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{{short description|Glyphosate-based herbicide made by Monsanto}}
{{about|the herbicide originally developed by Monsanto|the active ingredient alone|glyphosate}}
{{use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{infobox
| title = Roundup
| image = [[File:Logo of Roundup.svg|200px]]
| caption =
| header1 = Manufacturing status
| label2 = Manufacturer
| data2 = [[Bayer]]
| label3 = Type
| data3 = [[Herbicide]]
| label4 = Introduced to market
| data4 = 1974
| header5 = Purposes
| label6 = Agriculture
| data6 = Non-selective post-emergence weed control
| label7 = Government
| data7 =
| label8 = Consumer/home
| data8 =
| header9 = [[Herbicide]] properties
| label10 = Surfactant
| data10 = [[Polyethoxylated tallow amine]] (most common)
| label11 = Main active ingredient
| data11 = [[Isopropylamine]] [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] of [[glyphosate]]
| label12 = Mode of action
| data12 = 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitor
| label13 = Website
| data13 = {{URL|https://roundup.com}}
}}
'''Roundup''' is a brand name of herbicide originally produced by [[Monsanto]], which [[Bayer]] acquired in 2018. Prior to the late-2010s formulations, it used broad-spectrum [[glyphosate-based herbicides]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Monsanto No More: Agri-Chemical Giant's Name Dropped In Bayer Acquisition|work=[[NPR]] |date=June 4, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2018|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/06/04/616772911/monsanto-no-more-agri-chemical-giants-name-dropped-in-bayer-acquisition|last=Domonoske |first=Camila}}</ref> As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides still represented about 10 percent of Monsanto's revenue despite competition from Chinese producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14904184|title=The debate over whether Monsanto is a corporate sinner or saint|date=November 19, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=November 20, 2009}}</ref> The overall Roundup line of products represented about half of Monsanto's yearly revenue in 2009.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Cavallaro |first=Matt |date=June 26, 2009 |title=The Seeds Of A Monsanto Short Play |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/29/monsanto-potash-fertilizer-personal-finance-investing-ideas-agrium-mosaic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703040305/http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/29/monsanto-potash-fertilizer-personal-finance-investing-ideas-agrium-mosaic.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |access-date=July 11, 2009 |magazine=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> The product is marketed to consumers by [[Scotts Miracle-Gro Company]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-01/scotts-miracle-gro-jumps-most-in-decade-on-pot-roundup-rebound|title=Scotts Miracle-Gro Jumps Most in Decade on Pot-Supplies Rebound |author=Jack Kaskey |publisher=Bloomberg |date=May 1, 2019}}</ref> In the late-2010s other non-glyphosate containing herbicides were also sold under the Roundup brand.<ref name="UNLExt">{{cite web |title=For the homeowner: Roundup® for Lawns? |url=https://turf.unl.edu/nta/5-11_20_Roundup_for_lawns.pdf |website=Nebraska Turfgrass Science |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="MSUExt">{{cite web |last1=Frank |first1=Kevin |last2=Hathaway |first2=Aaron |title=What's the difference between Roundup and Roundup For Lawns? |url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/difference_between_roundup_and_roundup_for_lawns |website=MSU Extension |publisher=Michigan State University Extension |access-date=9 January 2024 |language=en-us |date=31 March 2017}}</ref>
Monsanto patented the herbicidal use of glyphosate and derivatives in 1971.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US3799758A|title=N-phosphonomethyl-glycine phytotoxicant compositions|gdate=1974-03-26|invent1=John|inventor1-first=Franz|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3799758A/en}}</ref> Commercial sale and usage in significant quantities started in 1974.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benbrook |first=Charles M. |date=2016-02-02 |title=Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally |journal=Environmental Sciences Europe |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0 |doi-access=free |issn=2190-4715 |pmc=5044953 |pmid=27752438}}</ref> It retained exclusive rights to glyphosate in the US until its US patent expired in September 2000; in other countries the patent expired earlier. The Roundup trademark is registered with the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]] and still extant. However, glyphosate is no longer under patent, so similar products use it as an active ingredient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/label/labelque.htm#regprods|title=California Product/Label Database|publisher=Cdpr.ca.gov|access-date=2010-08-22}}</ref>
The main [[active ingredient]] of Roundup is the [[Isopropyl amine|isopropylamine]] [[salt]] of glyphosate. Another ingredient of Roundup is the [[surfactant]] POEA ([[polyethoxylated tallow amine]]).
Monsanto also produced seeds which grow into plants [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] to be tolerant to glyphosate, which are known as ''[[Roundup Ready]]'' crops. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds.
