Common Infrared Countermeasures program: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Laser-based infrared protection system}}

CIRCM, the '''Common [[Infrared countermeasure|Infrared Countermeasures]] program''', is a [[United States Army]] initiative intended to develop a lightweight, low-cost and modular laser-based infrared protection system for U.S. helicopters and light fixed-wing aircraft. The technology will primarily provide defense against shoulder-fired, [[heat-seeking missilesmissile]]s, or [[MANPADS]]. The program is being developed to replace older suites such as the Advanced Threat Infrared Countermeasures (ATIRCM) and Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures (LAIRCM) systems.

The CIRCM system will be designed to meet Tri-Service "common" Army, Navy, and Air Force requirements. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]’s (DoD) strategy is to competitively develop a lightweight and cost-effective jammer subsystem for installation on all DoD rotary-wing and slow moving fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|last=Osborn|first=Kris|title=Army Improving Helicopter Protective Measures|date=19 August 2010 |url=httphttps://www.army.mil/article/43929/|publisher=United States Army|accessdateaccess-date=6 September 2011}}</ref>

The Army recentlytook awarddelivery Technologyof Demonstrationits (TD)first contractsCIRCM tosystems from [[Northrop Grumman]] and BAE Systemsin 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Northrop Grumman, BAEDelivers Selected forFirst CIRCM ContractsSystems to US Army|url=http://wwwnews.aviationtodaynorthropgrumman.com/the-checklistnews/Northropreleases/northrop-Grummangrumman-BAEdelivers-Selectedfirst-forcircm-CIRCMsystems-Contracts_75663.htmlto-us-army|publisher=AviationNorthrop TodayGrumman}}</ref>.

=== Infrared Countermeasurescountermeasures (IRCM) ===

{{Main|Infrared countermeasure}}

Infrared guidance systems in heat-seeking missiles are designed to track strong sources of infrared radiation – heat – such as aircraft engines, helping missiles to home in on their targets. IRCM systems are based on a modulated source of infrared radiation with a higher intensity than the target itself. When a [[missile seeker]] observes this modulated radiation, it interferes with or obscures the modulated signal from the aircraft and renders the missile incapable of maintaining a lock on the target.

=== Directional Infrared Countermeasures (DIRCM) ===

=== Directional Infrared CountermeasuresCounter Measures (DIRCM) ===

{{Main article|Directional Infrared Counter Measures}}

Directional IRCM, or [[DIRCM]], allows for a countermeasures laser to be targeted directly at an incoming IR threat. This makes possible a more powerful and effective defense than previous, non-directional infrared countermeasures, as the threat is directly addressed rather than the system essentially painting an area with IR disruption, which results in a weaker signal in any given direction.

As IR seeking technology has improved and diversified, standard [[IRCM]] systems have become less effective at defeating heat-seeking missiles. Measures such as flares have begun to give way to lasers, which, when fitted on a directional pivoting mount, allow for more effective, concentrated and energy-efficient directional targeting of IR radiation at incoming missile seekers.

== CIRCM Programprogram Backgroundbackground ==

CIRCM was authorized in April 2009 by the U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics (USD (AT&L)), as a next generation program to replace the combined Advanced Threat Infrared Countermeasures/Common Missile Warning System (ATIRCM/CMWS) program. The program was designated as an Acquisition Category (ACAT) 1D program, also in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOTE FY09 Annual Report - Army Programs (pp.55-56)|url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2009/pdf/other/2009DOTEAnnualReport.pdf|publisher=Director, Operational Test and Evaluation - US Department of Defense|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

The CIRCM system, (along with the older LAIRCM and ATIRCM systems) provide a directional infrared countermeasure, which employs both threat-tracking capabilities, as well defensive measures employing modulating laser pulses to confuse missiles' guidance systems causing them to miss their target.

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The Army issued a draft request for proposals for the CIRCM contract in May 2009, opening the competitive phase for a deal to develop and install the missile jammer on thousands of helicopters and tiltrotors in US military inventory.

