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{{Short description|None}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Nepenthes'' clades}}
[[Image:Nepenthes rajah.png|thumb|Danser placed ''[[Nepenthes rajah]]'' in the clade ''Regiae''.]]
The '''taxonomy of ''[[Nepenthes]]''''' has been revised several times during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
==Nineteenth century==
The first subgeneric division of the ''Nepenthes'' was made by [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] in his 1873 monograph, "[[Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)|Nepenthaceae]]". Hooker distinguished ''[[Nepenthes pervillei|N. pervillei]]'' from all other taxa based on its seeds, which lack the appendages typical of most ''Nepenthes''. He placed it in the [[monotypic]] [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Anourosperma''. All other species were subsumed in the second section, ''Eunepenthes''.
A second attempt to establish a natural subdivision within the genus was made in 1895 by [[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau]] in "[[Die Gattung Nepenthes|Die Gattung ''Nepenthes'']]". Beck kept the two sections created by Hooker, but divided ''Eunepenthes'' into three subgroups: ''Apruinosae'', ''Pruinosae'', and ''Retiferae''.
==Twentieth century==
''Nepenthes'' taxonomy was once again revised in 1908 by [[John Muirhead Macfarlane]] in his own monograph. Oddly, Macfarlane did not name the groups he distinguished. His revision is generally not considered to be a natural division of the genus.
In 1928, [[B. H. Danser]] published his seminal monograph, "[[The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]", in which he divided ''Nepenthes'' into six [[clades]], based on observations of herbarium material. The clades were: the ''Vulgatae'', ''Montanae'', ''Nobiles'', ''Regiae'', ''Insignes'' and ''Urceolatae''. ''Regiae'' appears to reflect the relationships of its members quite well, although the same cannot be said for the other clades. Despite this, Danser's classification was undoubtedly a great improvement on previous attempts.
Danser classified ''Nepenthes'' as follows:
'''''Vulgatae'''''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nepenthes tomoriana|N. tomoriana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes neoguineensis|N. neoguineensis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes mirabilis|N. mirabilis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes madagascariensis|N. madagascariensis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes tobaica|N. tobaica]]''
*''[[Nepenthes anamensis|N. anamensis]]'' *
*''[[Nepenthes papuana|N. papuana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes khasiana|N. khasiana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes gracilis|N. gracilis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes paniculata|N. paniculata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes reinwardtiana|N. reinwardtiana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes pervillei|N. pervillei]]''
*''[[Nepenthes thorelii|N. thorelii]]''
*''[[Nepenthes kampotiana|N. kampotiana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes alata|N. alata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes philippinensis|N. philippinensis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes trichocarpa|N. trichocarpa]]'' **
*''[[Nepenthes tentaculata|N. tentaculata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes albomarginata|N. albomarginata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes vieillardii|N. vieillardii]]''
*''[[Nepenthes geoffrayi|N. geoffrayi]]'' *
{{div col end}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nepenthes gymnamphora|N. gymnamphora]]''
*''[[Nepenthes pectinata|N. pectinata]]'' *
*''[[Nepenthes bongso|N. bongso]]''
*''[[Nepenthes gracillima|N. gracillima]]''
*''[[Nepenthes sanguinea|N. sanguinea]]''
*''[[Nepenthes macfarlanei|N. macfarlanei]]''
*''[[Nepenthes singalana|N. singalana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes inermis|N. inermis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes dubia|N. dubia]]''
*''[[Nepenthes carunculata|N. carunculata]]'' *
{{div col end}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nepenthes spectabilis|N. spectabilis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes leptochila|N. leptochila]]'' *
*''[[Nepenthes hirsuta|N. hirsuta]]''
*''[[Nepenthes deaniana|N. deaniana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes neglecta|N. neglecta]]'' **
{{div col end}}
'''''Regiae'''''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nepenthes oblanceolata|N. oblanceolata]]'' *
*''[[Nepenthes veitchii|N. veitchii]]''
*''[[Nepenthes ephippiata|N. ephippiata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes klossii|N. klossii]]''
*''[[Nepenthes pilosa|N. pilosa]]''
*''[[Nepenthes burbidgeae|N. burbidgeae]]''
*''[[Nepenthes rajah|N. rajah]]''
*''[[Nepenthes attenboroughii|N. attenboroughii]]''
*''[[Nepenthes boschiana|N. boschiana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes mollis|N. mollis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes clipeata|N. clipeata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes truncata|N. truncata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes fusca|N. fusca]]''
*''[[Nepenthes stenophylla|N. stenophylla]]''
*''[[Nepenthes lowii|N. lowii]]''
{{div col end}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nepenthes merrilliana|N. merrilliana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes petiolata|N. petiolata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes burkei|N. burkei]]''
*''[[Nepenthes ventricosa|N. ventricosa]]''
*''[[Nepenthes northiana|N. northiana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes decurrens|N. decurrens]]'' *
*''[[Nepenthes treubiana|N. treubiana]]''
*''[[Nepenthes villosa|N. villosa]]''
*''[[Nepenthes insignis|N. insignis]]''
*''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]''
{{div col end}}
'''''Urceolatae'''''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata|N. bicalcarata]]''
*''[[Nepenthes hookeriana|N. hookeriana]]'' **
{{div col end}}
:<small><nowiki>*</nowiki> Heterotypic synonyms of other species.<ref>McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''[[Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref></small>
:<small><nowiki>**</nowiki> Natural hybrids.</small>
The taxonomic work of Danser (1928) was revised by [[Hermann Harms]] in 1936. Harms divided ''Nepenthes'' into three subgenera: ''Anourosperma'' Hook.f. (1873), ''Eunepenthes'' Hook.f. (1873) and ''Mesonepenthes'' Harms (1936) (Latin: ''meso'': middle; "middle" ''Nepenthes''). The ''Nepenthes'' species found in the subgenera ''Anourosperma'' and ''Mesonepenthes'' differ from those in the ''Vulgatae'', where Danser had placed them. Harms placed the great majority of ''Nepenthes'' species in the ''Eunepenthes''; ''Anourosperma'' was a [[monotypic]] subgenus, while ''Mesonepenthes'' contained only three species. He also created an additional clade, the ''Distillatoriae'' (after ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria|N. distillatoria]]'').
==References==
{{Commonscat|Nepenthes}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Nepenthes}}
[[Category:Nepenthes|*01]]
[[Category:Lists of plants|Nepenthes01]]
[[Category:Taxonomic lists (species)|Nepenthes01]]
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