The health impacts of the product as well as its effects on the environment have been at the center of substantial legal and scientific controversies. In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay $9.6 billion to settle tens of thousands of claims, mostly alleging that glyphosate-based Roundup had caused cancer.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Patricia |date=2020-06-24 |title=Roundup Maker to Pay $10 Billion to Settle Cancer Suits |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/business/roundup-settlement-lawsuits.html |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224130733/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/business/roundup-settlement-lawsuits.html |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1" >{{Cite web |date=December 23, 2023 |title=Bayer wins latest Roundup cancer trial, ending losing streak |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/bayer-wins-latest-roundup-cancer-trial-ending-losing-streak-2023-12-23/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>
==Composition==
Glyphosate-based formulations may contain a number of [[Agricultural spray adjuvant|adjuvants]], the identities of which may be proprietary.<ref name="www2.epa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/pesticide-registration-manual |title=Pesticide Registration Manual | Pesticide Registration | US EPA |date=March 4, 2013 |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414065403/https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/pesticide-registration-manual |url-status=live }}</ref> Surfactants are used in herbicide formulations as [[wetting]] agents, to maximize coverage and aid penetration of the herbicide(s) through plant leaves. As agricultural spray adjuvants, surfactants may be pre-mixed into commercial formulations or they may be purchased separately and mixed on-site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adjuvants for Enhancing Herbicide Performance |url=https://extension.psu.edu/adjuvants-for-enhancing-herbicide-performance |website=extension.psu.edu |publisher=Penn State Extension |access-date=15 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Polyethoxylated tallow amine]] (POEA) is a surfactant used in the original Roundup formulation and was commonly used in 2015.<ref name=usgs.glyphosate.poea>{{cite web|title=Measuring POEA, a Surfactant Mixture in Herbicide Formulations|url=http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/glyphosate_poea.html|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|access-date=August 19, 2022|archive-date=October 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007051906/http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/glyphosate_poea.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Different versions of Roundup have included different percentages of POEA. A 1997 US government report said that Roundup is 15% POEA while Roundup Pro is 14.5%.<ref name="fs.fed.us"/> Since POEA is more toxic to fish and amphibians than glyphosate alone, POEA is not allowed in aquatic formulations.<ref name="Langeland"/><ref name="fs.fed.us">Gary L. Diamond and Patrick R. Durkin February 6, 1997, under contract from the United States Department of Agriculture. [http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/pdfs/Surfactants.pdf Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to RODEO]</ref><ref name=Mann/>
Non-glyphosate formulations of Roundup are typically used for lawns that glyphosate would otherwise kill. Both type of products being sold under the Roundup brand name can be a source of confusion for consumers.<ref name="MSUExt"/> Active ingredients for non-glyphosate formulations of Roundup can include [[MCPA]], [[quinclorac]], [[dicamba]], and [[sulfentrazone]], [[penoxsulam]], and [[2,4-D]]<ref name="UNLExt"/><ref name="MSUExt"/>
==
The [[lethal dose]] of different glyphosate-based formulations varies, especially with respect to the surfactants used. Formulations intended for terrestrial use that include the surfactant POEA can be more toxic than other formulations for aquatic species.<ref name=vbruggen>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309 |pmid= 29117584 |issn= 0048-9697 |volume= 616-617 |pages=255–268 |last1=Van Bruggen |first1= A.H.C. |last2= He |first2= M.M. |last3= Shin |first3= K. |last4= Mai |first4= V. |last5= Jeong |first5= K.C. |last6= Finckh |first6= M. R. |last7= Morris |first7= J.G. |title= Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate |journal= Science of the Total Environment |date= 2018-03-01 |bibcode= 2018ScTEn.616..255V }}</ref><ref name=SERA1997>{{Citation |title= Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to Rodeo |publisher= Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. (SERA) |access-date= 2018-08-20 |url= https://www.fs.fed.us/r5/hfqlg/publications/herbicide_info/2003_glyphosate.pdf}}</ref> Due to the variety in available formulations, including five different glyphosate salts and different combinations of inert ingredients, it is difficult to determine how much surfactants contribute to the overall toxicity of each formulation.<ref name=SERA2003>{{Citation| title = Glyphosate: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment | publisher= Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.(SERA) |access-date = 2018-08-20| url = https://www.fs.fed.us/r5/hfqlg/publications/herbicide_info/2003_glyphosate.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Bradberry_2004"/> Independent scientific reviews and regulatory agencies have repeatedly concluded that glyphosate-based herbicides do not lead to a significant risk for human or environmental health when the product label is properly followed.<ref name="Rolando"/>
==
