1969 ==
* 18 April 1920: At the moment of funeral services for former AT&T President Theodore N. Vail, telephone service was halted across the United States from 11:00 to 11:01 a.m. Eastern Time (8:00 to 8:01 a.m. Pacific Time) for the first time. The moment of silence affected 12 million AT&T telephones.<ref>''The Commercial & Financial Chronicle'' (April 24, 1920) p. 1718</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=12,000,000 Phones Mute Minute Today |work=[[The Pittsburgh Sunday Post]] |date=April 18, 1920 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Telephone Service to Stop as Vail Tribute |work=[[New-York Tribune|New York Tribune]]}}</ref>
* 16 July 1920: World's first radiotelephone service commences public service between Los Angeles and [[Santa Catalina Island (California)|Santa Catalina Island]].<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 11 April 1921: Opening of deep sea cable from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba (115 miles).<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 2 Aug 1922: For only the second time in history, telephone lines were halted for one minute across the United States, on the day of the death of [[Alexander Graham Bell]], inventor of the telephone.
* 22 December 1923: Opening of second transcontinental telephone line via a southern route.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 7 March 1926: First [[transatlantic telephone]] call, from London to New York.<ref>{{cite book | title=Person to person: the international impact of the telephone | first=Peter | last=Young | publisher=[[Granta]] Editions | year=1991 | page=285 | isbn=0-906782-62-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWDbAAAAMAAJ&q=first+transatlantic+phone+call+march+7+1926}}</ref>
* 7 January 1927: Transatlantic telephone service inaugurated for commercial service (3500 miles).<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 17 January 1927: Opening of third transcontinental telephone line via a northern route.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
* 7 April 1927: world's first [[videophone]] call via an electro-mechanical AT&T unit, from Washington, D.C. to New York City, by then-Commerce Secretary [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/10/archives/2way-television-in-phoning-tested-persons-at-ends-of-line-see-each.html?sq=telephone+Bell+&scp=5&st=p "2-Way Television in Phoning Tested"], ''The New York Times'', 10 April 1930, p. 25 (subscription);</ref><ref name="NYT19270408a">[https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/08/archives/washington-hails-the-test-operator-there-puts-through-the-calls-as.html?sq=telephone+%2522Herbert+Hoover%2522&scp=4&st=p "Washington Hails The Test: Operator There Puts Through the Calls as Scientists Watch"], ''The New York Times'', 8 April 1927, p. 20 (subscription)</ref>
*8 December 1929: Opening of commercial ship-to-shore telephone service.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
*3 April 1930: Opening of transoceanic telephone service to Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and subsequently to all other South American countries.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
*1931: The [[Ericsson DBH 1001 telephone]] was the first telephone without a separate [[ringer box]].<ref>[https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2015/11/30/phone-finds-its-iconic-form/ Phone Finds Its Iconic Form - Cooper Hewitt]</ref>
*25 April 1935: First telephone call around the world by wire and radio.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
*1937: The Western Electric [[model 302 telephone|type 302 telephone]] becomes available for service in the United States.
*8 December 1937: Opening of fourth transcontinental telephone line.<ref name="Bell1953"/>
*1941: [[Multi-frequency]] dialing introduced for operators in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
*1942: Telephone production is halted at [[Western Electric]] until 1945 for civilian distribution due to the retooling of factories for military equipment during World War II.
*1946: National Numbering Plan ([[area code]]s)
*1946: first commercial [[mobile phone]] call
*1946: [[Bell Labs]] develops the [[germanium]] [[point-contact transistor]]
*1947: December, [[W. Rae Young]] and [[Douglas H. Ring]], Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for provisioning of mobile telephone service.
*1948: Phil Porter, a Bell Labs engineer, proposed that cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas pointing in 3 directions.
*1950: The Western Electric [[Model 500 telephone|Type 500 telephone]] becomes available in the United States after announcement in 1949.
