Content deleted Content added
rv - DON'T remove {{fact}} tags, provide sources |
Reverted 1 edit by Shifanacnc (talk): The article name is Thiruvananthapuram |
||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Metropolis and capital of Kerala, India}}
{{About|the city|the district|Thiruvananthapuram district|the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thiruvananthapuram
| native_name = '''Trivandrum''' <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| other_name = Ananthapuri
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Trivandrum Skyline Cropped.jpg
| alt1 = Northern Trivandrum
| caption1 = Northern Thiruvananthapuram with the [[Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram|Technopark Phase 2]] in the center
| image2 = Padmanabhaswamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram.jpg
| alt2 = Padmanabhaswamy Temple
| caption2 = [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
| image3 =
| alt3 = Niyamasabha Mandiram
| caption3 = [[Niyamasabha Mandiram]]
| image4 = Technopark Phase III Buildings February 2014.jpg
| alt4 = Technopark, Trivandrum
| caption4 = [[Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram|Technopark Phase 3]]
| image5 = 01KovalamBeach&Kerala.jpg
| alt5 = Kovalam Beach
| caption5 = [[Kovalam|Kovalam Beach]]
| image6 = Kanakakkunnu-palace-trivandrum.jpg
| alt6 = Kanakakkunnu Palace
| caption6 = [[Kanakakkunnu Palace]]
| image7 = Tvmcentral.jpg
| alt7 = Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station
| caption7 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
| image8 = Palace of Trivandrum.jpg
| alt8 = Kowdiar Palace
| caption8 = [[Kowdiar Palace]]
}}
| image_seal = Seal of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram by dhevilal.svg
| nickname = Evergreen City of India<br />God's Own Capital<ref name="distcourthistory">{{cite web |title=History – Official Website of District Court of India |url=http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=District Courts |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063231/http://ecourts.gov.in/kerala/thiruvananthapuram |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image_map = {{Switcher
|{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1186|frame-width=250|frame-height=450|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=10.50|frame-long=76.20|zoom=7|type2=point|coord2={{coord|08|31|26.8|N|76|56|11.8|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
|Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala map
|{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q7785507|plain=y|title=Thiruvananthapuram|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=11|stroke-width=2|icon=no|frame-width=300|frame-height=390|frame-align=center|text=Interactive Map Outlining Thiruvananthapuram}}
|Thiruvananthapuram outline map }}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|08|31|26.8|N|76|56|11.8|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Kerala}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = Capital of [[Travancore]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal [[Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = [[Arya Rajendran]]<ref name="gulfnews">{{Cite web |title=India: 21-year-old student Arya Rajendran set to become mayor in Kerala |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/offbeat/india-21-year-old-student-arya-rajendran-set-to-become-mayor-in-kerala-1.1608892334881 |access-date=2020-12-25 |website=gulfnews.com |date=25 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]])
| leader_title2 = Deputy Mayor
| leader_name2 = P. K. Raju ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
| leader_title3 = Member of Parliament
| leader_name3 = [[Shashi Tharoor|Dr Shashi Tharoor]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title4 = DIG & [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
| leader_name4 = Thomson Jose [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="citygi"/>
| area_total_km2 = 214
| area_metro_km2 = 311
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |website=demographia.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030244/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>
| total_type =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rank = 1st
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 38.93
| population_footnotes = <ref name="citygi"/>
| population_total = 957,730
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1,890,406
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UApop">{{cite web |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Trivandrumite,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ramzan turns Kerala into a foodies' paradise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ramzan-turns-kerala-into-a-foodies-paradise/articleshow/59287974.cms |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=Times of India |date=23 June 2017}}</ref> Trivian
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Common language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 September 2014 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product]](2020)
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{USD|15.777|year=2020}}Billion<ref>{{cite web | url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8095/overview | title=Metroverse | Harvard Growth Lab }}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product]]
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[International airport]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Port|International Seaport]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Spaceport]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Climate]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695XXX
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 471-XXXXXXX]]
| registration_plate = *KL-01 Thiruvananthapuram
*KL-22 [[Kazhakootam]]
*KL-15 [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]
*KL-16 [[Attingal]]
*KL-19 [[Parassala]]
*KL-20 [[Neyyattinkara]]
*KL-21 [[Nedumangad]]
*KL-74 [[Kattakkada]]
*KL-81 [[Varkala]]
| website = {{URL|trivandrum.nic.in}}
}}
'''Thiruvananthapuram''' ({{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuʋənən̪d̪ɐˈbuɾəm|langpron|Trivandrum.ogg}} {{respell|TIRR|oo|və|NUN|tə|POOR|əm}}), also known as '''Trivandrum''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram {{!}} India |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="districtprofile">{{cite web |title=About District |url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/about-district/ |website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> is the [[Capital city|capital]] city of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. As of 2011, the [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation]] had a population of 957,730 over an area of 214.86 sq. km,<ref name="citypop">{{cite web |title=General Information |url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/general-information |website=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> making it the largest and most populous city in Kerala.<ref name="districtprofile"/> The larger [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area]] has over 1.7 million inhabitants within an area of 543 sq. km.<ref name="uapop">{{cite web |title=A -4 TOWNS AND URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS CLASSIFIED BY POPULATION SIZE CLASS IN 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is one of the few cities in India that functions as a capital city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/about-district/ | title=About District | District Thiruvananthapuram, Government of Kerala | India }}</ref> a heritage city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookmoney.com/retirement/spend/travel/discovering-thiruvananthapuram-a-blend-of-culture-nature-and-heritage | title=Discovering Thiruvananthapuram: A Blend of Culture, Nature, and Heritage | date=13 January 2025 }}</ref> a maritime city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vizhinjamport.in/visl/ | title=About Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited (VISL) }}</ref> an information technology city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://technopark.in/discover-technopark-the-iconic-it-park-in-trivandrum | title=Discover Technopark: The Iconic IT Park in Trivandrum }}</ref> a space research city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/VSSC.html | title=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) }}</ref> a defence city, an automotive tech city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://neosciencehub.com/thiruvananthapurams-rise-as-a-global-automotive-hub/#google_vignette | title=Thiruvananthapuram's Rise as a Global Automotive Hub - Neo Science Hub | date=5 September 2024 }}</ref> a bioscience city,<ref>{{Cite web | title=BIO 360 | url=https://www.bio360.in/ | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=www.bio360.in}}</ref> a tourism city,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/kerala/thiruvananthapuram | title=Thiruvananthapuram Tourism }}</ref> and a city known for its research and development institutions. It is also among the few cities in the world where both an [[Trivandrum International Airport|international airport]] and an [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram|international seaport]] are located within the city in close proximity to the city center.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Draft EIA Report for Vizhinjam Port (Phase III) |url=https://kspcb.kerala.gov.in/assets/uploads/widget/public_hearing_files/Vizhinjam_Port_(Phase_IIIII)_-Draft_EIA_Report.pdf | website = Vizhinjam Port Official Website | publisher = L&T, VISL, Government of Kerala | date = 15 June 2021 | access-date = 15 August 2024 | page = 36}}</ref>
Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a port city located {{convert|10|nmi|lk=in}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Environment compliance Report
| url = https://www.adaniports.com/-/media/Project/Ports/PortsAndTerminals/Vizhinjam-Port-Documents/Environment-Compliance-Report/Previous-Environment-Compliance-Report/Compliance-Report_VISL_Oct-2022-Mar-2023.pdf
| website = Adani Ports
| publisher = VISIL, Government of Kerala
| date = 2021-06-15
| access-date = 2024-08-15
| page = 45
}}</ref> from a heavily trafficked East-West shipping channel. The city is home to India’s first deep-water trans-shipment port, the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam%2C%20Kerala%20today | title=Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal receives First Mother Ship at Vizhinjam- India's first deep water Container Transhipment Port }}</ref> The city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |___location=New Delhi |isbn=8177552570 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC}}</ref>[[File:MSC IRINA TRIVANDRUM PORT HD.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large container ship, seen through palm trees|Arrival of MSC Irina, the world’s largest container ship, arriving at Trivandrum in June 2025, marking its first arrival at a South Asian port]]Thiruvananthapuram is also known for its cultural heritage, being associated with the musical contributions of [[Swathi Thirunal|Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] and the artistic legacy of painter [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. Thiruvananthapuram has contributed to the development of Malayalam literature through individuals like [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]], [[Kumaran Asan]], [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] and [[Narayana Guru]]. The city is also known for [[Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], known as the richest temple in the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/richest-hindu-temple | title=Richest Hindu temple | work=Guinness World Records }}</ref>
The present regions that constitute Thiruvananthapuram were ruled by the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]] who were related to feudatories of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 12th century, it was conquered by the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]].<ref name="vizhis3"/> In the 18th century, the king [[Marthanda varma|Marthanda Varma]] expanded the territory, founded the princely state of [[Travancore]] and made Thiruvananthapuram its capital.<ref name="history1">{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135356255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Calicut|Calicut]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book |last1=Shungoony Menon |first1=P. |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higgin Botham & Co. |___location=Madras |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog |access-date=5 May 2016 |language=en |format=pdf}}</ref> Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore–Cochin]] state and remained so until the new Indian state of [[Kerala]] was formed in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=The Rough Guide to South India |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781843531036 |page=306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and home to the [[University of Kerala]], [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]], the regional headquarters of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], and many other schools and colleges. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centres such as the [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]], [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] and a campus of the [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dqweek.com/thiruvananthapuram-one-of-the-souths-hottest-it-hubs/ |title=Thiruvananthapuram: One of the South's Hottest IT Hubs-DQWeek |website=www.dqweek.com |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is where India's space program began, with the headquarters of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre located there. The city is home to media institutions like Toonz Animation India and [[Tata Elxsi|Tata Elxsi Ltd]], and also to [[Chitranjali Studio|Chitranjali Film Studio]], one of the first film studios in [[Malayalam Cinema]], and [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] at [[Kazhakoottam]], which is India's first infotainment industrial park.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=With centres nod, foundation stone laid for KINFRA's second phase IT/ ITES Park in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/With-centres-nod-foundation-stone-laid-for-KINFRAs-second-phase-IT/-ITES-Park-in-Thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/55586474.cms |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 November 2016}}</ref>
In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Thiruvananthapuram best Kerala city to live in: Times survey |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-best-Kerala-city-to-live-in-Times-survey/articleshow/11703099.cms |access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref name="India Today survey">{{cite news |title=India's Best Cities: Winners and Why they made it |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-cities-winners-and-why-they-made-it-survey/1/251350.html |access-date=27 March 2013 |newspaper=India Today |date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the [[Janaagraha]] Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.<ref name="Best Indian City">{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram is the best city in India:Survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/mar/02/thiruvananthapuram-is-the-best-city-in-india-survey-1576345.html#:~:text=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM%3A%20Thiruvananthapuram%20retained%20its%20title,on%20a%20scale%20of%2010. |access-date=6 June 2020 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 March 2017}}</ref> The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.<ref name="Best Governed City">{{cite news |title=Delhi, Mumbai not the best in urban governance, Thiruvananthapuram first |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-mumbai-not-the-best-in-urban-governance-thiruvananthapuram-ranked-first/story-6zSWlfeb9eE66mOOEgfPwO.html |access-date=17 May 2017 |newspaper=Hindusthan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=28 February 2017}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
The city takes its name from the [[Malayalam]] word ''thiru-anantha-puram'' ({{lang|ml|തിരുവനന്തപുരം}} {{IPA|ml|t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm||Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}), meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",<ref name="Meaning of name">{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |access-date=29 October 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11 |archive-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> referring to the [[deity]] of the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature, and popular reference as ''Ananthapuri'', derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Syanandurapuram'', meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by [[Swathi Thirunal]], erstwhile Maharaja of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swati-manuscripts-found/article1836941.ece |title=Swati manuscripts found |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The city was officially referred to as ''Trivandrum'' until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balid |first1=Vivek |last2=Chatterji |first2=Miabi |last3=Reddy |first3=Sujani |last4=Vimalassery |first4=Manu |title=The sun never sets : South Asian migrants in an age of U.S. power |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |___location=New York |isbn=978-0814786437 |page=122}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{See also|Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State}}
[[File:Raja ravivarma painting 50 historic meeting.jpg|thumb|left|Painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]] being greeted by [[Visakham Thirunal]], with [[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore]] looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880]]
[[File:TVM Padmanabhaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|left|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is the richest temple in the world.]]
[[File:Padmanabhapuram Clock Tower.jpg|left|250px|thumbnail|[[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]]]
===Pre Historic Period===
Thiruvananthapuram is a relatively modern region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN|0-8371-2615-0}}.</ref> It is believed that the ships of [[Solomon|King Solomon]] landed in a port called [[Ophir]] (now [[Poovar]]) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Business Directory, Kerala |date=1972 |publisher=National Publishers |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9 |date=1963 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUD24pMsKvYC}}</ref> The city was the trading post of [[spices]], [[sandalwood]] and [[ivory]].<ref name="Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram">
{{cite web |publisher=Technopark Kerala |work=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |title=Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=17 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003090427/http://www.technopark.org/abttvm01.htm |archive-date=3 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala.