The acute oral toxicity for mammals is low,<ref name=vbruggen/> but death has been reported after deliberate overdose of [[Dose–response relationship|concentrated]] Roundup.<ref name="pmid22835958">{{cite journal |vauthors= Sribanditmongkol P, Jutavijittum P, Pongraveevongsa P, Wunnapuk K, Durongkadech P |title= Pathological and toxicological findings in glyphosate-surfactant herbicide fatality: a case report |journal= The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology |volume= 33 |issue=3 |pages= 234–7 |date= Sep 2012 |doi= 10.1097/PAF.0b013e31824b936c |pmid= 22835958 |s2cid= 3457850 }}</ref> The surfactants in glyphosate formulations can increase the relative acute toxicity of the formulation.<ref name="Bradberry_2004">{{cite journal |vauthors= Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA |title= Glyphosate poisoning |journal = Toxicological Reviews |volume= 23 |issue=3 |pages= 159–67 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15862083 |doi= 10.2165/00139709-200423030-00003 |s2cid= 5636017 }}</ref> Surfactants generally do not, however, cause [[Drug interaction#Synergy and antagonism|synergistic effects]] (as opposed to additive effects) that increase the acute toxicity of glyphosate within a formulation.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/> It is unclear whether the surfactant POEA increases or reduces the overall toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA |title=Glyphosate poisoning |journal=Toxicol Rev |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=159–67 |date=2004 |pmid=15862083 |doi=10.2165/00139709-200423030-00003 |type=Review}}</ref> Deliberate ingestion of Roundup ranging from 85 to 200 ml (of 41% solution) has resulted in death within hours of ingestion, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms.<ref name="pmid1673618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Talbot AR, Shiaw MH, Huang JS, Yang SF, Goo TS, Wang SH, Chen CL, Sanford TR |title=Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): a review of 93 cases |journal=Human & Experimental Toxicology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=Jan 1991 |pmid=1673618 |doi= 10.1177/096032719101000101|s2cid=8028945 }}</ref> Consumption of over 85 ml of concentrated product is likely to cause serious symptoms in adults, including burns due to corrosive effects as well as kidney and liver damage. More severe cases lead to "respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, [[pulmonary edema]], infiltration on chest X-ray, shock, arrhythmias, [[kidney failure]] requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalaemia" and death is often preceded by [[bradycardia]] and [[ventricular arrhythmia]]s.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/>
Skin exposure can cause irritation, and [[Contact dermatitis#Photocontact dermatitis|photocontact dermatitis]] has been occasionally reported. Severe skin burns are very rare.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/> In a 2017 risk assessment, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) wrote: "There is very limited information on skin irritation in humans. Where skin irritation has been reported, it is unclear whether it is related to glyphosate or co-formulants in glyphosate-containing herbicide formulations." The ECHA concluded that available human data was insufficient to support classification for skin corrosion or irritation.<ref>[https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/2f8b5c7f-030f-5d3a-e87e-0262fb392f38 Committee of Risk Assessment Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of glyphosate (ISO); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]</ref>
Inhalation is a minor route of exposure, but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, or tingling and irritation in the throat. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis. Superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate.<ref name="Bradberry_2004"/>
===Aquatic===
Glyphosate formulations with POEA, such as Roundup, are not approved for aquatic use due to aquatic organism toxicity.<ref name="Langeland">{{cite web |title=SS-AGR-104 Safe Use of Glyphosate-Containing Products in Aquatic and Upland Natural Areas |url= https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AG/AG24800.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203235802/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AG/AG24800.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-03 |url-status=live |publisher= University of Florida |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Due to the presence of POEA, glyphosate formulations only allowed for terrestrial use are more toxic for amphibians and fish than glyphosate alone.<ref name="Langeland"/><ref name="fs.fed.us"/><ref name=Mann>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mann RM, Hyne RV, Choung CB, Wilson SP |title= Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment|journal=Environmental Pollution |year=2009 |volume=157 |issue=11 |pages= 2903–2927 |doi= 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.015|pmid= 19500891|url= http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/35613}}</ref> Terrestrial glyphosate formulations that include the surfactants POEA and MON 0818 (75% POEA) may have negative impacts on various aquatic organisms like [[protozoa]], [[mussels]], [[crustaceans]], [[frogs]] and [[fish]].<ref name=vbruggen/> Aquatic organism exposure risk to terrestrial formulations with POEA is limited to drift or temporary water pockets.<ref name="Langeland"/> While laboratory studies can show effects of glyphosate formulations on aquatic organisms, similar observations rarely occur in the field when instructions on the herbicide label are followed.<ref name="Rolando">{{cite journal |last1=Rolando |first1=Carol |last2=Baillie |first2=Brenda |last3=Thompson |first3=Dean |last4=Little |first4=Keith |title=The Risks Associated with Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Use in Planted Forests |journal=Forests |date=12 June 2017 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=208 |doi= 10.3390/f8060208 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Studies in a variety of amphibians have shown the toxicity of products containing POEA to amphibian larvae. These effects include interference with gill morphology and mortality from either the loss of osmotic stability or asphyxiation. At sub-lethal concentrations, exposure to POEA or glyphosate/POEA formulations have been associated with delayed development, accelerated development, reduced size at [[metamorphosis]], developmental malformations of the tail, mouth, eye and head, histological indications of intersex and symptoms of oxidative stress.<ref name="Mann" /> Glyphosate-based formulations can cause [[oxidative stress]] in bullfrog tadpoles.<ref name=iarcmono>{{cite journal | url= https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono112-10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712091323/https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono112-10.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-12 |url-status=live |title= Glyphosate | journal = IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans | volume = 112 | date = 11 August 2016 | publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] | access-date= July 31, 2019}}</ref> The use of glyphosate-based pesticides are not considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |vauthors= Wagner N, Reichenbecher W, Teichmann H, Tappeser B, Lötters S |title= Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians |journal= Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |volume= 32 |issue=8 |pages= 1688–700 |date= Aug 2013 |pmid= 23637092 |doi= 10.1002/etc.2268 |s2cid= 36417341 }}</ref>
