Edgar Allan Poe: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|American writer and critic (1809–1849)}}

[[image:Edgar_Allan_Poe_2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|This [[daguerreotype]] of Poe was taken less than a year before his death at the age of 40.]]

{{redirect-multi|2|Edgar Poe|Poe||Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation)|and|Poe (disambiguation)}}

'''Edgar Allan Poe''' ([[January 19]], [[1809]] – [[October 7]], [[1849]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[List of English language poets|poet]], [[short story]] writer, [[editor]], [[critic]] and one of the leaders of the American [[Romanticism|Romantics]]. He is best known for his tales of the [[macabre]] and his poems, as well as being one of the early practitioners of the short story and a progenitor of [[detective fiction]], as well as [[crime fiction]] in the United States. He is also often credited with inventing the gothic fiction story. Poe died at the age of 40, the cause of his death a final mystery, although it is well-known that he struggled with alcohol problems, and it has also been alleged that he had a drug problem. However, some say he died of tuberculosis, as so many people did in his time. His exact burial ___location is also a source of controversy.

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{{Infobox writer

| name = Edgar Allan Poe

| image = Edgar Allan Poe 2 retouched and transparent bg.png

| imagesize =

| caption = Poe in 1848

| pseudonym =

| birth_name = Edgar Poe

| birth_date = {{birth date|1809|1|19}}

| birth_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.

| death_date = {{death date and age|1849|10|7|1809|1|19}}

| death_place = [[Baltimore]], Maryland, U.S.

| resting_place = [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]], Baltimore

| occupation =

| alma_mater =

| genre =

| movement =

| spouse = {{marriage|[[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Eliza Clemm]]|1836|1847|end=died}}

| parents = {{ubl|[[David Poe Jr.]]|[[Eliza Poe|Elizabeth Arnold]]}}

| relatives = {{ubl|[[William Henry Leonard Poe]] (brother)|[[Rosalie Mackenzie Poe]] (sister)}}

| signature = Edgar Allan Poe Signature.svg

}}

{{PoeTopics}}

'''Edgar Allan Poe''' ({{né|'''Edgar Poe'''}}; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American [[writer]], [[poet]], [[editor]], and [[literary critic]] who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the [[macabre]]. He is widely regarded as one of the central figures of [[Romanticism]] and [[Gothic fiction]] in the United States and of early [[American literature]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Chunyan |date=April 23, 2015 |title=Horror from the Soul—Gothic Style in Allan Poe's Horror Fictions |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1075227.pdf|journal=English Language Teaching |publisher=Canadian Center of Science and Education |volume=8|issue=5 |doi=10.5539/elt.v8n5p94 |issn = 1916-4742}}</ref> Poe was one of the country's first successful practitioners of the [[short story]], and is generally considered to be the inventor of the [[detective fiction]] genre. In addition, he is credited with contributing significantly to the emergence of [[science fiction]].{{sfn|Stableford|2003|pp=18–19}} He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living exclusively through writing, which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.<ref name=Meyers138>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=138}}.</ref>

Poe was born in [[Boston]]. He was the second child of actors [[David Poe Jr.|David]] and [[Eliza Poe|Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Semtner |first=Christopher P. |title=Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond: the Raven in the River City |publisher=History Press |___location=Charleston, SC |date=2012 |page=15 |isbn=978-1-60949-607-4 |oclc=779472206}}</ref> His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when Eliza died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of [[Richmond, Virginia]]. They never formally adopted him, but he lived with them well into young adulthood. Poe attended the [[University of Virginia]] but left after only a year due to a lack of money. He frequently quarreled with John Allan over the funds needed to continue his education as well as his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the [[United States Army]] under the assumed name of Edgar A. Perry, he published his first collection, ''[[Tamerlane and Other Poems]]'', which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife, Frances, in 1829. However, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at [[West Point]], declared his intention to become a writer, primarily of poems, and parted ways with Allan.

==The life of Edgar Allan Poe==

[[Image:Edgar Allan Poe bust.jpg|thumb|250px|right|This bust of Edgar Allan Poe is found at the [[University of Virginia]], where he dropped out in [[1827]] having gambled away his tuition funds.]]

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for [[literary journal]]s and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, including [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], and New York City. In 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old cousin, [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Clemm]]. She died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1847.

Edgar Allan Poe was born to a [[Scots-Irish]] family in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] on [[January 19]], [[1809]]. The son of actress [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=4074 Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe] and actor David Poe, Jr. His father abandoned the family in July [[1811]] and died five months later on [[December 11]], [[1811]]. His mother had died of [[tuberculosis]] only three days earlier on [[December 8]], [[1811]]. Edgar was only two at the time. Poe was taken into the home of John Allan, a successful [[tobacco]] merchant in [[Richmond, Virginia]]. Although his middle name is often misspelled as "Allen," it is actually "Allan," after this family.

In January 1845, he published his poem "[[The Raven]]" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal, ''The Penn'', later renamed ''[[The Stylus]]''. But before it began publishing, Poe died in Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, under [[Death of Edgar Allan Poe|mysterious circumstances]]. The cause of his death remains unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism, [[substance abuse]], and suicide.<ref name="Meyers256" />

After attending the Misses Duborg boarding school in [[London, England]], young Poe attended the Reverend John Bransby’s Manor House boarding school in the fall of 1818. The Manor House was located in the village of [[Stoke Newington]], only four miles north of [[London]], Poe moved back to the Allans in Richmond in [[1820]]. After serving an apprenticeship in [[Pawtucket]], Poe registered at the [[University of Virginia]] in [[1826]], but only stayed there for one year. He became estranged from his foster father over [[gambling]] debts Poe had acquired while trying to get more spending money, and so Poe enlisted in the [[United States Army]] as a private, using the name Edgar A. Perry, on [[May 26]], [[1827]]. That same year, he released his first book, ''Tamerlane and Other Poems'', which, now, is such a rare book that a surviving copy has been sold for $200,000. After serving for two years and attaining the rank of sergeant major, Poe was [[military discharge|discharged]].

Poe's works influenced the development of literature throughout the world and even impacted such specialized fields as [[cosmology]] and [[cryptography]]. Since his death, he and his writings have [[Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture|appeared throughout popular culture]] in such fields as art, photography, literary allusions, music, [[Edgar Allan Poe in television and film|motion pictures, and television]]. Several of his homes are dedicated museums. In addition, The [[Mystery Writers of America]] presents an annual [[Edgar Award]] for distinguished work in the mystery genre.

In [[1829]], Poe's foster mother, Frances Allan, died, and he published his second book, ''Al Aaraf''. As his foster mother's dying wish, Poe reconciled with his foster father, who coordinated an appointment for him to the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point. At West Point, however, Poe supposedly deliberately disobeyed orders and was dismissed. After that, Poe and his foster father disowned each other until the latter's death on [[March 6]], [[1831]].

==Early life, family and education==

Poe next moved to [[Baltimore, Maryland]] with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Poe's first cousin, [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Eliza Clemm]]. Poe wrote fiction to support himself, and in [[December]] [[1835]], began editing the ''Southern Literary Messenger'' for Thomas W. White in Richmond. On [[May 16]], [[1836]] he married Virginia, who was 13 at the time.

[[File:Edgar Allan Poe Birthplace Boston.jpg|thumb|Plaque marking the approximate ___location of Poe's birth on Carver Street in [[Boston]]]]

Edgar Poe was born in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child of American actor [[David Poe Jr.]] and [[England|English]]-born actress [[Eliza Poe|Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe]]. He had an elder brother, [[William Henry Leonard Poe|Henry]], and a younger sister, [[Rosalie Mackenzie Poe|Rosalie]].<ref name=Allen>{{harvnb|Allen|1927|p=}}</ref> Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated from [[County Cavan]], Ireland, around 1750.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=13}}

His father abandoned the family in 1810,{{sfn|Canada|1997|p=}} and his mother died a year later from [[pulmonary tuberculosis]]. Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in [[Richmond, Virginia]], who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=8}} The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",<ref name=Meyers9>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=9}}</ref> although they never formally adopted him.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=61}}

== Career ==

''The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym'' was published and widely reviewed in [[1838]]. In the summer of [[1839]], Poe became assistant editor of ''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine''. He published a large number of articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation as a trenchant critic that he had established at the ''Southern Literary Messenger''. Also in 1839, the collection ''Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque'' was published in two volumes. Though not a financial success, it was a milestone in the history of American literature, collecting such classic Poe tales as "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]", "[[MS. Found in a Bottle]]", "[[Berenice (short story)|Berenice]]", "[[Ligeia]]" and "[[William Wilson (short story)|William Wilson]]". Poe left ''Burton's'' after about a year and found a position as assistant editor at ''Graham's Magazine''.

The Allan family had Poe baptized into the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.<ref name=Meyers9/> The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815. Poe attended the grammar school in [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine, Ayrshire]], Scotland (where Allan had been born), before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend [[John Bransby]]'s Manor House School in [[Stoke Newington]], then a suburb {{convert|4|mi|km|0}} north of London.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=16–18}}

The evening of January 20, [[1842]], the lovely Virginia broke a blood vessel while singing and playing the piano. Blood began to rush forth from her mouth. It was the first sign of consumption, now more commonly known as [[tuberculosis]]. She only partially recovered. Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of Virginia's illness. He left ''Graham's'' and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a government post. He returned to New York, where he worked briefly at the ''Evening Mirror'' before becoming editor of the ''Broadway Journal''. There he became involved in a noisy public feud with [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]. On [[January 29]], [[1845]], his poem "[[The Raven]]" appeared in the ''Evening Mirror'' and became a popular sensation.

Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond, Virginia, in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visit of the Marquis de Lafayette]].{{sfn|PoeMuseum.org|2006}} In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=20}} leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 ({{inflation|US|750000|1825|fmt=eq|r=-6}}).{{inflation/fn|US}} By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=27–28}}

The ''Broadway Journal'' failed in [[1846]]. Poe moved to a cottage in the Fordham section of [[The Bronx, New York]]. He loved the [[Jesuits]] at [[Fordham University]] and frequently strolled about its campus conversing with both students and faculty. [[Fordham University]]'s bell tower even inspired him to write "[[The Bells]]." The Poe Cottage is on the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road, and is open to the public. Virginia died there in 1847. Increasingly unstable after his wife's death, Poe attempted to court the poet Sarah Helen Whitman. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior; however there is also strong evidence that Miss Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail their relationship. According to Poe's own account, he attempted suicide during this period by overdosing on [[laudanum]]. He then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with a childhood sweetheart, Sarah Elmira Royster, who, by that time, was a widow.

Poe may have become engaged to [[Sarah Elmira Royster]] before he registered at the [[University of Virginia]] in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=29–30}}<ref>University of Virginia. ''A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1, 1826''. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Printing House, 1880, p. 10</ref> The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder, [[Thomas Jefferson]]. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Death==

[[Image:Poe Grave at Westminster 1.jpg|thumb|right|Edgar Allan Poe's reburial celebration on [[November 17]], [[1875]] at Westminster graveyard]]

The unique system was rather chaotic, and there was a high dropout rate.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=21–22}} During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=32–34}} Poe gave up on the university after a year, but did not feel welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart, Royster, had married another man, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper contributor. Poe started using the [[pseudonym]] Henri Le Rennet during this period.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=41}}

On [[October 3]], [[1849]] Poe was found on the streets of Baltimore, [[delirium|delirious]] and "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance," according to the man who found him. He was taken to the Washington College Hospital, where he died early on the morning of October 7. Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and, oddly, was wearing clothes that were not his own. Poe is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though no one has ever been able to identify the person to whom he referred. One Poe scholar, W. T. Bandy, has suggested that he may instead have called for "Herring," (Poe's uncle was called Henry Herring). Some sources say Poe's final words were "It is all over now; write 'Eddy is no more'." referring to his tombstone. Others say his last words were "Lord, help my poor [[soul]]."

==Military career==

The precise cause of Poe's death is disputed. Dr. J. E. Snodgrass, an acquaintance of Poe who was among those who saw him in his last days, was convinced that Poe's death was a result of [[alcoholism]], and did a great deal to popularize this interpretation of the events. He was, however, a supporter of the temperance movement who found Poe a useful example in his work; later scholars have shown that his account of Poe's death distorts facts to support his theory.

[[File:FtIndependence2.jpg|thumb|In May 1827, Poe enlisted in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], where he was first stationed at [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|Fort Independence]] in [[Boston]].]]