===Ancient Period===
The southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and [[Alappuzha]]) was under [[Ay dynasty]], who was more related to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri</ref>,The early rulers of the city were the [[Ay kingdom|Ays]]. [[Vizhinjam]], which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodcock |first1=George |title=Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast |date=1967 |publisher=Faber & Faber |page=[https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood/page/65 65] |url=https://archive.org/details/keralaportraitof0000wood |url-access=registration |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as the second century BC.<ref name="vizhis">{{cite book |last1=Mathew |first1=K S |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1351997522 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iUlDwAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=K Balachandran |title=In Quest of Kerala: Geography, places of interest, political history, social history, literature |date=1974 |publisher=Accent Publications |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> During the Ay dynasty's rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] dynasties attempted to capture the port town.<ref name="vizhis1">{{cite news |last1=Babu George |first1=Sarath |title=Vizhinjam in historical perspective |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vizhinjam-in-historical-perspective/article7468781.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="vizhis2">{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=G |title=Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shedding-light-on-vizhinjams-golden-past/article5981994.ece |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 May 2014}}</ref>
===Middle Ages ===
After the death of king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the [[Chera dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress |date=1987 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POltAAAAMAAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="vizhis3"/> During the tenth century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.<ref name="vizhis3"/> The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.<ref name="kanthalloor">{{cite news |last1=Haridas |first1=Aathira |title=Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/17/chronicles-of-kanthalloor-sala-which-got-lost-in-the-mists-of-time-1802832.html |access-date=9 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317321279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> A branch of the Ay family, which had controlled the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], merged with the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]] in the 12th century.<ref name="vizhis3">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=9788126437825 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg|left|thumb|A map of [[Malabar Coast]] drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between [[Kollam]] and [[Kanyakumari]], as shown in the map (Present-day districts of [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] and Kanyakumari only).
===Early Modern Period===
It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms up to [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.]]
Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and [[Kanyakumari district]], were parts of the [[Ay dynasty]] during ancient and [[Middle Ages|medieval ages]], in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |___location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in various periods.<ref name="askh"/> Later it became a part of [[Venad]] in late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of [[Travancore]] in 18th century CE.<ref name="askh"/> The [[Tamil people|Tamil]]-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern and central parts of [[Kerala]].<ref name="askh"/>
[[File:Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG|left|thumbnail|''[[Thambiran Vanakkam]]'' was printed at Kollam, the capital of [[Venad]] in 1578, during the Portuguese Era. It holds the record of the first book printed in any Indian language. It was written in the language ''[[Lingua Malabar Tamul]]'' which was spoken in [[Kerala]] during the medieval period.]]
The official language of [[Kerala]], based at [[Kollam]], was also identified as [[Tamils|Tamil]], by the natives of Kerala in those times.<ref name=":302">Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Pandya dynasty {{!}} Indian dynasty |language=en |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref> and the [[Chola dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |title=India: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC |year=2011 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 |page=215}}</ref><ref name=majumdar407>Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K.N. |date=June 2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |s2cid=145359607 |issn=0376-9836}}</ref> The place names, the dialects of [[Malayalam]] spoken, and the customs that exist in Kerala today still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603134225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/jun/26/keralas-tamil-connection-126586.amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2021 |title=Kerala's Tamil Connection |date=26 June 2010 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
===Late Modern Period===
In the early 18th century CE, the [[Travancore royal family]] adopted some members from the royal family of [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[Kannur]].<ref>Travancore State Manual</ref> Then, [[Marthanda Varma]] who inherited the Kingdom of Venad expanded the kingdom by conquering the kingdoms of Kayamkulam, Kottarakara, Kottayam, Changanassery, Meenachil, Poonjar and Ambalapuzha.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360725777_Royal_Titles_Epithets_and_Kingship_An_Archaeological_Analysis_into_the_Epigraphical_Records_of_Venad_Kings</ref> In 1729, [[Marthanda Varma]] founded the princely state of [[Travancore|Thiruvithamkoor]] and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1795 after shifting the capital from [[Padmanabhapuram]] in [[Kanyakumari]] district.<ref name="district history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://trivandrum.gov.in/history/ |website=District Administration Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under [[Marthanda Varma]].<ref name="Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2013">{{Britannica|606138|Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>
[[File:A language map of India prepared for the missionary projects at Serampore, 1822.jpg|thumbnail|A language map of India prepared in 1822.]]
As a result of the annexation of neighbouring [[chiefdom]]s, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to Thiruvananthapuram, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including ''Koothu'', ''Padhakam'', ''Kathakali'', ''Thullal'', and ''Koodiyattam''. Noted artists such as [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] and [[Kunchan Nambiar]] amongst others served as his court poets.<ref name="Gauri Lakshmi Bayi 1998 152–168">{{cite book |last=Gauri Lakshmi Bayi |first=Aswathi Thirunal |title=Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram |year=1998 |publisher=The State Institute Of Languages |___location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-81-7638-028-7 |pages=152–168}}</ref> Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Kozhikode]] in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162"/>
The city developed into a significant intellectual and artistic centre during this period. The city's golden age was during the mid-19th century under the reign of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal]]. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the [[Trivandrum Observatory|Observatory]] (1837), the General Hospital (1839), [[the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]] and the University College (1873). The first mental hospital in the state was started during the same period. [[Sanskrit College]], Ayurveda College, [[Law College]] and a second-grade college for women were started by [[Moolam Thirunal]] (1885–1924).<ref name="History of Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Govt. of Kerala |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/about-corporation |title=About Corporation |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=2 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502105139/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/about-corporation |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Contemporary Period===
The early 20th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]], established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Mulam Popular Assembly |url=http://keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html |publisher=Keralaassembly |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Despite not being under the direct control of the [[British Empire]] at any time, the city featured prominently in [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom struggle]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] had a very active presence in Thiruvananthapuram. A meeting of the [[Indian National Congress]] presided by Dr [[Pattabhi Sitaramaiah]] was held here in 1938.
[[File:Palace of Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kowdiar Palace]] built-in 1915 was the official residence of the [[Travancore Royal Family]].<ref name="Kowdiar">{{cite web |title=Kowdiar palace |url=http://www.zonkerala.com/tourism/Kowdiar-Palace-9.html |work=About Kowdiar palace |publisher=Zonkerala |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref>]]
The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in the [[Travancore]] region. The municipality was converted into a corporation on 30 October 1940, during the period of [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], who took over in 1931.<ref name="ThiruvananthapuramHistoryIntro">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |work=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Introduction |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Government of Kerala |access-date=3 January 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916043822/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/ |archive-date=16 September 2010}}</ref> The city witnessed multi-faceted progress during his period. The promulgation of the "[[Temple Entry Proclamation]]" (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the [[Kerala University|University of Travancore]] in 1937, which later became [[Kerala University]].<ref name="University of Kerala History">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the University |url=https://keralauniversity.ac.in/history |publisher=University of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706145029/http://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/history |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==
With the end of British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popularly elected ministry, headed by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]], was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of [[Travancore-Cochin|Thiru-Kochi]], the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour, the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Criminal Justice India Series: Kerala, 2001 |author=West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences |year=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-391-6 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2r8cLTkmA8C&pg=PA5}}</ref> The king of [[Travancore]], [[Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma]], became the [[Rajpramukh]] of the [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore-Cochin Union]] from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of [[Kerala]] was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Movement for a United (Aikya) Kerala |url=https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/united-kerala |website=State Portal of Kerala |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Kerala State IT Mission (KSITM), Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232501/https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/united-kerala |url-status=dead }}</ref>
With the establishment of [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space programme. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="VSSC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |title=VSSC Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=23 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426233653/http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_vssc.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of [[Technopark Kerala|Technopark]]—India's first IT park—in 1995.<ref name="Technopark Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |publisher=Kerala State IT Mission |url=http://www.keralaitmission.org |title=First IT Park in Kerala |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103110342/http://www.keralaitmission.org/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area,<ref>{{cite book |title=The digital challenge: information technology in the development context |year=2003 |publisher=S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVhMzNSMsLYC&pg=PA350 |isbn=9780754634454}}</ref> employing around 62,000 people in 450 companies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-29 |title=Technopark bags high CRISIL rating |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/technopark-bags-high-crisil-rating/article32225885.ece |access-date=2020-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{wide image|Pattom Skyline panoramo 02.jpg|820px|align-cap=center|View of [[Pattom]], the north eastern part of the city. The [[Western Ghats]] mountain range is seen in the background}}
Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to South India |year=2005 |author1=David Abram |author2=Rough Guides (Firm) |author3=Nick Edwards |publisher=Rough Guides |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA306 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref> by the seashore and is at {{Coord|8.5|N|76.9|E|}} on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Thiruvananthapuram.html |title=Thiruvananthapuram, India Page |access-date=19 March 2008}}</ref> The city is on the west coast of India and is bounded by the [[Laccadive Sea]] to its west and the [[Western Ghats]] to its east. The average elevation of the city is {{cvt|16|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] ([[Pune]]) |url=http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |title=Rainfall Stations in India |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116190118/http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref> The [[Geological Survey of India]] has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the metropolis in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]] |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |title=Seismic zoning map of India |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004653/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of [[Karamana]] and [[Killi river]]s. [[Vellayani Lake|Vellayani]], [[Thiruvallam]] and [[Aakkulam|Aakulam]] backwaters lie in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=9788177552577 |pages=318 |edition=1st}}</ref> The soil type in the middle part of the city is a dark brown loamy [[Laterite|laterite soil]] high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. In western coastal regions of the city, [[Loam|sandy loam]] soil is found, and on hilly eastern parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soil types in Kerala |url=http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |publisher=Kerala Agriculture |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120113114/http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/soils/soiltypesdw.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] is spread over {{cvt|214.86|km2|sqmi|2}}.<ref name="citygi">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230094333/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/general-information-0 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |publisher=Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref> The wider [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area]] comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, three municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011.<ref name="ListofUA">{{cite web |title=List of Urban Agglomerations of 2011 Census |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is essential for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name="Air Command">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |publisher=Southern Air Command |access-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
The city has a climate that lies on the border between a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') and a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am''). As a result, its only distinct seasons relate to rainfall rather than temperature. The mean maximum temperature is {{cvt|34|C|F}} and the mean minimum temperature is {{cvt|19|C|F}}. The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the [[monsoon]] season.<ref name="Thiruvananthapuram Weather">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=017334&refer= |title=Thiruvananthapuram Climate |access-date=25 August 2006}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the [[south-west monsoon]]s and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around {{cvt|1835|mm}} per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was {{cvt|10.8|C|F}} on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|38.2|C|F}} on 21 February 2019.<ref name=IMDextremes/> At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was {{cvt|12.1|C|F}} on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was {{cvt|36.3|C|F}} on 5 May 1998.<ref name=IMDextremes/>
{{Weather box
| ___location = Thiruvananthapuram City (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.2
| Feb record high C = 38.2
| Mar record high C = 37.7
| Apr record high C = 38.0
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 35.8
| Jul record high C = 34.0
| Aug record high C = 34.6
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 34.8
| Dec record high C = 36.2
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan avg record high C = 34.4
| Feb avg record high C = 34.8
| Mar avg record high C = 35.4
| Apr avg record high C = 35.1
| May avg record high C = 34.6
| Jun avg record high C = 32.8
| Jul avg record high C = 32.1
| Aug avg record high C = 32.3
| Sep avg record high C = 33.0
| Oct avg record high C = 32.8
| Nov avg record high C = 33.1
| Dec avg record high C = 34.1
| year avg record high C = 35.9
| Jan high C = 32.4
| Feb high C = 32.8
| Mar high C = 33.5
| Apr high C = 33.3
| May high C = 32.6
| Jun high C = 30.4
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 30.3
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 30.9
| Nov high C = 31.0
| Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan mean C = 27.5
| Feb mean C = 28.2
| Mar mean C = 29.2
| Apr mean C = 29.5
| May mean C = 29.0
| Jun mean C = 27.5
| Jul mean C = 27.0
| Aug mean C = 27.2
| Sep mean C = 27.5
| Oct mean C = 27.4
| Nov mean C = 27.3
| Dec mean C = 27.5
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 22.3
| Feb low C = 22.9
| Mar low C = 24.3
| Apr low C = 25.1
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 23.8
| Jul low C = 23.3
| Aug low C = 23.4
| Sep low C = 23.5
| Oct low C = 23.5
| Nov low C = 23.2
| Dec low C = 22.6
| year low C = 23.6
| Jan avg record low C = 20.2
| Feb avg record low C = 20.9
| Mar avg record low C = 22.1
| Apr avg record low C = 23.0
| May avg record low C = 22.6
| Jun avg record low C = 22.0
| Jul avg record low C = 21.7
| Aug avg record low C = 21.8
| Sep avg record low C = 22.1
| Oct avg record low C = 22.1
| Nov avg record low C = 21.6
| Dec avg record low C = 19.3
| year avg record low C = 19.7
| Jan record low C = 12.1
| Feb record low C = 18.1
| Mar record low C = 20.2
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 20.1
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 20.2
| Aug record low C = 18.2
| Sep record low C = 20.8
| Oct record low C = 20.1
| Nov record low C = 18.9
| Dec record low C = 18.2
| year record low C = 10.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.9
| Feb rain mm = 21.7
| Mar rain mm = 30.6
| Apr rain mm = 122.3
| May rain mm = 213.8
| Jun rain mm = 307.8
| Jul rain mm = 185.2
| Aug rain mm = 161.0
| Sep rain mm = 196.7
| Oct rain mm = 297.2
| Nov rain mm = 212.8
| Dec rain mm = 68.4
| year rain mm = 1835.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.4
| Mar rain days = 2.2
| Apr rain days = 6.9
| May rain days = 9.1
| Jun rain days = 16.0
| Jul rain days = 13.3
| Aug rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 10.4
| Oct rain days = 13.0
| Nov rain days = 9.8
| Dec rain days = 4.0
| year rain days = 96.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 66
| Apr humidity = 73
| May humidity = 75
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 79