A 2000 review of the toxicological data on Roundup concluded that "for terrestrial uses of Roundup minimal acute and chronic risk was predicted for potentially exposed nontarget organisms". It also concluded that there were some risks to aquatic organisms exposed to Roundup in shallow water.<ref name="Giesy2000">JP Giesy, KR Solomon, S Dobson (2000). "Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup Herbicide". Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167: 35-120</ref>
===Bees===
Roundup Ready‐To‐Use, Roundup No Glyphosate, and Roundup ProActive have all been found to cause significant mortality in [[bumblebee]]s when sprayed directly on them. It has been hypothesized that this is due to surfactants in the formulations blocking the tracheal system of the bees.<ref name="Straw2021">{{cite journal |last1=Straw |first1=Edward A. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Edward N. |last3=Brown |first3=Mark J. F. |title=Roundup causes high levels of mortality following contact exposure in bumble bees |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=6 April 2021 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1176 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13867|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Carcinogenicity==
There is limited evidence that human cancer risk might increase as a result of occupational exposure to large amounts of glyphosate, such as agricultural work, but no good evidence of such a risk from home use, such as in domestic gardening.<ref name=cruk>{{cite web |publisher=Cancer Research UK |title=Food Controversies—Pesticides and organic foods |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/food-controversies#food_controversies4 |date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206193833/https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/food-controversies#food_controversies4 |access-date=2017-11-28 |archive-date=2017-02-06 }}</ref> The consensus among national pesticide regulatory agencies and scientific organizations is that labeled uses of glyphosate have demonstrated no evidence of human [[carcinogen]]icity.<ref name=Tarazona>{{cite journal
|last1=Tarazona |first1=Jose V. |last2=Court-Marques |first2=Daniele |last3=Tiramani |first3=Manuela |last4=Reich |first4=Hermine
|last5=Pfeil |first5=Rudolf |last6=Istace |first6=Frederique |last7=Crivellente |first7=Federica
|title=Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC
|journal=Archives of Toxicology
|date=2017-04-03 |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=2723–2743 |doi=10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5 |pmid=28374158 |pmc=5515989 }}</ref> Organizations such as the Joint [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]/[[World Health Organization|WHO]] Meeting on Pesticide Residues and the [[European Commission]], Canadian [[Pest Management Regulatory Agency]], and the German [[Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]]<ref>{{Cite web |title = The BfR has finalised its draft report for the re-evaluation of glyphosate - BfR |access-date = 2018-08-18 |url = https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/the_bfr_has_finalised_its_draft_report_for_the_re_evaluation_of_glyphosate-188632.html}}</ref> have concluded that there is no evidence that glyphosate poses a carcinogenic or [[genotoxic]] risk to humans. The final assessment of the [[Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority]] in 2017 was that "glyphosate does not pose a carcinogenic risk to humans".<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4129-6987-1 |last1=Guston |first1=David |last2=Ludlow |first2=Karinne |title=Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society |chapter=Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority |___location=[[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks, Calif.]] |date=2010 |chapter-url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/nanoscience/n22.xml}}</ref> The EPA has evaluated the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate multiple times since 1986. In 1986, glyphosate was initially classified as Group C: "Possible Human Carcinogen", but later recommended as Group D: "Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity" due to lack of [[statistical significance]] in previously examined rat tumor studies. In 1991, it was classified as Group E: "Evidence of Non-Carcinogenicity for Humans", and in 2015 and 2017, "Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans".<ref>{{Cite web
|author=OCSPP |title=EPA Releases Draft Risk Assessments for Glyphosate
|work=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]]
|format=Announcements and Schedules |access-date=August 18, 2018 |date=December 18, 2017
|url=https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-releases-draft-risk-assessments-glyphosate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Revised Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential
|url=https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0361-0073
|publisher=EPA |pages= 12–13 |access-date=September 24, 2019}}</ref>
One international scientific organization, the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] ([[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]]), classified glyphosate in [[List of IARC Group 2A carcinogens|Group 2A]], "probably carcinogenic to humans" in 2015.<ref name=iarcmono/> The variation in classification between this agency and others has been attributed to "use of different data sets" and "methodological differences in the evaluation of the available evidence".<ref name=Tarazona/> In 2017, California environmental regulators listed glyphosate as “known to the state to cause cancer.” The state's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment made the decision based in part on the report from the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]]. State Proposition 65 requires the state office to add substances the international agency deems carcinogenic in humans or laboratory animals to a state list of cancer-causing items.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How chemicals are added to the Proposition 65 list |url=https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/how-chemicals-are-added-proposition-65-list |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=oehha.ca.gov}}</ref>
