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{{Short description|Synchrotron light source facility in Saskatoon, Canada}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
| name = Canadian Light Source
| motto =
| image = [[Image:CanadianLightSource logo.png|130px]]
| established = 1999
| director = Bill Matiko (CEO), [[Ingrid J. Pickering|Ingrid Pickering]] (Chief Science Officer), Kevin Wyatt (interim machine director)
| director = Josef Hormes
| city = [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan|SK]]
| budget =
| type = Research[[Synchrotron light source]]
| staff = 130250 (approx.)
| campus =
| operating_agency = Canadian Light Source Inc.
| website = [http://www.lightsource.ca/ www.lightsource.ca]
|logo=Canadian Light Source logo.svg}}
}}
[[Image:CLS from the air.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Canadian Light Source building from the air]]
 
The '''Canadian Light Source''' ('''CLS''') ({{langx|fr|link=no|Centre canadien de rayonnement synchrotron – CCRS}}) is Canada's national [[synchrotron light source]] facility, located on the grounds of the [[University of Saskatchewan]] in [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]], Canada.<ref name="Newest">{{Cite journal
[[Image:CanadianLightSource.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Canadian Light Source architectural scale model]]
|last1=Cutler |first1=Jeffrey
[[Image:Canadian-Light-Source.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Canadian Light Source Building]]
|last2=Hallin |first2=Emil
[[Image:Canadian-Light-Source-Entrance.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Canadian Light Source Entrance]]
|last3=de Jong |first3=Mark
[[Image:CLS-UofS.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Canadian Light Source rear view of building]]
|last4=Thomlinson |first4=William
The '''Canadian Light Source''' ('''CLS''') is a third-generation 2.9 [[GeV]] [[synchrotron]] lightsource located in [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]]. It opened on October 22, 2004 after three years of construction and cost C$173.5 million. One of forty-two such facilities in the world, it occupies a footprint the size of a football field on the grounds of the [[University of Saskatchewan]]. The CLS, the only synchrotron lightsource in Canada, is operated by CLS Inc. a not-for-profit corporation owned by the University of Saskatchewan.
|last5=Ellis |first5=Thomas
|year=2007
|title=The Canadian Light Source: The newest synchrotron in the Americas
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=582 |issue=1
|pages=11–13
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.086
|bibcode = 2007NIMPA.582...11C }}</ref> The CLS has a third-generation 2.9 [[GeV]] storage ring, and the building occupies a footprint the size of a [[Canadian football]] field.<ref name="Reinvent">{{Cite journal
|last1=Bisby |first1=Mark
|last2=Maitland |first2=Peter
|year=2005
|title=CIHR Research: Re-Inventing the Microscope: The Canadian Light Source (CLS)
|journal=Healthcare Quarterly
|volume=8 |issue=2
|pages=22–23
|pmid=15828560
|doi=10.12927/hcq..17051
|url=http://www.longwoods.com/product/download/code/17051
|doi-access=free
}}</ref>
It opened in 2004 after a 30-year campaign by the Canadian scientific community to establish a [[synchrotron radiation]] facility in Canada.<ref name="Bancroft" /> It has expanded both its complement of [[beamline]]s and its building in two phases since opening. As a national synchrotron facility<ref name="EllisPiC">{{Cite journal | url = http://www.cap.ca/en/article/status-cls-new-opportunities-physics-research-canada | journal = Physics in Canada | date = January 2011 | title = Status of the CLS – new opportunities for Physics research in Canada | volume = 61 | page = 21 | access-date = 15 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525140812/http://www.cap.ca/en/article/status-cls-new-opportunities-physics-research-canada | archive-date = 25 May 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> with over 1000 individual users, it hosts scientists from all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries.<ref name="Stride">{{Cite journal
|last=Ellis |first=Thomas
|year=2012
|title=Canadian Light Source Hitting its Stride
|journal=Synchrotron Radiation News
|volume=82 |issue=3
|pages=1028–1042
|doi=10.1080/08940886.2012.683354
|bibcode=2012SRNew..25...35E
|s2cid=122255942
}}</ref> Research at the CLS has ranged from viruses<ref name="Norwalk" /> to superconductors<ref name="Super" /> to dinosaurs,<ref name="Barbi" /> and it has also been noted for its industrial science<ref name="tool">{{Cite journal
|last1=Cutler |first1=J.
|last2=Christensen |first2=C.
|last3=Kotzer |first3=T.G.
|last4=Ogunremi|first4=T
|last5=Pushparajah |first5=T.
|last6=Warner
|first6=J.
|year=2007
|title=The Canadian Light Source – A new tool for industrial research
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B
|volume=261 |issue=1–2
|pages=859–862
|doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.051
|bibcode = 2007NIMPB.261..859C }}</ref>
and its high school education programs.<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20120611.php|title=Synchrotron recognized for educational excellence|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=21 July 2012|archive-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806004914/http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20120611.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==OverviewHistory==
 
===The road to the CLS: 1972–1999===
A [[synchrotron]] is the most common high-energy [[particle accelerator]], consisting of a toroidal vacuum tube surrounded by [[electromagnet]]s. Charged particles are directed by the electromagnets to remain near the center of the vacuum tube, traveling in orbits around the ring. At points along the ring [[waveguides]] inject radio energy into the cavity, creating regions of high electrical potential. The charged particles are accelerated in these regions, gaining energy with every pass around the ring. Since the particles vary in speed while they are accelerated, typical synchrotron installations consist of two or more such rings, a "booster ring" for acceleration over a range of speeds, and the "storage ring" for maintaining the particles at a fixed energy. Synchrotrons can be "tuned" to confine specific particles, common examples being [[electron]]s or [[proton]]s.
[[Image:CSRF Grasshopper.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[monochromator]] from the first CSRF beamline, now a museum piece at the CLS]]
[[Image:SAL LINAC.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The SAL LINAC, seen at the CLS in 2011]]
 
Canadian interest in [[synchrotron radiation]] dates from 1972, when Bill McGowan of the [[University of Western Ontario]] (UWO) organised a workshop on its uses. At that time there were no users of synchrotron radiation in Canada. In 1973 McGowan submitted an unsuccessful proposal to the [[National Research Council (Canada)|National Research Council]] (NRC) for a feasibility study on a possible synchrotron lightsource in Canada. In 1975 a proposal to build a dedicated synchrotron lightsource in Canada was submitted to NRC. This was also unsuccessful. In 1977 [[G. Michael Bancroft|Mike Bancroft]], also of UWO, submitted a proposal to NRC to build a Canadian [[beamline]], as the [[Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility]] (CSRF), at the existing [[Synchrotron Radiation Center]] at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]], USA, and in 1978 newly created [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council|NSERC]] awarded capital funding. CSRF, owned and operated by NRC, grew from the initial beamline to a total of three by 1998.
In the case of electrons, the acceleration around the ring causes them to lose energy through a process known as [[synchrotron radiation]]. The energy is lost in the form of [[photon]]s, light, across the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] including [[infrared]], [[ultraviolet]] and [[X-rays]]. The light is separated into "interesting frequencies" to produce very bright almost monochromatic light, and shone down [[beamline]]s to endstations (small laboratories) where scientists can “see” the microscopic nature of matter, right down to the level of the atom.
 