*30 June 1948: First public demonstration of the [[transistor]] by [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]].<ref name="Bell1953"/>
*10 November 1951: [[direct distance dialing]] (DDD) first offered on trial basis at [[Englewood, New Jersey]], to 11 selected major cities across the United States; this service grew rapidly across major cities during the 1950s
*1955: the laying of trans-Atlantic cable [[TAT-1]] began – 36 circuits, later increased to 48 by reducing the bandwidth from 4 kHz to 3 kHz
*1957: First semiconductor oxiode(silicon dioxide) planar transitors by Frosch and Derick at Bell Labs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*1958: [[Modem]]s used for direct connection via voice phone lines
*1959: The [[Princess telephone]] is introduced in the Bell System in the United States.
*1959: UKs first public car radio-telephone service opens in [[Liverpool]] and [[Telephony in Greater Manchester|Manchester]]
*1959: Following Frosch and Derick research at Bell Labs,<ref name="Lojek12022">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> [[Mohamed Atalla]] and [[Dawon Kahng]] proposed a silicon MOS transistor in 1959 at Bell Labs.<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref>
*1960: A working [[MOSFET]] is built by a team at Bell Labs. E. E. LaBate and E. I. Povilonis made the device; M. O. Thurston, L. A. D’Asaro, and J. R. Ligenza developed the diffusion processes, and H. K. Gummel and R. Lindner characterized the device.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |___location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref>
*1 November 1960: The Bell System begins testing its push-button phone, starting with service in [[Findlay, Ohio]].<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-plain-dealer-the-testing-of-the-push/160770253/ "Phone Without Dial Makes Bow in Ohio"], by Jim Flanagan, ''Cleveland Plain Dealer'', February 27, 1961, p.1 ("The Ohio Bell Telephone Co. began installations Nov. 1.")</ref>
*1960: Bell Labs conducts extensive field trial of an electronic central office in [[Morris, Illinois]], known at the ''Morris System''.
*1960s: [[Bell Labs]] developed the electronics for [[cellular phones]]
*1961: Initiation of [[Touch-Tone]] service trials
*1962: [[Digital Signal 1|T-1]] service in [[Skokie, Illinois]]
*18 November 1963: AT&T commences the first subscriber [[Touch-Tone]] service in the towns of [[Carnegie, Pennsylvania|Carnegie]] and [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania]], using [[push-button telephone]]s that replaced [[rotary dial]] instruments.
*25 November 1963: For only the third time in history, telephone service in the United States was halted for one minute. At noon, Eastern time, AT&T operators bowed their heads in mourning for late U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]], on the day of his [[State Funeral of John F. Kennedy|state funeral]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Phone Girls to Pay Honor to Kennedy |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 25, 1963 |page=7}}</ref>
*31 May 1965: The world's first [[electronic switching system]] commences commercial service in [[Succasunna, New Jersey]], in form of the [[1ESS]].
*1965: first geosynchronous communications [[Intelsat I|satellite]] – 240 circuits or one TV signal
*1965: The [[Trimline telephone]] is introduced by Western Electric for use in the Bell System.
== 1970 to 1999 ==
*1970: [[ESS-2]] electronic switch.
*1970: modular telephone cords and jacks introduced.
*1970: [[Amos E. Joel, Jr.]] of [[Bell Labs]] invented the "call handoff" system for "cellular mobile communication system" (patent granted 1972).
*1970: British companies [[Pye Ltd.|Pye TMC]], [[Elliott Brothers (computer company)|Marconi-Elliott]] and [[General Electric Company|GEC]] develop the digital [[push-button telephone]], based on [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[integrated circuit]] (IC) technology.<ref name="Wireless-World">{{cite journal |title=Push-button telephone chips |journal=[[Wireless World]] |date=August 1970 |page=383 |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Early-Radio/Archive-Wireless-World-IDX/70s/Wireless-World-1970-08-OCR-Page-0023.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Valery1974">{{cite journal |last1=Valéry |first1=Nicholas |title=Debut for the telephone on a chip |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=11 April 1974 |volume=62 |issue=893 |pages=65–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0O-g0_fbrIC&pg=PA65 |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |issn=0262-4079}}</ref> It uses [[MOS memory]] chips to store [[phone numbers]], which could then be used for [[speed dialing]].<ref name="Wireless-World"/><ref name="Valery1974"/><ref name="US23">{{cite book |title=Electronic Components |date=1974 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HikuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23}}</ref>
*1971: AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular phone service to the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).