==Legal==
{{Primary sources section|date=December 2023}}
In the ten months following Bayer's June 2018 acquisition of Monsanto, its stock lost 46% of its value because of investor apprehension concerning the 11,200 lawsuits filed against its subsidiary.<ref name="Moutot">{{cite news|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/industrie-lourde/0600982774167-glyphosate-monsanto-condamne-pour-la-deuxieme-fois-aux-etats-unis-2255984.php|title=Glyphosate: nouveau revers judiciare pour Bayer|author=Anaïs Moutot|newspaper=Les Echos|date=28 March 2019|access-date=30 March 2019|language=fr}}</ref> As of 2023, around 165,000 claims have been made against Bayer, mostly alleging that Roundup had caused cancer.<ref name=":1" /> Bayer has settled tens of thousands of those claims and has agreed to pay billions in damages, but, as of 2023, more than 50,000 similar claims were still pending.<ref name=":1" /> In December 2023, Bayer won a case against a claim that Roundup had caused a man's cancer. In a statement they said the outcome was "consistent with the evidence in this case that Roundup does not cause cancer and is not responsible for the plaintiff's illness". At that time, Bayer had previously won 10 of 15 such cases.<ref name=":1"/>
Most cases claiming injury from Roundup are based on a failure-to-warn theory of liability, meaning Monsanto is liable for a plaintiff's injury because it failed to warn the plaintiff that Roundup can cause cancer. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 2021, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in early 2024, held that such state-law failure to warn claims were not preempted by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ("FIFRA"). In August 2024, however, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that FIFRA does preempt state-law failure to warn claims involving Roundup, expressly recognizing that its holding conflicts with that of the Ninth and Eleventh Circuits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Schaffner v. Monsanto Corporation |url=https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/223075p.pdf |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Third Circuit United States Court of Appeals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stempel |date=16 August 2024 |title=Bayer wins US legal victory against Roundup cancer claims; shares surge |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/bayer-wins-big-us-legal-victory-against-roundup-cancer-claims-shares-surge-2024-08-16/ |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> This conflict among the Third, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuit creates a heightened potential that the United States Supreme Court will review the Third Circuit's decision so that the Supreme Court can resolve the conflict among the Courts of Appeals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feeley |date=16 August 2024 |title=Bayer surges after Roundup appeal wins in Philadelphia court |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/bayer-wins-roundup-appeal-that-could-help-corral-cancer-suits |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Blomberg Law}}</ref><ref>Lieb, David A., ''[https://apnews.com/article/bayer-roundup-cancer-lawsuits-supreme-court-dc9baf29612963856829564e8ee77195 Weedkiller maker asks US Supreme Court to block lawsuits claiming it failed to warn about cancer]'', Associated Press, April 7, 2025</ref>
===Cancer cases===
<!-- If you update this, consider also updating [[Glyphosate]], [[Glyphosate-based herbicides]], [[Monsanto]], and [[Bayer]]. -->
As of October 30, 2019, there were more than 42,000 plaintiffs who said that glyphosate herbicides caused their cancer.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-30/bayer-is-now-facing-42-700-plaintiffs-in-roundup-litigation
|title=Bayer's Roundup Headache Grows as Plaintiffs Pile Into Court
|date=October 30, 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=October 31, 2019
|language=en}}</ref> After the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]] classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" in March 2015,<ref name="iarcmono" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IARC Monograph on Glyphosate |url=https://www.iarc.who.int/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220712185952/https://www.iarc.who.int/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/ |archive-date=2022-07-12 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]}}</ref> many state and federal lawsuits were filed in the United States. Early on, over 300 of them were consolidated into a [[multidistrict litigation]] called [[Monsanto legal cases|''In re: RoundUp Products Liability'']].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-14/monsanto-judge-pictures-weed-killer-showers-amid-cancer-debate
|title=Monsanto's Cancer Fight Judge Pictures Weed Killer Showers
|date=March 14, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2018 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>
On August 10, 2018, [[Dewayne "Lee" Johnson|Dewayne Johnson]], who has [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]], was awarded $289 million in damages (later cut to $78 million on appeal<ref>{{cite news
|title=Groundskeeper Accepts Reduced $78 Million Award In Monsanto Cancer Suit
|first=Emily |last=Sullivan |publisher=[[National Public Radio]]
|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/11/01/662812333/groundskeeper-accepts-reduced-78-million-in-monsanto-cancer-suit
|access-date=July 29, 2019}}</ref> then reduced to $21 million after another appeal<ref>{{cite news
|last1=Egelko |first1=Bob |title=Award to Vallejo groundskeeper in Monsanto cancer case slashed again - verdict upheld
|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Award-to-Vallejo-groundskeeper-in-Monsanto-cancer-15421705.php
|access-date=March 3, 2021 |publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
|date=July 21, 2020}}</ref>) after a jury in [[San Francisco]] found that Monsanto had failed to adequately warn consumers of cancer risks posed by the herbicide.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Monsanto ordered to pay $289 million in world's first Roundup...