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 80
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 69
| year humidity = 73
| Jan sun = 260.4
| Feb sun = 248.6
| Mar sun = 254.2
| Apr sun = 201.0
| May sun = 192.2
| Jun sun = 129.0
| Jul sun = 136.4
| Aug sun = 164.3
| Sep sun = 180.0
| Oct sun = 173.6
| Nov sun = 165.0
| Dec sun = 217.0
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 8.4
| Febd sun = 8.8
| Mard sun = 8.2
| Aprd sun = 6.7
| Mayd sun = 6.2
| Jund sun = 4.3
| Juld sun = 4.4
| Augd sun = 5.3
| Sepd sun = 6.0
| Octd sun = 5.6
| Novd sun = 5.5
| Decd sun = 7.0
| yeard sun = 6.4
| Jan uv = 11
| Feb uv = 12
| Mar uv = 12
| Apr uv = 12
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 12
| Oct uv = 12
| Nov uv = 11
| Dec uv = 10
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Thiruvananthapuram Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=739–740 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M1110 |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf |title=Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India |work=Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M-3 |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/thiruvananthapuram/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43371
| title = Normals Data: Thiruvananthapuram – India Latitude: 8.48°N Longitude: 76.95°E Height: 60 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">
{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/thiruvananthapuram-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Thiruvananthapuram, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
| source =
| Jan dew point C = 21
| Feb dew point C = 22
| Mar dew point C = 23
| Apr dew point C = 24
| May dew point C = 24
| Jun dew point C = 24
| Jul dew point C = 24
| Aug dew point C = 24
| Sep dew point C = 24
| Oct dew point C = 24
| Nov dew point C = 24
| Dec dew point C = 23
}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| ___location = [[Thiruvananthapuram Airport]] (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 35.5
| Feb record high C = 35.6
| Mar record high C = 36.2
| Apr record high C = 36.1
| May record high C = 36.3
| Jun record high C = 35.2
| Jul record high C = 33.9
| Aug record high C = 33.7
| Sep record high C = 33.7
| Oct record high C = 35.7
| Nov record high C = 34.4
| Dec record high C = 34.4
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 31.4
| Feb high C = 32.0
| Mar high C = 32.8
| Apr high C = 33.2
| May high C = 32.5
| Jun high C = 30.7
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 30.1
| Sep high C = 30.5
| Oct high C = 30.7
| Nov high C = 30.9
| Dec high C = 31.3
| year high C = 31.3
| Jan low C = 22.6
| Feb low C = 23.4
| Mar low C = 24.7
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 24.4
| Jul low C = 23.8
| Aug low C = 24.0
| Sep low C = 24.0
| Oct low C = 24.0
| Nov low C = 23.8
| Dec low C = 23.1
| year low C = 24.1
| Jan record low C = 16.4
| Feb record low C = 16.0
| Mar record low C = 19.0
| Apr record low C = 20.7
| May record low C = 20.7
| Jun record low C = 19.5
| Jul record low C = 20.8
| Aug record low C = 20.5
| Sep record low C = 20.1
| Oct record low C = 19.4
| Nov record low C = 18.8
| Dec record low C = 17.9
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 18.1
| Feb rain mm = 25.2
| Mar rain mm = 28.5
| Apr rain mm = 97.4
| May rain mm = 225.0
| Jun rain mm = 300.3
| Jul rain mm = 180.8
| Aug rain mm = 163.4
| Sep rain mm = 195.3
| Oct rain mm = 277.0
| Nov rain mm = 227.3
| Dec rain mm = 67.9
| year rain mm = 1806.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.5
| Mar rain days = 1.7
| Apr rain days = 6.1
| May rain days = 9.1
| Jun rain days = 15.8
| Jul rain days = 12.7
| Aug rain days = 9.5
| Sep rain days = 9.7
| Oct rain days = 12.3
| Nov rain days = 10.1
| Dec rain days = 3.7
| year rain days = 93.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|Jan humidity=64
|Feb humidity=64
|Mar humidity=67
|Apr humidity=71
|May humidity=74
|Jun humidity=80
|Jul humidity=80
|Aug humidity=80
|Sep humidity=79
|Oct humidity=79
|Nov humidity=76
|Dec humidity=69
|year humidity=74
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}
== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Thiruvananthapuram City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by Religious Community |publisher=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|68.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|16.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.77}}
{{bar percent|Not stated|black|0.85}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.09}}
<small>Others include [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] & Other religions (0.06%)</small>
}}
According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram, which occupies an area of {{cvt|214|sqkm|sqmi}}, had a population of 957,730.<ref name="citygi" /> The city's population density was {{cvt|4454|/sqkm|/sqmi}}.<ref name="citygi" /> The Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,687,406 in 2011.<ref name="UApop"/> The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average.<ref name="citygi"/> Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72%<ref name="Citycenpop">{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> exceeds the all-India average of 74%.<ref name="censusindliter">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in |title=Population census 2011 |publisher=Census of India 2011, Government of India |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>
It is a historical city where [[Malayalis|Malayali]] form the vast majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. There are also minorities like the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and North Indians residing here. According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population is [[Hinduism|Hindu]], 16.7% [[Christianity|Christians]] and 13.7% [[Islam|Muslims]].<ref name="CityCensus">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/462-thiruvananthapuram.html |website=Census2011 |access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> The remainder of the community includes [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Jews]], [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s and other religions which account for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a belief in the [[census]].<ref name="CityCensus" />
[[Malayalam]], the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram City:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-10 |title=Govt sets deadline for switch to Malayalam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/government-sets-deadline-for-switch-to-malayalam-thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/105871691.cms |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> English is also used, mainly by the white-collar workforce. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] has the most speakers after [[Malayalam]]. The city also has a few [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Kannada, Konkani]], [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Hindi speakers. As per the 2001 census, the population below the [[Below Poverty Line (India)|poverty line]] in the city was 11,667.<ref name="Urban poor in Thiruvananthapuram">{{Cite report |url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |title=Study of urban poor in TMC area |work=JNNURM |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127220331/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Trivanthapuram/5PartCD.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive immigration of workers from northern India, mainly [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]], and Eastern India, mainly [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], and from neighbouring countries like [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Migrants assured of safety |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/collector-assures-migrants-of-camaraderie/article19840707.ece |access-date=5 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Trivandrum district|Thiruvananthapuram Corporation}}
[[File:Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Building]]
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation|Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram]] or TMC oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 100 wards.<ref name="citad">{{cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/administration |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134552/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/administration |url-status=dead }}</ref> Each ward elects a [[councillor]] to the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. TMC has the power to act as the local government of the city.<ref name="orgst">{{cite web |title=Institutional Setup of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/organisational-structure |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110115420/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/organisational-structure |url-status=dead }}</ref> TMC is headed by the Mayor, who is elected from among the [[councillor]]s. The Mayor is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the TMC. The corporation discharges its services through standing committees.<ref name="orgst" /> The corporation secretary is an officer appointed by the [[Government of Kerala|government]], who serves as the administrative head of the TMC and implements the council's decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the council. The functions of the Municipal Corporation are managed by seven departments—engineering, health, general administration, council, accounts and revenue.<ref name="orgstruc">{{cite web |title=Organisation Structure |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124171252/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/sites/default/files/TMC%20-%20Organization%20Structure.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> For the decentralised role of TMC, eleven Zonal Offices are created. The zonal offices are in Fort, Kadakampally, [[Nemom]], [[Ulloor]], Attipra, Thiruvallom, [[Kazhakkuttom]], [[Sreekaryam]], [[Kudappanakunnu]], [[Vattiyoorkavu]] and [[Vizhinjam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonal Operations |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/zonal-operations |website=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111002432/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/zonal-operations |url-status=dead }}</ref> The functions of the TMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid-waste management, and building regulation. The [[Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority]] is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|greater Thiruvananthapuram]] region.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |url=http://www.trida.kerala.gov.in/about-us |website=Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074631/http://www.trida.kerala.gov.in/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As the seat of the [[Government of Kerala]], Thiruvananthapuram is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies but also the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and the state secretariat, which is housed in the [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Kerala Government Secretariat complex]]. Thiruvananthapuram has two parliamentary constituencies—[[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]—and elects five Members of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]) to the state legislature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituencies |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |website=Corporation of Trivandrum |publisher=Information Kerala Mission |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134616/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.in/constituencies |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Kerala Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Kerala Government Secretariat]] is the seat of administration of the Government of Kerala]]
===Law and order===
The [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] is the main law-enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a [[Police commissioner|commissioner of police]].<ref name="poli">{{cite web |title=Governance of District Police, Thiruvananthapuram City |url=http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |website=District Police Office, Thiruvananthapuram City |publisher=State Police Computer Centre |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134455/http://www.tvmcitypolice.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram-city-police/about-us/governance |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Thiruvananthapuram city police]] is a division of the [[Kerala Police]], and the administrative control lies with the [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Kerala Home Ministry]]. Thiruvananthapuram city police is the largest police division in Kerala, and it consists of four subdivisional offices and 24 police stations and a sanctioned strength of 3,500 police personnel.<ref name="kerpol">{{cite web |title=Work study report on Police Department |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |format=PDF |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043540/https://kerala.gov.in//documents/10180/3328a672-d76d-4d76-b1aa-f407edaa3662 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Central Prison]] is the oldest prison in Kerala and the headquarters of [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Headquarters Poojappura |url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=74 |website=Kerala prisons and correctional services |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>
===Military and diplomatic establishments===
The [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] is headquartered in the city.<ref name="SAC">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command Introduction |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |website=Official Home Page of Indian Air Force |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134636/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=32&page_type=command&comm_id=5 |archive-date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolchildren get a 'Command'ing view |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/20/schoolchildren-get-a-commanding-view-1759300.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 January 2018}}</ref> There are two state armed police battalions and a unit of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Police Head Quarter |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/wings/armed-police/armed-police-head-quarter |website=Kerala Police |publisher=State Police Computer Centre, SCRB, Thiruvananthapuram. |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> The CRPF has a Group Headquarters (GHQ) located at [[Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram|Pallipuram]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=G |first1=Ananthakrishnan |title=CRPF religion head count |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725025842/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120722/jsp/frontpage/story_15758048.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2012}}</ref> In addition to this, three units of the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) and Sector Headquarters (SHQ) of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) are also present. Thiruvananthapuram also houses a large army cantonment in Pangode which houses some regiments of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Up-close look at military weapons |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Up-close-look-at-military-weapons/article14574294.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 August 2016}}</ref>
In the city there is a Consulate of the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE Consulate Thiruvananthapuram Kerala |url=http://uaeconsulate-kerala.com/demo/about-consulate.html |website=Consulate of United Arab Emirates |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134447/http://uaeconsulate-kerala.com/demo/about-consulate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Consulate of the [[Maldives]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate of Maldives |url=https://www.consulateofmaldives.in/ |website=Consulate of Maldives in Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Netindia |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> and Honorary Consulates of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Russia]] and [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Consul of Sri Lanka |url=http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |website=Consulate of Sri Lanka in Kerala |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074607/http://slhckerala.org/contactus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=City needs special zone for diplomatic missions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/City-needs-special-zone-for-diplomatic-missions/article16771608.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
===Utility services===
The [[Kerala Water Authority]] supplies the city with water that is sourced from the [[Karamana River]];<ref name="water">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |website=Thiruvananthapuram Smart City |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007082049/http://www.tvmcity.in/water-supply |url-status=dead }}</ref> most of it is drawn from the [[Aruvikkara]] and [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary|Peppara]] reservoirs, and it is treated and purified at the Aruvikkara pumping stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renovation on at KWA pumping stations |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/renovation-on-at-kwa-pumping-stations/article5829060.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 March 2014}}</ref> The Wellington Water Works, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest city water supply schemes in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wellington Water Works an example of far-sightedness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lsquoWellington-Water-Works-an-example-of-far-sightednessrsquo/article16654463.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2010}}</ref> The sewage water is treated at Muttathara sewage-treatment plant, which handles 32 million litres per day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=B. Nair |first1=Rajesh |title=Sludge disposal poses a hurdle at Muttathara sewage treatment plant |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/sludge-disposal-poses-a-hurdle-at-muttathara-sewage-treatment-plant/article5078955.ece |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Waste water Management |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |website=Smartcity Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120160503/http://www.tvmcity.in/waste-water-mgmt |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sewerage Scheme (Thiruvananthapuram) Phase – I |url=https://infrastructureindia.gov.in/view-project?p_p_id=viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage=%2Fhtml%2Fviewproject%2Fview.jsp&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_ppp=Government+Infrastructure+Projects+%28Traditional+Procurement%29&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_projectId=15303&_viewproject_WAR_Projectportlet_currURL=%2Fprojects-list-by-sector%3Fp_p_id%3Dprojectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_count%3D1%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_jspPage%3D%252Fhtml%252Fprojectlistbysector%252Fview.jsp%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_hdSubsectorList%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_keywords%3D%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_andOperator%3Dtrue%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByCol%3DprojectName%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_orderByType%3Dasc%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_projectlistbysector_WAR_Projectportlet_delta%3D75 |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Electricity is supplied by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KSEB commissions substation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kseb-commissions-substation/articleshow/59745307.cms |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the [[Kerala Fire And Rescue Services]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum to get modern fire fighting equipment for faster aid |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/22/trivandrum-to-get-modern-fire-fighting-equipment-for-faster-aid-1631875.html |access-date=24 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
==
{{Main|Economy of Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Panorama
|image = File:Trivandrum City North Panorama.jpg
|height = 230
|alt = View of Technovalley, in the north western part of the city at night.
|caption = <div style="text-align:center">View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.</div>
}}
[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Infosys campus.JPG|thumb|A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.]]
