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===Graham Colditz===

{{under construction |placedby= |section= |notready= |comment= |category= }}

Colditz is the Niess-Gain professor of surgery, professor of medicine and associate director of prevention and control at the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. He is also chief of the division of public health sciences, department of surgery and deputy director at the Institute for Public Health at Washington University School of Medicine.

Colditz’s research interests are lifestyle and environmental risk factors that contribute to the onset of cancer. PI on two large-scale, population studies involving subsets of individuals with a particular disease. The Nurses’ Health Study at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the [[Growing Up Today Study]] (GUTS).

Awards AACR-DeWitt S. Goodman Memorial Lectureship, Fulbright Scholarship, Knox Fellowship at Harvard University, the American Cancer Society Faculty Research Award, the ASPO Distinguished Achievement Award, election to membership of the Institute of Health and the American Cancer Society Cissy Hornung Clinical Research Professorship. In 2011, he was awarded the American Cancer Society Medal of Honor for cancer control research.

http://pac07.org/proceedings/PAPERS/TUPMS045.PDF

<ref name="AACR">{{cite web | url=http://www.aacr.org/home/public--media/aacr-in-the-news.aspx?d=2734|title=AACR Honors Graham A. Colditz, M.D., Dr.P.H., With Award for Excellence in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention| date=23 March 2012 | accessdate=2012-08-07}}</ref>

SRC stuff

logo of the Synchrotron Radiation Center, Madison.gif|200px

{{Infobox Laboratory

| name = Synchrotron Radiation Center

| motto = Illuminating the path to scientific discovery

| image = [[]]

| established = 1968

| director =

| city = [[Stoughton]], [[Wisconsin]]

| budget =

| type = [[Synchrotron light source]]

| staff =

| campus =

| operating_agency = [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]

| website = http://www.src.wisc.edu/

}}

Tantalus!

==History==

===The Road to the SRC: 1953 to 1968===

In 1953 15 universities formed the Midwest Universities Research Association (MURA) to promote and design a high energy [[proton]] [[synchrotron]], to be built in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. With the intent of constructing a large accelerator, MURA purchased a suitable area of land with an underlying flat limestone base near Stoughton, Wisconsin, about 10 miles from the [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] campus of the University of Wisconsin. A small electron storage ring, operating at 240 Mev, was designed as a test facility to study high currents, and construction of this ring started in 1965. However, in 1963 [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] had decided that the next large accelerator facility would not be built at the MURA site, but in [[Batavia]], [[Illinois]] - this became [[Fermilab]]. In 1967 MURA dissolved with the storage ring incomplete and with no further funding.

===Synchrotron Stuff===

In 1966 a subcommittee of the National Research Council, which had been investigating the properties of [[synchrotron radiation]] from the 240 MeV ring, recommended it be completed as a tool for spectroscopy. A successful proposal was made to the [[US Air Force]] Office of Scientific Research, and the ring was completed in 1968, administered by the University of Wisconsin. <ref name="Tant">{{Cite journal

CLS open source controls <ref name="Fully">{{cite web | url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p05/PAPERS/ROPA002.PDF|title=CLS: A fully open source control system| date=2005 | format=PDF | accessdate=2012-08-07}}</ref>

|last=Lynch |first=D. W.

<ref name="MxDC">{{Cite journal

|year=1997

|last=Fodje |first=M.

|title=Tantalus, a 240 MeV Dedicated Source of Synchrotron Radiation, 1968-1986

|last2=Janzen |first2=David L.

|last3=Berg |first3=R.

|last4=Black |first4=G.

|last5=Labiuk |first5=S.

|last6=Gorin |first6=J.

|last7=Grochulski |first7=P.

|year=2012

|title=MxDC and MxLIVE: software for data acquisition, information management and remote access to macromolecular crystallography beamlines

|journal=Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|volume=419 |pages=334274-343280

|doi=10.1107/S0909049597011758S0909049511056305

}}</ref>

For two decades Tantalus produced hundreds of experiments

and was a testing ground for many of the synchrotron techniques

used today. Its administrative home, the University of

Wisconsin Synchrotron Radiation Center, was located in a

bucolic environment more than 13 miles from the Madison

campus. The relative isolation facilitated strong bonds

among users. The SRC’s annual users meeting became an important

event; figure 3 pictures Brown and Rowe at one of

the first gatherings, around 1969.