As Poe was unable to support himself, he decided to enlist in the [[United States Army]] as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". Although he claimed that he was {{nowrap|22 years old}}, he was actually 18.{{sfn|Cornelius|2002|p=13}} He first served at [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|Fort Independence]] in [[Boston Harbor]] for five dollars a month.<ref name="Meyers32">{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=32}}</ref> That same year, his first book was published, a 40-page collection of poetry titled ''[[Tamerlane and Other Poems]]'', attributed only to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=33–34}} Poe's [[1st Regiment of Artillery]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Historical Vignette 139 - Edgar Allan Poe and West Point |url=https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/General-History/139-Poe-and-West-Point/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]}}</ref> was posted to [[Fort Moultrie]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], before embarking on the brig ''Waltham'' on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked with preparing shells for artillery. His monthly pay doubled.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=35}} Poe served for two years, attaining the rank of sergeant major for artillery, the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve. He then sought to end his five-year enlistment early.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Poe revealed his real name and his actual circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who promised to allow Poe to be honorably [[military discharge|discharged]] if he reconciled with Allan. Poe then wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written to Poe to inform him of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829. Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's desire to receive an appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]].{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=43–47}}

Dr. John Moran, the physician who attended Poe, stated in his own [[1885]] account that "Edgar Allan Poe did not die under the effect of any intoxicant, nor was the smell of liquor upon his breath or person." This was, however, only one of several sometimes contradictory accounts of Poe's last days he published over the years, so his testimony cannot be considered entirely reliable.

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlistment.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=38}} Before entering West Point, he moved to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, her daughter [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Eliza Clemm]] (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.{{sfn|Cornelius|2002|pp=13–14}} That September, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"{{sfn|Sears|1978|p=114|ps=, quoting a letter from Poe to Neal.}} in a review of his poetry by influential critic [[John Neal]], which prompted Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal{{sfn|Lease|1972|p=130}} in his second book, ''Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems'', published in Baltimore in 1829.{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=5}}

Numerous other theories have been proposed over the years, including several forms of rare brain disease, diabetes, various types of enzyme deficiency, syphilis, the idea that Poe was [[Shanghaiing|shanghaied]], drugged, and used as a pawn in a ballot-box-stuffing scam during the election that was held on the day he was found, and more recently, rabies. The rabies death theory was proposed by Dr. R. Michael Benitez, and is based upon the fact that Poe's symptoms before death are similar to those displayed in a classic case of rabies.{{ref|umm}} Cats play a prominent part in many of his stories. It is conjectured that he was accidentally bitten by a rabid pet.

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.{{sfn|Krutch|1926|p=32}} In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.{{sfn|Cornelius|2002|p=14}} This marriage and the bitter quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=54–55}} Poe then decided to leave West Point by intentionally getting [[court-martial]]ed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, and church. Knowing he would be found guilty, Poe pleaded not guilty to the charges in order to induce dismissal.{{sfn|Hecker|2005|pp=49–51}}

In the absence of contemporary documentation (all surviving accounts are either incomplete or published years after the event; even Poe's death certificate, if one was ever made out, has been lost), it is likely that the cause of Poe's death will never be known.

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and then released a third volume of poems, simply titled, ''Poems''. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, some of whom donated as much as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers in the past.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=50–51}} The book was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted the somewhat lengthy poems, "Tamerlane", and "Al Araaf", while also including six previously unpublished poems, conspicuous among which are, "[[To Helen]]", and "[[The City in the Sea]]".{{sfn|Hecker|2005|pp=53–54}} Poe returned to Baltimore and to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been seriously ill for some time, in part due to complications resulting from alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|pp=187–188}}

Poe is buried on the grounds of [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]]{{ref|cemetery}}, now part of the [[University of Maryland, Baltimore|University of Maryland School of Law]]{{ref|lawschool}} in Baltimore.

==Publishing career==

Even after death, however, Poe has created controversy and mystery. Because of his fame, school children collected money for a new burial spot closer to the front gate. He was reburied on [[October 1]], [[1875]]. A celebration was held at the dedication of the new tomb on [[November 17]]. Likely unknown to the reburial crew, however, the headstones on all the graves, previously facing to the east, were turned to face the West Gate in [[1864]].[http://www.nadn.navy.mil/EnglishDept/poeperplex/gravep.htm] Therefore, as it was described in a seemingly fitting turn of events:

[[File:VirginiaPoe.jpg|thumb|In 1835, at age 26, Poe obtained a license to marry his cousin [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Clemm]], who was then aged 13; they were married for 11 years until her death.]]

[[File:Edgar Allan Poe by Samuel S Osgood, 1845.png|thumb|An 1845 portrait of Poe by [[Samuel Stillman Osgood]]]]

[[File:P1020279.JPG|thumb|The cottage in the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]] section of [[the Bronx]], where Poe spent his last years]]

After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living as a writer were mostly unsuccessful. However, he eventually managed to earn a living by his pen alone, becoming one of the first American authors to do so. His efforts were initially hampered by the lack of an international [[copyright law]].{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=247}} American publishers often chose to sell unauthorized copies of works by British authors rather than pay for new work written by Americans, regardless of merit. The initially anemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work may also have been influenced by the [[Panic of 1837]].{{sfn|Whalen|2001|p=74}}

There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=99}} Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised,{{sfn|Whalen|2001|p=82}} and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=139}}After his early attempts at poetry, Poe turned his attention to prose, perhaps based on John Neal's critiques in ''[[The Yankee]]'' magazine.{{sfn|Lease|1972|p=132}} He placed a few stories with a [[Philadelphia]] publication and began work on his only drama, ''[[Politian (play)|Politian]]''. The ''[[Baltimore Saturday Visiter]]'' awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his often overlooked short story "[[MS. Found in a Bottle]]".{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=162}} The tale brought him to the attention of [[John P. Kennedy]], a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his other stories and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the ''[[Southern Literary Messenger]]'' in Richmond.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

:In digging on what they erroneously thought to be the right of the General Poe the committee naturally first struck old Mrs. Poe who had been buried thirty-six years before Edgar's mother-in-law; they tried again and presumably struck Mrs. Clemm who had been buried in 1876 only four years earlier. Henry's Poe's brother foot stone, it there, was respected for they obviously skipped over him and settled for the next body, which was on the Mosher lot. Because of the excellent condition of the teeth, he would certainly seem to have been the remains of Philip Mosher Jr, of the Maryland Militia, age 19.

In 1835, Poe became assistant editor of the ''Southern Literary Messenger'',{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=225}} but White discharged him within a few weeks, allegedly for being drunk on the job.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=73}} Poe then returned to [[Baltimore]], where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were actually married at that time.<ref name="Silverman 1991 124">{{harvnb|Silverman|1991|p=124}}.</ref> He was 26 and she was 13.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Since Poe's death, his grave site has become a popular tourist attraction. Beginning in 1949, the grave has been visited every year in the early hours of Poe's birthday, January 19th, by a mystery man known endearingly as the [[Poe Toaster]]. It has been reported that a man draped in black with a silver-tipped cane, kneels at the grave for a toast of Martel [[cognac (drink)|Cognac]] and leaves the half-full bottle and three red roses. The three red roses supposedly are in memory of Poe himself, his mother-in-law, and his wife Virginia.

Poe was reinstated by White after promising to improve his behavior, and he returned to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the ''Messenger'' until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.<ref name=Allen/> He published several poems, and many book reviews, critiques, essays, and articles, as well as a few stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia were officially married at a [[Presbyterian]] wedding ceremony performed by [[Amasa Converse]] at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.<ref name="Silverman 1991 124"/>{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=85}}

=="Memoir" – Griswold's biography of Edgar Allan Poe==

The day Edgar Allan Poe was buried, a long [[obituary]] appeared in the ''[[New York Tribune]]'' signed "Ludwig". The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."{{ref|obit}} It was reprinted in numerous papers across the country. "Ludwig" was soon identified as [[Rufus Griswold]], a minor editor and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842, when Poe wrote a review of one of Griswold's anthologies, a review that Griswold deemed to be full of false praise. Though they were coolly polite in person, an enmity developed between the two men as they clashed over various matters. Critics have seen this obituary as a way for Griswold to finally settle his score with Poe.

===Philadelphia===

Griswold went on to assume the role of Poe's [[literary executor]], though no evidence exists that Poe had ever made the choice. He convinced Poe's destitute mother-in-law Maria Clemm to hand over a mass of letters and manuscripts (which were never returned) and allow him to prepare an edition of Poe's collected works. Griswold assured Clemm that she would receive significant royalties, but she received nothing but a few sets of the edition, which she had to sell herself to make any sort of profit.

In 1838, Poe relocated to [[Philadelphia]], where he lived at four different residences between 1838 and 1844, [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site|one of which at 532 N. 7th Street]] has been preserved as a [[National Historic Landmark]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

That same year, Poe's only novel, ''[[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket]]'' was published and widely reviewed.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=137}} In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor of ''[[Burton's Gentleman's Magazine]]''. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had established at the ''Messenger'' as one of America's foremost literary critics. Also in 1839, the collection ''[[Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque]]'' was published in two volumes, though Poe received little remuneration from it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=113}}

Rufus Griswold wrote a biographical "Memoir" of Poe, which he included in an additional volume of the collected works. Griswold depicted Poe as a depraved, drunk, drug-addled madman. This biography presented a starkly different version of Poe's biography than any other at the time, and included items now believed to have been forged by Griswold to bolster his case. Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Edgar Allan Poe well; Griswold's account became a popularly accepted one, however, in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because it seemed to accord with the narrative voice Poe used in much of his fiction.

In June 1840, Poe published a [[Prospectus (book)|prospectus]] announcing his intentions to start his own journal called ''[[The Stylus]]'',{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=119}} although he originally intended to call it ''The Penn'', since it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for the prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'': ''"Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe."''{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=159}} However, Poe died before the journal could be produced.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

No accurate biography of Poe appeared until John Ingram's of 1875. By then, however, Griswold's depiction of Poe was entrenched in the mind of the public, not only in America but around the world. Griswold's madman image of Poe is still existent in the modern perceptions of the man himself.

Poe left ''Burton's'' after a year and found a position as writer and co-editor at ''[[Graham's Magazine]]'', which was a successful monthly publication.{{sfn|Sova|2001|pp=39, 99}} In the last number of ''Graham's'' for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration concerning the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Graham |first1=George |last2=Embury |first2=E. |last3=Peterson |first3=Charles |last4=Stephens |first4=A. |last5=Poe |first5=Edgar |date=December 1841 |title=The Closing Year |url=https://archive.org/details/grahamsmagazine1819grah |magazine=Graham's Magazine |___location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=George R. Graham |access-date=December 2, 2020 |quote=We began the year almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a list of twenty-five thousand subscribers, and the assurance on every hand that our popularity has as yet seen only its dawning.}} (See page 308 of pdf.)</ref>

==Literary and artistic theory==

In his essay "[[The Poetic Principle]]", Poe argued that there is no such thing as a long poem, since the ultimate purpose of [[art]] is [[aesthetic]], that is, its purpose is the effect it has on its audience, and this effect can only be maintained for a brief period of time (the time it takes to read a lyric poem, or watch a drama performed, or view a painting, etc.). He argued that an [[Epic poetry|epic]], if it has any value at all, must be actually a series of smaller pieces, each geared towards a single effect or sentiment, which "elevates the soul".

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position in the [[Presidency of John Tyler|administration]] of [[John Tyler]], claiming that he was a member of the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]].{{sfn|Quinn|1998|pp=321–322}} He hoped to be appointed to the [[United States Custom House (Philadelphia)|United States Custom House]] in [[Philadelphia]] with help from President Tyler's son [[Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)|Robert]],{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=186}} an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=144}} However, Poe failed to appear for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=187}} Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were eventually filled by others.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=188}}

Poe associated the aesthetic aspect of art with pure [[ideality]] claiming that the mood or sentiment created by a work of art elevates the soul, and is thus a spiritual experience. In many of his short stories, artistically inclined characters (especially Roderick Usher from "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]") are able to achieve this ideal aesthetic through ''fixation'', and often exhibit obsessive personalities and reclusive tendencies. "[[The Oval Portrait]]" also examines fixation, but in this case the object of fixation is itself a work of art.