Thiruvananthapuram is strategically located just 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) away from the crucial Suez to Singapore Far East international shipping route, placing it in close proximity to key global maritime traffic. This advantageous ___location, combined with the availability of reliable electricity, fresh water, and a long coastline, has accelerated industrial growth in the city. Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises [[Information Technology]], education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and [[tourism]].<ref name="sceco">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram economy |url=http://www.tvmcity.in/economy |website=Smart City Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=C-DIT Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.<ref name="ecrev">{{cite web |title=Kerala Economic Review |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |website=Government of Kerala |publisher=Kerala State Planning Board |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141140/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/ad430667-ade5-4c62-8cb8-a89d27d396f1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.<ref name="ecrev"/> Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global [[financial services]] firm [[Morgan Stanley]].<ref name="MorStan">{{cite web |title=AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization |page=7 |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |publisher=Morgan Stanley |access-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122084247/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/1090352/898699386/name/City_MS.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.<ref name="ecrev"/>
Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[aerospace]] research centre in India. The [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], the most significant and leading centre of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]],<ref name="vssc">{{cite web |title=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602202050/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vikram-sarabhai-space-centre-vssc |url-status=dead }}</ref> and several space-related, state-owned [[Indian Space Research Organisation#Organisation structure|ISRO centres]] such as [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]], [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]], and [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] are based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="isrocen">{{cite web |title=ISRO Centres |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=Department of Space, Government of India |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129043646/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-centres |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BrahMos Aerospace|BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited]] is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.<ref name="brahmos">{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Cynthia |title=Central Industrial Security Force to take over BrahMos security |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/221217/central-industrial-security-force-to-take-over-brahmos-security.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Other enterprises include [[Travancore Titanium Products]], [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]], [[Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation|MILMA]], [[English Indian Clays]], [[KELTRON|Keltron]], [[Trivandrum Rubber Works]] and [[HLL Lifecare|HLL Lifecare Limited]].
[[File:Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg|thumbnail|A highway at Thiruvananthapuram]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major [[Information Technology|IT]] and [[Information technology enabled services|ITES]] hub in India. The city contributes about 40-45% of Kerala's total software exports.<ref name="ecrev"/><ref name="stone">{{cite news |url=http://technopark.org/news?id=305 |work=Technopark |title=Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow |date=24 February 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404165537/https://www.technopark.org/news?id=305 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram houses major [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Technology company|Technology companies]] like [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Nissan]], [[HCLTech|HCL Tech]], [[Accenture]], [[Allianz|Allianz Technology]], [[Envestnet]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[Infosys]], [[UST Global]], [[Ernst & Young]], Flytxt, [[Guidehouse]], [[Tata Elxsi]], [[McKinsey & Company]], [[RR Donnelley]] and [https://www.questglobal.com/ Quest Global].<ref name="techcomp">{{cite web |title=Companies in Technopark |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-a-z-listing |website=Technopark |access-date=1 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] is the largest information-technology park in India in terms of built-up area.<ref name="techlarge">{{cite news |title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=Economic Times |date=17 January 2014}}</ref> It is the largest employment base campus in Kerala with 52,000 IT/ITES professionals and about 400 companies.<ref name="ecrev" /><ref name="techcomp" /> Other IT, media and industrial campuses include [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]], Kinfra Apparel Park, B-HUB and [[Chithranjali Film Complex]].<ref name="kinfra">{{cite web |title=Kinfra Parks |url=http://kinfra.org/parks |website=Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Film city plan on fast track |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-city-plan-on-fast-track/article22526150.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Other major IT, [[biotechnology]] and industrial campuses include [[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]], [[Bio 360 Life Sciences Park|Bio 360 Life sciences park]] and [[Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram|Digital Science Park]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Boost for Life Sciences Park development |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/boost-for-life-sciences-park-development/article19988996.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Unnikrishnan |title=Technopark: Riding smoothly into the future |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/feb/01/technopark-riding-smoothly-into-the-future-1766890.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
Tourism is a significant economic sector.<ref name="Tourists Statistics 2007">{{cite report |work=Tourism Department, Kerala |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Tourist_statistics_for_Internet.pdf |title=Tourism statistics 2007 |access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S Anil |title=Good news for tourism sector |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/good-news-for-tourism-sector/article22669673.ece |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |work=Kerala Tourism |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf |title=Destination wise foreign tourist visits |access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> The presence of natural attractions like beaches, [[Kerala backwaters|backwaters]], hills, and plantations and attractions like heritage, history, [[Ayurveda]], medical tourism and knowledge centres attract many tourists.<ref name="trvtour">{{cite news |title=Brainstorming for sustainable tourism |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/27/brainstorming-for-sustainable-tourism-1663732.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> The city experienced a surge of investment in the real estate, infrastructure and retail sectors in 2016–17.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saikiran |first1=KP |title=Realty sees a surge in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/realty-sees-a-surge-in-kerala/articleshow/59950656.cms |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 August 2017}}</ref>
Port-related activity is low mainly due to the underdevelopment of ports. [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]] is India's first deep-water [[transshipment]] Port.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal receives First Mother Ship at Vizhinjam- India's first deep water Container Transhipment Port |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam,%20Kerala%20today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208184825/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2032811#:~:text=The%20Union%20Minister%20of%20Ports,port%20in%20Vizhinjam,%20Kerala%20today |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> Vizhinjam port's ___location is close to the international shipping routes and, it is just 10–12 nautical miles from the busy [[Persian Gulf]]-[[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] shipping lane.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vallarpadam Port loses out to Colombo on smaller draft, higher charges |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/vallarpadam-port-loses-out-to-colombo-on-smaller-draft-higher-charges-2/ |access-date=1 March 2018 |publisher=Hellenic Shipping News |date=26 February 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302050249/https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/vallarpadam-port-loses-out-to-colombo-on-smaller-draft-higher-charges-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The port also has a natural depth of 18 to 20 metres which can accommodate huge [[container ship]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=A Kerala Port with Adani. Why That's a Good Thing |url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-kerala-port-with-adani-why-thats-a-good-thing-780831 |access-date=1 March 2018 |agency=NDTV |date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The berths at Vizhinjam port are designed to cater to vessels of up to 24,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajwi |first1=Tiki |title=Sailing ahead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jun/01/sailing-ahead-1611400.html |access-date=1 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Harverting lotus leafs.jpg|thumb|left|Harvesting lotus leaves from [[Vellayani Lake]].]]
Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist hub in India.<ref name=tour/> [[Kovalam]] and [[Varkala]] are popular beach towns near the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 best beach destinations in Kerala for sun, sand, and serenity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-best-beach-destinations-in-kerala-for-sun-sand-and-serenity/photostory/112710340.cms?picid=112710457 |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Other important beaches include [[Poovar]], [[Shankumugham Beach]], Azhimala Beach, [[Vizhinjam]] Beach and Veli Beach. Other places of interest include [[Agasthyamala]] rain forests, [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kallar, Trivandrum|Kallar]], Braemore, [[Ponmudi]] hills, [[Poovar]], [[Anchuthengu]] backwaters, Varkala Cliffs and [[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]]-[[Edava]] lakes.
The city is also known for its unique style of architecture involving [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]] with British and Dravidian influences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Timeless built heritage |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/timeless-built-heritage/article2094594.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2011}}</ref> [[Napier museum]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo|Thiruvanathapuram Zoo]], [[Padmanabha Swamy temple]], [[Kuthira Malika|Kuthira Malika palace]], Kilimanoor palace and The Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club heritage building are examples of this.
The main museums include [[Kerala Science and Technology Museum]] (with its attached Priyadarsini [[Planetarium]]), [[Napier Museum]], [[Kerala Soil Museum]] and [[Koyikkal Palace|Koyikkal Palace Museum]]. [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] is listed in [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agasthyamala |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/agasthyamala/ |website=UNESCO |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>
==
{{Main|Culture of Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Napier_Museum_Thiruvananthapuran_DSW_New.jpg|thumb|left|Established in 1855, the [[Napier Museum]] contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts]]
[[File:Attukal pongala1.JPG|thumb|Attukal Pongala festival marks the world's largest gathering of women]]
Thiruvananthapuram is known as the "Evergreen City of India" because of its green landscapes and the presence of many public parks.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Evergreen City of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644 |access-date=20 January 2025 |agency=Outlook India |date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517191347/http://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/invest/the-evergreen-city-of-india-1644/ |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has historically been a cultural hub in [[South India|Southern India]] due to the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs by the rulers of erstwhile Thiruvananthapuram. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]] and [[Raja Ravi Varma]] hail from the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Monarch musician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-monarch-musician/article5504087.ece |access-date=7 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Raja Ravi Varma: The father of Modern Indian Art |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raja-ravi-varma/1/654640.html |access-date=7 December 2017 |magazine=India Today |date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213185912/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/raja-ravi-varma/1/654640.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prominent social reformers such as [[Narayana Guru|Sri Narayana Guru]], [[Chattampi Swamikal]], [[Ayyankali]], [[Vakkom Moulavi]] and [[C. V. Raman Pillai]] also are from Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Office of the Registrar General |last2=Narayanan |first2=Krishnaswamy |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 9: Kerala, Part 6, Issue 1 |year=1973 |publisher=Manager of Publications – India |___location=University of Michigan |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8EXAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
Two of the three [[Malayalam triumvirate poets]], [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] and [[Kumaran Asan]] are from Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Ulloor/Html/Ulloorgraphy.htm |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi website |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=7 December 2017 |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India, 2008 |isbn=9780143330134 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Az1XFhjzmUwC |year=2008}}</ref> Annual literature festivals like the Kovalam Literary Festival, are held in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Hosts Kovalam Literary Fest |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/news/kovalam-literary-fest/1869 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the [[State Central Library, Kerala|State Central Library]], one of the oldest public libraries in India, which was established in 1829,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keralalibrary |title=Kerala's 188 Years Old Library Is All Set To Become Blind-Friendly |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/keralas-188-years-old-library-is-all-set-to-become-blind-friendly/302184 |access-date=12 December 2017 |publisher=Outlook Web Bureau |date=25 September 2017}}</ref> and other major libraries including the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Central library, and the [[Kerala University|Kerala University Library]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Library and Information Science |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/dept/deptHome.php?deptID=105 |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has been a hub of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] since the days of [[List of maharajas of Travancore|Maharaja of Travancore]], [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Swathi Thirunal]].<ref name="classicalmusictvm">{{cite news |last1=S. Nair |first1=Achuthsankar |title=Music and Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-capital-city-as-a-hub-of-classical-music/article7761426.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=K |first1=Radhakrishnan |title=My Odyssey: Memoirs of the Man behind the Mangalyaan Mission |date=23 November 2016 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789385990380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxtwDQAAQBAJ}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is known for many music festivals like the Navarathri Music Festival, one of the oldest festivals of its kind in South India,<ref name="classicalmusictvm" /> [[Swathi Sangeethotsavam]], Soorya Music fest, Neelakanta Sivan Music Fest and many other music festivals are organised by various cultural groups.<ref name="classicalmusictvm" /> The 111-day-long [[Soorya Festival]] is the biggest art and cultural event in [[Kerala]].<ref name="sooryafest">{{cite news |title=Soorya festival set to begin today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Soorya-festival-set-to-begin-today/article14991116.ece |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=111-day Surya festival begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/111-day-surya-festival-begins-today/articleshow/60770870.cms |access-date=12 December 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The Soorya Festival features film festivals, theatre festivals, dance, music, painting and photography exhibitions.<ref name="sooryafest" />
[[File:Iffk 2011 DSCN4617-crop.jpg|thumb|right|16th [[IFFK]] 2011 banner at Kairali Theater Complex]]
The [[Malayalam film Industry]] was started in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam feature film, [[Vigathakumaran]] directed by [[J. C. Daniel]] was released in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Manoj |title=Wide Angle: History of Indian Cinema |date=2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781946280480 |pages=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18pBDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> J. C. Daniel is considered the father of Malayalam film industry. He also established the first film studio in Kerala, the Travancore National Pictures at Thiruvananthapuram in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |title=J C Daniel |access-date=23 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606225929/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oommen |first1=M. A. |last2=Varkey Joseph |first2=Kumbattu |title=Economics of Indian Cinema |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |___location=University of California |isbn=978-81-204-0575-2 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-BkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK), which is held every year in December, is one of Asia's largest film festivals in terms of viewer participation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |title=11 Festivals You Will Find Only in Trivandrum! |author=Amal |date=18 February 2016 |work=EnteCity.com |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314185511/http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheerath |first1=Bhawani |title=IFFK 2017: A celebration of cinema from across the globe |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffk-2017-a-cinematic-extravaganza/article21288507.ece |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In addition to various film festivals, the presence of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]'s regional office, many movie studios and production facilities like the Uma Studio, [[Chitranjali Studio]], [[Merryland Studio]], [[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] and Vismayas Max contribute to the growth of Thiruvananthapuram as a centre of cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Capital of cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-capital-of-cinema/article5401273.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Baiju Chandran |date=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A week-long theatre extravaganza in Kerala capital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/sep/21/a-week-long-theatre-extravaganza-in-kerala-capital-1660772.html |access-date=15 December 2017 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 September 2017}}</ref>
Apart from the famous [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], the city's architecture is championed by the [[Napier Museum]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram Zoo]], one of the oldest zoos in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://keralaculture.org/thiruvananthapuram-zoo/542 |website=Kerala Culture |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072557/http://keralaculture.org/thiruvananthapuram-zoo/542 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other architectural landmarks include [[Kuthira Malika|Kuthira Malika Palace]], [[Kowdiar Palace]], [[Attukal temple]], [[Beemapally|Beemapally Mosque]], [[Connemara Market]], and the [[Mateer Memorial Church]]. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of [[Laurie Baker]]'s architecture.<ref>{{cite web |title=A film on the life and work of Laurie Baker |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/film-life-work-laurie-baker/ |website=Architectural Digest |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>
Along with the major festivals of [[Onam]], [[Vishu]], [[Deepavali]], and [[Navaratri]], Christian and Islamic festivals like [[Christmas]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Bakrid]] and [[Mawlid|Milad-e-sheriff]], the diverse ethnic populace of the city celebrates several local festivals like [[Attukal Temple|Attukal Pongala]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Aswin J |title=Review meeting of arrangements for Attukal pongala held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/review-meeting-of-arrangements-for-attukal-pongala-held/articleshow/62543741.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 January 2018}}</ref> [[Beemapally|Beemapally Uroos]],<ref>{{cite news |title=All set for beemapally uroos |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/feb/20/all-set-for-beemapally-uroos-1572772.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 February 2017}}</ref> [[Mother of God Church, Vettukad|Vettukaad Church Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Vettucaud church festival from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vettucaud-church-festival-from-friday/article7863783.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 November 2015}}</ref> [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu]] and Lakshadeepam festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ajai Prasanna |first1=Laxmi |title=Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple fest begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Sree-Padmanabha-Swamy-temple-fest-begins/articleshow/26096472.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 November 2013}}</ref> During the Onam festival, the state government conducts several cultural events for a week in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Onam celebration from Sept.12 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Onam-celebration-from-Sept.12/article14620306.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Attukal Temple|Attukal Pongala]] festival attracts millions of women devotees from across India and abroad. It is the largest gathering of women in the world.<ref name="atkp1">{{cite web |title=Largest gathering of women |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-annual-gathering-of-women/ |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="atkp2">{{cite news |last1=Mary Koshy |first1=Sneha |last2=Fernandes |first2=Janaki |title=In Kerala, a festival that marks the world's largest gathering of women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/in-kerala-a-festival-that-marks-the-worlds-largest-gathering-of-women-514543 |access-date=22 January 2018 |date=26 February 2013}}</ref> Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Française and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres host a wide range of events and programmes throughout the year.<ref>{{cite news |title=FILCA int'l film fest from Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/filca-intl-film-fest-from-friday/articleshow/61730445.cms |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Twice the fun |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/french-bands-colt-silvers-and-last-train-come-to-town/article21076113.ece |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Water Princess' to bring awareness on water conservation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/26/water-princess-to-bring-awareness-on-water-conservation-1711822.html |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 November 2017}}</ref>
===Fashion ===
Thiruvananthapuram has a long-standing connection with textile traditions, especially through the [[Balaramapuram Handlooms]] industry. Known for its cotton fabrics with kasavu (gold zari borders), the region’s weaving techniques have remained largely unchanged since the 18th century.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Nair
|first=N.J.