The winning contractor will provide an initial 1,076 systems to supply [[AH-64]] Apache, [[UH-60]] Black Hawk, [[CH-47]] Chinook and future armed scout helicopters. Currently, the DoD plans to award two or more 21-month technology development contracts first, followed by a two-year engineering and manufacturing development phase, with production to begin in 2015 and deployment in 2017. The program has an expected value of $1.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carey|first=Bill|title=Contractors Vie for U.S. Army IR Countermeasures Program|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/singleain-newsdefense-pageperspective/article2011-08-15/contractors-vie-for-us-army-ir-countermeasures-program-30822/|publisher=Aviation International News Online|accessdate=29 SeptemberApril 20112012}}</ref>

Competition is fierce for the CIRCM program, with four established industry teams vying for what seems to be one of the few new starts the armed services will pursue in a "bleak" budgetary environment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Loren|title=ITT Develops Breakthrough Design For Army Helicopter Defenses|date=22 July 2011 |url=http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/itt-develops-breakthrough-design-for-army-helicopter-defenses?a=1&c=1171|publisher=Lexington Institute|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

== Current Systemssystems in Operationoperation ==

[[File:Northrop CIRCM on US-Army UH-60M at ILA-2022.jpg|thumb|Northrop Grumman pointer/tracker of CIRCM on UH-60M Black Hawk]]

The CIRCM system is intended to be an improved, lighter-weight version of the ATIRCM system. CIRCM lowers the weight of the system and therefore brings with it the opportunity to deploy this kind of laser counter-measure across a wider portion of the fleet.<ref>{{cite web|last=Osborn|first=Kris|title=Army Improving Helicopter Protective Measures|date=19 August 2010 |url=httphttps://www.army.mil/article/43929/|publisher=United States Army|accessdateaccess-date=6 September 2011}}</ref> Northrop Grumman has delivered over 250 CIRCM systems to the U.S. Army by March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Urso|first=Stefano|title=A Very Close Look At The Anti-Missile System That Will Equip 1,500+ US Army Helicopters|date=3 March 2023 |url=https://theaviationist.com/2023/03/03/a-very-close-look-at-the-anti-missile-system-that-will-equip-1500-us-army-helicopters/|publisher=The Aviationist|accessdate=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Advanced Threat Infrared Countermeasures (ATIRCM) ==

Advanced Threat Infrared Countermeasures, or ATIRCM, is the most recent attempt at an infrared countermeasures capability. The Army began fielding the ATIRCM Quick Reaction Capability (QRC) system on 83 CH-47s supporting operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2009. The USD (AT&L) limited the ATIRCM QRC program to these specific aircraft, due to the current combined weight of the ATIRCM/CMWS suite. DoD planners set the CIRCM target weight at 85 pounds for the jamming B-kit with two turrets, while the supporting A-kit is capped at 70 pounds for large rotorcraft like the Chinook and [[V-22 Osprey]] tiltrotor, or 35 pounds for smaller helicopters like the Black Hawk.<ref>{{cite web|last=Colucci|first=Frank|title=Common Countermeasures|url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/feature/Common-Countermeasures_71251.html|publisher=Avionics Magazine Online|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

Service officials have said they want to field a cheaper, lighter system for their remaining helicopters, which will integrate smoothly with systems like CMWS and the Joint and Allied Threat Awareness System (JATAS), across all branches of the military.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malenic|first=Marina|title=Firms Eye Helo Protection Contract As Army Seeks New Low-Cost Solution|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_17_248/ai_n56366701/|publisher=CBS Interactive Business Network|accessdate=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Suite of Infrared Countermeasures [SIIRCM]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/systems/siircm-program.htm|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>

=== ATIRCM Nunn-McCurdyNunn–McCurdy Breachbreach ===

The [[Nunn-McCurdyNunn–McCurdy]] provision introduced in 1982 by Senator [[Sam Nunn]] and Congressman [[Dave McCurdy]] requires that any defense program that increases in cost by more than 15% over its acquisition cycle must be reported to Congress and either restructured or fully explained by the Office of the Secretary of Defense. In June 2010, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Dr. Ashton Carter made such a report on the ATIRCM program.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brannen|first=Kate|title=DoD: Too Late for ATIRCM Alternatives|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4653137|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724091625/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4653137|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2012|publisher=Defense News|accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>