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, or [[tuberculosis]], while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as the breaking of a blood vessel in her throat.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=179}} She only partially recovered, and Poe is alleged to have begun to drink heavily due to the stress he suffered as a result of her illness. He then left ''Graham's'' and attempted to find a new position, for a time again angling for a government post. He finally decided to return to New York where he worked briefly at the ''Evening Mirror'' before becoming editor of the ''[[Broadway Journal]]'', and later its owner.<ref name=Sova34>{{harvnb|Sova|2001|p=34}}.</ref> There Poe alienated himself from other writers by, among other things, publicly accusing [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] of [[plagiarism]], though Longfellow never responded.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=455}} On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem, "[[The Raven]]", appeared in the ''Evening Mirror'' and quickly became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,{{sfn|Hoffman|1998|p=80}} though at the time, he was paid only $9 ({{inflation|US|9|1845|fmt=eq}}) for its publication.{{sfn|Ostrom|1987|p=5}} It was concurrently published in ''[[The American Review: A Whig Journal]]'' under the pseudonym "Quarles".{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=530}}

He championed [[art for art's sake]] (before the term itself was coined). He was consequentially an opponent of [[Didactic literature|didacticism]], arguing in his literary criticisms that the role of [[morality|moral]] or [[ethical]] instruction lies outside the realm of poetry and art, which should only focus on the production of a beautiful work of art. He criticized [[James Russell Lowell]] in a review for being excessively didactic and moralistic in his writings, and argued often that a poem should be written "for a poem's sake". Since a poem's purpose is to convey a single aesthetic experience, Poe argues in his literary theory essay [[The Philosophy of Composition]], the ending should be written first. Poe's inspiration for this theory was [[Charles Dickens]], who wrote to Poe in a letter dated March 6, 1842,

===The Bronx===

::''Apropos of the "construction" of "Caleb Williams," do you know that Godwin wrote it backwards, -- the last volume first, -- and that when he had produced the hunting down of Caleb, and the catastrophe, he waited for months, casting about for a means of accounting for what he had done ?''[http://eapoe.org/misc/letters/t4203060.htm]

The ''Broadway Journal'' failed in 1846,<ref name=Sova34/> and Poe then moved to a cottage in [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham, New York]], in [[the Bronx]]. That home, now known as the [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage]], was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of the [[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]] and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the [[Jesuits]] at St. John's College, now [[Fordham University]].<ref>Schroth, Raymond A. ''Fordham: A History and Memoir''. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 22–25.</ref> Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.<ref name="Poe Cottage">{{harvnb|BronxHistoricalSociety.org|2007}}.</ref> Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.{{sfn|Weekes|2002|p=149}}

Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court the poet [[Sarah Helen Whitman]], who lived in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail the relationship.{{sfn|Benton|1987|p=19}} Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=628}}

Poe refers to the letter in his essay. Dickens' literary influence on Poe can also be seen in Poe's short story "The Man of the Crowd". Its depictions of urban blight owe much to Dickens and in many places purposefully echo Dickens' language.

==Death==

He was a proponent and supporter of [[magazine]] literature, and felt that short stories, or "tales" as they were called in the early nineteenth century, which were usually considered "vulgar" or "low art" along with the magazines that published them, were legitimate art forms on par with the novel or epic poem. His insistence on the artistic value of the short story was influential in the short story's rise to prominence in later generations.

{{main|Death of Edgar Allan Poe}}

[[File:EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg|thumb|Poe is interred at [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground|Westminster Hall]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (Lat: 39.29027; Long: −76.62333); the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.]]

On October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in [[Baltimore]], "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=638}} He was taken to [[Church Home and Hospital|Washington Medical College]], where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.<ref name=Meyers255>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=255}}</ref>

Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".<ref name="Meyers255" /> All of the relevant medical records have been lost, including Poe's [[death certificate]].{{sfn|Bramsback|1970|p=40}}

Poe also focused the theme of each of his short stories on one human characteristic. In "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]", he focused on [[guilt]], in "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]", his focus was [[fear]], etc.

Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=435–436}} The actual cause of death remains a mystery.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=435}} Speculation has included ''[[delirium tremens]]'', [[heart disease]], [[epilepsy]], [[syphilis]], [[meningitis|meningeal inflammation]],<ref name=Meyers256>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=256}}</ref> [[carbon monoxide poisoning]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Geiling|first=Natasha|title=The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/still-mysterious-death-edgar-allan-poe-180952936/|access-date=May 3, 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> and [[rabies]].{{sfn|Benitez|1996}} One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from [[cooping]], a form of [[electoral fraud]] in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.{{sfn|Walsh|2000|pp=32–33}}

Poe disliked [[allegory]]. He once commented that "In defence of allegory, (however, or for whatever object, employed,) there is scarcely one respectable word to be said. Its best appeals are made to the fancy — that is to say, to our sense of adaptation, not of matters proper, but of matters irnproper for the purpose, of the real with the unreal; having never more of intelligible connection than has something with nothing, never half so much of effective affinity as has the substance for the shadow."[http://www.eapoe.org/WORKS/criticsm/hawthgr.htm]

==Legacy=Griswold's and lorememoir===

Immediately after Poe's death, his literary rival [[Rufus Wilmot Griswold]], wrote a slanted, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".<ref>{{cite web|last=Van Luling|first=Todd|title=A Vengeful Arch-Nemesis Taught You Fake News About Edgar Allan Poe|date=January 19, 2017|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/edgar-allen-poe-obituary_n_587d4b0de4b03549ebc02172|website=Huffington Post|access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref>

[[Image:Poe's_grave_Baltimore_MD.jpg|thumb|left|Edgar Allan Poe's grave, Baltimore MD.]]

Poe's works have had a broad influence on American and world literature (sometimes even despite those who tried to resist it), and even on the art world beyond literature. The scope of Poe's impact on art is evident when one sees the many and diverse artists who were directly and profoundly influenced by him.

The long obituary appeared in the ''[[New York Tribune]]'', signed, "Ludwig" on the day Poe was buried in [[Baltimore]]. It was further published throughout the country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=259|ps=: To read Griswold's full obituary, see [[s:Death of Edgar Allan Poe|Edgar Allan Poe obituary]] at Wikisource.}} "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and [[anthologist]] who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's [[literary executor]] and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.<ref name=Hoffman14>{{harvnb|Hoffman|1998|p=14}}</ref>

====American literature====

Poe's literary reputation was greater abroad than in the United States, perhaps as a result of America's general revulsion towards the macabre. Rufus Griswold's defamatory reminiscences did little to commend Poe to U.S. literary society. However, American authors as diverse as [[Walt Whitman]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], [[William Faulkner]], and [[Herman Melville]] were influenced by Poe's works. [[Nathanael West]] used the concept and remarkable black humour of Poe's "The Man That Was Used Up" in his third novel, ''A Cool Million''.

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman, including some of Poe's "letters" as evidence.<ref name=Hoffman14/> Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there is little to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a drug addict.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=693}} Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=101}} including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "[[Rhadamanthus]], who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety".{{sfn|Lease|1972|p=194|ps=, quoting Neal.}} Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=263}} Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as [[forgeries]].{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=699}}

[[Flannery O'Connor]], however, who grew up reading Poe's satirical works, claimed the influence of Poe on her works was "something I'd rather not think about" (''Poe Encyclopaedia'', p. 259). [[T. S. Eliot]], who was often quite hostile to Poe, describing him as having "the intellect of a highly gifted person before puberty," [http://www.eapoe.org/geninfo/poebtsp2.htm] professed that he was impressed, however, by Poe's abilities as a literary critic, calling him "the directest, the least pedantic, the least pedagogical of the critics writing in his time in either America or England." [http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/ps1960/p1969204.htm]

==Literary style and themes==

[[Mark Twain]] was also a sharp critic of Poe. "To me his prose is unreadable--like [[Jane Austen|Jane Austen]]'s," he wrote in a January 18, 1909 letter to [[William Dean Howells]]. [http://www.twainquotes.com/Poe.html]

=== Genres ===

Poe's best-known fiction works have been labeled as [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] horror,{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=64}} and adhere to that genre's general propensity to appeal to the public's taste for the terrifying or psychologically intimidating.<ref name="Royot57">{{harvnb|Royot|2002|p=57}}</ref> His most recurrent themes seem to deal with death. The physical signs indicating death, the nature of [[decomposition]], the popular concerns of Poe's day about [[premature burial]], the reanimation of the dead, are all at length explored in his more notable works.{{sfn|Kennedy|1987|p=3}} Many of his writings are generally considered to be part of the [[dark romanticism]] genre, which is said to be a literary reaction to [[transcendentalism]],{{sfn|Koster|2002|p=336}} which Poe strongly criticized.<ref name="ljunquist15">{{harvnb|Ljunquist|2002|p=15}}</ref> He referred to followers of the transcendental movement, including Emerson, as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on [[Boston Common]],{{sfn|Royot|2002|pp=61–62}}<ref>{{cite web|title=(Introduction)|url=http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/english/poebostonexhibit/|work=The Raven in the Frog Pond: Edgar Allan Poe and the City of Boston|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 26, 2012|format=Exhibition at Boston Public Library|date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203065247/http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/english/poebostonexhibit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"{{sfn|Hayes|2002|p=16}} lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".<ref name="ljunquist15" /> However, Poe once wrote in a letter to [[Thomas Holley Chivers]] that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and [[Sophist#Modern usage|sophists]] among them".{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=169}}

Beyond the horror stories he is most famous for, Poe also wrote a number of [[satire]]s, humor tales, and hoaxes. He was a master of sarcasm. For comic effect, he often used irony and ludicrous extravagance in a deliberate attempt to liberate the reader from cultural and literary conformity.<ref name=Royot57/> "[[Metzengerstein]]" is the first story that Poe is known to have published,{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=88}} and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a [[burlesque]] satirizing the popular genres of Poe's time.{{sfn|Fisher|1993|pp=142, 149}} Poe was also one of the forerunners of American [[science fiction]], responding in his voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities of hot air balloons as featured in such works as, "[[The Balloon-Hoax]]".{{sfn|Tresch|2002|p=114}}

====Influence on French literature====

Much of Poe's work coincided with themes that readers of his day found appealing, though he often professed to abhor the tastes of the majority of the people who read for pleasure in his time. In his critical works, Poe investigated and wrote about many [[pseudoscience|of the pseudoscience]]s that were then popular with the majority of his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited to, the fields of astrology, cosmology, [[phrenology]],{{sfn|Hungerford|1930|pp=209–231}}<ref name= Stern1968>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stern MB|title= Poe: "The Mental Temperament" for phrenologists |journal= Am Lit |date= 1968 | volume = 40| issue = 2|pages=155–163|doi=10.2307/2923658

In [[France]], where he is commonly known as "Edgar Poe," Poe's works first arrived when two French papers published separate (and uncredited) translations of Poe's detective story "The Muderers in the Rue Morgue". A third newspaper, ''La Presse'', accused the editor of the second paper, E. D. Forgues, of plagiarizing the first paper. Forgues explained that the story was original to neither paper, but was a translation of "les Contes d'E. Poe, littérateur américain." ("the stories of E. Poe, American author.") When ''Le Presse'' did not acknowledge Forgues' explanation of the events, Forgues responded with a libel lawsuit, during which he repeatedly proclaimed, "Avez-vous lu Edgar Poe? Lisez Edgar Poe." ("Have you read Edgar Poe? Read Edgar Poe!") The notoriety of this trial spread Poe's name throughout [[Paris]], gaining the interest of many poets and writers. (Silverman 321)

|pmid=19943371 |jstor=2923658 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2923658|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and [[physiognomy]].{{sfn|Grayson|2005|pp=56–77}}

===Literary theory===

Among these was [[Charles Baudelaire]], who translated almost all of Poe's stories and several of the poems into French. His excellent translations meant that Poe enjoyed a vogue among [[avant-garde]] writers in France while being ignored in his native land. Poe also exerted a powerful influence over Baudelaire's own poetry, as can be seen from Baudelaire's obsession with macabre imagery, morbid themes, musical verse and aesthetic pleasure. In a draft preface to his most famous work, ''[[Les Fleurs du Mal]]'', Baudelaire lists Poe as one of the authors whom he plagiarized. Baudelaire also found in Poe an example of what he saw as the destructive elements of [[bourgeois]] society. Poe himself was critical of [[democracy]] and [[capitalism]] (in his story "Mellonta Tauta," Poe proclaims that "democracy is a very admirable form of government—for dogs" [http://www.eapoe.org/works/tales/mellntab.htm]), and the tragic poverty and misery of Poe's biography seemed, to Baudelaire, to be the ultimate example of how the bourgeoisie destroys genius and originality.