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090814080300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041018085424/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090814080300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2004-10-18
|title=Balaramapuram handlooms set for comeback
|access-date=2006-08-19
|___location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=8 September 2004
}}</ref> The handwoven fabrics continue to feature in both traditional attire and contemporary fashion collections, including international showcases.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ihttkerala.org/history.html
|title=History of Handlooms
|publisher=Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology
|access-date=2006-08-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715044415/http://ihttkerala.org/history.html
|archive-date=15 July 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
Modern fashion is also well-represented in the city, with shopping malls like Lulu Mall and Mall of Travancore hosting popular domestic and international clothing brands, reflecting current global trends in apparel and lifestyle.
==Cuisine==
Trivandrum’s cuisine reflects local food traditions shaped by its historical and cultural background, including influences from the former Travancore royal kitchens,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-royal-Onam-to-remember/article14630763.ece | title=Onam in the royal household of erstwhile Travancore | work=The Hindu | date=9 September 2016 }}</ref> coastal trade, and religious diversity. The city’s food culture includes a variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes, with rice, coconut, and spices forming the basis of most meals.
*'''[[Trivandrum Sadhya]]''', a vegetarian meal served on a banana leaf, especially during festivals such as Onam and Vishu. It typically consists of multiple dishes including ''sambar'', ''kalan'', ''avial'', ''olan'', ''pachadi'', varieties of ''payasam'' and Boli.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sadya Trip: Thiruvananthapuram to Kasaragod |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Sep/03/sadya-trip-thiruvananthapuram-to-kasaragod-2494227.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 September 2022 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* '''[[Trivandrum Boli]]''', a traditional sweet dish made with lentils and flour, often served alongside desserts like ''payasam''.
* '''Kethel Chicken Fry''', from the year 1940, known for its preparation of deep-fried chicken served with small chapatis and onion salad.<ref>{{cite news |title=The next fried chicken craze |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220803-the-next-fried-chicken-craze |newspaper=BBC Travel |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* '''Vizhinjam Chicken Fry''', a dish from the Vizhinjam area of Trivandrum City, characterized by its use of local spices and cooking methods.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vizhinjam in Thiruvananthapuram is seafood hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/vizhinjam-in-thiruvananthapuram-is-seafood-hub/article66327846.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* '''[[Travancore biriyani]]''', is a rice-based dish from Trivandrum, rooted in the culinary traditions of the former Travancore. Distinct from other regional biryanis, it is spiced and emphasizes subtle flavors rather than heat. Prepared with long-grain rice, it incorporates local ingredients such as coconut, curry leaves, and regional spices. The dish reflects a blend of Trivandrum's indigenous cooking practices and Mughal culinary influences, resulting in a unique preparation that balances aromatic rice with delicately layered flavors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: How is the long-grained Travancore Biryani prepared? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/watch-how-is-the-long-grained-travancore-biryani-prepared/article67079750.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 July 2023 |access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref>
* ''' Travancore Prawns Curry ''', is a dish with mild, balanced flavors from Trivandrum. It uses coconut milk, tamarind, and spices like black pepper and curry leaves, creating a less fiery taste compared to other regional seafood curries. The use of fresh, local ingredients gives it a distinct, subtle flavor profile<ref>{{cite video |title=Poovar Shipyard Trivandrum |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwngbhzb8_E |website=YouTube |publisher=Poovar Official |date=15 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025}}
</ref>
*'''Trivandrum Tapioca Dishes''', Tapioca was introduced to India in Trivandrum, the capital of the former princely state of Travancore, during the reign of Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma (1860–1880). It was introduced by him as part of efforts to address food shortages and improve agricultural resilience. Common tapioca dishes from the region include Kappa Puzhukku, Kappa Vevichathu, Kappa Meen Curry, Kappa Erachi (Kappa Biriyani), Kappa Ularthiyathu, Chenda Kappa, Kappa with Ulli Chammanthi, and Tapioca Chips <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-tapioca-came-to-travancore/article28181288.ece | title=How tapioca came to Travancore | work=The Hindu | date=27 June 2019 | last1=Nagarajan | first1=Saraswathy }}</ref>
Street food in Trivandrum includes items such as ''kappa'' (tapioca) with fish curry, ''parippu vada'', ''banana chips'', and ''unniyappam''. Small eateries and roadside vendors are widespread throughout the city.The general cuisine of the people is [[Kerala cuisine|Keralite cuisine]], which is generally characterised by an abundance of [[coconut]] and [[spice]]s. Other [[South Indian culture#Cuisine|South India]]n cuisines, as well as [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] and [[Indian cuisine|North Indian]] cuisines, are popular.<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Authentic Kerala cuisine and ayurvedic massage bowl over Ind and NZ teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/authentic-kerala-cuisine-and-ayurvedic-massage-bowl-over-ind-and-nz-teams/articleshow/61532997.cms |access-date=22 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram has many restaurants offering [[Arab cuisine|Arabic]], [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] and [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] cuisines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stott |first1=David |title=Kerala Footprint Focus Guide |date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=9781909268791 |pages=41–43 |edition=illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahadevan |first1=Sajini |title=Meals on wheels |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meals-on-wheels/article18790841.ece |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 June 2017}}</ref>
== Health Care ==
Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, has a robust healthcare system, with both government and private medical institutions offering comprehensive services. The Government Medical College, one of the oldest medical colleges in India, is a prominent center for medical education and healthcare. The [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) is a well-known institution specializing in cardiology, neurology, and biomedical research. Other significant medical institutions include [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB), which focuses on advanced biotechnological research, and [[Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kimshealth.org/trivandrum/ | title=Best Multi-Specialty Hospital in Trivandrum, Kerala | KIMSHEALTH | KIMS Hospital }}</ref> (KIMS), known for its multi-specialty services. Private hospitals like NIMS Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web | title=NOORUL ISLAM COLLEGE OF DENTAL SCIENCES | url=https://nicollegeofdentalscience.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=nicollegeofdentalscience.com}}</ref> Aster capital, and Lord's Hospital<ref>{{Cite web | title=Lords Hospital | url=https://lordshospital.org/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313221818/http://www.lordshospital.org:80/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2008-03-13}}</ref> provide advanced care across various specialties, including cardiology, oncology, and orthopedics. Additionally, Ayurvedic treatment centers are prevalent in the city, offering traditional healing methods. The city also provides palliative care services, with initiatives like the Arike Home Daycare Program, which supports patients in need of end-of-life. care at home.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
|+ Medical Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram
|-
! Name !! Type !! Year of Establishment
|-
| [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Government<ref>{{Cite web | title=Thiruvananthapuram Medical College, Govt. of Kerala | url=https://tmc.kerala.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004135803/http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in:80/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2011-10-04}}</ref> || 1951
|-
| Government Homeopathic Medical College|| Government<ref>{{cite web | url=https://svhmctvm.in// | title=Home }}</ref> || 1983
|-
| Government Ayurvedic Medical College || Government <ref>https://gactvm.kerala.gov.in/{{Dead link | date=May 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>|| 1889
|-
| Pankajakasturi Ayurvedic Medical College || Private <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College | url=https://www.pkamc.ac.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406065709/http://www.pkamc.ac.in | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2013-04-06}}</ref>|| 2002
|-
|-
|Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College Hospital|| Private<ref>{{Cite web | title=Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College & Hospital | url=https://www.smcsimch.ac.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.smcsimch.ac.in}}</ref> || 2003
|-
| Trivandrum Dental College || Government<ref>{{Cite web | title=Govt. Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram - www.gdctvm.org | url=https://www.gdctvm.org/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.gdctvm.org}}</ref> || 2004
|-
| Gokulam Medical College || Private<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sree Gokulam Medical College | url=https://sgmc.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=sgmc.in}}</ref> || 2003
|-
| Santhigiri Siddha Medical College || Private<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ssmc.ac.in/santhigiri/ | title=Santhigiri Siddha Medical College – Siddha Hospital }}</ref> || 2002
|}
Other major hospitals in Trivandrum include Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institutes (AHRI),<ref>{{Cite web | title=* * * * * Welcome to Ananthapuri Hospital Project * * * * * | url=https://www.ananthapurihospitals.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125034932/http://www.ananthapurihospitals.com:80/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2005-11-25}}</ref> SP Fort Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web | title=SP Fort Hospital :: Home | url=https://www.spfort.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012023753/http://www.spfort.com:80/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2007-10-12}}</ref> Aster Capitol,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asterhospitals.in/blogs-events-news/aster-open-550-bed-super-specialty-hospital-keralas-capital-trivandrum | title=Aster to open a 550-bed super-specialty hospital in Kerala's Capital, Trivandrum | Aster }}</ref> Trivandrum International Medical Center,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Trivandrum international medical centre | url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/09112016FJ0Q2A1WAnnexure_documentofForm1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330184830/https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/09112016FJ0Q2A1WAnnexure_documentofForm1.pdf | archive-date=2025-03-30}}</ref> PRS Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web | title=BEST HOSPITAL TRIVANDRUM IN CARDIOLOGY IVF INFERTILITY GYNECOLOGY EXECUTIVE CHECKUP. | url=https://www.prshospital.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.prshospital.com}}</ref> NIMS
== Transport ==
{{Multiple images
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Tvpmroad.jpg
| caption1 = Kowdiar road; also known as the royal road or "Raja Veedhi", as it leads to the Kowdiar Palace
| image2 = Road transport in Trivandrum.jpg
| caption2 = Another road in the city
}}
{{Main|Transport in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Trivandrum_International_airport.jpg|left|thumb|[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]]]
===Public transport===
[[File:Double Decker bus in Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Double-decker bus in the city]]
The majority of bus services are conducted by government operators. There are also private operators.<ref>{{cite news |title=Private bus strike shows signs of failure |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=103647 |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |issue=19 February 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303154453/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=103647 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city buses operated by [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city. The main bus stations in the city are the [[Central Bus Station Thiruvananthapuram|Central Bus Station]] in [[Thampanoor]], where most of the long-distance buses ply from, and the city bus station in [[East Fort]], where most city buses ply from.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Anasooya |title=Thampanoor station is now a role model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/thampanoor-station-is-now-a-role-model/articleshow/61540168.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S.Anil |title=New bus shelter for East Fort |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/New-bus-shelter-for-East-Fort/article14000787.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Three-wheeled, yellow and black [[auto-rickshaws]] and taxis, are other popular forms of public transport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pre-paid auto drivers oppose fee for parking |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/pre-paid-auto-drivers-oppose-fee-for-parking/article19290497.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=App-based taxi service at rly station from tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/app-based-taxi-service-at-rly-station-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62013228.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram Metro is a fully elevated [[Medium-capacity rail system|metro rail]] – [[rapid transit]] system planned to ease the congestion in the city.<ref name="tvmroad"/><ref name="tvmmetro">{{cite web |title=Trivandrum Metro Features |url=http://krtl.in/trivandrum.html |website=Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation Limited |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213183927/http://krtl.in/trivandrum.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Road===
Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed [[road transport]] infrastructure.<ref name="tvmroad">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=New metro policy to affect Kazhakoootam-Kesavadasapuram stretch |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063832/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/21/new-metro-policy-to-affect-kazhakoootam-kesavadasapuram-stretch-1646324--1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The roads in the city are maintained by the Thiruvananthapuram Roads Development Company Limited (TRDCL) and [[Kerala Public Works Department|Kerala PWD]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr Minister, prove charges or retract statement: TRDCL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mr-minister-prove-charges-or-retract-statement-trdcl/articleshow/60930916.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |date=4 October 2017}}</ref> TRDCL manages the 42 km city roads which come under the Thiruvananthapuram City Roads Improvement Project (TRCIP), which is the first urban road project in India.<ref name=trcip/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |website=IL&FS |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303183626/https://www.ilfsindia.com/our-work/transportation/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> TRCIP is a [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] project to improve and maintain the existing road network in the city to cater to the needs of rapid urbanisation.<ref name=trcip>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project to tackle congestion |url=http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |website=World Highways |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920160302/http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/irf/features/thiruvananthapuram-city-road-improvement-project-to-tackle-congestion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> TRCIP has won the International Road Federation's Global Road Achievement Awards in 2015.<ref name="roadaward">{{cite web |title=2015 Global Road Achievement Awards Book of Winning Projects |url=https://www.ilfsindia.com/media/1341/trdcl_award.pdf |website=IL&FS |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> TCRIP has also been selected by [[United Nations]] as a replicable public-private partnership model.<ref name="unroad">{{cite news |title=United Nations finds Kerala's road is a model |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/160516/united-nations-finds-kerala-s-road-is-a-model.html |access-date=3 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicle |date=16 May 2016}}</ref> It was one of the 12 [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnership]] project case studies from across the world which fulfil the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] of the UN Agenda 2030.<ref name="unroad1">{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project – The UN Recognition for achieving sustainable development goals |url=http://www.itnlinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TCRIP-AT-UNECE-GENEVA-n.pdf |website=ITNL International |publisher=TCRIP |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="unroad2">{{cite web |title=Case 25 India Road Sector Thiruvananthapuram City Improvement |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ceci/documents/2016/PPP/Forum_PPP-SDGs/Presentations/Case_25_India_Thiruvananthapuram_City_Improvement.pdf |website=UNECE |publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> In 2024, Thiruvananthapuram became the first Indian city to win the UN global sustainability award.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram is India's first city to win global sustainability award: Key success factors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/thiruvananthapuram-is-indias-first-city-to-win-global-sustainability-award-key-success-factors/articleshow/114971969.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