|work=Reuters |access-date=August 17, 2018 |date=August 11, 2018
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-monsanto-cancer-lawsuit/jury-orders-monsanto-to-pay-290-million-in-california-roundup-cancer-trial-idUSKBN1KV2HB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45154362
|title=Weedkiller 'doesn't cause cancer' - Bayer
|date=August 11, 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 11, 2018
|language=en-GB}}</ref> Johnson had routinely used two different glyphosate formulations in his work as a groundskeeper, RoundUp and another Monsanto product called Ranger Pro.<ref name="smh">{{Cite news
|last=Johnston |first=Gretel |title=Dying cancer patient awarded $395m in Monsanto Roundup case
|work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=August 18, 2018 |date=August 11, 2018
|url= https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/dying-cancer-patient-awarded-a395m-in-monsanto-roundup-case-20180811-p4zwww.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Judkins |first1=Donna R |title=Draft Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Dichlorvos, Naled, and Trichlorfon |date=June 17, 2020 |page=33 |publisher=UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |last2=Wente |first2=Stephen P}}</ref> The jury's verdict addressed the question of whether Monsanto knowingly failed to warn consumers that RoundUp could be harmful, but not whether RoundUp causes cancer.<ref>{{Cite news |issn=0027-8378 |last=Ebersole |first=Rene |title=Monsanto Just Lost a Case Linking Its Weed Killer to Cancer |magazine=[[The Nation]] |access-date=August 18, 2018 |date=August 17, 2018 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/monsanto-just-lost-a-case-linking-its-weedkiller-to-cancer/ |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817153043/https://www.thenation.com/article/monsanto-just-lost-a-case-linking-its-weedkiller-to-cancer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Court documents from the case alleged the company's efforts to influence scientific research via [[Medical ghostwriter|ghostwriting]].<ref name=HakimNYT>{{Cite news |work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/business/monsantos-sway-over-research-is-seen-in-disclosed-emails.html
|title=Monsanto Emails Raise Issue of Influencing Research on Roundup Weed Killer
|first=Danny |last=Hakim |date=August 1, 2018 |access-date=October 13, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
In January 2019, [[Costco]] decided to stop carrying Roundup or other glyphosate-based herbicides. The decision was reportedly influenced in part by the public court cases.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://people.com/home/costco-removes-roundup-after-2-billion-lawsuit
|title=Costco Will Reportedly Remove Roundup from Stores After $2 Billion Awarded to Couple Who Claimed Weed Killer Caused Their Cancer
|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People magazine]] |language=en |access-date=December 8, 2019}}</ref>
In March 2019, a man was awarded $80 million (later cut to $26 million on appeal<ref name="AP2019-07-15">{{cite news|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/07/15/80-million-award-reduced-monsanto-roundup-cancer-patient/|title=Judge Reduces $80M Award In Roundup Case; Cancer Patient, Monsanto Both Consider Appeal|date=2019-07-15|access-date=2019-07-27|publisher=[[KPIX-TV]]|agency=Associated Press|___location=San Francisco}}</ref>) in a lawsuit claiming Roundup was a substantial factor in his cancer.<ref>{{cite news | title = Jury Awards $80 Million In Damages In Roundup Weed Killer Cancer Trial |first=Richard |last=Gonzales |date=March 29, 2019 |publisher=[[NPR]]
|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/27/707439575/jury-awards-80-million-in-damages-in-roundup-weed-killer-cancer-trial | access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Louisville lawyer wins $80M verdict against Monsanto over weedkiller Roundup | first = Andrew | last = Wolfson | work = [[The Courier-Journal]] | ___location = Louisville, Kentucky | date = 2019-03-28 | url = https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/2019/03/28/monsanto-roundup-cancer-lawsuit-louisville-lawyer-wins-huge-verdict-80-million/3295421002/ | access-date = 2019-07-29}}</ref> U.S. District Judge [[Vince Chhabria]] stated that a punitive award was appropriate because the evidence "easily supported a conclusion that Monsanto was more concerned with tamping down safety inquiries and manipulating public opinion than it was with ensuring its product is safe." Chhabria stated that there was evidence on both sides as to whether glyphosate causes cancer, and that the behavior of Monsanto showed "a lack of concern about the risk that its product might be carcinogenic."<ref name="AP2019-07-15" />
On May 13, 2019, a jury in California ordered Bayer to pay a couple $2 billion in damages (later cut to $87 million on appeal<ref name=LessGelt2B>{{cite news
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/07/26/judge-cuts-billion-award-couple-with-cancer-million-roundup-lawsuit
|title=Judge cuts $2 billion award for couple with cancer to $86.7 million in Roundup lawsuit |last=Telford |first=Taylor
|date=July 26, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|access-date=July 27, 2019}}</ref>) after finding that the company had failed to adequately inform consumers of the possible carcinogenicity of Roundup.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-13/bayer-loses-its-third-trial-over-claims-roundup-causes-cancer
|title=Bayer's $2 Billion Roundup Damages Boost Pressure to Settle
|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg News |access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref> On December 19, 2019, it was announced that Timothy Litzenburg, the lawyer for the RoundUp Virginia plaintiffs had been charged with extortion after offering to stop searching for more plaintiffs if he was paid a $200 million consulting fee by a manufacturer of glyphosate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timothy-litzenburg-former-monsanto-roundup-lawyer-charged-with-extortion/|title=Roundup suit lawyer accused of $200 million extortion plot|website=[[CBS News]] |date=December 18, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/12976-lawyer-for-roundup-plaintiffs-charged-with-extortion|title = Lawyer for Roundup plaintiffs charged with extortion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-otc-masstorts/doj-charges-roundup-plaintiffs-lawyer-in-200-million-alleged-extortion-scheme-idUSKBN1YM2L9|title = DOJ charges Roundup plaintiffs' lawyer in $200 million alleged extortion scheme|newspaper = Reuters|date = 19 December 2019}}</ref> Litzenburg and his partner Daniel Kincheloe pleaded guilty to the charges and they were sentenced to two and one years in prison respectively.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Virginia lawyers get prison terms for $200M Roundup extortion scheme