A further push towards a Canadian synchrotron light source started in 1990 with formation of the Canadian Institute for Synchrotron Radiation (CISR), initiated by Bruce Bigham of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited ([[AECL]]). AECL and [[TRIUMF]] showed interest in designing the ring, but the [[Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory]] (SAL) at the [[University of Saskatchewan]] became prominent in the design. In 1991 CISR submitted a proposal to NSERC for a final design study. This was turned down, but in later years, under President Peter Morand, NSERC became more supportive. In 1994 NSERC committee recommended a Canadian synchrotron light source and a further NSERC committee was formed to select between two bids to host such a facility, from the Universities of Saskatchewan and Western Ontario. In 1996 this committee recommended that the Canadian Light Source be built in Saskatchewan.
Synchrotrons like the CLS can be used to probe the [[structure]] of [[matter]] and analyze a host of physical, chemical, geological and biological processes. Information obtained by scientists can be used to help design new drugs, examine the structure of surfaces in order to develop more effective motor oils, [[medical imaging]] of [[tumour]]s and other [[biological tissue]]s, build more powerful [[computer chips]], develop new materials for safer [[Implant (body modification)|medical implants]], and help with clean-up of [[Tailings|mining wastes]], to name just a few applications.
 
With NSERC unable to supply the required funds it was not clear where funding would come from. In 1997 the [[Canada Foundation for Innovation]] (CFI) was created to fund large scientific projects, possibly to provide a mechanism to fund the CLS. In 1998 a University of Saskatchewan team led by [https://artsandscience.usask.ca/profile/DSkopik Dennis Skopik], the SAL director, submitted a proposal to CFI.<ref name="Bancroft">{{Cite journal
==History==
|last=Bancroft |first=G. M.
===Before The CLS ===
|year=2004
|title=The Canadian Light Source – History and scientific prospects
|journal=Canadian Journal of Chemistry
|volume=82 |issue=6
|pages=1028–1042
|doi=10.1139/v04-027
}}</ref> The proposal was to fund 40% of the construction costs, with remaining money having to come from elsewhere. Assembling these required matching funds has been called "an unprecedented level of collaboration among governments, universities, and industry in Canada"<ref name="SPHistory">[http://media.cns-snc.ca/history/Canadian_Light_Source.html "Synchrotron: Canadian Light Source 70 years in the making'"],''The Star-Phoenix'' 20 October 2004</ref> and Bancroft – leader of the rival UWO bid – anckowledged the "Herculean" efforts of the Saskatchewan team in obtaining funds from the University, the City of Saskatoon, [[Saskatchewan Power]], NRC, the Provincial Government of Saskatchewan, and [[Western Economic Diversification]].<ref name="Bancroft"/> At a late hour CFI told the proponents that it would not accept the SAL [[LINAC]] as part of the proposal, and the resulting shortfall was met in part by the spontaneous announcement by the Saskatoon city council and then Mayor [[Henry Dayday]] that they would double their contribution as long as other partners would. On 31 March 1999 the success of the CFI proposal was announced.
 
The following month Skopik took a position at [[Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility|Jefferson Lab]] in the USA. He decided not to stay on as director of the Saskatoon facility because his expertise was in subatomic particles, and, he argued, the head of the CLS should be a researcher who specializes in using such a facility. His successor was Mike Bancroft<ref name="SPHistory" />
The first accelerator research programs at the University of Saskatchewan was established in 1948, when Canada's first [[betatron]] (a 25 MeV machine) was constructed in the Physics Building. Based on this early success in 1951 the world's first non-commercial [[cobalt-60]] therapy unit for the treatment of cancer was constructed on campus and then in 1961 construction of the [[Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory]] (SAL) started and was completed in 1964. In 1999 SAL operations were discontinued and the accelerator used as an injector for the CLS. In addition to the CLS the University continues to operate a small [[Tokamak]] as part of the [[Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)|Plasma Physics Laboratory]].
 
===Construction: 1999–2004===
Prior to the CLS, Canada (through the [[University of Western Ontario]]) operated several beamlines at the similar [[Synchrotron Radiation Center]] (SRC), at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], in [[Stoughton, Wisconsin]].
[[Image:CLS June 2000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The CLS building under construction in June 2000]]
[[Image:CLS construction.jpg|thumb|right|250px|CLS ring tunnel construction under way in 2001]]
[[Image:Mansbridge at CLS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Peter Mansbridge]] opens [[The National (CBC)|''The National'']] on top of the storage ring, 21 October 2004]]
At the start of the project, all staff members with the former SAL were transferred into a new [[nonprofit organization|not-for-profit]] corporation, Canadian
Light Source Inc., CLSI, which had primary responsibility for the technical design, construction and operation of the facility. As a separate corporation from the University, CLSI had the legal and organizational freedom suitable for this responsibility. UMA, an experienced engineering firm, now part of [[AECOM]], with extensive experience managing large technical and civil construction projects, was hired as [[project management|project managers]].<ref name="CLSI">{{cite web | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e04/papers/weilh04.pdf|title=Industrial involvement in the construction of synchrotron lightsources| year=2004 | accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref>
 
The new building – attached to the existing SAL building, and measuring 84m by 83m in area with a maximum height of 23m – was completed in early 2001.<ref name="Bancroft"/>
===The CLS Project===
On March 31, 1999 The [[Canada Foundation for Innovation]] provided partial funding for the construction of the CLS facility. The remaining matching funds from Saskatchewan, Ontario, Alberta, Saskatoon and industry would follow between 1999 and 2001. The CLS is one of the largest science project in Canadian history, and represents an unprecedented level of cooperation between the [[Government of Canada]], the governments of [[Saskatchewan]], [[Ontario]] and [[Alberta]], the City of [[Saskatoon]], universities across [[Canada]] and industry.
 
Bancroft's appointment ended in October 2001 and he returned to UWO, with Mark de Jong appointed acting director. Bancroft remained as acting Scientific Director until 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_October2001.php |title=CLS Newsletter October 2001 |access-date=17 April 2006 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204083647/http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_October2001.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 21 September 1999 The CLS project was officially launched. On 21 February 2001 the CLS building expansion was completed. The SAL linac was refurbished and placed back into service on 13 September while the Booster Ring (BR1) and Storage Ring (SR1) were still under construction. First turn was achieved in the BR1 ring in July 2002 with BR1 fully commissioned by September 2002. First turn in the SR1 ring was achieved on September 2003, with first light in December. In April 2004 SR1 achieved 100 mA.
 
The SAL LINAC was refurbished and placed back into service in 2002 while the booster and storage rings were still under construction.<ref name="Bancroft"/> First turn was achieved in the booster ring in July 2002 with full booster commissioning completed by September 2002.<ref name="booster">{{cite web | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e04/PAPERS/THPKF025.PDF |title=Commissioning report of the CLS booster synchrotron | year=2004 | accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref>
In 2002 the CLS Project was awarded the National Award for Exceptional Engineering Achievement by the [[Canadian Council of Professional Engineers]].
 
New director Bill Thomlinson, an expert in synchrotron medical imaging, arrived in November 2002. He was recruited from the [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]] where he had been the head of the medical research group.<ref name="Thom">{{cite web | url=http://news.usask.ca/archived_ocn/02-aug-09/news17.shtml | title=Thomlinson to head CLS Nov. 1| date=9 August 2002 | accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref>
The CLS Project was officially completed June 30, 2005.
 
The 1991 proposal to NSERC envisioned a 1.5 GeV storage ring, since at this time the interest of the user community was mainly in the soft X-ray range. The ring was a racetrack layout of four to six [[dipole magnet|bend]] regions surrounding straights with extra [[quadrupole magnets|quadrupoles]] to allow for variable functions in the straights. The design contemplated the use of [[superconductivity|superconducting]] bends in some locations to boost
===Operation===
the [[photon]] energies produced. The drawback of this design was the limited number of straight sections. In 1994 a more conventional machine with 8 straight sections was proposed, again with 1.5 GeV energy. At this time more users of hard X-rays were interested and it was felt that both the energy and number of straight sections were too low. By the time funding was secured in 1999 the design had changed to 2.9 GeV, with longer straight sections to enable two [[insertion devices]] per straight, delivering beam to two independent beamlines.<ref name="SR">{{cite web | url= http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p03/PAPERS/TOPA001.PDF| title=The Canadian Light Source | year=2003 | accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref>
On 15 July 2004 CLS received regulatory approval from the [[Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission|CNSC]] for normal operation. The grand opening occurred in October 2004. On May 19, 2005 [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II]] ([[Queen of Canada]]) and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh]] visited the CLS. A few days later on May 27 the first experiment by an outside user was conducted.
 