Thiruvananthapuram is served by [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] of India's [[National Highway (India)|National Highways system]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=Soil testing for Kazhakuttam flyover begins |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/soil-testing-for-kazhakuttam-flyover-begins/article19360441.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 July 2017}}</ref> The city is connected to the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]] of the National Highway system at [[Aralvaimozhi]], which is 80 km south of the city.<ref>{{Cite map |date=3 March 2018 |title=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi |map=Trivandrum to Aralvaimozhi distance |map-url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=osrm_car&route=8.2652%2C77.5580%3B8.4826%2C76.9613#map=11/8.3059/77.3438 |work=OpenStreetMap |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> The [[State Highway 1 (Kerala)|State Highway 1]], which commonly known as the [[Main Central Road]] is an arterial highway in the city. Other major highways in the city are [[State Highway 2 (Kerala)|State Highway 2]] and [[State Highway 45 (Kerala)|State Highway 45]].<ref name="stateroads">{{cite web |title=State Highways in Kerala |url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PWD/sro161.pdf |website=Kerala Public Works Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020170455/http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PWD/sro161.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Thiruvananthapuram)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] is the main arterial road in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paid parking on M.G. Road from today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/paid-parking-on-mg-road-from-today/article7849208.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Ahead of the times |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/ywca-trivandrum-celebrates-its-centenary/article19316560.ece |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Another important road is the Kowdiar Road, which is also known as the Royal Road, as it leads to the [[Kowdiar Palace]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=UR |first1=Arya |title=Green spaces that are the breathing lungs of Trivandrum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/green-spaces-that-are-the-breathing-lungs-of-trivandrum/articleshow/58516479.cms |access-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
===Rail===
Thiruvananthapuram is a [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|divisional headquarters]] in the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiruvananthapuram Division |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1370348346435-Thiruvananthapuram%20Division.pdf |website=Southern Railway |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Long-distance trains originate from [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] railway terminals. Kochuveli railway terminal is developed to ease congestion on the central station and it acts as a satellite station to Thiruvananthapuram Central.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kochuveli railway terminal opened |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Kochuveli-railway-terminal-opened/article20272059.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu Business line |date=30 March 2005}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] is the busiest railway station in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thiruvananthapuram Central to be made a world-class station |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Thiruvananthapuram-Central-to-be-made-a-world-class-station/article14730334.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2016}}</ref> Other railway stations in the city are [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah]], [[Nemom railway station|Thiruvananthapuram South railway station]], [[Veli Railway Station|Veli railway station]] and [[Kazhakoottam railway station]]. Being the southernmost [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporation]] in India, many long train services of Indian Railways originate from Thiruvananthapuram like Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express, [[Thiruvananthapuram - Silchar Superfast Express]] and [[Kochuveli - Amritsar Weekly Express|Thiruvananthapuram North - Amritsar Weekly Express]]. There are plans to develop a railway terminal at [[Nemom railway station|Thiruvananthapuram South railway station]] to reduce congestion at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway to give priority to Nemom terminal: Ashwani Lohani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/railway-to-give-priority-to-nemom-terminal-ashwani-lohani/articleshow/61279808.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Thiruvananthapuram Metropolitan Region
!Station Name
!Station Code
!Railway Zone
!Number of Platforms
!No. of Tracks
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|TVC
|SR
|5
|16
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
|TVCN
|SR
|6 (10*)
|13
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram South railway station|Thiruvananthapuram South]]
|TVCS
|SR
|2 (5*)
|3 (12*)
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Petta]]
|TVP
|SR
|2
|2
|-
|[[Kazhakuttam railway station|Kazhakuttam Railway Station]]
|KZK
|SR
|3
|4
|-
|[[Veli Railway Station]]
|VELI
|SR
|3
|4
|-
|Chirayinkeezhu railway station
|CRY
|SR
|2
|2
|-
|Neyyattinkara railway station
|NYY
|SR
|2
|2
|-
|Balaramapuram
|BRAM
|SR
|1
|
|-
|Kadakkavoor
|KVU
|SR
|3
|4
|-
|Kaniyapuram
|KXP
|SR
|2
|
|}
<small>''('''*''' Indicates that its currently under construction.)''</small>
==== Air ====
Thiruvananthapuram is served by the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], located at Chakka, only {{cvt|6.7|km|mi}} from the city centre. The airport started operations in 1935 and is the first airport in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala celebrates 75th anniversary of civil aviation |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-celebrates-75th-anniversary-of-civil-aviation/article15796809.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 October 2010}}</ref> Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, the [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. As the city is headquarters of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the [[Indian Air Force]], Thiruvananthapuram International Airport caters to the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Coast Guard for their strategic operations.<ref name="Southern Air Command, Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Southern Air Command |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/content/southern-air-command |work=Indian Air Force |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> IAF has an exclusive apron to handle all their operations. The airport also caters to the [[Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology]] which carries out pilot-training activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology gets its wings back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/aviation-academy-gets-its-wings-back/articleshow/57638475.cms |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 March 2017}}</ref>
===Sea===
Small cruise ships often dock at Vizhinjam Harbour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship arrives at Vizhinjam port |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Cruise-ship-arrives-at-Vizhinjam-port/article14703558.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2016}}</ref> A [[Ferry terminal|cruise terminal]] is under trial run at [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam Transshipment Terminal]] and some of the world's largest container vessels had already docked here.<ref>{{cite news |title=Master plan for Vizhinjam Seaport released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/master-plan-for-vizhinjam-seaport-released/article4766869.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venugopal |first1=P |title=Cruise terminal being planned at Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cruise-terminal-being-planned-at-vizhinjam/article3595756.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Vizhinjam seaport has been designated by the government as an authorised immigration check-post for entry and exit from India for international ships and cruises.<ref>{{cite news |title=Immigration check-post facility for Vizhinjam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/immigration-check-post-facility-for-vizhinjam/article20554516.ece |access-date=4 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=19 November 2017}}</ref>
=== Metro ===
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Metro]] is a proposed 42.1 km Conventional Metro rail system with 37 stations. With 2 primary lines connecting key hubs like Kazhakuttom and Karamana. The idea of the Thiruvananthapuram Metro was first proposed in the early 2000s to cater to the growing population. In 2025, a high-level committee led by the Chief Secretary was formed to examine and finalize the metro’s alignment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-06-12 |title=Panel to finalise alignment of Thiruvananthapuram metro project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Jun/12/panel-to-finalise-alignment-of-thiruvananthapuram-metro-project |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Three main routes under consideration are:
* Kazhakkoottam to Pappanamcode
* Kazhakkoottam to Killipalam
* Palayam to Civil Station
The alignment plan includes both underground and elevated sections.
== Education ==
{{See also|Schools in Thiruvananthapuram|Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Model School Thiruvananthapuram.JPG|left|thumb|[[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School|Model School]] Trivandrum, founded in 1885, is one of the oldest schools in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anilkumar |first1=B S |title=A model for generations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/a-model-for-generations/articleshow/60934565.cms |access-date=8 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2017}}</ref>|200px]]
[[File:Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|thumb|Clock Tower at the [[University of Kerala]]|200px]]
[[File:Medical college Gate Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|left|Main gate of [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram|Medical college]]|200px]]
[[File:Observatory at IIST.jpg|thumb|Observatory in [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]|200px]]
===Primary and secondary education===
Schools in Thiruvananthapuram are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools.<ref>{{cite news |title=No PSC postings in aided schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/no-psc-postings-in-aided-schools/articleshow/57421702.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="scllist">{{cite web |title=List of Schools |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=460&Itemid=143 |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The government schools are run directly by the [[Kerala State Education Board]] and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.<ref name=syllabus>{{cite web |title=Selected Educational Statistics |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/selected%20educational%20statistics%202010-11.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> The aided schools also follow the [[Kerala State Education Board|state syllabus]]. [[Malayalam]] and English are the primary languages of instruction; [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] are also used.<ref name=syllabus/> The schools are affiliated with [[Kerala State Education Board|The State Council of Educational Research and Training]] (SCERT), [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS). In the National Achievement Survey conducted by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), Thiruvananthapuram is ranked as the best city in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Achievement Survey |url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/NAS/NAS.html |website=National Council of Educational Research and Training |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="ncertsurv">{{cite news |title=NCERT survey: Gaping holes visible in Kerala education system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ncert-survey-gaping-holes-visible-in-kerala-education-system/articleshow/63122119.cms |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
The notable schools in the city include [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School (Thiruvananthapuram)|St. Mary's Higher Secondary School]], which is considered one of the largest schools in Asia, with the total number of students exceeding 12,000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pradeep Kumar |first1=Kaavya |title='Twin' fete at school to mark Kerala Piravi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/twin-fete-at-school-to-mark-kerala-piravi/article6555133.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A song for a better earth by 12,000 children |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-song-for-a-better-earth-by-12000-children/article6086390.ece |access-date=5 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 May 2016}}</ref> [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]], [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls]], [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]], [[SMV High School, Thiruvananthapuram|SMV School]], [[Trivandrum International School]], [[Chinmaya Vidyalayas]], [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram|Loyola School]], [[Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Trivandrum|Sarvodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School]], [[Arya Central School]], Jyothi Nilayam School, [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School]], [[St. Thomas Residential School]], [[The Oxford School, Trivandrum|The Oxford School]] and [[VSSC Central School]].<ref name="highscllist">{{cite web |title=List of High schools in Thiruvananthapuram District |url=http://education.kerala.gov.in/Downloads2011/Notifications/statitics/hs/tvm.pdf |website=General Education Department |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>
===Higher education and research===
Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational and research hub with various institutions in the fields of [[space science]], [[information technology]], [[Outline of physical science|physical science]], [[bio-technology|biotechnology]], [[engineering]] and [[medicine]]. There are three universities in Thiruvananthapuram: two [[State university (India)|state universities]] and one [[deemed university]]. The state universities are the [[University of Kerala]] and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]. [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), is a government-aided institute and deemed university.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Institute |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) |date=4 November 2014 |publisher=Department of Space, Govt. of India |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> IIST is the first of its kind in the country, to offer [[Academic degree|graduate courses]] and [[research]] in space sciences, space technology and space applications.<ref name="iist">{{cite web |url=http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |title=About IIST |access-date=6 March 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814133048/http://www.iist.ac.in/about-us/about-iist |archive-date=14 August 2011 |website=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology}}</ref> The city also houses two [[List of Institutes of National Importance|Institutes of National Importance]]; [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER).<ref name="inilist">{{cite web |title=Institutions of National Importance |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/institutions-national-importance |website=Department of Higher Education |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India |access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram is one of the regional headquarters of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Trivandrum Regional Centre |url=http://rctrivandrum.ignou.ac.in/ |website=Indira Gandhi National Open University Website |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University. |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%; width:85%;"
|+ Universities in Trivandrum
|-
! University Name !! Established !! Type !! Location
|-
| [[University of Kerala]] || 1937 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) || 2007 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology]] (KUDSIT) || 2020 || Public || Trivandrum
|-
| [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) || 2014 || Public || Trivandrum
|}
The [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] is the first and a premier [[medical school]] in Kerala, founded in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Medical College |url=http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/?q=content/nobis-tincidunt-utinam |website=Trivandrum Medical College |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306204312/http://www.tmc.kerala.gov.in/?q=content/nobis-tincidunt-utinam |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other notable medical schools apart from [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology|SCTIMST]] (which provides super-specialty courses in cardiac and neuroscience) and [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] (which provides PG courses in radiotherapy and pathology, and super-specialty courses) includes [[SUT Academy of Medical Sciences]], Sree Gokulam Medical College and Government Ayurveda College.<ref name="procollist">{{cite web |title=Professional College list |url=https://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |website=Office of the commissioner for entrance examinations |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705153420/http://cee.kerala.gov.in/collegelist/main/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The city houses several prominent [[Law school|legal education]] institutions. The [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Law College]], formed in 1875, is one of the oldest legal education institutions in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://glctvpm.com/college/college_about.shtml |website=Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=GLCT |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> The [[Kerala Law Academy Law College|Kerala Law Academy]] is another major legal education institution.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Kerala Law Academy |url=https://www.keralalawacademy.org/about.html |website=Kerala Law Academy Website |publisher=Kerala Law Academy |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210121031/http://www.keralalawacademy.org/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The major [[Business school]]s include [[Asian School of Business]], [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum#Masters of Business Administration|CET School of Management]] and [[Institute of Management in Kerala]] (IMK).<ref>{{cite web |title=CET School of Management |url=http://www.mba.cet.ac.in/ |website=CET Management school |publisher=Department of Business Administration, Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.asb.ac.in/about-us |website=Asian School of Business |publisher=ASB |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IMK |url=http://www.imk.ac.in/abtus.htm |website=Institute of Management in Kerala |publisher=Kerala University |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> There are over 23 [[engineering education]] institutions in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="engcollist">{{cite web |title=Kerala Technological University List of Affiliated Courses 2015–16 |url=https://ktu.edu.in/data/Affiliated%20courses-WEBSITE%2027%20JULY%202015.pdf |website=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Apart from [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|IIST]] and [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|IISER]], the other major engineering education institutions include [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] (CET), which is the first engineering college in [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About CET |url=http://www.cet.ac.in/ |website=College of Engineering, Trivandrum |publisher=CET |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> [[Government Engineering College, Trivandrum|Government Engineering College BartonHill]] (GEC), [[Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering]] (SCT), [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram#ER & DCI Institute of Technology|ER & DCI Institute of Technology]], [[University College of Engineering, Kariavattom|University College of Engineering]], Mohandas college of Engineering and Technology and [[Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology]].<ref name="engcollist"/> The [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] established in 1866 and [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women]] established in 1864 are two of the oldest institutions of higher education in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.universitycollege.ac.in/ |website=University College, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt. College for Women, Our History |url=http://www.gcwtvm.ac.in/the-college/our-history/ |website=Government college for Women, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309055806/http://www.gcwtvm.ac.in/the-college/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%; width:98%;"