|url=https://today.westlaw.com/Document/I50a628d0f9f211eaadd8fa89d4036ae0/View/FullText.html
|access-date=December 1, 2021 |website=[[Westlaw|Westlaw Today]] |agency=Reuters Legal |date=September 18, 2020}}</ref>
In June 2020, Bayer agreed to settle more than a hundred thousand Roundup lawsuits, agreeing to pay $8.8 to $9.6 billion to settle those claims, and $1.5 billion for any future claims. The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882949098/bayer-to-pay-more-than-10-billion-to-resolve-roundup-cancer-lawsuits Bayer To Pay More Than $10 Billion To Resolve Cancer Lawsuits Over Weedkiller Roundup]</ref> However the settlement was not allowed to cover future cases.<ref name=":1" />
In the 2020s, facing billions of dollars in more claims, Bayer lobbied the U.S. Congress and state legislatures to change legal standards for pesticide labeling in an attempt to reduce its liability.<ref name="WashPo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/06/20/bayer-roundup-farm-bill-lobbying/ |title=Bayer lobbies Congress to help fight lawsuits tying Roundup to cancer |date=June 20, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Tony Romm}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the US EPA planned to reevaluate regulations in 2026.<ref name="WashPo" />
In May 2025, Bayer announced that it was making another push to settle the pending lawsuits and that it would consider a [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] for its Monsanto division if the settlement plan was not successful.<ref name=Ch11>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/bayer-seeks-new-roundup-settlement-while-exploring-monsanto-bankruptcy/ar-AA1ERE1l |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The company engaged law firms [[Latham & Watkins]] and [[AlixPartners]] to review its options.<ref name=Ch11/>
===False advertising===
In 1996, Monsanto was accused of false and misleading advertising of glyphosate products, prompting a lawsuit by the New York State attorney general.<ref>{{Cite web |author=mindfully.org |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Monsanto-v-AGNYnov96.htm |title=Attorney General of the State of New York. Consumer Frauds and Protection Bureau. Environmental Protection Bureau. 1996. In the matter of Monsanto Company, respondent. Assurance of discontinuance pursuant to executive law § 63(15). New York, NY, Nov |publisher=Mindfully.org |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=July 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706091235/http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Monsanto-v-AGNYnov96.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Monsanto had made claims that its spray-on glyphosate based herbicides, including Roundup, were safer than table salt and "practically non-toxic" to mammals, birds, and fish, "environmentally friendly", and "biodegradable".<ref name="ap-false">{{cite news |title=Monsanto Agrees to Modify Roundup Ads in New York State
|author=Talbot, AR |author2=Shiaw, MH |author3=Huang, JS |author4=Yang, SF
|url=https://www.apnews.com/d196b9a5bb54637a7b281760b0f7a966 |access-date=14 October 2018 | publisher =Associated Press |date=25 November 1996}}</ref> Citing avoidance of costly litigation, Monsanto settled the case, admitting no wrongdoing, and agreeing to remove the offending advertising claims in New York State.<ref name="ap-false" />
Environmental and consumer rights campaigners brought a case in France in 2001 accusing Monsanto of presenting Roundup as "biodegradable" and claiming that it "left the soil clean" after use; glyphosate, Roundup's main ingredient, was classed by the European Union as "dangerous for the environment" and "toxic for aquatic organisms". In January 2007, Monsanto was convicted of false advertising and fined 15,000 euros. The result was confirmed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8308903.stm|title=Monsanto guilty in 'false ad' row |date=2009-10-15 |work=BBC News |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/10/15/monsanto-definitivement-condamne-pour-publicite-mensongere-a-propos-du-round-up_1254230_3244.html |title=Monsanto définitivement condamné pour "publicité mensongère" à propos du Round Up |language=fr |trans-title=Monsanto finally convicted for 'false advertising' about the Round Up |date=2009-10-15 |newspaper=Le Monde |___location=Paris}}</ref>
On 27 March 2020 Bayer settled claims in a proposed class action alleging that it falsely advertised that the active ingredient in Roundup Weed & Grass Killer only affects plants with a $39.5 million deal that included changing the labels on its products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1257915/monsanto-to-pay-39m-in-roundup-false-ad-class-settlement|title=Monsanto To Pay $39M In Roundup False Ad Class Settlement - Law360|website=www.law360.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>
In June 2023, Bayer reached a $6.9 million settlement agreement with the New York attorney general, settling false advertising allegations concerning the safety of Roundup.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stempel |first1=Jonathan |title=Bayer reaches $6.9 million settlement with New York over Roundup safety claims |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/bayer-reaches-69-mln-settlement-with-new-york-over-roundup-safety-claims-2023-06-15/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Reuters |date=15 June 2023}}</ref>
===Falsification of test results ===
Some tests originally conducted on glyphosate by contractors were later found to have been fraudulent, along with tests conducted on other pesticides. Concerns were raised about toxicology tests conducted by [[Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories]] in the 1970s<ref>{{cite web |publisher=U.S. EPA Office of pesticides and Toxic Substances |date=July 1983 |title=Summary of the IBT review program |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91014ULV.TXT}}</ref> and [[Craven Laboratories]] was found to have fraudulently analysed samples for residues of glyphosate in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keith Schneider |work=New York Times |title=U.S. Seeks to Learn if Tests On Pesticides Were Falsified |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/02/us/us-seeks-to-learn-if-tests-on-pesticides-were-falsified.html |access-date=20 September 2018 |date=1991-03-02 |language=en}}</ref> Monsanto has stated that the studies have since been repeated.<ref>{{cite web |work=Backgrounder |title=Testing Fraud: IBT and Craven Labs |date=June 2005 |publisher=Monsanto |url=http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/ibt_craven_bkg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208233014/http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/ibt_craven_bkg.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ban in France===