Today’s dedicated synchrotron facilities can be as large

as a city block. But Tantalus was no bigger than a dinner table,

and its small building, even after a substantial expansion in

1972, was incredibly crowded with equipment and researchers.

Users worked in very close quarters. The close

proximity made cross fertilization of ideas unavoidable. The

atmosphere was open, friendly, informal, and exciting.

It was not particularly comfortable physically, though.

For one thing, the system that heated the control room did

not work in an adjoining washroom. So, to avoid frozen

pipes, users just left the door wide open. After someone

posted a sign alerting users to the policy, an international contest

began, with each person translating the message into his

own language. Acopy of the cosmopolitan sign, shown in figure

4, eventually became part of an NSF funding request as

evidence of Tantalus’s growing international impact.

That impact was truly remarkable. After struggling with

synchrotrons, users came from many countries to discover in

Tantalus an easy-to-use light source. Research during those

early years was dominated by optical spectroscopy of atoms,

molecules, and solids. The broad band of available wavelengthswavelengths

made that a good choice. The photon energies

reached the core-level thresholds in many materials and allowed

researchers to investigate a wealth of phenomena,

most notably electron-correlation effects. Moreover, Tantalus

brought a new dimension to optical experiments. For example,

it supported thermomodulation and electromodulation

studies of solids,9 and thereby expanded the scope of modulation

spectroscopy, a leading field at that time. By using, say,

an oscillating electric or thermal field to perturb a semiconductor,

researchers could extract hidden features from the

optical spectra. The approach solved important issues about

the band structure of gallium arsenide and other materials.

In the mid-1970s the center of gravity at Tantalus gradually

shifted toward photoemission experiments, thanks

largely to a steady improvement of the emitted intensity,

which increased with the beam current circulating in the ring.

The initial Tantalus injector was the old FFAG synchrotron;

only one electron bunch was injected in the ring, which

yielded a current between 1 and 2 mA—three orders of magnitude

below what can be achieved today. The advent of multiple

bunches in 1973 increased the current to 50 mA. Injection

of electrons using a 40-meV accelerator known as

a microtron in 1974 pushed current levels still higher—to

150 mA in 1974 and to an amazing 260 mA in 1977.

In 1971 Dean Eastman and Warren Grobman of IBM produced

the first photoelectron spectra using Tantalus (see figure

5), a result that revealed momentum conserved in photoemission

and changes in the lineshape of gold with photon

energy.10 The demonstration was a milestone in the development

of photoemission as a research tool. The tunability of

synchrotron light allowed researchers to disentangle a

material’s ground-state electronic properties—their main

objective—from its final-states effects, transition probabilities,

and other factors.Between 1974 and 1975, Tantalus reached an intensity

level sufficient for angle-resolved photoemission. A joint

Bell Labs–Montana team led by Neville Smith, Morton

Traum, and Lapeyre conducted the earliest experiments.13

Figure 6 illustrates the impressive first results: The angular

intensity patterns revealed the crystal symmetry of a layered

compound.

As an experimental technique, angle-resolved photoemission

developed rapidly and had an important conceptual

impact on condensed-matter physics.in gas-phase spectroscopy was yet another pillar

of success at SRC, starting from the early absorption studies

of noble gases14 and silane.15 Throughout the 1970s and

early 1980s, Thomas Carlson and Manfred Krause of Oak

Ridge National Laboratory and others produced important

results on Tantalus concerning auto-ionization, shape resonances,

Cooper minima, and several other phenomena.16

James Taylor’s team from the University of Wisconsin–

Madison inaugurated gas-phase photoemission in 1972.17

The results of their studies revealed strong photon-energy

effects that required, for example, a careful reanalysis of

previous benzene data.

The SRC produced more than a flow of experimental results.

It was also the source of advanced optical instrumentation

such as focusing devices and monochromators. In 1973

Ed Rowe, Mills, and Walter Trzeciak even tested insertion devices,

arrays of magnets that produce highly collimated and

very intense beams of light by transversely “wiggling” the

electrons passing through them.

