Competitive analysis (online algorithm): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Method for analyzing online algorithms}}

'''Competitive analysis''' is a method invented for analyzing [[online algorithm]]s, in which the performance of an online algorithm (which must satisfy an unpredictable sequence of requests, completing each request without being able to see the future) is compared to the performance of an optimal ''offline algorithm'' that can view the sequence of requests in advance. An algorithm is ''competitive'' if its ''competitive ratio''—the ratio between its performance and the offline algorithm's performance—is bounded. Unlike traditional [[Best, worst and average case|worst-case analysis]], where the performance of an algorithm is measured only for "hard" inputs, competitive analysis requires that an algorithm perform well both on hard and easy inputs, where "hard" and "easy" are defined by the performance of the optimal offline algorithm.

For many algorithms, performance is dependent not only on the size of the inputs, but also on their values. One suchFor example is the [[quicksort]] algorithm, which sortssorting an array of elements varies in difficulty depending on the initial order. Such data-dependent algorithms are analysed for average-case and worst-case data. Competitive analysis is a way of doing worst case analysis for on-line and [[randomized algorithm]]s, which are typically data dependent.

In competitive analysis, one imagines an "adversary" thatwhich deliberately chooses difficult data, to maximize the ratio of the cost of the algorithm being studied and some optimal algorithm. AdversariesWhen rangeconsidering ina powerrandomized fromalgorithm, theone must further distinguish between an ''oblivious adversary'', which has no knowledge of the random choices made by the algorithm pitted against it, toand thean ''adaptive adversary'' thatwhich has full knowledge of how anthe algorithm works and its's internal state at any point during its execution. Note that this distinction is only meaningful for randomized algorithms. (For a deterministic algorithm, there is no difference; either adversary can simply compute what state that algorithm must have at any time in the future, and choose difficult data accordingly.)

For example, the [[quicksort]] algorithm chooses one element, called the "pivot", that is, on average, not too far from the center value of the data being sorted. Quicksort then separates the data into two piles, one of which contains all elements with value less than the value of the pivot, and the other containing the rest of the elements. If quicksort chooses the pivot in some deterministic fashion (for instance, always choosing the first element in the list), then it is easy for an adversary to arrange the data beforehand so that quicksort will perform in worst-case time. If, however, quicksort chooses some random element to be the pivot, then an adversary without knowledge of what random numbers are coming up cannot arrange the data to guarantee worst-case execution time for quicksort.

The classic on-line problem first analysed with competitive analysis {{harv|Sleator|Tarjan|1985}} is the [[Listlist update problem]]: Given a list of items and a sequence of requests for the various items, minimize the cost of accessing the list where the elements closer to the front of the list cost less to access. (Typically, the cost of accessing an item is equal to its position in the list.) After an access, the list may be rearranged. Most rearrangements have a cost. The ''Move-To-Front algorithm'' simply moves the requested item to the front after the access, at no cost. The ''Transpose algorithm'' swaps the accessed item with the item immediately before it, also at no cost. Classical methods of analysis showed that Transpose is optimal in certain contexts. In practice, Move-To-Front performed much better. Competitive analysis was used to show that an adversary can make Transpose perform arbitrarily badly compared to an optimal algorithm, whereas Move-To-Front can never be made to incur more than twice the cost of an optimal algorithm.

In the case of online requests from a server, competitive algorithms are used to overcome uncertainties about the future. That is, the algorithm does not "know" the future, while the imaginary adversary (the "competitor") "knows". Similarly, competitive algorithms were developed for distributed systems, where the algorithm has to react to a request arriving at one ___location, without "knowing" what has just happened in a remote ___location. This setting was presented in {{harv|Awerbuch|Kutten|Peleg|1992}}.

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* [[Amortized analysis]]

* [[K-server problem]]

* [[Online algorithm]]

* [[List update problem]]

* [[Online algorithm]]

==References==

*{{citation|title=Amortized efficiency of list update and paging rules|first1=D.|last1=Sleator|author1-link=Daniel Sleator|first2=R.|last2=Tarjan|author2-link=Robert Tarjan|journal=Communications of the ACM|year=1985|doi=10.1145/2786.2793|volume=28|issue=2|pages=202–208|doi-access=free}}.

*{{citation|contribution=Competitive analysis of distributed algorithms|first=James|last=Aspnes|year=1998|doi=10.1007/BFb0029567|title=Online Algorithms: The State of the Art|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|volume=1442|pages=118–146|isbn=978-3-540-64917-5 |editor1-first=A.|editor1-last=Fiat|editor1-link=Amos Fiat|editor2-first=G. J.|editor2-last=Woeginger|editor2-link= Gerhard J. Woeginger}}.

*{{citation|last1=Borodin|first1=A.|author1-link=Allan Borodin|last2=El-Yaniv|first2=R.|year=1998|title=Online Computation and Competitive Analysis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-56392-5}}.

*{{citation|last1=Awerbuch|first1=B.|last2=Kutten|first2=S.|last3=Peleg|first3=dD.|authorlink2=Shay Kutten|year=1992|contribution=Competitive Distributed Job Scheduling|title=ACM STOC, Victoria, BC, Canada}}.

[[Category:Analysis of algorithms]]