Poe's writings often reflect the literary theories he introduced in his prolific critical works and expounded on in such essays as, "[[The Poetic Principle]]".<ref name=Krutch225>{{harvnb|Krutch|1926|p=225}}</ref> He disliked [[didacticism]]{{sfn|Kagle|1990|p=104}} and imitation masquerading as influence, believing originality to be the highest mark of genius. In Poe's conception of the artist's life, the attainment of the concretization of beauty should be the ultimate goal. That which is unique is alone of value. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.{{sfn|Wilbur|1967|p=99}} He believed that any work worthy of being praised should have as its focus a single specific effect.<ref name=Krutch225/> That which does not tend towards the effect is extraneous. In his view, every serious writer must carefully calculate each sentiment and idea in his or her work to ensure that it strengthens the theme of the piece.{{sfn|Jannaccone|1974|p=3}}

Poe describes the method he employed while composing his most famous poem, "The Raven", in an essay entitled "[[The Philosophy of Composition]]". However, many of Poe's critics have questioned whether the method enunciated in the essay was formulated before the poem was written, or afterward, or, as [[T.&nbsp;S. Eliot]] is quoted as saying, "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."{{sfn|Hoffman|1998|p=76}} Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".{{sfn|Krutch|1926|p=98}}

Poe was much admired, also, by the school of [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]. [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] dedicated several poems to him and translated some of Poe's works into French, accompanied by illustrations by Manet (see below). The later authors [[Paul Valéry]] and [[Marcel Proust]] were great admirers of Poe, the latter saying "Poe sought to arrive at the beautiful through evocation and an elimination of moral motives in his art."

==Legacy==

====Other world literature====

=====England==Influence===

[[File:Raven Manet D2.jpg|thumb|An 1875 illustration of Poe by French impressionist [[Édouard Manet]] for the [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] translation of "[[The Raven]]"]]

From France, Poe's works made their way to [[England]], where writers like [[Algernon Swinburne]] caught the Poe-bug, and Swinburne's musical verse owes much to Poe's technique. [[Oscar Wilde]] called Poe "this marvelous lord of rhythmic expression" and drew on Poe's works for his novel ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' and his short stories (''Poe Encyclopedia'' 375). The poet and critic [[W. H. Auden]] revitalized interest in Poe's works, especially his criticism. Auden said of Poe, "His portraits of abnormal or self-destructive states contributed much to [[Dostoyevsky]], his ratiocinating hero is the ancestor of Sherlock Holmes and his many successors, his tales of the future lead to H. G. Wells, his adventure stories to Jules Verne and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]." (''Poe Encyclopedia'' 27). Other English writers, such as [[Aldous Huxley]], however, were less fond of him. Huxley considered Poe to be the embodiment of vulgarity in literature. [http://www.star.ac.uk/Archive/AGDabstracts/Filippakopoulou.pdf#search='huxley%20poe']

[[File:Edgar A. Poe - NARA - 528345 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Poe depicted in a modern retouched version of a [[daguerreotype]]]]

During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings are nonfictional. Contemporary critic [[James Russell Lowell]] called him, "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America," suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used [[prussic acid]] instead of ink.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=432}} Poe's often caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk man".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style|last=Zimmerman|first=Brett|year=2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|___location=Montreal|isbn=978-0-7735-2899-4|pages=85–87}}</ref> One target of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], who was defended by his friends, literary and otherwise, in what was later called, "The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.<ref name=Lewis>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe's case against the Boston literati|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full|work=boston.com|publisher=Globe Newspaper Company|access-date=April 9, 2013|date=March 6, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603120501/http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full|archive-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".<ref name=BosLitHist>{{cite web|title=Longfellow's Serenity and Poe's Prediction|url=http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/chapter-5|work=Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 22, 2012|format=Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society|date=July 30, 2012}}</ref>

Poe became known as the creator of a type of fiction that was difficult to categorize and nearly impossible to imitate. He was one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.<ref name=Meyers258>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=258}}</ref> Poe was particularly esteemed in France, in part due to early translations of his work by [[Charles Baudelaire]]. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.{{sfn|Harner|1990|p=218}}

=====Russia=====

Poe's poetry was translated into [[Russia|Russian]] by the [[Symbolist]] poet [[Konstantin Balmont]] and enjoyed great popularity there in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing artists such as [[Vladimir Nabokov|Nabokov]], who makes several references to Poe's work in his most famous novel, ''[[Lolita]]''. [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] called Poe "an enormously talented writer", favorably reviewing Poe's detective stories and briefly referencing "[[The Raven]]" in his novel ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]''. It has been suggested that ''[[Crime and Punishment]]'''s Raskolnikov was inspired in part by Montresor from "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]", and that the same novel's Porfiry Petrovich owes a debt to [[Auguste Dupin]] (''Poe Encyclopaedia'' 102).

Poe's early mystery tales featuring the detective, [[C. Auguste Dupin]], though not numerous, laid the groundwork for similar characters that would eventually become famous throughout the world. Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"{{sfn|Frank|Magistrale|1997|p=103}} The [[Mystery Writers of America]] have named their awards for excellence in the mystery genre "The [[Edgar Award|Edgars]]".{{sfn|Neimeyer|2002|p=206}} Poe's work also influenced writings that would eventually come to be called "science fiction", notably the works of [[Jules Verne]], who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel ''The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket'' called ''[[An Antarctic Mystery]]'', also known as ''The Sphinx of the Ice Fields''.{{sfn|Frank|Magistrale|1997|p=364}} And as the author [[H.&nbsp;G. Wells]] noted, "''Pym'' tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago".{{sfn|Frank|Magistrale|1997|p=372}} In 2013, ''[[The Guardian]]'' cited ''Pym'' as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, [[Henry James]], [[B. Traven]], and [[David Morrell]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news | last = McCrum | first = Robert | title = The 100 best novels: No 10 – The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838) | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = November 23, 2013 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/24/arthur-gordon-pym-nantucket-edgar-allan-poe-100-novels | access-date = August 8, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160911130937/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/24/arthur-gordon-pym-nantucket-edgar-allan-poe-100-novels | archive-date = September 11, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

=====Sweden=====

Poe was also an influence for the [[Sweden|Swedish]] poet and author [[Viktor Rydberg]], who translated a considerable amount of Poe's work into [[Swedish language|Swedish]]; a '''[[Japan|Japanese]]''' author who even took a pseudonym, [[Edogawa Rampo]], from a rendering of Poe's name in that language; and '''[[Germany|German]]''' author [[Thomas Mann]], in whose novel ''[[Buddenbrooks]]'', a character reads Poe's short novels and professes to be influenced by his works. [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] refers to Poe in his masterpiece ''[[Beyond Good and Evil]]'', and some have found evidence of Poe's influence on the eccentric [[philosopher]].[http://www.lv.psu.edu/PSA/PSANfall1995.html]

Horror author and historian [[H. P. Lovecraft]] was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "[[Supernatural Horror in Literature]]", to his influence on the genre.{{sfn|Joshi|1996|p=382}} In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his "God of Fiction".{{sfnm|1a1=Pedersen|1y=2018|1pp=172–173|2a1=Joshi|2y=2013|2p=263|3a1=St. Armand|3y=1975|3p=129}} Lovecraft's earliest stories are clearly influenced by Poe.{{sfnm|1a1=Jamneck|1y=2012|1pp=126–151|2a1=St. Armand|2y=1975|2pp=129–130}} ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'' directly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use of Poe's concept of the "unity of effect" in his fiction.{{sfn|Joshi|2017|pp=x–xi}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] once said, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films".<ref>{{cite news |title=Edgar Allan Poe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/12/edgarallanpoe |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 22, 2008 |access-date =February 14, 2019}}</ref> Many references to Poe's works are present in [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s novels.<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.com/features/nabokov/speak.html Brian Boyd on Speak, Memory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629055211/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/nabokov/speak.html}}, Vladimir Nabokov Centennial, Random House, Inc.</ref> The Japanese author Tarō Hirai derived his pen name, [[Edogawa Ranpo]], from an altered phonetic rendering of Poe's name.{{sfn|Silver|2008|pp=14–15}}

=====Czechoslovakia=====

Poe made a deep impression on [[Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovakian]] author [[Franz Kafka]], and the influence of Poe's works on his are undeniable. Both authors focus on disturbed states of mind and the crimes or horrors that arrive from them, using closed-off, isolated settings to explore their characters. Kafka once said of Poe, "He wrote tales of mystery to make himself at home in the world. That's perfectly natural. Imagination has fewer pitfalls than reality.... I know his way of escape and his dreamer's face."

Poe's works have spawned many imitators.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=281}} In 1863, a medium named [[Lizzie Doten]] published ''Poems of the Inner Life'', which compiled several poems she claimed were written by the channeled spirits of dead authors. She claimed six were by Poe, though Poe scholar Christopher P. Semtner dismisses them as "merely pastiches".<ref>Semtner, Christopher P. ''Haunting Poe: His Afterlife in Richmond and Beyond''. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2022: 79. {{ISBN|9781467151269}}</ref>

=====Argentina=====

[[Argentina|Argentinian]] author [[Jorge Luis Borges]] was a great admirer of Poe's works, and translated his stories into [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Many of the characters from Borges' stories are borrowed directly from Poe's stories, and in many of his stories Poe is mentioned by name.

Poe has also received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.<ref name=Meyers258/> [[William Butler Yeats]] was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=274}} Transcendentalist [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it",{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=265}} and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".{{sfn|''New York Times''|1894}} [[Aldous Huxley]] wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.{{sfn|Huxley|1967|p=32}}

====Detective fiction====

He is often credited as being an originator in the genre of [[detective fiction]] with his three stories about [[Auguste Dupin]], the most famous of which is "[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]." (Poe also wrote a [[satirical]] detective story called [["Thou Art the Man"]]) There is no doubt that he inspired mystery writers who came after him, particularly [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] in his series of stories featuring [[Sherlock Holmes]]. Doyle was once quoted as saying, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" (''Poe Encyclopedia'' 103). Though Poe's [[Auguste Dupin]] was not the first detective in fiction, he became an [[archetype]] for all subsequent detectives, and Doyle acknowledged the primacy of Auguste Dupin in his Sherlock Holmes story, ''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'', in which Watson compares Holmes to Dupin, much to Holmes's chagrin.

It is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book ''Tamerlane and Other Poems''. In December 2009, one copy sold at [[Christie's|Christie's auctioneers]] in New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.{{sfn|''New York Daily News''|2009}}

The [[Mystery Writers of America]] have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "[[Edgar Award|Edgars]]."

===Physics and cosmology===

====Science fiction, gothic fiction and horror fiction====

''[[Eureka: A Prose Poem]]'', an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the [[Big Bang]] theory by 80 years,{{sfn|Cappi|1994}}{{sfn|Rombeck|2005}} as well as the first plausible solution to [[Olbers' paradox]].{{sfn|Harrison|1987|p=}}{{sfn|Smoot|Davidson|1994|p=}}

Poe also profoundly influenced the development of early [[science fiction]] author [[Jules Verne]], who discussed Poe in his essay ''Poe et ses &#339;uvres'' and also wrote a sequel to Poe's novel ''The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket'' called ''The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, Le sphinx des glaces'' (''Poe Encyclopedia'' 364). [[H. G. Wells]], in discussing the construction of his classics of science fiction, ''The War of the Worlds'' and ''The First Men in the Moon'', noted that "''Pym'' tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago" (''Poe Encyclopaedia'' 372).

Poe eschewed the [[scientific method]] in ''Eureka'' and instead wrote from pure [[intuition (knowledge)|intuition]].<ref name=Meyers214>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=214}}</ref> For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,<ref name=Meyers214/> but insisted that it was still true{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=399}} and considered it to be his career masterpiece.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=219}} Even so, ''Eureka'' is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored [[Newton's laws of motion|Newtonian principles]] regarding the density and rotation of planets.{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=82}}

===Cryptography===

Renowned science fiction author [[Ray Bradbury]] has also professed a love for Poe. He often draws upon Poe in his stories and mentions Poe by name in several stories. His anti-[[censorship]] story "Usher II", set in a [[dystopia]]n future in which the works of Poe (and some other authors) have been censored, features an eccentric who constructs a house based on Poe's tale "The Fall of the House of Usher".