|+ Research Institutions in Trivandrum
|-
! Institution Name !! Established !! Type !! Location
|-
| [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] (NIIST) || 1988 || Research Institute || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB) || 1990 || Research Institute || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] (KSCSTE) || 2002 || Government Organization || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) || 2008 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]](VSSC) || 1963 || Research & Development || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) || 1985 || Research & Development || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) || 2007 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[National Institute of Speech and Hearing]] (NIISH) || 1997 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] (RCC) || 1981 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute ]] (JNTBGRI) || 1979 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]](SCTIMST) || 1976 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]](NCESS) || 1978 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS) || 1988 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kittsedu.org/profile.php | title=Profile, Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies, Education, Hospitality Industry, India }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology]] (IIITM-k)|| 1988 || Research & Education || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Central Tuber Crops Research Institute]] (ICAR)|| 1963 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | title=Home {{!}} CTCRI - CENTRAL TUBER CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE | url=https://www.ctcri.org/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.ctcri.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park]] (TrEST)|| 2015 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Thiruvananthapuram ]] (C-DAC)|| 2010 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India | url=https://www.cdac.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.cdac.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre]] || 2015 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/neyyar-reservoir-thiruvananthapuram/240/ | title=Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram }}</ref>
|-
| [[Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala]] || 2019 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]] || 1903 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=IAV – Institute of Advanced Virology | url=https://iav.kerala.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028034458/https://iav.kerala.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2021-10-28}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology ]] (CSIR-NIIST)|| 1975 || Research & Education || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=CSIR - National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) | url=https://www.niist.res.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.niist.res.in}}</ref>
|}
Other prominent [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] colleges include the [[Government Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Arts College]], [[Mahatma Gandhi College]], [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Sanskrit College]], [[Loyola College of Social Sciences]], [[St. Xavier's College, Thumba|St. Xavier's College]] and [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram|All Saints College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala |url=https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/downloads/list_of_affiliated_colleges.pdf |website=Kerala University |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> Major [[fine art]]s colleges are [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], which is the first music academy in Kerala<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.swathithirunal.in/rel_akademi.htm |website=Swathi Thirunal College of Music |publisher=C-DIT |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> and [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zachariah |first1=Preeti |title=Carving space through art |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/carving-space-through-art/article22678712.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 February 2018}}</ref> The [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education]] is one of the two [[physical education]] academic institutes of the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI).<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Centres |url=http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |website=Sports Authority of India |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115080952/http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=739 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The premier research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram include: [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala]] (IIITMK),<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management – Kerala (IIITM-K) |url=http://www.technopark.org/company-details?id=9948 |website=Technopark |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=8 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[National Institute of Speech and Hearing]] (NISH),<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.nish.ac.in/about-us |website=National Institute of Speech and Hearing |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]],<ref>{{cite web |title=RGCB Profile |url=http://rgcb.res.in/glance.php |website=Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309054103/http://rgcb.res.in/glance.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-Dit),<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.cdit.org/about-us |website=Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-DIT) |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> [[Centre for Development Studies]] (CDS),<ref>{{cite web |title=An Overview |url=http://www.cds.edu/about-cds/an-overview/ |website=Centre for Development Studies (CDS) |access-date=8 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Experts brainstorm over ways to tackle viruses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-science-congress-concludes/article22594529.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 January 2018}}</ref> [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] (NCESS),<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Directory |url=http://www.ncess.gov.in/contact-us/contact-directory.html |website=National Centre for Earth Science Studies |publisher=Earth System Science OrganizationMinistry of Earth Sciences, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018 }}</ref> [[C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram|Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC)<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Profile |url=https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=CorporateProfile |website=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) |publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Science festival at Kerala varsity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/varsity-to-open-its-doors-to-public/article22747411.ece |access-date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 February 2018}}</ref>
[[Kerala University]] is ranked as the best university in Kerala according to the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]]'s [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF).<ref>{{cite web |title=University Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/UniversityRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726132630/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/universityranking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kerala University also ranked top in overall institution rankings in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overall Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/OverallRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102901/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/OverallRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In engineering, [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) is ranked as the best in Kerala and [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] (CET) is ranked third in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/EngineeringRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202230234/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[College of Engineering, Trivandrum]] is also ranked fourth in India and first in Kerala in architecture institution rankings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Architecture Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ArchitectureRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407225333/https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/ArchitectureRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College]] is listed as the best college in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2018/CollegeRanking.html |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=25 May 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=University College joins the big league |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/university-college-joins-the-big-league/article23809815.ece |access-date=25 May 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
==Space and Aerospace==
Thiruvananthapuram is the birthplace of India's space operations.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | title=KSPACE | url=https://kspace.kerala.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=kspace.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The first rocket launch in India occurred in Thiruvananthapuram in 1963 at the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS). Since then, the city has emerged as a major hub for space research, institutions, and companies.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%; width:80%;"
|+ Space and Aerospace Research Institutions, Organizations, and Companies in Thiruvananthapuram
|-
! style="background-color:orange;" | Name !! style="background-color:orange;" | Type !! style="background-color:orange;" | Description
|-
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) || R&D Institution || ISRO's lead center for launch vehicle development.
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) || R&D Institution || Develops liquid propulsion systems for rockets.
|-
|-
| [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU)|| R&D Institution || Develops launch vehicle inertial systems, spacecraft inertial systems, inertial sensors evaluation and simulation, inertial system production, inertial systems electronic production etc <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/IISU.html | title=ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) }}</ref>
|-
| [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) || Spaceport || Located very close to Earth's magnetic equator. It is currently used for launching sounding rockets
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) || Academic Institution || Aisa's first Space university <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_EN/iist.html#:~:text=Indian%20Institute%20of%20Space%20Science%20and%20Technology%20(IIST),,to%20meet%20the%20demands%20of%20Indian%20Space%20Programme | title=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) }}</ref>.Offers courses in space science and engineering.
|-
| [[BrahMos Aerospace]] || Defense Company || Produces the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.
|-
| [[Keltron]] || Electronics Company || Engages in space and defense electronics.
|-
| KEL Aerospace || Aerospace Company || Focuses on aerospace component manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web | title=KEL | url=https://kel.co.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413112811/http://kel.co.in:80/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2008-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[K-Space Trivandrum]] || R&D Institution || Kerala government’s space research initiative.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| Hex 20 || Space-Tech Startup || Specializes in satellite technology.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hex20.in/contact/ | title=Mission Critical Defence and Space Technology Partner }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananth Technologies]] || Aerospace & Defense || Specializes in spacecraft systems, avionics, and satellite launch support for ISRO and other clients.
|-
| Strava Technologies || Aerospace & Defense || Provides electronic warfare, radar, and cybersecurity solutions to defense and aerospace sectors.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://stravatechnologies.in/our-company | title=Strava Technologies® PVT Ltd - India's leading Startup in Geospatial Industry }}</ref>
|-
| Aeroprecision ||Aerospace and Defense || Develop and Supplies high-precision aviation and military components, offering MRO and supply chain solutions.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Aero Precision | url=http://www.sa-aeroprecision.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905205731/http://sa-aeroprecision.com:80/ | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=2013-09-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[Safran]] || Aerospace & Defense || A French multinational offering aircraft engines, avionics, and defense systems globally.
|-
| Kortas || Aerospace || Develops precision aerospace components, including propellant systems and tanks for launch vehicles<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kortas Industries Pvt. Ltd. - Manufactures of Aerospace Hardware. | url=https://kortasind.com/ | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=kortasind.com}}</ref>.
|}
== International Relations ==
Trivandrum is the ___location of the Consulate of the United Arab Emirates and the Consulate of the Maldives. The city also has the Honorary Consulates of Sri Lanka, Russia, and Germany, facilitating diplomatic and cultural engagements.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Consulates in Trivandrum
|-
! Country !! Consulate
|-
|United Arab Emirates [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|20px]] || Consulate of the United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/missions/kerala | title=UAE consulate in kerala }}</ref>
|-
|Maldives [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|20px]] || Consulate of the Maldives<ref>{{cite web | url=https://embassies.info/ConsulateofMaldivesinThrivananathapuramIndia | title=Consulate General of Maldives in Thiruvananthapuram, India }}</ref>
|-
|Sri Lanka [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|20px]] || Honorary Consulate of Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite web | url=https://slhcindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1142:newly-appointed-honorary-consul-of-sri-lanka-in-thiruvananthapuram-receives-the-commission-of-appointment&catid=50:demo-category&Itemid=1 | title=Newly appointed Honorary Consul of Sri Lanka in Thiruvananthapuram receives the Commission of Appointment }}</ref>
|-
|Russia [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] || Honorary Consulate of Russia<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://india.mid.ru/en/news/ratheesh_nair_honorary_consul_of_russia_in_trivandrum_kerala_continued_his_journey_along_afanasy_nik/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415043547/https://india.mid.ru/en/news/ratheesh_nair_honorary_consul_of_russia_in_trivandrum_kerala_continued_his_journey_along_afanasy_nik/ | archive-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>
|-
|Germany [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] || Honorary Consulate of Germany<ref>{{cite web | url=https://india.diplo.de/in-en/ueber-uns/honorarkonsuln/1808878-1808878#:~:text=in%20Thiruvananthapuram%2C%20Kerala.-,Dr.,in%20matters%20related%20to%20Germany. | title=German Honorary Consul in Thiruvananthapuram }}</ref>
|}
== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Thiruvananthapuram}}
Thiruvananthapuram has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Most of the media houses in [[Media in Kerala|Kerala]] are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The first Malayalam channel, [[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan Malayalam]] began broadcasting from the city in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan Kendra, Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28 |website=Doordarshan Kendra Trivandrum |publisher=Prasar Bharathi, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713223151/http://ddktvm.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], the first private channel in Malayalam, also started its telecasting from the city in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohandas |first1=Vandana |title=The world's his oyster |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/travel/141117/the-worlds-his-oyster.html |access-date=9 March 2018 |work=The Deccan Chronicles |date=14 November 2017}}</ref> The other [[List of Malayalam-language television channels|Malayalam channels]] based in the city include [[Asianet News]], [[Amrita TV]], [[Kappa TV]], [[Kairali TV]], [[WE TV|Kairali We]], [[Mathrubhumi News]], [[Kaumudy TV]], [[JaiHind TV]], [[News18|News18 Kerala]] and People TV.<ref name="medialist">{{cite web |title=Media in Kerala Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/a676e856-d611-4b3f-b164-3036916fb740 |website=Official Kerala Government website |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=9 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> All major Malayalam channels, including [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], [[Janam TV]], [[Jeevan TV]], [[MediaOne TV]] and [[Manorama News]] have production facilities or offices in the city.<ref name="medialist"/> TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[Direct-broadcast satellite|direct-broadcast satellite services]], or [[IPTV|internet-based television]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Competition Commission orders probe against Star India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/competition-commission-orders-probe-against-star-india/article22331327.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Anil |title=DDK Trivandrum ends analogue terrestrial TV transmission |url=https://keralaitnews.com/6385/ddk-trivandrum-ends-analogue-terrestrial-tv-transmission-goes-digital |access-date=9 March 2018 |agency=Kerala IT News |date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BSNL launches IPTV in State |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/BSNL-launches-IPTV-in-State/article16562478.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2010}}</ref> Prominent [[Satellite television|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) entertainment services in Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sun Direct DTH]], [[DD Direct+]], [[Dish TV]], [[Airtel digital TV]] and [[Tata Sky|Tata Play]].