In January 2019, Roundup Pro 360 was banned in France following a [[Lyon]] court ruling that regulator [[Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail|ANSES]] had not given due weight to safety concerns when they approved the product in March 2017. The ban went into effect immediately. The court's decision cited research by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]], based in Lyon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190116-weedkiller-roundup-banned-france-after-court-ruling|title=Weedkiller Roundup banned in France after court ruling|date=2019-01-16|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref><ref name=FrenchBan>{{cite news
|newspaper=Reuters |title=French court cancels Monsanto weedkiller permit on safety grounds
|date=January 15, 2019 |access-date=January 16, 2019
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-monsanto-france/french-court-cancels-monsanto-weedkiller-permit-on-safety-grounds-idUSKCN1P91F6}}</ref>
==Use with genetically modified crops==
{{main|Roundup Ready}}
Monsanto first developed Roundup in the 1970s. End-users initially used it in a similar way to [[paraquat]] and [[diquat]] – as a non-selective herbicide. Application of glyphosate-based herbicides to row crops resulted in problems with crop damage and kept them from being widely used for this purpose. In the United States, use of Roundup experienced rapid growth following the commercial introduction of a [[Genetically modified soybean#Roundup Ready Soybean|glyphosate-resistant soybean]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Duke |first1= Stephen O. |title= The history and current status of glyphosate |journal= Pest Management Science |volume= 74 |issue= 5 |pages= 1027–1034 |doi= 10.1002/ps.4652 |pmid= 28643882 |url= http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1766/ |access-date= 20 August 2018|year= 2018 |s2cid= 4408706 |doi-access= free }}</ref> "Roundup Ready" became Monsanto's trademark for its patented line of crop seeds that are resistant to Roundup. Between 1990 and 1996 sales of Roundup increased around 20% per year.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Top-selling herbicide not close to withering | work = Wall Street Journal | access-date = 2018-08-12 | date = 1996-01-08 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22746669/topselling_herbicide_not_close_to/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111128/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22746669/topselling_herbicide_not_close_to/ | archive-date = 2018-08-13 | url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of| 2015}} the product was used in over 160 countries.<ref name=natgeo>
{{Cite web
| title = What Do We Really Know About Roundup Weed Killer?
| work = National Geographic News
| access-date = 2018-08-13
| date = 2015-04-23
| url = https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150422-glyphosate-roundup-herbicide-weeds/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111122/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150422-glyphosate-roundup-herbicide-weeds/
| archive-date = 2018-08-13 | url-status = dead
}}
</ref>
Roundup is used most heavily on corn, soy, and cotton crops that have been genetically modified to withstand the chemical, but {{as of | 2012 | lc = on}} glyphosate treated approximately 5 million acres in [[California]] for crops like [[almond]], [[peach]], [[cantaloupe]], [[onion]], [[cherry]], [[sweet corn]], and [[citrus]],<ref>
{{Cite web
| title = What Do We Really Know About Roundup Weed Killer?
| work = National Geographic News
| date = 2015-04-23
| url = https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150422-glyphosate-roundup-herbicide-weeds/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111122/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150422-glyphosate-roundup-herbicide-weeds/
| archive-date = 2018-08-13
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 13 July 2020
| quote = [...] some five million acres in California were treated with glyphosate in 2012 to grow almonds, peaches, onions, cantaloupe, cherries, sweet corn, citrus, grapes, and other edible crops.
}}
</ref> although the product is only applied directly to certain varieties of sweet corn.
==See also==
* [[2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]]
* [[Environmental impact of pesticides]]
* [[Health effects of pesticides]]
* [[Integrated pest management]]
* [[Pesticide regulation in the United States]]
* [[Pesticides in the United States]]
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading==
* Baccara, Mariagiovanna, et al. [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~lcabral/teaching/monsanto.pdf ”Monsanto's Roundup”], NYU Stern School of Business: August 2001, Revised July 14, 2003.
* Pease W S et al. (1993) ”Preventing pesticide-related illness in California agriculture: Strategies and priorities”. Environmental Health Policy Program Report. Berkeley, CA: [[University of California]]. School of Public Health. California Policy Seminar.
* Wang Y, Jaw C and Chen Y (1994) “Accumulation of 2,4-D and glyphosate in fish and water hyaacinth”. Water Air Soil Pollute. 74:397–403
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://roundup.com/en-us/home}}
* [https://archive.today/20121213044054/http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0057.htm EPA's Integrated Risk Information System entry for glyphosate]—The main ingredient in Roundup
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000920014102/http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/glyphosa.html EPA's ground & drinking water consumer factsheet for glyphosate]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020919180630/http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-soc/glyphosa.html |date=2002-09-19 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roundup (Herbicide)}}
[[Category:1976 introductions]]
[[Category:Endocrine disruptors]]
[[Category:Herbicides]]
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