Construction of the storage ring was completed in August 2003 and commissioning began the following month. Although beam could be stored, in March 2004 a large obstruction was found across the center of the chamber. Commissioning proceeded quickly after this was removed, and by June 2004 currents of 100mA could be achieved .<ref name="comm">{{cite web | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/Accelconf/e04/PAPERS/THPKF007.PDF | title=Canadian Light Source status and commissioning results | year=2004 | accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref>
===Phase II Beamlines ===
On March 8, 2004 CLS received partial funding ($18M) from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation for the phase II beamline expansion project.[http://www.lightsource.ca/media/CFI.php] The phase II beamlines include:
* Biomedical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT), $17M;
* Soft X-Ray Beamline for Microcharacterization of Materials (SXRMB), $4M;
* Very Sensitive Elemental and Structural Probe Employing Radiation from a Synchrotron (VESPERS), $4.5M;
* Resonant Elastic and Inelastic Soft X-Ray Scattering ([REIXS), $8.3M; and
* High-Throughput Macromolecular Crystallography (CMCF-BM), $10.4M.
* A sixth project, the Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices (SyLMAND) was funded independently of CFI.
 
On 22 October 2004 the CLS officially opened, with an opening ceremony attended by federal and provincial dignitaries, including then-Federal [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]] [[Ralph Goodale]] and then-[[Premier of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan Premier]] [[Lorne Calvert]], university presidents and leading scientists. October 2004 was declared "Synchrotron Month" by the city of Saskatoon and the Saskatchewan government.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.usask.ca/archived_ocn/04-sep-24/news07.shtml|title= October declared Synchrotron Month |date=24 September 2004 |accessdate=26 July 2012}}</ref> [[Peter Mansbridge]] broadcast the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]'s nightly [[newscast]] [[The National (CBC)|''The National'']] from the top of the storage ring the day before the official opening.<ref name="National">{{cite web | url=http://news.usask.ca/archived_ocn/04-nov-05/news01.shtml| title=Dignitaries gather to mark synchrotron's grand opening| date=5 November 2004| accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref> In [[Parliament of Canada|parliament]] local [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Lynne Yelich]] said "There were many challenges to overcome, but thanks to the vision, dedication and persistence of its supporters, the Canadian Light Source synchrotron is open for business in Saskatoon."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://openparliament.ca/debates/2004/10/21/lynne-yelich-1/only/|title= Lynne Yelich on Canadian Light Source |date=21 October 2004 |accessdate=26 July 2012}}</ref>
===Phase III Beamlines ===
On November 27, 2006, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation awarded a further $25.8 million for the initial funding of a phase III expansion project, consisting of five new beamlines. Phase III will include:
 
===Operation and expansion: 2005–2012===
* The Brockhouse X-ray Diffraction and Scattering Sector (BXDS), 2 beamlines;
[[Image:CLS in 2008.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The CLS building in 2008, with the expansion for the BMIT beamline on the left]]
* BioXAS: Life Science Beamline for X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (BioXAS), 3 beamlines;
[[Image:Brockhouse construction.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The expansion for the Brockhouse beamlines under construction in July 2012]]
* The Quantum Materials Spectroscopy Centre (QMSC), 1 beamline.
The initial funding included seven beamlines, referred to as Phase I, which covered the full spectral range: two [[infrared]] beamlines, three soft X-ray beamlines and two hard X-ray beamlines.<ref name="Bancroft" /> Further beamlines were built in two further phases, II (7 beamlines) and III (5 beamlines), announced in 2004 and 2006 respectively. Most of these were funded through applications to CFI by individual universities including UWO, the [[University of British Columbia]] and [[Guelph University]]<ref name="progress" />
 
In March 2005 leading infrared researcher Tom Ellis joined the CLS from [[Acadia University]] as Director of Research. He had previously spent 16 years at the [[Université de Montréal]].<ref name="Ellis">{{cite web|url=http://announcements.usask.ca/news/archive/2005/03/leading_scienti.html |title=Leading Scientist Recruited as Research Director for Canadian Light Source at the U of S |date=1 March 2005 |accessdate=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409000406/http://announcements.usask.ca/news/archive/2005/03/leading_scienti.html |archivedate=9 April 2008 }}</ref>
==Accelerators==
===Linac===
 
The first external user was hosted in 2005, and the first research papers with results from the CLS were published in March 2006 – one from the University of Saskatchewan on [[peptide]]s and the other from the University of Western Ontario on materials for [[OLED|organic light-emitting diodes]].<ref name="Flow">{{cite web| url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/local/story.html?id=7799751a-5551-44c7-aa98-439657b83dad| title=Research results begin to flow from synchrotron| date=18 April 2006| accessdate=27 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625091033/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/local/story.html?id=7799751a-5551-44c7-aa98-439657b83dad| archive-date=25 June 2014| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> A committee was set up in 2006 to [[peer review]] proposals for beamtime, under the chairmanship of Adam Hitchcock of [[McMaster University]]. By 2007 more than 150 external users had used the CLS,<ref name="SRNupdate">{{Cite journal
Originally part of the SAL facility, the [[linear accelerator]] was refurbished and modified in 1999-2000 to become the injector for the CLS. Originally intended to operate at 180&nbsp;Hz, the linac was modified for 1&nbsp;Hz operation. The linac is followed by an Energy Compression System and then a 70 m transfer line (LTB1) that delivers the beam to the booster ring (BR1).
|last1=Hallin |first1=Emil
|last2=de Jong |first2=Mark
|last3=Ellis |first3=Thomas
|last4=Thomlinson |first4=William
|last5=Dalzell |first5=Matthew
|year=2012
|title=Canadian Light Source Facility Update
|journal=Synchrotron Radiation News
|volume=19 |issue=6
|pages=7–12
|doi=10.1080/08940880601064950
|s2cid=123120504
}}</ref> and all seven of the initial beamlines had achieved significant results.<ref name="Newest" />
 
The CLS building was also expanded in two phases. A glass and steel expansion was completed in 2007 to house the phase II medical imaging beamline BMIT,<ref name="expansion1">{{cite web | url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=f440bd17-97d9-424f-8b6f-ee9b4e00d619 | title=Canada's medical imaging "crown jewel" takes shape | date=1 December 2007 | accessdate=27 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625092605/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=f440bd17-97d9-424f-8b6f-ee9b4e00d619 | archive-date=25 June 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and construction on the expansion needed to house the phase III Brockhouse beamline started in July 2011<ref name="expansion2">{{cite web| url=http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_july2011.php| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115134630/http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_july2011.php| url-status=dead| archive-date=15 January 2013| title=CLS Newsletter| date=27 July 2011| accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref> and is still ongoing as of July 2012.
===Booster Ring (BR1)===
 
Bill Thomlinson retired in 2008,<ref>[https://archive.today/20130115141201/http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_june2007.php CLS Newsletter June 2007 ]</ref> and in May of that year physics professor Josef Hormes of the [[University of Bonn]], former director of the [[Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices|CAMD]] synchrotron at [[Louisiana State University]] was announced as the new director.<ref name="JHormes">{{cite web| url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=bc6f0993-083a-4c1e-8640-dd98d511a5db| title=Canadian Light Source names new executive director| date=20 May 2008| accessdate=27 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104909/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=bc6f0993-083a-4c1e-8640-dd98d511a5db| archive-date=24 September 2015| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Beam is delivered to the booster at 200-250 MeV where it is accelerated to a final energy of 2.9 GeV. The Booster ring was manufactured by Danfysik with final installation and assembly done at the CLSI. The booster ring uses an RF frequency of 500&nbsp;MHz. The beam is extracted from the booster and transferred through the BTS line and into the SR1 ring.
 