*3 April 1973: [[Motorola]] employee [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] placed the first hand-held [[cell phone]] call to Joel Engel, head of research at AT&T's [[Bell Labs]], while talking on the first [[Motorola DynaTAC]] prototype.
*1973: packet switched voice connections over [[ARPANET]] with [[Network Voice Protocol]] (NVP).
*1973: Bell Labs combined MOS technology with [[touch-tone]] technology to develop a push-button MOS touch-tone phone called the "Touch-O-Matic" telephone, which uses [[MOS integrated circuit]] chips and could store up to 32 phone numbers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gust |first1=Victor |last2=Huizinga |first2=Donald |last3=Paas |first3=Terrance |title=Call anywhere at the touch of a button |journal=[[Bell Laboratories Record]] |date=January 1976 |volume=54 |pages=3–8 |url=http://doc.telephonecollectors.info/dm/76Jan_BLR_P3_Touch_A_Matic.pdf#page=2}}</ref>
*1974: [[David A. Hodges]], Paul R. Gray and R.E. Suarez at [[UC Berkeley]] develop MOS [[mixed-signal integrated circuit]] technology, in the form of the MOS [[switched capacitor]] (SC) circuit, which they use to develop the [[digital-to-analog converter]] (DAC) chip used in digital telephony.<ref name="Allstot">{{cite book |last1=Allstot |first1=David J. |url=https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf |title=A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing |date=2016 |publisher=[[IEEE Circuits and Systems Society]] |isbn=9788793609860 |editor-last1=Maloberti |editor-first1=Franco |pages=105–110 |chapter=Switched Capacitor Filters |editor-last2=Davies |editor-first2=Anthony C.}}</ref>
*1975: Paul R. Gray and J. McCreary develop the [[analog-to-digital converter]] (ADC) MOS chip, used in digital telephony.<ref name="Allstot"/>
*1976: [[Kazuo Hashimoto]] invented [[Caller ID]]
*1978: Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using [[Advanced Mobile Phone System]] (AMPS).
*1978: World's first [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]] phone call in [[Tampere]], Finland.<ref name="Finland">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html |title=Finland |access-date=2 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228062929/http://www.tampere.fi/english/tampereinbrief/history/index.html |archive-date=28 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1979: [[VoIP]] – NVP running on top of early versions of [[Internet Protocol|IP]]
*1980: W.C. Black and David A. Hodges develop the [[silicon-gate]] [[CMOS]] (complementary MOS) [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM) codec-filter chip,<ref name="Allstot"/> which has since been the industry standard for [[digital telephony]],<ref name="Allstot"/><ref name="Gibson26">{{cite book |last1=Floyd |first1=Michael D. |last2=Hillman |first2=Garth D. |chapter=Pulse-Code Modulation Codec-Filters |title=The Communications Handbook |edition=2nd |date=8 October 2018 |orig-year=1st pub. 2000 |pages=26-1, 26-2, 26-3 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420041163 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tokk5bZxB0MC&pg=SA26-PA1}}</ref> widely used in the [[public switched telephone network]] (PSTN) as well as [[cordless telephones]] and cell phones.<ref name="Gibson26"/>
*1981: The world's first fully automatic mobile phone system [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]] is started in Sweden and Norway.
*1981: BT introduces the [[British Telephone Sockets]] system.
*1982: FCC approved AT&T proposal for AMPS and allocated frequencies in the 824-894 MHz band.