Poe had a keen interest in [[cryptography]]. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper ''Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger'', inviting submissions of [[cipher]]s which he proceeded to solve.<ref name=Silverman152>{{harvnb|Silverman|1991|p=152}}</ref> In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in ''Graham's Magazine''. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "[[The Gold-Bug]]" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story.{{sfn|Rosenheim|1997|pp=2, 6}} Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple [[Substitution cipher|substitution cryptogram]]) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.<ref name=Silverman152/> The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.{{sfn|Friedman|1993|pp=40–41}}

Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "W.&nbsp;B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from [[Joseph Addison]]'s play ''Cato''; the other is probably based on a poem by [[Hester Thrale]].<ref>"Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in the ''Baltimore Sun'' of July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem ("Nuptial Repartee") that first appeared in the June 21, 1813, ''Morning Herald'' of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may be the true author." From ''Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living'' by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]], 2014: p. 111.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Donn |first=Jeff |title=Poe's puzzle decoded, but meaning is mystery |url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/poe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery/article_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html |newspaper=Tulsa World |date=December 2000 |access-date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817183521/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/poe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery/article_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html |archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref>

Along with [[Mary Shelley]], Poe is regarded as the foremost proponent of the [[Gothic novel|Gothic]] strain in literary Romanticism. [[Death]], decay and madness were an obsession for Poe. His curious and often nightmarish work greatly influenced the [[Horror fiction|horror]] and [[fantasy]] genres, and the horror fiction writer [[H. P. Lovecraft]] claimed to have been profoundly influenced by Poe's works.

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. [[William Friedman]], America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.{{sfn|Rosenheim|1997|p=15}} Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's [[Purple (cipher machine)|PURPLE]] code during [[World War&nbsp;II]].{{sfn|Rosenheim|1997|p=146}}

====Playwrights and filmmakers====

On the stage, the great dramatist [[George Bernard Shaw]] was greatly influenced by Poe's literary criticism, calling Poe "the greatest journalistic critic of his time" (''Poe Encyclopaedia'' 315). [[Alfred Hitchcock]] declared Poe as a major inspiration, saying, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films."

===Political stances===

Actor [[John Astin]], who performed as Gomez in the ''[[Addams Family]]'' television series, is an ardent admirer of Poe, whom he resembles, and in recent years has starred in a one-man play based on Poe's life and works, ''[[Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight]]''. [http://www.astin-poe.com/] The musical play ''Nevermore'' [http://signature-theatre.org/seasondescrip.htm#nevermore], by Matt Conner and Grace Barnes, was inspired by Poe's poems and essays.

Poe was a news writer for a variety of presses including ''Southern Literary Messenger'', ''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine'', ''Graham's Magazine'', and the ''Broadway Journal''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Benjamin |title=Poe in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates |publisher=University of Iowa Press |date=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/editions/prdcls.htm|publisher=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore |title=Annuals, Magazines and Periodicals |access-date=July 13, 2025}}</ref> In his news writing, Poe was critical of the American political system and was consequently labeled anti-American and “bitterly hostile.” <ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George |title=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences |publisher=Washington Academy of Sciences |date=2019 |chapter=Vol. 105, No.4}}</ref> He often called the government a [[Mob rule|mobocracy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brenam|first=Amy |title=Edgar Allan Poe In Context |date=2013 |chapter=21 - The Politics of Publishing}}</ref> In the ''Southern Literary Messenger'', he critiqued [[William Lynch (Lynch law)|lynching]] by calling its proponents "A trained band of villains" and "unlawful and abandoned wretches".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/misc/lynchlaw.htm|publisher=Southern Literary Magazine |title=Editorial |access-date=July 13, 2025}}</ref>

In ''Graham's Magazine'' in 1846, he proposed separating the Appalachian South from the United States<ref name=williams>John Alexander Williams, ''Appalachia: A History''. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press, 2002: 11–14.</ref> and naming it the "United States of Alleghania”.<ref>{{cite book |last=Poe |first=Edgar Allan |editor-last=Kennedy |editor-first=Gerald |title=The Portable Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2006 |page=600 |chapter=The Name of the Nation}}</ref>

====Physics and cosmology====

''Eureka'', an essay written in [[1848]], included a cosmological theory that anticipated the [[Big Bang]] theory by 80 years, as well as the first plausible solution to [[Olbers' paradox]]. Though described as a "[[prose poem]]" by Poe, who wished it to be considered as art, this work is a remarkable scientific and mystical essay unlike any of his other works. He wrote that he considered ''Eureka'' to be his career masterpiece.

==Commemorations and namesake==

Poe eschewed the scientific method in his ''Eureka''. He argued instead that he was reasoning from pure [[intuition]], using neither the [[Aristotelian]] [[a priori]] method of [[axioms]] and [[syllogisms]], nor the [[empirical]] method of modern science set forth by [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]]. For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science, but insisted that it was still true. Though some of his assertions have later proven to be false (such as his assertion that gravity must be the strongest [[force]]--it is actually the ''weakest''), others have been shown to be surprisingly accurate and decades ahead of their time.

[[File:Edgar Allen Poe, 1949 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1|On October 7, 1949, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp honoring Edgar Allan Poe on the 100th anniversary of his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.4083 |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |title=Edgar Allan Poe, issue of 1949 |access-date=September 30, 2024}}</ref>]]

{{main|Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture|Edgar Allan Poe in television and film}}

====Cryptography=Character===

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in order to represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and in order to exploit his personal struggles.{{sfn|Neimeyer|2002|p=209}} Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.{{sfn|Gargano|1967|p=165}} Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as ''[[The Poe Shadow]]'' by [[Matthew Pearl]].{{sfn|Maslin|2006}}

Poe had a keen interest in the field of [[cryptography]], as exemplified in his short story ''[[The Gold Bug]]''. In particular he placed a notice of his abilities in the [[Philadelphia]] paper ''Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger'', inviting submissions of [[cipher]]s, which he proceeded to solve.[http://starbase.trincoll.edu/~crypto/historical/poe.html] His success created a public stir for some months. He later wrote essays on methods of cryptography which proved useful in deciphering the [[Germany|German]] codes employed during [[World War I]].

===Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums===

Poe's success in cryptography relied not so much on his knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple substitution cryptogram), as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage. [http://www.usna.edu/EnglishDept/poeperplex/cryptop.htm] The sensation Poe created with his cryptography stunt played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.

{{anchor|Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums}}

[[File:PoeNHS.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]] in [[Philadelphia]], one of several preserved former residences of Poe]]

No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], the Old Stone House, is in use as the [[Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond)|Edgar Allan Poe Museum]], though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the [[University of Virginia]] in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as the [[Raven Society]].{{sfn|The Raven Society|2014}}

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is at 203 North Amity St. in [[Baltimore]], which is preserved as the [[Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum]]. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe.{{sfn|Edgar Allan Poe Society|2007}}

====Music====

Poe and his works have provided considerable inspiration to both [[European classical music|classical music]] and [[popular music]]. See [[Edgar Allan Poe and music]].

Between 1834 and 1844, Poe lived in at least four different Philadelphia residences, including the Indian Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Street, at a residence at 16th and [[Locust Street]]s, at 2502 Fairmount Street, and then in the [[Spring Garden, Philadelphia|Spring Garden]] section of the city at 532 N. 7th Street, a residence that has been preserved by the [[National Park Service]] as the [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]].<ref>[https://www.theconstitutional.com/blog/2018/08/20/edgar-allan-poe-house-%E2%80%93-national-historic-site# "Edgar Allan Poe House"], The Constitutional Walking Tour, August 22, 2018</ref>{{sfn|Burns|2006}} Poe's final home in [[the Bronx|Bronx]], New York City, is preserved as the [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage]].<ref name="Poe Cottage"/>

====Visual arts====

In the world of visual arts, [[Gustave Doré]] and [[Édouard Manet]] composed several illustrations for Poe's works.

In [[Boston]], a commemorative plaque on [[Boylston Street]] is several blocks away from the actual ___location of Poe's birth.<ref name=RavenRet>{{cite web|title=Poe & Boston: 2009|url=http://www.bc.edu/libraries/about/exhibits/oneill/2008winter/now.html|work=The Raven Returns: Edgar Allan Poe Bicentennial Celebration|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104913/http://www.bc.edu/libraries/about/exhibits/oneill/2008winter/now.html|archive-date=July 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Poe>{{cite web|title=Edgar Allan Poe Birth Place|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2MWP|work=Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|publisher=Groundspeak, Inc|access-date=May 11, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515182453/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2MWP|archive-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Van Hoy|2007}}<ref name=Glenn>{{harvnb|Glenn|2007}}</ref> The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".<ref name="BosLitHistMap">{{cite web|title=An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862|url=http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf|work=Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 22, 2012|format=Exhibition|date=July 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Glenn/> A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,<ref name=OldPoeSq>{{cite web|title=Edgar Allan Poe Square|url=http://bostonhistory.typepad.com/notes_on_the_urban_condit/2007/01/edgar_allen_poe.html|work=The City Record, and Boston News-letter|access-date=May 11, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710104718/http://bostonhistory.typepad.com/notes_on_the_urban_condit/2007/01/edgar_allen_poe.html|archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".<ref name=PoeSq>{{cite web|title=Edgar Allan Poe Square|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6AMW_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Square__Boston_MA|work=Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|publisher=Groundspeak, Inc|access-date=May 11, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515193417/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6AMW_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Square__Boston_MA|archive-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>

====Pop culture====

His legacy is abundant in modern pop culture. It is much alive in the city of Baltimore. Even though Poe spent less than two years there, he is now treated as a native son. In 1996, when NFL football arrived, the team took the name [[Baltimore Ravens]], in honor of his best known poem. The team's three "winged" [[mascots]] were named Edgar, Allan, and Poe. The [[television]] [[show]] ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'', set in Baltimore, made reference to Poe and his works in several episodes. Poe figured most prominently in an episode in which a Poe-obsessed killer walls up his victim in the basement of a house to imitate the grisly murder of Fortunado by Montressor in "The Cask of Amontillado". In a disturbing scene near the end of the episode, the killer reads from the works of Poe as a [[dramatic]] effect to increase the tension.

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as ''[[Poe Returning to Boston]]'', at this ___location. The winning design by [[Stefanie Rocknak]] depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.<ref name="Fox2013">{{cite news|last=Fox|first=Jeremy C.|title=Vision for an Edgar Allan Poe memorial in Boston comes closer to reality|url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2013/02/vision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html|access-date=April 9, 2013|newspaper=boston.com (Boston Globe)|date=February 1, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430091910/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2013/02/vision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html|archive-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kaiser">{{cite news|last=Kaiser|first=Johanna|title=Boston chooses life-size Edgar Allan Poe statue to commemorate writer's ties to city|url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/beacon_hill/2012/04/life-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html|access-date=April 9, 2013|newspaper=boston.com (Boston Globe)|date=April 23, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529131250/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/beacon_hill/2012/04/life-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. [[United States Poet Laureate|poet laureate]] [[Robert Pinsky]].<ref name="Lee">{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=M.G.|title=Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html|access-date=July 2, 2015|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=October 5, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204922/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html|archive-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref>

But Poe's vast influence over pop culture does not end with Baltimore. Poe's image, with his weary expression, piercing eyes and tangled hair (see the daguerreotype above), has become a cultural icon for the troubled genius. His face adorns the bottlecaps of Raven Beer {{ref|beer}}, the covers of numerous books on American literature as a whole, and is often stereotyped in cartoons as "the creepy guy". {{ref|camb}} Numerous popular movie makers have incorporated Poe or Poe's works into their works (see "Adaptations" below).

Other Poe landmarks include a building on the [[Upper West Side]], where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York City. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "[[The Raven]]" here. On [[Sullivan's Island, South Carolina|Sullivan's Island]] in [[Charleston County, South Carolina]], the setting of Poe's tale "[[The Gold-Bug]]" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at [[Fort Moultrie]], there is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In the [[Fell's Point, Baltimore|Fell's Point]] section of [[Baltimore]], a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.{{sfn|Lake|2006|p=195}}

====Preserved home====

Edgar Allan Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother-in-law Maria rented several homes in Philadelphia, but only the last house has survived. The Spring Garden home, where the author lived in 1843-44, is today preserved by the [[National Park Service]] as the [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]]. It is located on 7th and Spring Garden Streets, and is open Wednesday through Sunday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

====Imitators=Poe Toaster===

{{main|Poe Toaster}}

Like any famous artist, Poe's works have spawned legions of imitators and [[plagiarism|plagiarists]]. [http://www.eapoe.org/works/canon/poemsrjt.htm] One interesting trend among imitators of Poe, however, has been claims by [[clairvoyance | clairvoyants]] or [[psychics]] to be "channelling" poems from Poe's spirit beyond the grave. One of the most notable of these is [[Lizzie Doten]], who in [[1863]] published ''Poems from the Inner Life'', in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook. Mabbott notes that, at least compared to many other Poe imitators, Doten was not entirely without poetic talent, whether that talent was her own or "channelled" from Poe.