Science fiction author [[Robert J. Sawyer]] was writer-in-residence for two months in 2009 in what he called a "once in a lifetime opportunity to hang out with working scientists"<ref name="Sawyer">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/famed-sci-fi-author-to-be-writer-in-residence-at-synchrotron-1.803638|title=Famed sci-fi author to be writer-in-residence at synchrotron| date=8 January 2009 | access-date=27 July 2012|work=CBC News}}</ref> While there he wrote most of the novel "Wonder",<ref name="Wonder">{{cite book |title= Wonder|last=Sawyer |first=Robert J. |authorlink=Robert J. Sawyer |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Group (Canada) |___location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-670-06743-5 |at=Acknowledgements}}</ref> which won the 2012 [[Prix Aurora Awards|Prix Aurora Award]] for best novel."<ref name="Aurora">{{cite web |url=http://www.prixaurorawards.ca/|title=Prix Aurora Awards|accessdate=2012-12-07}}</ref>
===Storage Ring (SR1)===
 
By the end of 2010 more than 1000 individual researchers had used the facility, and the number of publications had passed 500.<ref name="EllisPiC" />
The SR1 ring was designed and assembled by CLSI. The storage ring uses a 12-fold periodic layout of cells consisting of dipole, quadrupole and sextupole magnets to create a stable operating region for the beam. For high quality light sources, insertion devices (wigglers or undulators) are placed in the straight sections between the magnets. To accommodate a large number of users at the same time, nine straight sections are available for insertion devices. The synchrotron light from any of the dipole magnets in the lattice is also available to users.
From 2009–2012 several key metrics doubled, including the number of users and the number of publications, with more than 190 papers published in 2011. More than 400 proposals were received for beam time in 2012, with approximately a 50% oversubscription rate averaged over the operational beamlines. By 2012 the user community spanned all regions of Canada and around 20 other countries.<ref name="Stride" /> That year a high school group from [[La Loche]] Saskatchewan became the first to use the purpose built educational beamline IDEAS.<ref name="IDEAS" /> Also in 2012 the CLS signed an agreement with the [[Advanced Photon Source]] synchrotron in the USA to allow Canadian researchers access to their facilities.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.aps.anl.gov/News/APS_News/Content/APS_NEWS_20120618.php
|title= Advanced Photon Source, Canadian Light Source Strengthen Ties, Expand X-ray Technology and Research
|date= 18 June 2012
|accessdate= 26 July 2012
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910153805/http://www.aps.anl.gov/News/APS_News/Content/APS_NEWS_20120618.php
|archive-date= 10 September 2012
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>
 
==Science==
Initially, the stored current will be only 200 mA due to the RF power constraints. Based on the anticipated lifetime of the stored beam, the storage ring will be re-filled at intervals of 4 to 12 hours.
[[Image:Evan Hardy presentation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Students from [[Evan Hardy Collegiate]] presenting their data at a seminar at CLS]]
[[Image:REIXS beamline.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The REIXS beamline with CLS scientist Feizhou He]]
 
An international team led by [[University of Calgary]] professor Ken Ng solved the detailed structure of [[RNA polymerase]] using X-ray crystallography at the CLS. This enzyme replicates itself as the [[Norwalk virus]] spreads through the body, and has been linked to other [[supervirus]]es such as [[hepatitis C]], [[West Nile virus]] and the [[common cold]]. Its duplication is responsible for the onset of such viruses.<ref name="Norwalk">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/city/story.html?id=865bf07a-f32f-4a35-b970-ed3f26068e72 |title=U of C researcher cracks Norwalk code |date=20 March 2008 |accessdate=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625091024/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/city/story.html?id=865bf07a-f32f-4a35-b970-ed3f26068e72 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Isotope Linac===
 
CLS scientist Luca Quaroni and University of Saskatchewan professor Alan Casson used infrared microscopy to identify [[biomarker]]s inside individual cells from tissue associated with [[Barrett's esophagus]]. This disease can lead to an aggressive form of cancer known as [[esophageal adenocarcinoma]].<ref name="Barrett">{{cite web | url=http://phys.org/news163563060.html|title=Researchers Shed Light on Esophageal Disease| date= 8 June 2009 | accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref>
In 2011 the Canadian Light Source received $12 Million Canadian in funding to purchase and operate a four meter long linear accelerator for the production and study of isotopes used in nuclear medicine.<ref>[http://www2.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=dc9ad528-db75-476a-ba19-57969d473a78 Isotopes deal for CLS Jeremy Warren, The StarPhoenix Published: Tuesday, January 25, 2011 ]</ref>
 
Researchers from [[Lakehead University]] and the University of Saskatchewan used the CLS to investigate the deaths of [[Royal Navy]] sailors buried in [[Antigua]] in the late 1700s. They used X-ray fluorescence to look for trace elements such as lead and [[strontium]] in bones from a recently [[excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] naval cemetery<ref name="Navy">{{cite web| url=http://www.innovationanthology.com/news.php?id=782| title=Synchrotron reveals tales told by old bones| date=30 April 2012| accessdate=28 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000917/http://www.innovationanthology.com/news.php?id=782| archive-date=2 May 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>
==SR1 Beamlines==
 
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
Scientists from [[Stanford University]] worked with CLS scientists to design a cleaner, faster [[battery (electricity)|battery]]. The new battery charges in less than two minutes, thanks to a newly developed [[carbon]] [[nanostructure]]. The team grew nanocrystals of iron and nickel on carbon. Traditional batteries lack this structure, mixing iron and nickel with conductors more or less randomly. The result was a strong chemical bond between the materials, which the team identified and studied at the synchrotron.<ref name="Battery">{{cite web | url=http://phys.org/news/2012-07-cleaner-faster-battery.html|title=A cleaner, faster battery| date= 9 July 2012 | accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref>
 
A team led by the [[Politecnico di Milano]], including scientists from the [[University of Waterloo]] and the University of British Columbia, found the first experimental evidence that a [[charge density wave]] instability competes with superconductivity in [[high-temperature superconductors]]. They used four synchrotrons including the REIXS beamline at CLS.<ref name="Super">{{cite web| url=http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20120712.php| title=Synchrotrons help bring superconductors out of the cold| date=13 July 2012| accessdate=28 July 2012| archive-date=19 August 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819171448/http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20120712.php| url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Using the X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline, a research team led by scientists from the [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|State University of New York, Buffalo]] produced images of [[graphene]] showing how folds and ripples act as [[speed bump]]s for electrons, affecting its [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity|conductivity]]. This has implications for the use of graphene in a variety of future products.<ref name="Graphene">{{cite web| url=http://www.labcanada.com/news/canadian-light-source-spots-speed-bumps-in-graphenes-electron-highway/1000541035/| title=Canadian Light Source spots speed bumps in graphene's electron highway| date=15 August 2011| accessdate=27 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926053251/http://www.labcanada.com/news/canadian-light-source-spots-speed-bumps-in-graphenes-electron-highway/1000541035/| archive-date=26 September 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
A collaboration between the [[University of Regina]] and the [[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]] has been investigating [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s at the CLS, including "[[Scotty (dinosaur)|Scotty]]," a [[Tyrannosaurus]] found in Saskatchewan in 1991, one of the most complete and largest T-rex skeletons ever found. They looked at the concentration of elements in bones to study the impact of the environment on such animals.<ref name="Barbi">{{cite web | url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/canada/46870-professor-uses-new-technology-shed-light-dinosaur-bones|title=Professor uses new technology to shed light on dinosaur bones | date= 28 December 2011 | accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref>
 
==Industrial program and economic impact==
[[Image:Cellphone X-ray.jpg|thumb|left|110px|Image of a cellphone taken at CLS]]
 