*1982: [[Caller ID]] patented by Carolyn Doughty, [[Bell Labs]]
*1983: last manual telephone switchboard in [[Maine]] is retired
*1984: [[American Telephone & Telegraph|AT&T]] completes the [[divestiture]] of its local operating companies. This forms a new AT&T (long-distance service and equipment sales) and the [[Baby Bells]].
*1987: [[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]] introduced
*1988: First transatlantic fiber optic cable [[TAT-8]], carrying 40,000 circuits
*1990: analog AMPS was superseded by [[Digital AMPS]].
*1991: the [[GSM]] mobile phone network is started in Finland, with the first phone call in Tampere.<ref name="Finland"/>
*1993: [[Telecom Relay Service]] available for the disabled
*1994: The [[IBM Simon]] becomes the first [[smartphone]] on the market.
*1995: [[Caller ID]] implemented nationally in USA
*1999: creation of the [[Asterisk (PBX)|Asterisk]] [[Private branch exchange]]
== 2000 to present ==
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* 11 June 2002: [[Antonio Meucci]] is recognized for "...his work ''in the invention of'' the telephone" (but not "...''for inventing'' the telephone") by the [[United States House of Representatives]], in [[United States HRes. 269 on Antonio Meucci|United States HRes. 269]].<ref>[http://hnn.us/articles/802.html United States House Resolution 269].</ref>
* 21 June 2002: The [[Parliament of Canada]] responds by passing a motion unanimously 10 days later recognizing [[Alexander Graham Bell]] as the [[Invention of the telephone|inventor of the telephone]].<ref name="Hansard">[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=37&Ses=1#T1140 "House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript".] ''Hansard of the Government of Canada'', 21 June 2002, p. 1620 / cumulative p. 13006, time mark: 1205. Retrieved: 29 April 2009.</ref><ref name="Globe">Fox, Jim, "Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 17 August 2002.</ref>
* 2005: [[Mink, Louisiana]], finally receives traditional landline telephone service (one of the last in the United States).<ref>[http://www.wistv.com/Global/story.asp?S=2884970 Small LA town gets phone service for first time on Mon], WISTV.com website, 1 February 2005.</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Telephones}}
* [[Bell Telephone Memorial]], a major monument dedicated to the invention of the telephone
* [[History of the telephone]]
* [[History of mobile phones]]
* [[Invention of the telephone]]
* [[Push-button telephone]]
* [[Telephone]]
* [[Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography ==
* Bourseul, Charles (1854), ''Transmission électrique de la parole'', Paris: ''[[L'Illustration]]'', 26 August 1854.{{in lang|fr}}
* Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883), ''Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone'', London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883.
* Coe, Lewis (1995), ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History'', North Carolina: McFarland, 1995. {{ISBN|0-7864-0138-9}}
* Baker, Burton H. (2000), ''The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone'', Telepress, St. Joseph, Michigan, 2000. {{ISBN|0-615-11329-X}}
* Josephson, Matthew (1992), ''Edison: A Biography'', Wiley, {{ISBN|0-471-54806-5}}
* Bruce, Robert V. (1990), ''Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude'', Cornell University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8014-9691-8}}
* Farley, Tom (2007), "The Cell-Phone Revolution", ''Invention & Technology'', Winter 2007, vol. 22:3, pages 8–19.
== External links ==
*[http://www.patent-invent.com/telephone_patents.html Telephone Early Patents and Caveats]
{{Gutenberg | no=979 | name=Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro}}
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/essays/FIRST%20TRANSATLANTIC%20CALL.pdf Library of Congress essay] on first transatlantic telephone call.
*[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr002.html ''American Treasures of the Library of Congress'', Alexander Graham Bell - Lab notebook I, pages 40-41 (image 22)]
{{Telecommunications}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of The Telephone}}
[[Category:Technology timelines|Telephone]]
[[Category:History of the telephone]]
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