In a June 2010 letter to Representative [[Ike Skelton]], D-Mo., Carter explained how restructuring the ATIRCM/CMWS program caused a breach of the Nunn-McCurdy statute, since, when military officials determined the ATIRCM system to be too heavy for any helicopter except the CH-47, the purchase quantity had to be substantially reduced - down to 83 units. This caused the unit cost to rise above Nunn-McCurdyNunn–McCurdy limits.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brannen|first=Kate|title=DoD: Too Late for ATIRCM Alternatives|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4653137|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724091625/http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4653137|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2012|publisher=Defense News|accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref> As part of the Nunn-McCurdyNunn–McCurdy certification process, in which the Pentagon explains the cost growth to Congress and reaffirms why the program is still essential to national security, officials have to show that lower-cost alternatives are not available. This is partly why the DoD has stipulated that the CIRCM system will need to integrate with existing and future detection systems while also dramatically reducing unit weight.

== Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures (LAIRCM) ==

The [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] (DoN) also operates an infrared countermeasures program called LAIRCM, which is fielded exclusively on large fixed-wing aircraft, and uses a laser pointer-tracker to defeat IR-guided threats.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Brien|first=William|title=Testing puts LAIRCM on target to protect tankers|url=http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/5979225/ede_03042011A20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920085929/http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/5979225/ede_03042011A20.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2012|publisher=Desert Eagle, for Edwards Air Force Base|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

LAIRCM systems such as the AAQ-24, delivered to the DoN by Northrop Grumman, are directed IR countermeasures designed to defend large fixed-wing aircraft from IR-guided threats. LAIRCM was devised to protect planes by automatically detecting missile launches and activating a high-intensity system of pulsed lasers to track and defeat the threat by confusing its guidance system.<ref>{{cite web|last=O'Brien|first=William|title=Testing puts LAIRCM on target to protect tankers|url=http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/5979225/ede_03042011A20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920085929/http://assets.mediaspanonline.com/prod/5979225/ede_03042011A20.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2012|publisher=Desert Eagle, for Edwards Air Force Base|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

== Integration with the Common Missile Warning System (CMWS) ==

The '''Common [[Missile Warning System]]''', or CMWS, consists of electro-optical missile warning sensors operating in the [[Solar-blind technology|solar-blind]] ultra-violet wavelengths capable of detecting incoming missile threats and an electronic control unit that informs the aircraft crew of the threat, automatically triggering flare/chaff countermeasures.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOTE FY09 Annual Report - Army Programs (pp.55-56)|url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2009/pdf/other/2009DOTEAnnualReport.pdf|publisher=Director, Operational Test and Evaluation - US Department of Defense|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

As of the end of 2009, the production CMWS, coupled with chaff/flare dispensers was deployed on approximately 1,000 Army CH-47 Chinooks, UH-60 Blackhawks, [[AH-64]] Apaches, [R]C-12 Hurons, [[Cessna Citation V|UC-35]] Citations and [[C-23 Sherpa|C-23]] Sherpa Aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOTE FY09 Annual Report - Army Programs (pp.55-56)|url=http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2009/pdf/other/2009DOTEAnnualReport.pdf|publisher=Director, Operational Test and Evaluation - US Department of Defense|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

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In the future, the military will utilize the integrated CMWS/CIRCM suite to enhance threat warning and improve defensive countermeasures for helicopters and small, slow-moving fixed-wing aircraft, whose size precludes the use of LAIRCM. The systems will protect aircraft and crews from shoulder-fired, vehicle-launched, and other advanced infrared-guided missile threats during dangerous low-altitude operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suite of Infrared Countermeasures [SIIRCM]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/systems/siircm-program.htm|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>

CIRCM will integrate with CMWS, which will identify an incoming threat (i.e. whether it is a missile or tracer fire, etc.), and then integrate with CIRCM’sCIRCM's onboard tracking system.

== Additional CIRCM Specificationsspecifications ==

The DoD requires that CIRCM implement a Modular Open System Approach (MOSA) to integrate jamming lasers, missile trackers and missile warning receivers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Colucci|first=Frank|title=Common Countermeasures|url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/issue/feature/Common-Countermeasures_71251.html|publisher=Avionics Magazine Online|accessdate=29 August 2011}}</ref>

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The program is currently in the technology demonstration phase.

==See also==

= References =

*[[List of military electronics of the United States]]

*[[Joint Electronics Type Designation System]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Infrared imaging]]

[[Category:Missile countermeasures]]

[[Category:Electronic countermeasures]]

[[Category:Electronic warfare equipment]]

[[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]