From inception, the CLS showed a "strong commitment to industrial users and private/public partnerships", with then-director Bancroft reporting "more than 40 letters of support from industry indicating that [the CLS] is important for what they do". The CLS has an industrial group, within the larger experimental facilities division, with industrial liaison scientists who make synchrotron techniques available to a "non-traditional" user base who are not synchrotron experts. By 2007 more than 60 projects had been carried out,<ref name="tool" /> although in a speech in the same year, then-CLS director Bill Thomlinson said that "one of the biggest challenges for the synchrotron...is to get private users through the door", with less than 10% of time actually used by industry.
In 1999 then-Saskatoon mayor Dayday stated that "the CLS will add $122 million to Canada's GDP during construction and $12 million annually after that". An [[economic impact analysis|economic impact study]] of the two [[financial year]]s 2009/10 and 10/11 showed the CLS had added $45 million per year to the Canadian GDP, or about $3 for every $1 of operating funding.<ref name="impact">{{cite web |url=http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20111122.php |title=Canadian Light Source making positive economic, scientific impacts for Canada |date=22 November 2011 |accessdate=24 July 2012 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604114039/http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20111122.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
The CLS has stated that "the primary means of accessing the CLS is through a system of peer review, which ensures that the proposed science is of the highest quality and permits access to the facility to any interested researcher, regardless of regional, national, academic, industrial or governmental affiliation."<ref name="progress" />
 
==Official visitors==
[[Image:Governor General at CLS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Michaëlle Jean (C) at the Canadian Light Source, with CLS Director Josef Hormes (L) and University of Saskatchewan President [[Peter MacKinnon]] (R)]]
Then-Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]] visited the CLS in November 2000 during an [[2000 Canadian federal election|election]] campaign stop in Saskatoon.<ref name="pmvisit1">{{cite web | url=http://news.usask.ca/archived_ocn/nov24-00/news2.shtml|title=Prime Minister makes election stop at Synchrotron | date= 24 November 2000 | accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref> He gave a speech on the mezzanine level of the building following his tour of the facility, praising the project for helping to reverse the [[brain drain]] of scientists from Canada.<ref name="pmvisit2">{{cite web |url=http://www.lightsource.ca/media/pmvisit.php |title=Prime Minister Chrétien Visits CLS in Saskatoon |date=26 June 2012 |accessdate=28 July 2012 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005000512/http://www.lightsource.ca/media/pmvisit.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In August 2010 then-[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] visited the CLS as part of a two-day tour of Saskatchewan.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/micha%C3%ABlle-jean-wraps-up-sask-visit-1.870244|title=Michaëlle Jean wraps up Sask. visit |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=15 July 2012|work=CBC News}}</ref>
In April 2012 the CLS was "visited" remotely by Governor General [[David Johnston (governor general)|David Johnston]]. He was visiting the [[LNLS]] synchrotron in [[Brazil]], during a live link-up, by video chat and remote control software, between the two facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsaskatoon.com/saskatoon+synchrotron+operated+via+brazil/6442630904/story.html|title=Saskatoon synchrotron operated via Brazil|date=29 April 2012|accessdate=15 July 2012|archivedate=24 January 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130124024656/http://www.globalsaskatoon.com/saskatoon+synchrotron+operated+via+brazil/6442630904/story.html|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> January 18, 2017 Canadian Science Minister [[Kirsty Duncan]] toured the complex.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/97079436@N04/sets/72157677855587540/with/32407377005/|title=Minister Duncan Visit |date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref>
 
==Medical isotope project==
 
With the [[National Research Universal reactor|NRU]] reactor at the [[Chalk River Laboratories]] due to close in 2016, there was a need to find alternative sources of the medical isotope [[technetium-99m]], a mainstay of [[nuclear medicine]]. In 2011 the Canadian Light Source received $14 Million in funding to investigate the feasibility of using an electron [[LINAC]] to produce [[molybdenum-99]], the parent isotope of technetium-99.<ref name="CBCisotopes">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-synchrotron-to-make-medical-isotopes-1.1121457 |title=Sask. Synchrotron to make medical isotopes |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=15 July 2012 |work=CBC News}}</ref> As part of this project a 35MeV LINAC has been installed in an unused underground experimental hall previously used for [[photodisintegration|photonuclear]] experiments with the SAL LINAC. First [[irradiation]]s are planned for late summer 2012, with the results to be evaluated by the [[Winnipeg]] [[Health Sciences Centre (Winnipeg)|Health Sciences Centre]].<ref name="isotope2">{{cite web | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/IPAC2012/papers/thxa01.pdf|title=Producing medical isotopes using X-rays| year=2012 | accessdate=27 July 2012}}</ref>
 
This project lead to the founding a spin-off company — Canadian Isotope Innovations Corporation (CIIC), which was described as part of CEO Rob Lamb's 'legacy of accomplishment' when he departed the facility in 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.usask.ca/articles/people/2021/usask-and-canadian-light-source-announce-executive-director-rob-lambs-retirement.php | title=USask and Canadian Light Source announce Executive Director Rob Lamb's retirement }}</ref> The CIIC declared bankruptcy in 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mnpdebt.ca/en/corporate/corporate-engagements/canadian-isotope-innovations-corp | title=Canadian Isotope Innovations Corp }}</ref>
 
==Education program==
[[Image:Students on the beamline.jpg|thumb|left|250px|High school students from La Loche at the Canadian Light Source]]
The CLS has an education program – "Students on the Beamlines" – funded by NSERC Promoscience. This outreach program for science allows high school students to fully experience the work of a scientist, in addition to having the chance to use the CLS beamlines.
 
"The program allows students the development of active research, a very rare phenomena in schools and provides direct access to the use of a particle accelerator, something even rarer!" said teacher Steve Desfosses form College Saint-Bernard, [[Drummondville]], Quebec.<ref name="Express">[http://www.journalexpress.ca/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/%C3%89ducation/2012-03-03/article-2914331/Le-synchrotron-de-Saskatoon-mis-a-la-portee-de-jeunes-scientifiques-du-College-SaintBernard/1 "Le synchrotron de Saskatoon mis à la portée de jeunes scientifiques du Collège Saint-Bernard"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130115150408/http://www.journalexpress.ca/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/%C3%89ducation/2012-03-03/article-2914331/Le-synchrotron-de-Saskatoon-mis-a-la-portee-de-jeunes-scientifiques-du-College-SaintBernard/1 |date=15 January 2013 }},''L'Express'' 3 March 2012</ref>
[[Dene]] students from La Loche, Saskatchewan have taken part in this program twice, looking at effects of [[acid rain]].<ref name="Dene">{{cite web| url=http://www.lightsource.ca/media/spotlight_northern_exposure.php| title=Northern Exposure: Students from Saskatchewan's North do synchrotron science| date=October 2011| accessdate=23 July 2012| archive-date=7 January 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107150016/http://www.lightsource.ca/media/spotlight_northern_exposure.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> Student Jontae DesRoches commented "Elders have noticed that the landscape, where trees used to grow, there's none growing anymore. They're pretty concerned because wildlife is disappearing. Like, here there used to be rabbits and now there's none".<ref name="ammsa">{{cite web | url= http://www.ammsa.com/publications/saskatchewan-sage/experiment-teaches-students-hands-chemistry-curriculum| title=Experiment teaches students hands-on chemistry curriculum | year=2011| accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref> In May 2012 three student groups were at the CLS simultaneously, with the La Loche students as the first to use the IDEAS beamline.<ref name="IDEAS" />
 