[[File:Edgar Allan Poe 2 retouched and transparent bg.png|upright|thumb|An 1848 "Ultima Thule" [[daguerreotype]] of Poe]]

Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle of [[cognac]] and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in [[Baltimore]], where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,{{sfn|Hall|2007}} and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate.{{sfn|Associated Press|2007}} The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poe Toaster tribute is 'nevermore' |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2010/01/19/poe-toaster-tribute-is-nevermore/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |publisher=Tribune Company |date=January 19, 2010 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120065113/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-01-19/entertainment/bal-poe0119_1_poe-toaster-jeff-jerome-edgar-allan-poe-house |archive-date=January 20, 2012 }}</ref>

:::''For my soul from out that shadow''

:::''Hath been lifted evermore—''

:::''From that deep and dismal shadow,''

:::''In the streets of Baltimore!''

:::—Lizzie Doten, "Streets of Baltimore", from ''Poems from the Inner Life'', imitating "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe.[http://www.spiritwritings.com/PoemsInnerLifeDoten.pdf#search='elizabeth%20doten%20poems%20from%20inner%20life']

==NotableList of selected works==

{{Main|Edgar Allan Poe bibliography }}

===Poems===

*"A Dream" (1827) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dream_%28Poe%29 Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"A Dream Within a Dream" (1827) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Dream_Within_a_Dream Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"Dreams" (1827) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dreams_%28Poe%29 Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"Tamerlane" (1827) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tamerlane Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[Al Aaraaf]]" (1829) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Al_Aaraaf Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"Alone" (1830) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alone Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"To Helen" (1831) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/To_Helen_%281831%29 Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"Israfel" (1831) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Israfel Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[The City in the Sea]]" (1831) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_City_in_the_Sea Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"To One in Paradise" (1834) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/To_One_In_Paradise Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[The Conqueror Worm]]" (1837) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Conqueror_Worm Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"Silence" (1840) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Silence_%28Poe%29 Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[Lenore]]" (1843) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lenore Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"Dreamland" (1844) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dream-Land Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[The Divine Right of Kings (poem)|The Divine Right of Kings]]" (1845)

*"[[The Raven (Edgar Allan Poe)|The Raven]]" (1845) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Raven_%28Poe%29 Full Text] at Wikisource; [http://librivox.org/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe/ audio] at [http://librivox.org LibriVox])

*"[[Ulalume]]" (1847) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ulalume Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[Eureka (Edgar Allan Poe)|Eureka]]" (1848) a prose poem.

*"[[Annabel Lee]]" (1849) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Annabel_Lee Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[The Bells]]" (1849) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Bells Full Text] at Wikisource)

*"[[Eldorado]]" (1849)

==='''Short stories==='''

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}

*"[[MS. Found in a Bottle]]" (1833) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/MS._Found_in_a_Bottle Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Berenice_(short_story)|Berenice]]"

*"[[Berenice (short story)|Berenice]]" (1835) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Berenice Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Black Cat (short story)|The Black Cat]]"

*"[[Ligeia]]" (1838) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ligeia Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]"

*"[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]" (1839) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]"

*"[[William Wilson (short story)|William Wilson]]" (1839) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Wilson Full Text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar]]"

*"[[The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion]]" (1839) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Conversation_of_Eiros_and_Charmion Full Text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]"

*"[[The Masque of the Red Death]]" (1842) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death Full Text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Gold-Bug]]"

*"[[The Pit and the Pendulum]]" (1842) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Hop-Frog]]"

*"[[The Light-House]]" (unfinished, published posthumously in 1909 and 1942)

* "[[The Imp of the Perverse (short story)|The Imp of the Perverse]]"

*"[[The Gold Bug]]" (1843) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Gold-Bug Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Ligeia]]"

*"[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]" (1843) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Masque of the Red Death]]"

*"[[The Black Cat (short story)|The Black Cat]]" (1843) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Black_Cat Full text] at Wikisource; [http://librivox.org/short-story-collection-001/ audio] at [http://www.librivox.org Librivox])

* "[[Morella (short story)|Morella]]"

*"[[The Premature Burial]]" (1844) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Premature_Burial Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]"

*"[[The Balloon-Hoax]]" (1844) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Balloon-Hoax Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Never Bet the Devil Your Head]]"

*"[[The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar]]" (1845) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Facts_in_the_Case_of_M._Valdemar Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Oval Portrait]]"

*"Some Words with a Mummy" (1845) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Some_Words_with_a_Mummy Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Pit and the Pendulum]]"

*"The Imp of the Perverse" (1845) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Imp_of_the_Perverse Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Premature Burial]]"

*"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" (1845) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_System_of_Dr._Tarr_and_Prof._Fether] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Purloined Letter]]"

*"[[The Cask of Amontillado]]" (1846) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Cask_of_Amontillado Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether]]"

*"[[The Spectacles (short story)|The Spectacles]]" (1850) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Spectacles Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]"

*"Morella" (1835) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Morella Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Loss of Breath]]"

*"The Thousand-And-Second Tale of Scheherazade" (1850) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Thousand-and-Second_Tale_of_Scheherazade Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[William Wilson (short story)|William Wilson]]"{{div col end}}

*"A Tale of Jerusalem" (1850) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Jerusalem Full text] at Wikisource)

*"The Oblong Box" (1850) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Oblong_Box Full text] at Wikisource)

*"[[A Descent into the Maelstrom]]" (1850) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Descent_into_the_Maelstrom Full text] at Wikisource)

*"Hop-Frog, or The Eight Chained Ourang-Outangs" (1850) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hop-Frog Full text] at Wikisource)

'''Poetry'''

====The [[Auguste Dupin]] stories====

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}

*"[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]" (1841) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Al Aaraaf]]"

*"[[The Mystery of Marie Roget]]" (1843) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Marie_Rog%C3%AAt Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[Annabel Lee]]"

*"[[The Purloined Letter]]" (1844) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter Full text] at Wikisource)

* "[[The Bells (poem)|The Bells]]"

* "[[The City in the Sea]]"

* "[[The Conqueror Worm]]"

* "[[A Dream Within a Dream]]"

* "[[Eldorado (poem)|Eldorado]]"

* "[[Eulalie]]"

* "[[The Haunted Palace (poem)|The Haunted Palace]]"

* "[[To Helen]]"

* "[[Lenore (poem)|Lenore]]"

* "[[Tamerlane (poem)|Tamerlane]]"

* "[[The Raven]]"

* "[[Ulalume]]"

{{div col end}}

===Longer'''Other works==='''

* ''[[Politian (play)|Politian]]'' (1835)&nbsp;– Poe's only play

*''The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaall'' (1835)

* ''[[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket]]'' (novel) (1838)&nbsp;– Poe's only complete novel

* ''[[The Journal of Julius Rodman]]'' (1840)&nbsp;– Poe's second, unfinished novel

* "[[The Balloon-Hoax]]" (1844)&nbsp;– A journalistic [[hoax]] printed as a true story

* "[[The Philosophy of Composition]]" (1846)&nbsp;– Essay

* ''[[Eureka: A Prose Poem]]'' (1848)&nbsp;– Essay

* "[[The Poetic Principle]]" (1848)&nbsp;– Essay

* "[[The Light-House]]" (1849)&nbsp;– Poe's last, incomplete work

===Essays=See also==

* [[Edgar Allan Poe and music]]

*"[[Mechanical Turk|Maelzel's Chess-Player]]" (1836)

* [[Poe (crater)|Poe, a crater on Mercury]]

*"Mesmeric Revelation" (1844)

* {{USS|E.A. Poe}}

*"[[The Philosophy of Composition]]" (1846)

*"The Rationale of Verse"

*"[[Landor´s Cottage]]"

*"The Domain of Arnheim"

*"[[The Poetic Principle]]" (Posthumously published, 1850)

*"[[Eureka (Edgar Allan Poe)|Eureka: An Essay on the Material and Spiritual Universe]]" (1848) [http://www.eapoe.org/works/editions/eurekac.htm] (also known as "Eureka: A Prose Poem")

===Play=References==

===Citations===

*'' Politian'' (fragment, 1835) ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Scenes_from_Politian Scenes Full Text] at Wikisource)

{{Reflist|22em}}

==Adaptations=Sources===

{{refbegin|30em}}

*Several of Poe's works were made into [[film|movie]]s, notably a series of movies directed by [[Roger Corman]] and starring [[Vincent Price]]. The [[1993]] [[film]] ''The Mummy Lives'', starring [[Tony Curtis]], screenplay by [[Nelson Gidding]], was suggested by Poe's ''Some Words with a Mummy'' ([[1845]]).

* {{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Hervey |title=The Works of Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=P.F. Collier & Son |year=1927 |___location=New York |chapter=Introduction |oclc=1050810755}}

* Vincent Price collaborated with actor [[Basil Rathbone]] on a collection of their readings of Poe's stories and poems.

* {{Cite news |date=August 15, 2007 |title=Man Reveals Legend of Mystery Visitor to Edgar Allan Poe's Grave |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/man-reveals-legend-of-mystery-visitor-to-edgar-allan-poes-grave |url-status=live |access-date=December 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222143649/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293413,00.html |archive-date=December 22, 2007 |ref={{harvid|Associated Press|2007}}}}

*Author [[Ray Bradbury]] is a great admirer of Poe, and has either featured Poe as a character or alluded to Poe's stories in many of his works.

* {{Cite news |last=Benitez |first=R, Michael |date=September 15, 1996 |title=Poe's Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies, Not Telltale Alcohol |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/15/us/poe-s-death-is-rewritten-as-case-of-rabies-not-telltale-alcohol.html}} Based on {{Cite journal |last=Benitez |first=R.M. |year=1996 |title=A 39-year-old man with mental status change |journal=Maryland Medical Journal |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=765–769 |pmid=8810221 |ref=none}}

* In [[1975]], [[The Alan Parsons Project]] released its first album, [[Tales of Mystery and Imagination]]. All of the songs are about Edgar Allan Poe stories.

* {{Cite book |last=Benton |first=Richard P. |title=Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe |publisher=The Edgar Allan Poe Society |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9616449-1-8 |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Benjamin Franklin IV |___location=Baltimore |pages=1–25 |chapter=Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards |chapter-url=http://www.eapoe.org/papers/psbbooks/pb19871c.htm}}

*[[Robert R. McCammon]] wrote ''Ushers Passing'', a sequel to ''Fall of the House of Usher'', published in [[1984]]

* {{Cite journal |last=Bramsback |first=Birgit |year=1970 |title=The Final Illness and Death of Edgar Allan Poe: An Attempt at Reassessment |journal=Studia Neophilologica |volume=XLII |page=40 |doi=10.1080/00393277008587456}}

*In [[1995]] several of Poe's stories were combined to make an interactive novel stylised as a video game called [http://www.adventuregamers.com/article/id,317 The Dark Eye]. Beat legend [[William S. Burroughs]] read the poem "Annabel Lee" and the story "[http://realitystudio.org/multimedia/ Masque of the Red Death]" for the game soundtrack.

* {{Cite web |last=BronxHistoricalSociety.org |year=2007 |title=Edgar Allan Poe Cottage |url=http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011072300/http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}

*A double-[[Compact disc|CD]] organized by Hal Willner, "[[Closed on Account of Rabies]]" with poems and tales of Poe performed by artists as diverse as [[Christopher Walken]], [[Marianne Faithfull]], [[Iggy Pop]] and [[Jeff Buckley]] was issued in 1997.

* {{Cite web |last=Burns |first=Niccole |date=November 15, 2006 |title=Poe wrote most important works in Philadelphia |url=http://com.miami.edu/parks/philapoeauthor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215130930/http://com.miami.edu/parks/philapoeauthor.htm |archive-date=December 15, 2007 |access-date=October 13, 2007 |website=School of Communication – [[University of Miami]]}}

* "The Black Cat" was translated to ''[[giallo]]'' film as ''Eye of the Black Cat'' (a.k.a. ''Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key'')

* {{Cite journal |last=Cappi |first=Alberto |year=1994 |title=Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=35 |pages=177–192 |bibcode=1994QJRAS..35..177C}}

*''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode 7F04, "Treehouse of Horror," aired [[October 25]], [[1990]] contains a segment in which [[James Earl Jones]] reads Poe's poem "The Raven," with [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] playing the narrator, [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] making a brief appearance as Lenore, and [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] as the raven.

