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{{Refimprove|date=December 2006}}
{{Interlingua sidebar|expanded=Language}}
The term '''irregularities or exceptions in Interlingua''' refers to deviations from the logical rules in a few grammatical constructions in the [[international auxiliary language]] [[Interlingua]]. These oddities are a part of the standard grammar. These special cases have crept into the language as a result of the effort to keep it naturalistic. Most of these irregularities also exist in Interlingua's source languages; [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and to a lesser extent [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. This feature of the language makes Interlingua more familiar to the speakers of source languages. And at the same time, it makes the language more difficult for others.▼
The speakers of the source languages
▲The term '''irregularities or exceptions in Interlingua''' refers to deviations from the logical rules in a few grammatical constructions in the [[international auxiliary language]] [[Interlingua]]. These oddities are a part of the standard grammar. These special cases have crept into the language as a result to keep it naturalistic. Most of these irregularities also exist in Interlingua's source languages; [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and to a lesser extent [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. This feature of the language makes Interlingua more familiar to the speakers of source languages. And at the same time, it makes the language more difficult for others.
▲The speakers of the source languages don't perceive all deviations as irregular. For instance, Interlingua has two different words for English ''is'' (es) and ''are'' (son). While most English speakers will not find any thing abnormal about it, speakers of a few other languages may find the use of two words to express the concept of 'simple present' as unnecessary.
Interlingua is notable in the sense that unlike most auxiliary languages, that seek to minimise or eliminate any irregular aspects, Interlingua takes a flexible approach. It is mandatory to use certain exceptions in Interlingua while others have been kept optional.
==Mandatory exceptions==
===Pronunciation===
▲Unlike [[Esperanto]], the most popular [[International auxiliary language|auxiliary language]], Interlingua doesn't have a 'one letter one sound' orthography. As in English, several letters can be pronounced in different ways; depending on where they are in a word. For instance, the letter '''S''' can be pronounced as either [s] (stato) or [z] (Chinese). Here is a list of other mandatory exceptions in pronunciation:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter / Digraph
! Possible Pronunciations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/spelling/spelling_&_pronunciation.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724184617/http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/spelling/spelling_%26_pronunciation.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-07-24|author=Alexander Gode & Hugh Blair
! Rules
! Examples
|-
| c
|
|
| ''camera'', ''crear'' <
|-
| ch
|
| like
| ''cholera'', ''chrome
|-
| h
|
|
|
|-
| rh
|
|
| rhetorica, rheumatic
|-▼
|-▼
| s▼
|-
| sh
|
|
| Shakespeare
|-
| th
|
| always pronounced like
| ''theatro
|-
| ph
|
| always pronounced like
| ''photographia'', ''photosynthese''
|-
| t
|
|
| ''tourista
|-
| u
|
|
| ''luna'', ''plural'' <
|-▼
| x▼
|-
| y
|
|
| ''Yugoslavia'', ''yoga
|}
Besides, there are also unassimilated
Diacritics ===Contractions===
Just
{| class="wikitable"
Line 94 ⟶ 84:
! Example
|-
| ''de'' (of) + ''le'' (the)
| ''del
| ''del matre'' (of the mother)
|-
| ''a'' (to) + ''le'' (the)
| ''al''
| ''al luna'' (to the moon)
|}
Line 115 ⟶ 105:
| ends in a consonant other than ''c''
| ''-es''
| ''conversation'' - ''conversationes'' <
|-
| ends in ''c''
| ''-hes''
| ''roc'' - ''roches'' <
|-
| ends in a vowel
| ''-s''
| ''radio'' - ''radios'' <
|}
There are also irregular
===Numbers===
Line 137 ⟶ 127:
|-
| 10
| ''unanta''
| ''dece''
|-
| 20
| ''duoanta''
| ''vinti''
|-
| 30
| ''tresanta''
| ''trenta''
|-
| 40
| ''quatranta''
| ''quaranta''
▲|-
| ''tresdece''
| ''tredece''
▲|-
| ''quatrodece''
| ''quattuordece''
▲|-
| 15
| ''cinquedece''
| ''quindece''
|-
| 16
| ''sexdece''
| ''sedece''
|}
Line 156 ⟶ 162:
* Not all adverbs are derived from adjectives.
* If an adjective ends with -c, an adverb derived from it takes
* ''Sia'' is the imperative form of ''esser'' ('to be'): ''Sia contente!'' 'Be content!'
==Optional==
===Pronunciation===
*if ''s'' is between vowels, it can be pronounced {{IPA|[z]}}, like in "the'''s'''e" (instead of the {{IPA|[s]}} of "'''s'''tay")
Line 165 ⟶ 172:
===Verbs===
====Optional short forms====
*
*
*
====Alternative forms of ''esser''====
:''Note. These forms are rarely used.''
*
*
*
*
*
===Comparative and superlative adjectives===
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
==References==
Line 192 ⟶ 200:
==External links==
*[https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/ "a grammar of interlingua"] by Alexander Gode & Hugh Blair
*''[http://www.interlingua.com/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Irregularities And Exceptions In Interlingua}}
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