"The aim for the students," according to CLS education and outreach coordinator Tracy Walker, "is to get an authentic scientific inquiry that's different from the examples in textbooks that have been done thousands of times."<ref name="CFIschool">{{cite web | url=http://www.innovation.ca/node/5116 | title=Particle accelerating ... in high school | date=10 March 2010 | accessdate=28 July 2012 | archive-date=2 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004339/http://www.innovation.ca/node/5116 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Students from six [[Canadian province|provinces]] as well as the [[Northwest Territories]] have been directly involved in experiments, some of which have yielded publishable-quality research.<ref name="Stride" />
 
In 2012 the CLS was awarded the [[Canadian Nuclear Society]]'s Education and Communication Award "in recognition of its commitment to community outreach, increasing public awareness of synchrotron science, and developing innovative and outstanding secondary educational programs such as Students on the Beamlines".<ref name="award" /><br />
{{wide image|Mezzanine night panorama.jpg|1000px|Mezzanine at night}}
 
==Technical description==
 
===Accelerators===
[[Image:CLS synchrotron.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The booster and storage rings inside the experimental hall]]
[[File:SGM - PGM EPUs in straight 11 at the Canadian Light Source.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Chicaned undulators inside the storage ring]]
 
====Injection system====
 
The injection system consists of a 250 MeV LINAC, a low energy transfer line, a 2.9 GeV booster synchrotron and a high energy transfer line.<ref name="Injection">{{cite web | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e04/papers/thpkf008.pdf| title=Injection system for the Canadian Light Source | year=2004 | accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> The LINAC was operated for over 30 years as part of the [[Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory|Saskatchewan Accelerator Lab]]<ref name="update 2001">{{cite journal | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e04/papers/thpkf008.pdf|title=The Canadian Light Source: an update |journal=19th Particle Accelerator Conference (Pac 2001) |pages=2680 | year=2001 | accessdate=7 July 2012|bibcode=2001pac..conf.2680B |last1=Blomqvist |first1=I. |last2=Dallin |first2=L. |last3=Hallin |first3=E. |last4=Lowe |first4=D. |last5=Silzer |first5=R. |last6=De Jong |first6=M. }}</ref> and operates at 2856&nbsp;MHz. The 78m low energy transfer line takes the electrons from the below-ground LINAC to the ground level booster in the newer CLS building, via two vertical chicanes. The full energy 2.9 GeV booster, chosen to give high orbit stability in the storage ring, operates at 1&nbsp;Hz, with an RF frequency of 500&nbsp;MHz, unsynchronised with the LINAC. This results in significant beam loss at the extraction energy.<ref name="Injection"/>
 
====Storage ring====
 
The storage ring cell structure has a fairly compact lattice with twelve straight sections available for injection, [[microwave cavity|RF cavities]] and 9 sections available for insertion devices. Each cell has two bending magnets detuned to allow some dispersion in the straights – the so-called double-bend achromat structure – and thus reduce the overall beam size. As well as the two bend magnets each cell has three families of quadrupole magnets and two families of [[sextupole magnet]]s. The ring circumference is 171m, with a straight section length of 5.2m.<ref name="PAC2001">{{cite journal | url=http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/proceedings/PAPERS/WPPH093.PDF | title=The Canadian Light Source: an update | journal=19th Particle Accelerator Conference (Pac 2001) | pages=2680 | year=2001 | accessdate=28 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032624/http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/proceedings/PAPERS/WPPH093.PDF | archive-date=2 May 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all | bibcode=2001pac..conf.2680B | last1=Blomqvist | first1=I. | last2=Dallin | first2=L. | last3=Hallin | first3=E. | last4=Lowe | first4=D. | last5=Silzer | first5=R. | last6=De Jong | first6=M. }}</ref> The CLS is the smallest of the newer synchrotron facilities, which results in a relatively high horizontal [[beam emittance]] of 18.2&nbsp;nm-rad.<ref name="Newest" /> The CLS was also one of the first facilities to [[chicane]] two [[undulator]]s in one straight section, to maximize the number of insertion device beamlines.<ref name="SRNupdate"/>
 
All five of the phase I X-ray beamlines use insertion devices. Four use permanent magnet undulators designed and assembled at the CLS, including one in-vacuum undulator and one elliptically polarized undulator (EPU). The HXMA beamline uses a superconducting [[wiggler (synchrotron)|wiggler]] built by the [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]] in [[Novosibirsk]].<ref name="SRNupdate"/> Phase II added two further devices including another Budker superconducting wiggler, for the BMIT beamline.<ref name="ID">{{cite web| url=http://www.lightsource.ca/operations/insertion_devices.php| title=Insertion devices| accessdate=28 July 2012| archive-date=28 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728075202/http://www.lightsource.ca/operations/insertion_devices.php| url-status=dead}}</ref> Phase III will add four more devices, filling 8 of the 9 available straight sections. Longer term development includes the replacement of two of the phase I undulators with elliptically polarizing devices.<ref name="IDdev">{{cite web|url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/IPAC10/papers/wepd005.pdf|title=Insertion Device Development at the Canadian Light Source| year=2010 | accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref>
 
Since 2021, the ring operates in a top-up mode during normal user operations,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wurtz |first1=W.A. |last2=Baribeau |first2=C.K. |last3=Sigrist |first3=M.J. |date=2023 |title=Rectifying unexpected injection issues due to an elliptically polarizing undulator |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.168001 |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=1048 |pages=168001 |doi=10.1016/j.nima.2022.168001 |bibcode=2023NIMPA104868001W |s2cid=255182262 |issn=0168-9002|url-access=subscription }}</ref> injecting every few minutes to maintain a stable ring current just below 220 mA. Prior to this change, the ring operated with a fill current of 250mA in decay mode, with two injections per day.<ref name="EllisPiC"/> Facility status is shown on a "machine status" [http://mstatus.lightsource.ca/ webpage], and using the [https://twitter.com/clsfc CLSFC] account on Twitter.<ref name="Gems">{{cite web|url=http://socialmediatoday.com/dezguy/267745/three-useful-twitter-case-studies |title=Three useful Twitter case studies |date=5 February 2011 |accessdate=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182326/http://socialmediatoday.com/dezguy/267745/three-useful-twitter-case-studies |archivedate=13 June 2012 }}</ref>
 
==== Superconducting RF cavity ====
The CLS was the first light source to use a [[Superconducting radio frequency|superconducting RF (SRF) cavity]] in the storage ring from the beginning of operations.<ref name="SRNupdate" /> The [[niobium]] cavity is based on the 500&nbsp;MHz design used at the [[Cornell Electron Storage Ring]] (CESR) which allows potentially beam-perturbing high order modes to propagate out of the cavity where they can be very effectively damped.<ref name="PAC2001" /> The superconducting nature of the niobium cavity means only 0.02% of the RF power put into the cavity is wasted in heating the cavity as compared to roughly 40% for normal-conducting (copper) cavities. However, a large portion of this power saving - about 160&nbsp;kW out of the 250&nbsp;kW saved - is needed to power the cryogenic plant required to supply liquid helium to the cavity. The SRF cavity at CLS is fed with RF from a 310&nbsp;kW Thales klystron.
 