Major [[List of Malayalam-language newspapers|Malayalam newspapers]] available are ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'', ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', [[Madhyamam]], ''[[Janmabhumi]]'', ''[[Chandrika (newspaper)|Chandrika]]'', ''[[Thejas]]'', ''[[Siraj Daily]]'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'' and ''[[Deepika (newspaper)#Rashtra Deepika|Rashtra Deepika]]''. The English language newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref name="medialist"/>
[[All India Radio]], the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs [[Medium wave]] and [[Shortwave radio]] stations in the city.<ref name="amradio">{{cite web |title=South Zone Region Services |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/South%20Zone%20Regional%20Services%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About All India Radio Trivandrum |url=http://www.airtvm.com/about.pdf |website=All India Radio, Trivandrum |access-date=9 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Vividh Bharati]] of All India Radio also airs an [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] station known as Ananthapuri FM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vividh Bharati FM Service |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Oppurtunities/Tenders/Documents/VIVIDH%20BHARTI%2016012018.pdf |website=All India Radio |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Government of India |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ananthapuri FM looking for anchors |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ananthapuri-fm-looking-for-anchors/article17591891.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 March 2017}}</ref> Other FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are [[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]] 92.7 MHz,<ref name="radiolist">{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=Jest for laughs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jest-for-laughs/article6793892.ece |access-date=9 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 January 2015}}</ref> [[Club FM 94.3]] MHz,<ref name="Club FM">{{cite web |title=Club FM |url=http://clubfm.in/ |publisher=Club FM |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz,<ref name="Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Radio Mirchi Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Entertainment Network (India) Limited |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Red FM 93.5]] MHz<ref name="radiolist"/> and [[Radio DC]] 90.4 MHz.<ref name="Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram">{{cite web |title=Radio DC Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://radiodcfm.com/ |publisher=Radio DC |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[File:Greenfield International Stadium Kerala 2.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|India vs New Zealand T20]]]]
{{Multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|image1=Chandrashekaran nair stadium kerala.jpg
|caption1=A football match in [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium|CSN Stadium]]
|image2=BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg
|caption2=Badminton at TOSS Academy
}}
The most popular sports in Thiruvananthapuram are [[cricket]] and [[Association football|football]]. The city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]] in 1984.<ref name="1stodi">{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Krishnachand |title=Thiruvananthapuram all set for T20 international cricket match |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/06/thiruvananthapuram-all-set-for-t20-international-cricket-match-1692992.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The city also hosted the first [[Twenty20]] International cricket match in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=TVPM to host India-NZ T20 on November 7 |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/2017/08/03/kerala-thiruvananthapuram-host-india-nz-t20-november.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Kerala Cricket Association]] is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/ |website=Kerala Cricket Association |publisher=KCA |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sanju Samson]], [[Raiphi Gomez]], [[Ryan Ninan]], [[Aneil Nambiar]], [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]], [[Rohan Prem]], [[Udiramala Subramaniam]], [[P. M. K. Mohandas]], [[Bhaskar Pillai]] and [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]. The Sports Hub, University Stadium,<ref>{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58479.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> [[St Xavier's College Ground]],<ref>{{cite web |title=St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/1053905.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> KCA Cricket Stadium Mangalapuram,<ref>{{cite web |title=KCA Cricket Stadium – Mangalapuram |url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/kca-cricket-stadium-mangalapuram |website=KCA Website |publisher=Kerala Cricket Association |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Medical College ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical College Ground Profile |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1237.html |website=Cricketarchive |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> and [[Vellyani Agricultural College Ground]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vellyani Agricultural College Ground |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58481.html |website=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> are the main cricket grounds in the city. [[The Sports Hub, Trivandrum]], commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the [[List of stadiums in India|largest cricket and football stadiums in India]].<ref name=grnfld>{{cite news |title=Greenfield Stadium Touching New Heights |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jun/12/greenfield-stadium-touching-new-heights-754477.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=12 June 2015}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the [[2015 SAFF Championship]] at the Greenfield Stadium.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohanarangan |first1=Vinayakk |title=SAFF Cup final, as it happened: Chhetri the match-winner as India reclaim title from Afghans |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/saff-cup-final-india-vs-afghanistan-live-can-sunil-chhetri-and-co-halt-a-rampaging-afghan-side-2569120.html |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Firstpost |date=3 January 2016}}</ref> [[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|SBI Kerala]], [[Titanium FC]], [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]], Kovalam FC and Travancore Royals FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Titanium football club to turn professional; plans to establish fan club |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/titanium-football-club-to-turn-professional-plans-to-establish-fan-club/article7533034.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=M.R. Praveen |title=Back in the game: Kerala Blasters and the second football revolution in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/back-in-the-game-football-in-kerala/article22716585.ece |access-date=10 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2018}}</ref> Football is usually played in the [[Greenfield International Stadium|Greenfield International Stadium (The Sports Hub)]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chirag United holds Salgaocar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chirag-united-holds-salgaocar/article2684728.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2011}}</ref> Prominent football players from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Jobby Justin]], [[Vinu Jose]], Thomas Sebastian, M Rajeev Kumar and Ganeshan.
The city has facilities to host most types of sports.<ref name=tvmsports>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Athira |title=Come and play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/check-out-worldclass-sporting-facilities-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8537094.ece |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 April 2016}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the [[2015 National Games of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Venues |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/kerala2015/venues/ |website=2015 National Games of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> Athletic competitions are usually held at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |title=University Stadium |url=http://www.kerala2015.com/venues/university-stadium/ |website=National Games Kerala 2015 |publisher=35th National Games – Kerala 2015 |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The Trivandrum Marathon is a [[marathon]] organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=V N |first1=Aswin |title=First-ever midnight marathon in Kerala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/first-ever-midnight-marathon-in-kerala/article21310110.ece |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 December 2017}}</ref> There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trivandrum Marathon on December 9 midnight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trivandrum-marathon-on-december-9-midnight/articleshow/61937083.cms |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Trivand Run is another marathon conducted every January in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Run to raise funds for cancer treatment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/07/run-to-raise-funds-for-cancer-treatment-1747243.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 January 2018}}</ref>
[[Jimmy George Indoor Stadium]] is a major indoor stadium in the state. It is used for conducting [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[table tennis]], [[gymnastics]], [[List of water sports|aquatics]] and [[martial arts]].<ref name=tvmsports/> The stadium has the first altitude-simulated training facility in South India, known as Astra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astra |url=http://www.sportskerala.org/astra |website=Sports Kerala |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231642/http://www.sportskerala.org/astra |url-status=dead }}</ref> The major sports training and coaching institutions include the [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education]] (LNCPE), TOSS Academy and the Tenvic Sports Coaching Academy at the Sports Hub.<ref>{{cite news |title=Junior badminton league on July 30 at Greenfield |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/jul/25/junior-badminton-league-on-july-30-at-greenfield-1633002.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
Basketball tournaments are usually conducted by the schools in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kazhakootam Sainik School wins basketball tournament |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/30/kazhakootam-sainik-school-wins-basketball-tournament-1686665.html |access-date=27 March 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2017}}</ref> Thiruvananthapuram hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information of NSF |url=http://www.thenrai.in/About_us.aspx?link=6 |website=The National Rifle Association of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Surfing]] is also a popular sport on the beaches. Many surfing and [[standup paddleboarding]] tournaments are held in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=National surfing contest begins at Kovalam |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/national-surfing-contest-begins-at-kovalam/article20611361.ece1 |access-date=27 March 2018 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> The surf competitions are usually held on [[Kovalam Beach]] and [[Varkala Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kovalam Surf Club: No school, no surfing |url=http://www.kovalamsurfclub.com/ |website=Kovalam Surf Club |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Paragliding]] is another [[Extreme sport|adventure sport]] usually seen on Varkala Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 Exquisite Places for your Next Solo Trip to South India! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/indiwo/travel-indiwo-5-exquisite-places-for-your-next-solo-trip-to-south-india-1677007.html |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=News 18 |date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
The [[Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club|SAI Trivandrum golf club]], established in 1850, is one of the oldest golf courses in India.<ref name=saigolf>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/ |website=SAI Trivandrum Golf Club |publisher=Sports Authority of India |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327094911/http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is leased to the [[Sports Authority of India]].<ref name=saigolf/>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Professional sports clubs based in the city
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Ground !! Established
|-
|Trivandrum Tuskers<ref>{{Cite web | title=Trivandrum tuskers pl season2 Past Matches {{!}} Results, Scores & Highlights {{!}} CricHeroes | url=https://cricheroes.com/tournament/539054/trivandrum-tuskers-pl-season2/matches/past-matches | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330195510/https://cricheroes.com/tournament/539054/trivandrum-tuskers-pl-season2/matches/past-matches | access-date=2025-05-25 | archive-date=2025-03-30}}</ref> || Cricket || SE Premier League || Trivandrum International Stadium || 2016
|-
|Trivandrum Royals<ref>{{Cite web | title=Trivandrum Royals | url=https://www.trivandrumroyals.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=www.trivandrumroyals.com}}</ref> || Cricket || Kerala Premier League || Trivandrum International Stadium || 2015
|-
|Trivandrum Komban FC<ref>{{Cite web | title=Kombans FC – Thiruvananthapuram Kombans Football Club – Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC – Uniting Passion, Pride, and Power in Kerala Football | url=https://kombansfc.com/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | website=kombansfc.com}}</ref> || Football ||Super Kerala League || Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium || 2024
|-
|Kovalam FC <ref>{{Cite web| title=Kovalam Football Club | url=https://kovalamfc.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205052351/http://kovalamfc.com/ | archive-date=2021-12-05}}</ref>|| Football || Kerala Premier League || Kovalam Ground || 2010
|}
==Defense and Security Forces ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:85%; width:80%;"
|+ Defense and Security Forces in Trivandrum
|-
! Force !! Description !! Location
|-
| [[Indian Army]] || The 40th Brigade of the Indian Army is headquartered in Trivandrum, handling defense operations and security in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2024/Apr/23/lieutenant-general-a-k-singh-visits-pangode-military-station | title=Lieutenant General a K Singh visits Pangode Military Station | date=23 April 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Air Force]] [[File:IAF_Emblem.svg|30px]] || The [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] (SAC) of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is headquartered in Trivandrum. It was established on 19 July 1984 to enhance India's air presence over the Indian Ocean. || Trivandrum
|-
| [[Indian Navy]] [[File:Indian_Navy_Insignia_(2022).svg|30px]] || The Indian Navy is setting up a strategic center in Trivandrum, including a Naval Armament Depot and Naval Communication Centre to strengthen coastal security. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/navy-to-set-up-strategic-centre-in-state-capital/articleshow/63586827.cms | title=Navy to set up strategic centre in Thiruvananthapuram | work=The Times of India | date=3 April 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) [[File:BSF_Logo.svg|30px]] || The Sector Headquarters (SHQ) BSF Trivandrum is located in Muttathara, near the international airport, overseeing BSF operations in the region. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bsf.gov.in/contact-us.html | title=Contact Us | Border Security Force | access-date=30 March 2025 | archive-date=5 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505215741/https://www.bsf.gov.in/contact-us.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) [[File:CRPF_Logo.svg|30px]] || The CRPF Kerala Sector Headquarters and the 164th Battalion are stationed in Trivandrum, responsible for maintaining law and order. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/vinod-karthik-is-dig-crpf-pallipuram/article65644844.ece | title=Vinod Karthik is DIG, CRPF, Pallipuram | work=The Hindu | date=15 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Coast Guard]] [[File:Indian_Coast_Guard_Logo.svg|25px]] || The Indian Coast Guard station in Trivandrum is responsible for coastal security, surveillance, and maritime operations. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/coast-guards-berth-at-vizhinjam-by-march-end/articleshow/117959382.cms | title=Coast Guard's berth at Vizhinjam by March-end | work=The Times of India | date=6 February 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) [[File:CISF_LOGO.svg|25px]] || The CISF unit in Trivandrum secures key installations, including Trivandrum International Airport, VSSC, and LPSC. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/contact_us/ | title=Contact_us | CISF }}</ref>
|-
| Kerala State Industrial Security Force (KSISF) || The KSISF is a state agency tasked with securing key industrial and infrastructure installations. || Trivandrum<ref>{{Cite web | title=State Industrial Security Force | url=https://sisf.keralapolice.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606101758/http://www.sisf.keralapolice.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-05-24 | archive-date=2017-06-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Police]] [[File:Flag_of_Kerala_Police.svg|30px]] || The [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] Commissionerate serves as the headquarters, overseeing law enforcement across the city. || Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralapolice.gov.in/page/state-police-head-quarter | title=Official Website of Kerala Police - State Police Head Quarter }}</ref>
|}
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of people from Thiruvananthapuram]]
*[[List of Railway Stations in Trivandrum]]
*[[Arikkadamukku Trivandrum]]
*[[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Archery-Banog, Volume 2 |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. |page=7063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA7063 |isbn=9788177552577}}
*{{cite book |title=Heritage of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala, 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Gudm1iW78C&q=thiruvananthapuram |access-date=28 March 2018 |year=2008}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Thiruvananthapuram|voy=Thiruvananthapuram}}
*[http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ Official District website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815102009/http://www.trivandrum.gov.in/ |date=15 August 2019 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051109191835/http://www.tvm.kerala.gov.in/home.htm Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District]
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Related Topics - Thiruvananthapuram Culture}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}
{{Kerala}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[
<!--state capital city-->
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]<!--present day capital of Kerala state-->
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
| |||