* {{Cite web |year=1997 |editor-last=Canada |editor-first=Mark |title=Edgar Allan Poe Chronology |url=http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/17841865/lit/poe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518202036/http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/17841865/lit/poe.htm |archive-date=May 18, 2007 |access-date=June 3, 2007 |website=Canada's America}}

*In the [[Nintendo]] [[video game]] series ''[[The Legend Of Zelda]]'', the ghost-like beings that are featured throughout the games are called Poes.

* {{Cite book |last=Carlson |first=Eric Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMHFGbxYhEMC&pg=PA476 |title=A Companion to Poe Studies |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-26506-8 |___location=Westport, CT}}

*Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado" has been animated as a [[brickfilm]] by Canadian animator, [http://logan.brickfilms.com/tcoa.htm Logan Wright]. It can be found online [http://www.brickfilms.com/filmview.php?filmID=719 here].

* {{Cite book |last=Cornelius |first=Kay |title=Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7910-6173-2 |editor-last=[[Harold Bloom]] |___location=Philadelphia, PA |chapter=Biography of Edgar Allan Poe}}

*Robert Wilson and Lou Reed created a musical anthology of Poe stories and plays entitled POEtry, performed in Europe in 2000.

* {{Cite web |last=Edgar Allan Poe Society |year=2007 |title=The Baltimore Poe House and Museum |url=http://www.eapoe.org/balt/poehse.htm |access-date=October 13, 2007 |website=eapoe.org}}

*In 2003, [[Eric Woolfson]] released ''POE -- More Tales of Mystery and Imagination'', as a sequel to [[Tales of Mystery and Imagination]].

* {{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Benjamin Franklin IV |title=On Poe: The Best from American Literature |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8223-1311-3 |___location=Durham, NC |pages=142–149 |chapter=Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax (1971)}}

*In 2005, Lurker Films released an Edgar Allan Poe film collection on [[DVD]], including short film adaptations of "[[Annabel Lee]]" by director George Higham, "[[The Raven]]" by director Peter Bradley and "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]" by director Alfonso S. Suarez.

* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/unknownpoeanthol0000poee |title=The Unknown Poe |publisher=City Lights |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-87286-110-7 |editor-last=Foye |editor-first=Raymond |edition=Paperback |___location=San Francisco, CA}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Frank |first1=Frederick S. |title=The Poe Encyclopedia |last2=Magistrale |first2=Anthony |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-313-27768-9 |___location=Westport, CT}}

* {{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=William F. |title=On Poe: The Best from American Literature |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8223-1311-3 |___location=Durham, NC |pages=40–54 |chapter=Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer (1936)}}

* {{Cite book |last=Gargano |first=James W. |title=Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-13-684963-6 |editor-last=Regan |editor-first=Robert |___location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/165 165] |chapter=The Question of Poe's Narrators |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/165}}

* {{Cite news |last=Glenn |first=Joshua |date=April 9, 2007 |title=The house of Poe – mystery solved! |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/brainiac/2007/04/_a_globe_reader.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008170830/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/brainiac/2007/04/_a_globe_reader.html |archive-date=October 8, 2013}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Grayson |first=Eric |year=2005 |title=Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe |url=https://www.arts.cornell.edu/english/publications/mode/documents/grayson.html |journal=Mode 1 |pages=56–77}}

* {{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Wiley |date=August 15, 2007 |title=Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend |work=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-08-15-poe-fan_N.htm |access-date=October 7, 2019}}

* {{Cite book |last=Harner |first=Gary Wayne |title=Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu |publisher=The Edgar Allan Poe Society |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-9616449-2-5 |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Benjamin Franklin IV |___location=Baltimore |chapter=Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love}}

* {{Cite book |last=Harrison |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/darknessatnightr00harr |title=Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-674-19270-6 |___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |author-link=Edward Robert Harrison}}

* {{Citation |last=Harrowitz |first=Nancy |title=The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce |date=1984 |pages=179–197 |editor-last=Eco |editor-first=Umberto |chapter=The Body of the Detective Model: Charles S. Peirce and Edgar Allan Poe |place=Bloomington, IN |publisher=History Workshop, Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35235-4 |editor2-last=Sebeok |editor2-first=Thomas |editor1-link=Umberto Eco |editor2-link=Thomas Sebeok}}. Harrowitz discusses Poe's "tales of ratiocination" in the light of [[Charles Sanders Peirce]]'s logic of making good guesses or [[abductive reasoning]].

* {{Cite book |last=Hayes |first=Kevin J. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1 |___location=Cambridge}}

* {{Citation |last=Hecker |first=William J. |title=Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems |year=2005 |place=Baton Rouge, LA |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=978-0-8071-3054-4}}

* {{Cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Daniel |title=Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8071-2321-8 |___location=Baton Rouge |author-link=Daniel Hoffman |orig-year=1972}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Hungerford |first=Edward |year=1930 |title=Poe and Phrenology |journal=American Literature |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=209–231 |doi=10.2307/2920231 |jstor=2920231}}

* {{Cite book |last=Huxley |first=Aldous |title=Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-13-684963-6 |editor-last=Regan |editor-first=Robert |___location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/32 32] |chapter=Vulgarity in Literature |author-link=Aldous Huxley |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/32}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Jamneck |first=Lynne |date=August 2012 |title=Tekeli-li! Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft |journal=Lovecraft Annual |issue=6 |pages=126–151 |issn=1935-6102 |jstor=26868454}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Jannaccone |first=Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos) |year=1974 |title=The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe |journal=Poe Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-6095.1974.tb00224.x}}

* {{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=S.T. |title=Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany |date=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-9235-4 |editor-last=Joshi |editor-first=S.T. |pages=241–264 |chapter=Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies' |oclc=1026953908 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efmXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA241}}

* {{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=S.T. |title=H. P. Lovecraft: A Life |date=1996 |publisher=Necronomicon Press |isbn=0-940884-89-5 |edition=First |___location=West Warwick, Rhode Island |oclc=34906142}}

* {{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=S.T. |title=The Lovecraftian Poe: Essays on Influence, Reception, Interpretation, and Transformation |date=2017 |publisher=Lehigh University Press |isbn=978-1-61146-241-8 |editor-last=Moreland |editor-first=Sean |___location=Bethlehem, Pennsylvania |pages=ix–xiv |chapter=Foreword |oclc=973481779 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnexDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10}}

* {{Cite book |last=Kagle |first=Steven E. |title=Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu |publisher=The Edgar Allan Poe Society |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-9616449-2-5 |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Benjamin Franklin IV |___location=Baltimore |chapter=The Corpse Within Us}}

* {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=J. Gerald |url=https://archive.org/details/poedeathlife00kenn |title=Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03773-9 |___location=New Haven}}

* {{Cite book |last=Koster |first=Donald N. |title=Literary Movements for Students Vol. 1. |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7876-6518-0 |editor-last=Galens |editor-first=David |___location=Detroit |chapter=Influences of Transcendentalism on American Life and Literature |oclc=865552323}}

* {{Cite book |last=Krutch |first=Joseph Wood |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoestu0000krut |title=Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1926 |___location=New York |url-access=registration}} (1992 reprint: {{ISBN|978-0-7812-6835-6}})

* {{Cite book |last=Lake |first=Matt |title=Weird Maryland |publisher=Sterling Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4027-3906-4 |___location=New York}}

* {{Cite book |last=Lease |first=Benjamin |title=That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-226-46969-0 |___location=Chicago, Illinois}}

* {{Cite book |last=Ljunquist |first=Kent |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79727-6 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |___location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n27 7]–20 |chapter=The poet as critic |url-access=limited}}

* {{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=June 6, 2006 |title=The Poe Shadow |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/arts/06iht-bookwed.1903554.html |access-date=October 13, 2007}}

* {{Cite book |last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |title=Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy |publisher=Cooper Square Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8154-1038-6 |edition=Paperback |___location=New York}}

* {{Cite book |last=Neimeyer |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79727-6 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |___location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n225 205]–224 |chapter=Poe and Popular Culture |url-access=limited}}

* {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Randy F. |url=https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00nels |title=The Almanac of American Letters |publisher=William Kaufmann, Inc. |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-86576-008-0 |___location=Los Altos, CA}}

* {{Cite news |last=New York Daily News |date=December 5, 2009 |title=Edgar Allan Poe's first book from 1827 sells for $662,500; record price for American literature |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/edgar-allan-poe-book-1827-sells-662-500-record-price-american-literature-article-1.432709 |access-date=December 24, 2009}}

* {{Cite news |last=New York Times |date=May 20, 1894 |title=Emerson's Estimate of Poe |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E5D91630E033A25753C2A9639C94659ED7CF |access-date=March 2, 2008}}

* {{Cite book |last=Ostrom |first=John Ward |title=Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe |publisher=The Edgar Allan Poe Society |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9616449-1-8 |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Benjamin Franklin IV |___location=Baltimore |pages=37–47 |chapter=Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards |chapter-url=http://www.eapoe.org/papers/psbbooks/pb19871e.htm}}

* * {{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Jan B.W. |date=August 2018 |title=Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Romantic on the Nightside |journal=Lovecraft Annual |issue=12 |pages=165–173 |issn=1935-6102 |jstor=26868565}}

* {{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Celebrate Edgar Allan Poe's 197th Birthday at the Poe museum |url=http://www.poemuseum.org/news_and_events/archive_2006.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105212647/http://www.poemuseum.org/news_and_events/archive_2006.html |archive-date=January 5, 2009 |website=PoeMuseum.org |ref={{sfnref|PoeMuseum.org|2006}}}}

* {{Cite book |last=Quinn |first=Arthur Hobson |url=http://eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/quinn00c.htm |title=Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8018-5730-0 |___location=Baltimore}} (Originally published in 1941 by New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.)

* {{Cite web |last=The Raven Society |year=2014 |title=History |url=http://aig.alumni.virginia.edu/raven/history/ |access-date=May 18, 2014 |website=[[University of Virginia]] alumni}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Rombeck |first=Terry |date=January 22, 2005 |title=Poe's little-known science book reprinted |url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/jan/22/poes_littleknown_science/ |journal=Lawrence Journal-World & News}}

* {{Cite book |last=Rosenheim |first=Shawn James |title=The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8018-5332-6 |___location=Baltimore}}

* {{Citation |last=Royot |first=Daniel |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |pages=57–71 |year=2002 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |chapter=Poe's Humor |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1}}

* {{Cite book |last=Sears |first=Donald A. |title=John Neal |publisher=Twayne Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8057-7230-2 |___location=Boston}}

* {{Cite book |last=Silver |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLF9Q_DD3KwC |title=Purloined Letters: Cultural Borrowing and Japanese Crime Literature, 1868-1937 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-6405-7 |doi=10.1515/9780824864057 |jstor=j.ctt6wqvpd |id={{Project MUSE|8292|type=book}} |s2cid=190372684}}

* {{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Kenneth |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarpoe00kenn |title=Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-06-092331-0 |edition=Paperback |___location=New York |author-link=Kenneth Silverman}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Smoot |first1=George |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780380720446 |title=Wrinkles in Time |last2=Davidson |first2=Keay |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-380-72044-6 |edition=Reprint |___location=New York |author-link=George Smoot}}

* {{Cite book |last=Sova |first=Dawn B. |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova |title=Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8160-4161-9 |edition=Paperback |___location=New York |url-access=registration}}

* {{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jame_241 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-01657-5 |editor-last=James |editor-first=Edward |___location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jame_241/page/n44 15]–31 |chapter=Science fiction before the genre |author-link=Brian Stableford |editor-last2=Mendlesohn |editor-first2=Farah |url-access=limited}}

* {{Cite journal |author-link=Barton Levi St. Armand|last=St. Armand |first=Barton Levi |date=1975 |title=H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/calib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046 |journal=Caliban |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=127–155 |doi=10.3406/calib.1975.1046 |eissn=2431-1766 |s2cid=220649713}}

* {{Cite book |last=Tresch |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |___location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye/page/n134 113]–132 |chapter=Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction |url-access=limited}}

* {{Cite news |last=Van Hoy |first=David C. |date=February 18, 2007 |title=The Fall of the House of Edgar |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/02/18/the_fall_of_the_house_of_edgar/ |access-date=October 7, 2019}}

* {{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=John Evangelist |title=Poe the Detective: The Curious Circumstances behind 'The Mystery of Marie Roget' |publisher=St. Martins Minotaur |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8135-0567-1 |___location=New York |orig-year=1968}} (1968 edition printed by Rutgers University Press)

* {{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |___location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n168 148]–162 |chapter=Poe's feminine ideal |url-access=limited}}

* {{Cite book |last=Whalen |first=Terance |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00kenn |title=A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-512150-6 |editor-last=Kennedy |editor-first=J. Gerald |___location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00kenn/page/n71 63]–94 |chapter=Poe and the American Publishing Industry |url-access=limited}}

* {{Cite book |last=Wilbur |first=Richard |title=Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-13-684963-6 |editor-last=Regan |editor-first=Robert |___location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/99 99] |chapter=The House of Poe |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/99}}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

== Selected Poe-related films ==

{{Library resources box

*''Edgar Allan Poe'' (1909)

|onlinebooks=yes

*''[[The Gold Bug]]'' (1910) - France

|by=yes

*''[[The Pit and the Pendulum]]'' (1910) - Italy

|viaf=60351476}}

*''[[The Bells]]'' (1912)

{{Refbegin}}

*''[[The Avenging Conscience]]'' (1914)

* {{Cite book |title=Poe: A Life Cut Short |last=Ackroyd |first=Peter |year=2008 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |___location=London |isbn=978-0-7011-6988-6 |author-link=Peter Ackroyd}}

*''[[The Raven]]'' (1915) - This film is more of a Poe biography, however a brief segment of the film is indeed an abbreviated performance the namesake poem.