===Beamlines===
[[File:Schematic-representation-of-the-major-components-of-the-Canadian-Light-Source-The-29.jpg|center|thumb|500x500px|Layout of beamlines at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! ID
! Name
! Port assigned<ref name="beamlines">{{cite web | url= http://www.lightsource.ca/experimental/ | title= Beamlines | accessdate= 23 July 2012 | archive-date= 27 July 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120727235743/http://www.lightsource.ca/experimental/ | url-status= dead }}</ref>
! Port
! Phase
! Source
! Energy (keV)
! Energy range (keV unless stated)
! Usage
|-
| BioXAS
| Life science beamline for [[X-ray absorption spectroscopy]]
|
| 3
| Wiggler,<br />in-vacuum undulator<ref name="IDdev" />
|
| Life- and environmental science research using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and imaging.<ref name="progress" />
|-
| BMIT-BM
| [[Medical imaging|Biomedical Imaging]] and [[radiation therapy|Therapy]]
| 05B1-1
| 2
| Bending Magnet
| 8–40
| Imaging small to medium-sized animals (up to sheep size)<ref name="BMIT1">{{Cite journal
| Biomedical Imaging and Therapy
|last1=Wysokinski |first1=Tomasz W.
|last2=Chapman |first2=Dean
|last3=Adams |first3=Gregg
|last4=Renier |first4=Michel
|last5=Suortti |first5=Pekka
|last6=Thomlinson |first6=William
|year=2007
|title=Beamlines of the biomedical imaging and therapy facility at the Canadian light source—Part 1
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=582 |issue=1
|pages=73–76
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.087
|bibcode = 2007NIMPA.582...73W |hdl=10138/162090
|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/10138/162090/1/jpconf13_425_072013.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| BMIT-ID
| Biomedical Imaging and Therapy
| 05ID-1/05ID-2
| 2
| Wiggler
| 20–100
| Higher energy and larger animal capabilities than possible on the BM line<ref name="progress">{{cite web | url=http://www.cap.ca/sites/cap.ca/files/article/588/July07-offprint-CLS.pdf | title=Progress at Canada's national synchrotron facility: the Canadian Light Source | year=2007 | accessdate=23 July 2012 | archive-date=2 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013312/http://www.cap.ca/sites/cap.ca/files/article/588/July07-offprint-CLS.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Provides advanced imaging for medicine and high-precision radiation therapies for cancer.
|-
| BXDS
| Brockhouse [[X-ray scattering techniques|X-ray diffraction and scattering]] sector
|
| 3
| In-vacuum undulator and wiggler
|
| Resonant- and non-resonant, small and wide angle X-ray scattering. X-ray diffraction.<ref name="progress" />
|-
|CMCF-ID
|Canadian [[X-ray crystallography|Macromolecular Crystallographycrystallography]] Facility
|08ID-1
|1
|in-vacuum undulator
|6.5–18
|ProteinMacromolecular crystallography beamline suitable for studying small crystals and crystals with large unit cells.<ref name="Prime">{{Cite journal
|last1=Grochulski |first1=P.
|last2=Fodje |first2=M. N.
|last3=Gorin |first3=J.
|last4=Labiuk |first4=S. L.
|last5=Berg |first5=R.
|year=2011
|title=Beamline 08ID-1, the prime beamline of the Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility
|journal=Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|volume=18 |issue=4
|pages=681–684
|doi=10.1107/S0909049511019431
|pmid=21685687
|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|CMCF-BM
Line 118 ⟶ 306:
|08B1-1
|2
|Bending Magnet
|4–18
|High throughput macromolecular crystallography.<ref name="progress" />
|Atomic-scale imaging of molecules such as viral and bacterial proteins used for drug design.
|-
| Far IR
| High Resolution Far [[Infrared Spectroscopyspectroscopy]]
| 02B1-1
| 1
| Bending Magnet
| 10–1000&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>
| Ultrahigh resolution infrared spectroscopy of gas-phase molecules<ref name="IR">{{Cite journal
| Spectroscopic study of molecules
|last1=May |first1=Tim
|last2=Appadoo |first2=Dominique
|last3=Ellis |first3=Thomas
|last4=Reininger |first4=Ruben
|year=2006
|title=Infrared Beamlines at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings
|volume=882 |pages=579–582
|doi=10.1063/1.2436127
}}</ref>
|-
| HXMA
Line 132 ⟶ 332:
| 06ID-1
| 1
| Wiggler
| 5–40
| [[X-ray Absorptionabsorption Finefine Structure (XAFS)structure]], X-ray [[microprobe]], X-ray diffraction<ref andname="XAFS">{{Cite imagingjournal
|last1=Jiang |first1=D. T.
|last2=Chen |first2=N.
|last3=Zhang |first3=L.
|last4=Malgorzata |first4=K.
|last5=Wright |first5=G.
|last6=Igarashi |first6=R.
|last7=Beuregard |first7=D.
|last8=Kirkham |first8=M.
|last9=McKibben |first9=M.
|year=2006
|title=XAFS at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings
|volume=882 |pages=893–895
|doi=10.1063/1.2644695
|s2cid=136888175
}}</ref>
|-
| IDEAS
| Industrial / Educational beamline
| 09BM-1
|
|
| 2–20
| Bending Magnet
| X-ray Absorption
|
| Purpose-built educational beamline<ref name="IDEAS">{{cite web | url= http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20120528.php | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130115120608/http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20120528.php | url-status= dead | archive-date= 15 January 2013 | title= Synchrotron hub of high school student research | date= 28 May 2012 | format= PDF | accessdate= 22 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| Mid IR
| [http://midir.lightsource.ca/ Mid IR Spectromicroscopy]
| 01B1-1
| 1
| Bending Magnet
| 560–6000&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>
| Infrared spectromicroscopic imaging at diffraction-limited spatial resolution, and [[photoacoustic spectroscopy]]<ref name="MidIR">{{Cite journal
| Endstation: Bruker Vertex 70v/S Spectrometer, a Hyperion 3000 IR microscope with a 64x64 element focal plane array detector and various single element detectors<br />[[Photoacoustic spectroscopy]] (PAS), Time resolved spectroscopy, Phase modulation
|last1=May |first1=Tim
|last2=Ellis |first2=Thomas
|last3=Reininger |first3=Ruben
|year=2007
|title=Mid-infrared spectromicroscopy beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=582 |issue=1
|pages=111–113
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.074
|bibcode = 2007NIMPA.582..111M }}</ref>
|-
| OSR
| Optical SyncrotronSynchrotron Radiation
| 02B1-2
| 1
| Bending Magnet
|
| Accelerator beam diagnostic beamline. Internaloperating CLSin usethe visible range.<ref name="OSR">{{Cite journal
|last1=Bergstrom |first1=John C.
|last2=Vogt |first2=Johannes M.
|year=2006
|title=The optical diagnostic beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=562 |issue=1
|pages=495–512
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2006.02.200
|bibcode = 2006NIMPA.562..495B }}</ref>
|-
| QMSC
| Quantum Materials Spectroscopy Centre
|
| 3
| Double EPU<ref name="IDdev" />
|
| Spin- and angle-resolved [[photoemission spectroscopy]].<ref name="progress" />
|-
|REIXS
|Resonant Elastic and Inelastic X-ray Scattering
|10ID-2
|2
|EPU
|0.08–2.0
|80–2000 eV
|Atomic-scale microscopy with applications in environmental science and advanced materials.
|[[Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy]] and resonant soft [[X-ray scattering techniques|X-ray scattering]].<ref name="progress"/>
|-
|-
|SGM
Line 168 ⟶ 415:
|11ID-1
|1
|EPU<ref name=":0" />
|0.24–2.0
|240–2000 eV
|X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL), Photoemission Electron Microscope (PEEM) and Gas phase photoionization and TOF measurements
|X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Interchangeable endstations, allows use of non-[[ultra-high vacuum|UHV]]-compatible samples<ref name="Dragon">{{Cite journal
|last1=Regier |first1=T
|last2=Krochak |first2=J
|last3=Sham |first3=T. K.
|last4=Hu |first4=Y. F.
|last5=Thompson |first5=J.
|last6=Blyth |first6=R. I. R.
|year=2007
|title=Performance and capabilities of the CanadianDragon: The SGM beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=582 |issue=1
|pages=93–95
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.071
|bibcode = 2007NIMPA.582...93R }}</ref>
|-
|SM
Line 175 ⟶ 436:
|10ID-1
|1
|EPU
|0.1–2
|100–2000 eV
|Polymer science and biological applications, novel material design and magnetic imaging
|Scanning transmission [[X-ray microscope|X-ray microscopy]], [[Photoemission electron microscopy]].<ref name="SM">{{Cite journal
|last1=Kaznatcheev |first1=K. V.
|last2=Karunakaran |first2=Ch.
|last3=Lanke |first3=U. D.
|last4=Urquhart |first4=S. G.
|last5=Obst |first5=M.
|last6=Hitchcock |first6=A. P.
|year=2007
|title=Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline at the CLS: Commissioning results
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=582 |issue=1
|pages=96–99
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.083
|bibcode = 2007NIMPA.582...96K }}</ref>
|-
|SXRMB
Line 182 ⟶ 457:
|06B1-1
|2
| Bending Magnet
|1.7–10
|X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray microprobe.<ref name="SXR">{{Cite journal
|Determine materials structures to nanometre scales with applications in environment, electronics, and medicine.
|last1=Hu |first1=Y. F.
|last2=Coulthard |first2=I.
|last3=Chevrier |first3=D.
|last4=Wright |first4=Glen
|last5=Igarashi |first5=R.
|last6=Sitnikov |first6=A.
|last7=Yates |first7=B. W.
|last8=Hallin |first8=E.
|last9=Sham |first9=T. K.
|last10=Reininger |first10=R.
|last11=Garrett
|first11=R.
|last12=Gentle
|first12=I.
|last13=Nugent
|first13=K.
|last14=Wilkins
|first14=S.
|year=2009
|title=Preliminary Commissioning and Performance of the Soft X-ray Micro-characterization Beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings
|volume=1234 |pages=343–346
|doi=10.1063/1.3463208
}}</ref>
|-
| SyLMAND
| Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro And Nano Devices
|03B105B2-1/03B1-2
| 2
| Bending Magnet
| 1–15
| Deep [[X-ray lithography]] with large area format<ref name="SyL">{{Cite journal
| Research in and fabrication of polymer microstructures
|last1=Achenbach |first1=Sven
|last2=Subramanian |first2=Venkat
|last3=Klymyshyn |first3=David
|last4=Wells |first4=Garth
|year=2010
|title=Synchrotron laboratory for micro and nano devices: facility concept and design
|journal=Microsystem Technologies
|volume=16 |issue=8–9
|pages=1293–1298
|doi=10.1007/s00542-010-1071-3
|bibcode=2010MiTec..16.1293A
|s2cid=111276622
}}</ref>
|-
|VESPERS
Line 196 ⟶ 510:
|07B2-1
| 2
|Bending Magnet
| 6–30
| Hard X-ray microprobe using X-ray diffraction and [[X-ray fluorescence]]. X-ray absorption spectroscopy.<ref name="VESPERS">{{Cite journal
| Determine trace elements and crystal structure in microsamples with applications to mineral ores and metals.
|last1=Feng |first1=Renfei
|last2=Dolton |first2=Wade
|last3=Igarashi |first3=Ru
|last4=Wright |first4=Glen
|last5=Bradford |first5=Morgan
|last6=McIntyre |first6=Stewart
|last7=Garrett
|first7=R.
|last8=Gentle
|first8=I.
|last9=Nugent
|first9=K.
|last10=Wilkins
|first10=S.
|year=2009
|title=Commissioning of the VESPERS Beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings
|volume=1234 |pages=315–318
|doi=10.1063/1.3463199
}}</ref>
|-
|VLS-PGM
Line 203 ⟶ 538:
|11ID-2
|1
|EPU<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Baribeau |first1=Cameron |last2=Pedersen |first2=Tor |last3=Sigrist |first3=Michael |date=2019 |others=Boland Mark (Ed.), Tanaka Hitoshi (Ed.), Button David (Ed.), Dowd Rohan (Ed.), Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Tan Eugene (Ed.) |title=Virtual Shimming and Magnetic Measurements of two Long Period APPLE-II Undulators at the Canadian Light Source |url=http://jacow.org/ipac2019/doi/JACoW-IPAC2019-TUPRB003.html |journal=Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. |language=en |volume=IPAC2019 |pages=4 pages, 0.825 MB |doi=10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-TUPRB003}}</ref>
|0.055–0.25
|5.5–250 eV
|X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL) and Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM)
|High resolution X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy<ref name="PGM">{{Cite journal
|-
|last1=Hu |first1=Y. F.
|last2=Zuin |first2=L.
|last3=Wright |first3=G.
|last4=Igarashi |first4=R.
|last5=McKibben |first5=M.
|last6=Wilson |first6=T.
|last7=Chen |first7=S. Y.
|last8=Johnson |first8=T.
|last9=Maxwell |first9=D.
|last10=Yates |first10=B. W.
|last11=Sham |first11=T. K.
|last12=Reininger |first12=R.
|year=207
|title=Commissioning and performance of the variable line spacing plane grating monochromator beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments
|volume=78 |issue=8
|pages=083109–083109–5
|doi=10.1063/1.2778613
|pmid=17764315
|bibcode = 2007RScI...78h3109H }}</ref>
|-
| XSR
| X-Ray SyncrotronSynchrotron Radiation
| 02B2
| 1
|Bending Magnet
|
| Accelerator beam diagnostic beamline. Internaloperating CLSin usethe X-ray range.<ref name="XSR">{{Cite journal
|last1=Bergstrom |first1=John C.
|last2=Vogt |first2=Johannes M.
|year=2008
|title=The X-ray diagnostic beamline at the Canadian Light Source
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
|volume=587 |issue=2–3
|pages=441–457
|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2008.01.080
|bibcode = 2008NIMPA.587..441B }}</ref>
|}
 
==Executive Directors, past and present==
*Dennis Skopik - Acting Director (May 1999 - Sept. 1999)<ref>[http://www.usask.ca/events/news/articles/19990528-1.html USask New Release]</ref>
*Michael Bancroft - Interim Director (Sept. 1999 - Oct. 2001) <ref>[http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_October2001.php CLS Newsletter October 2001 ]</ref>
*Mark de Jong - Acting Director (Oct. 2001 - Nov. 2002) <ref>[http://www.lightsource.ca/enews/newsletter_june2002.php CLS Newsletter June 2002]</ref>
*Bill Thomlinson - Executive Director (Nov. 2002- August 2008)
*Josef Hormes - Executive Director (August 2008 - )
 
==See also==
Line 226 ⟶ 584:
*[[Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)]]
*[[Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory]]
*[[Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility]]
*[[G. Michael Bancroft]]
*[[Amira Abdelrasoul]]
*[[Innovation Place Research Park]]
*[[Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization]]
*[[EPICS]] (Used for Accelerator and Beamline Control Systems)
*[[Canadian government scientific research organizations]]
*[[Canadian university scientific research organizations]]
*[[Canadian industrial research and development organizations]]
*[[Singularity Principle]] (movie filmed at the Canadian Light Source)
 
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.lightsource.ca/ Canadian Light Source Website]
{{Commons category|Canadian Light Source}}
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/synchrotron CLS Synchrotron FAQ (CBC)]
*[http://www.lightsources.org Lightsources.org]
*[http://www.pch.gc.ca/royalvisit2005/day03_e.cfm Queen of Canada's Day in Saskatoon]
*[http://www.lightsource.ca/media/media_release_20050322.php Queen Visits Canadian Light Source (2005)]
*[http://www.usask.ca/research/communications/videos.php University of Saskatchewan Research Communications Videos] (includes several about the Canadian Light Source)
 
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{{University of Saskatchewan}}
{{Synchrotron radiation facilities}}
 
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Nuclear research centers]]
[[Category:Research1999 institutesestablishments in CanadaSaskatchewan]]
[[Category:Synchrotron radiation facilities]]
[[Category:University of Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Canada]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Saskatoon]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Companies based in Saskatoon]]
[[Category:Federal government buildings in Saskatchewan]]
 
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Saskatchewan]]
[[de:Canadian Light Source]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes in Canada]]
[[Category:Research institutes affiliated with the University of Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Synchrotron radiation facilities]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Light_Source"