* {{Cite book |last=Baab-Muguira |first=Catherine |title=Poe for Your Problems |publisher=Running Press |date=September 2021 |isbn=978-0-7624-9909-0 |___location=New York}}

*''[[The Tell Tale Heart]]'' (1928)

* {{Cite book |title=Poe: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/poebiography00bitt |url-access=registration |last=Bittner |first=William |year=1962 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |___location=Boston |isbn=978-0-316-09686-7}}

*''[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]'' (1928)

* {{cite book |title=The letters from George W. Eveleth to Edgar Allan Poe |volume=26 |series=Bulletin of the New York Public Library |author=George Washington Eveleth |editor=Thomas Ollive Mabbott |edition=reprint |year=1922 |publisher=The New York Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j9bAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22Bulletin+of+the+New+York+Public+Library%22}}

*''[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]'' (1932)

* {{Cite book |title=Poe |last=Hutchisson |first=James M. |year=2005 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |___location=Jackson |isbn=978-1-57806-721-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578067213}}

*''[[The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe]]'' (1942)

* {{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Harry |title=The Power of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville |date=1980 |publisher=Ohio University Press |___location=Athens, OH |isbn=9780821405819}}

*''[[Tell-Tale Heart]]'' (1953)

* {{Cite book |title=Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories |last=Poe |first=Harry Lee |year=2008 |publisher=Metro Books |___location=New York |isbn=978-1-4351-0469-3 |author-link=Harry Lee Poe}}

*''[[The Phantom of the RueMorgue]]'' (1953)

* {{cite book |last=Pope-Hennessy |first=Una |year=1934 |title=Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849: A Critical Biography |publisher=Haskell House |___location=New York}}

*''[[House of Usher]]'' (1960)

* [[Marilynne Robinson|Robinson, Marilynne]], "On Edgar Allan Poe", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXII, no. 2 (February 5, 2015), pp.&nbsp;4, 6.

*''[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]'' (1960)

* {{Cite book |title=The Reason for the Darkness of the Night: Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science |last=Tresch |first=John |year=2021 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |___location=New York |isbn=978-0-3742-4785-0}}

*''[[The Pit and the Pendulum]]'' (1961)

{{refend}}

*''[[The Premature Burial]]'' (1962)

*''[[Tales of Terror]]'' (1962)

*''[[The Raven]]'' (1963)

*''[[The Masque of the Red Death]]'' (1964)

*''[[Danza macabra]]'' (1964)

*''[[The Tomb of Ligeia]]'' (1965)

*''[[Spirits of the Dead]] (Histoires extraordinaires)'', 3 segments: ''[[Metzengerstein (film, 1968)|Metzengerstein]]'' by [[Roger Vadim]], ''[[William Wilson (film, 1968|William Wilson]]'' by [[Louis Malle]] and ''[[Toby Dammit (film, 1968)|Toby Dammit]]'' by [[Federico Fellini]], (1968) - France / Italy

*''[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]'' (1971)

*''[[The Spectre of Edgar Allan Poe]]'' (1974)

*''[[The Raven...Nevermore]]'' (1999)

*''[[The Raven]]'' (short film - 2003)

*''[[The Death of Poe]]'' (2005)

*''[[Poe]]'' (2006)

==Poe as a character==

*''When It Was Moonlight'', a short story by [[Manly Wade Wellman]] appeared in the February [[1940]] issue of ''[[Unknown (magazine)|Unknown]]''

*''[[The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe]]'' ([[1942]]); Poe is played by [[John Shepherd]] (sometimes known as [[Shepherd Strudwick]].

*''[[Danza macabra]]'' ([[1964]]) [[horror film]] directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]; Poe is played by Silvano Sorrente.

*''[[Torture Garden]]'' ([[1967]]) [[horror film]] directed by [[Freddie Francis]]; Poe is played by [[Hedger Wallace]].

*''[[Nella stretta morsa del ragno]]'' ([[1971]]) [[horror film]] directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]; Poe is played by [[Klaus Kinski]].

*''[[The Specte of Edgar Allan Poe]]'' ([[1974]]); Poe is portrayed by [[Robert Walker, Jr.]].

*''Child of Night'' ([[1975]]) by [[Anne Edwards]]

*''Evermore'' ([[1978]]), a novel by Barbara Steward

*''Poe Must Die'' ([[1978]]), a novel by Marc Olden

*''The Man Who Was Poe'' ([[1989]]), a juvenile novel by [[Edward Irving Wortis|Avi]]

*''The Hollow Earth'' ([[1990]]), a novel by [[Rudy Rucker]] in which Poe explores the [[Hollow Earth|inhabited center of the world]]

*''The Black Throne'' ([[1990]]), a novel by [[Roger Zelazny]] and [[Fred Saberhagen]]

*Writer Stephen Marlowe adapted the strange details of Poe's death into his 1995 novel ''The Lighthouse at the End of the World''.

*''Tale of a Vampire'' ([[1992]]) [[horror film]] directed by [[Shimako Sato]]; [[Kenneth Cranham]] plays "Edgar", [[Suzanna Hamilton]] is Virginia and her reincarnation Anne, and [[Julian Sands]] is Alex, the vampire who completes the triangle.

*''Nevermore'' ([[1999]]), a novel by [[Harold Schechter]]

*''[[The Phantom]]'' [[comic strip]] ([[2000]]), written by Tony De Paul and drawn by César Spadari

*''The Hum Bug'' ([[2001]]), a novel by Harold Schechter

*''The Mask of Red Death'' ([[2004]]), a novel by Harold Schechter

*''[[Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight]]'', starring [[John Astin]] as Poe.

*The Lemony Snickett books have Mr. Poe, with his children Edgar and Allen, as a guardian of the Baudelaire children.

==Notes==

#{{note|name}} [http://www.eapoe.org/geninfo/poeallan.htm Poe's Middle Name]. ''The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore ''

#{{note|umm}} Benitez, R. Michael (Sep. 24, 1996). [http://www.umm.edu/news/releases/news-releases-17.html Edgar Allan Poe Mystery]. ''University of Maryland Medical News''

#{{note|cemetery}} [http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/visitor/college/59074,0,5453484.___location Baltimore Sun article] about Westminster Hall.

#{{note|lawschool}} [http://www.law.umaryland.edu/ UM School of Law] homepage.

#{{note|obit}}To read Griswold's full obituary, see [[wikisource:Edgar Allan Poe obituary|Edgar Allan Poe obituary]] at Wikisource.

#{{note|music}} [http://www.americansymphony.org/dialogues_extensions/99_2000season/1999_10_15/leon.cfm Tales of Edgar Allan Poe]. ''American Symphony Orchestra''

#{{note|beer}} [http://www.ravenbeer.com/home.html Baltimore-Washington Beer Works]

#{{note|camb}} See "Poe and popular culture" by Mark Neimeyer, (2002). Discussion of the modern presentation of Edgar Allan Poe found in ''The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe'': University Press; Cambridge, UK. ISBN 0521793262

==General references==

*''The Poe Encyclopedia'' by Frederick S. Frank and Anthony Magistrale. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut and London, (1997) ISBN 0313277680

*''Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe'', three volumes (I and II Tales and Sketches, III Poems), edited by Thomas Ollive Mabbott, The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978

*''Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe'', Walter J. Black Inc, New York, (1927)

*''Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance'' by Kenneth Silverman. Harper Perennial, New York, NY, 1991.

==External links==

{{Sister project links|s=Author:Edgar Allan Poe|wikt=no|b=no}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Edgar allen poe recording.ogg|date=November 22, 2008}}

{{wikisource author}}

* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edgar-allan-poe}}

{{commons|Edgar Allan Poe}}

* {{Gutenberg author |id=481 | name=Edgar Allan Poe}}

* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edgar Allan Poe}}

===About Poe===

* {{Librivox author |id=21}}

*[http://www.nps.gov/edal/index1.html Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site] - Poe's Spring Garden home

* {{OL author}}

*[http://www.poemuseum.org/ Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia]

* [httphttps://www.opcommunicationnps.comgov/graphoedal/Edgar_Allen_Poeindex.gifhtm Edgar Allan Poe's SignatureNational Historic Site]

* [http://www.eapoe.org/ Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore]

* [http://www.poemuseum.org/ Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219123629/http://www.poemuseum.org/ |date=December 19, 2009 }}

===Works===

* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169898 Edgar Allan Poe's Personal Correspondence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223052915/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169898 |date=February 23, 2015 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation

*{{gutenberg author|id=Edgar_Allan_Poe|name=Edgar Allan Poe}}

* [http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00109.xml&query=edgar%20allen%20poe&query-join=and Edgar Allan Poe's Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301185854/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00109.xml&query=edgar%20allen%20poe&query-join=and |date=March 1, 2012 }} at the [[Harry Ransom Center]] at [[The University of Texas at Austin]]

*[http://eserver.org/books/poe/ Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe] at [http://eserver.org EServer.org]

* [http://artofhackingnews.combbc.co.uk/iet2/poehi/indexamericas/8301128.htmstm Works'Funeral' ofhonours Edgar Allan Poe] -[[BBC Full TextNews]] (with video) 2009-10-11

* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/POE/contents.html Selected Stories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221713/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/POE/contents.html |date=January 12, 2016 }} from American Studies at the University of Virginia

*[http://www.quotesandpoem.com/poems/PoetsAndPoems/Poe Poetry, Prose and Quotes by Poe]

* {{ISFDB name|622}}

*[http://search.able2know.com/Books___Literature/Poetry/P/Poe__Edgar_Allan/index.html Full text of Poe's poems] via [http://able2know.com/ Able2Know Portal]

* {{LCAuth|n79029745|Edgar Allan Poe|944|}}

*[http://www.poestories.com/ PoeStories.com] - A well organized site with summaries, quotes, and full text of Poe's short stories, a Poe timeline, and image gallery. Stories have linked vocabulary words and definitions for educational reading.

* [httphttps://wwwfindingaids.comnetlibrary.columbia.caedu/~forrestead/library.htmlnnc-rb/ldpd_4079225 Finding aid Theto Edgar Allan Poe Virtualpapers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]

*[http://literalsystems.org/abooks/doku.php?id=author:poe_edgar_allan Audio recordings at Literal Systems]

===Miscellaneous===

*[http://64.57.86.186/edgarsDB/edgarDB.php Edgar Allan Poe Awards Database] at the Mystery Writers of America web site *[http://www.eapoe.org/ The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore] - Poe's complete works and a wealth of biographical and critical material, including [http://www.eapoe.org/geninfo/poedeath.htm a review of the known facts about Poe's death]

*[http://www.poedecoder.com The Poe Decoder]: An extremely useful site relating to some of the works of Edgar Allan Poe

* In 2005, an [[armchair treasure hunt]]-like puzzle was published as part of a [http://www.cafepress.com/nepress.41992224 Poe anthology] by Nevermore Electronic Press (still unsolved).

*[http://www.lurkerfilms.com Lurkers Films official site] Information about the 2005 DVD release of the "Edgar Allan Poe Collection Volume 1"

[[Category:1809 births|Poe, {{Edgar Allan]] Poe}}

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