The cases discussed here are merely a fra

<ref name="Marg">{{Cite journal

|last=Margaritondo |first=Giorgio

|year=2008

|title=The evolution of a dedicated synchrotron light source

|journal=Physics Today

|volume=61 |pages=37-43

|doi=10.1063/1.2930734

}}</ref>

===Tantalus: 1968-1985===

With the new Aladdin storage ring operating, Tantalus was officially decommissioned in 1987, although it was run for six weeks in the summer of 1988 for experiments in atomic and molecular fluorescence. The storage ring was disassembled in 1995, and half the ring, the RF cavity and one of the original beamlines are now in storage at the Smithsonian Institution.<ref name="Tant" />

<ref name="RSI63">{{Cite journal

|last=Green |first=Michael A.

|last2=Huber |first2=David L.

|last3=Rowe |first3=Ednor M.

|last4=Tonner |first4=Brian

|year=1991

|title=The Synchrotron Radiation Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison

|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments

|volume=63 |pages=1582-1583

|doi=10.1063/1.1142981

}}</ref>

<ref name="RSI73">{{Cite journal

|last=Moore |first=C. J.

|last2=Altmann |first2=K. N.

|last3=Bisognano |first3=J. J.

|last4=Bosch |first4=R. A.

|last5=Eisert |first5=D.

|last6=Fischer |first6=M.

|last7=Green |first7=M. A.

|last8=Hansen |first8=R. W. C.

|last9=Himpsel |first9=F. J.

|last10=Hochst |first10=H.

|year=2002

|title=Current status of the Synchrotron Radiation Center

|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments

|volume=73 |pages=1677-1679

|doi=10.1063/1.1425390

}}</ref>

<ref name="SRI2008">{{Cite journal

|last=Kinraide |first=r.

|last2=Moore |first2=C. J.

|last3=Jacobs |first3=K. D.

|last4=Severson |first4=M.

|last5=Bissen |first5=M. J.

|last6=Frazer |first6=M.

|last7=Bisognano |first7=J. J.

|last8=Bosch |first8=R. A.

|last9=Eisert |first9=D.

|last10=Fischer |first10=M.

|year=2004

|title=Current Status of the Synchrotron Radiation Center

|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings

|volume=705 |pages=105-112

|doi=10.1063/1.1757746

}}</ref>

===Aladdin: 1985===

<ref name="Aladdin">{{Cite journal

|last=Rowe |first=Ednor M.

|year=1980

|title=The Aladdin electron storage ring

|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|volume=342 |pages=334-343

|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb47205.x

}}</ref>

===Since 2010===

funding problems <ref name="squeeze">{{Cite journal

|last=Reich |first=Eugenie Samuel

|year=2011

|title=US physics feels the squeeze

|journal=Nature

|volume=471 |pages=278

|doi=10.1038/471278a

}}</ref>

==Notable Science==

==G. J. Lapeyre award==

In 1973 the vault that held Tantalus was being enlarged, and during a facility picnic a rainstorm hit and caused the vault to start to flood. Jerry Lapeyre of [[Montana State University]] used the lab's tractor to build earthworks to divert the water. His efforts led then-director Rowe to create the annual G. J. Lapeyre award to be awarded to “one who met and overcame the greatest obstacle in the pursuit of their research”. The trophy has an octagonal base representing Tantalus, with a beer can from the lab picnic which preceded the flood, topped by a concrete “raindrop”.<ref name="Lapeyre">{{Cite journal

|last=Lapeyre |first=Gerald J.

|year=1994

|title=Development of synchrotron radiation photoemission from photoionization to electron holography

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods A

|volume=347 |pages=17-30

|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(94)91848-1

}}</ref>

==The Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility==

==Notable Science==

==Educational Outreach==

==Technical description==

===Beamlines===

{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

|-

! Name

! Port assigned<ref name="beamlines">{{cite web | url= http://www.src.wisc.edu/facility/beamspecs.htm|title= Beamline Specifications| accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref>

! Source

! Energy range (eV unless stated)

! Usage

|-

| 10m TGM

| 123

|

|

|

|-

| 4m NIM

| 081

|

|

|

|-

| 6m TGM

| 042

|

|

|

|-

| Ames-Montana ERG-Seya

| 053

|

|

|

|-

| DCM

| 093

|

|

|

|-

| HERMON

| 033

|

| 62-1400

|

|-

| Infrared

| 031

| Bending magnet

| 650-8000

| Infrared spectromicroscopy

|-

| IRENI

| 02

| Bending magnet

| 850-5500

| Infrared spectromicroscopy

|-

| Mark V Grasshopper

| 043

|

|

|

|-

| PGM undulator on U3

| 071

|

|

|

|-

| Stainless Steel Seya

| 051

|

|

|

|-

| U2 VLS-PGM

| 041

|

|

|

|-

| U2 Wadsworth

| 041

|

| 7.8-40

|

|-

| U9 VLS-PGM

| 091

|

|

|

|-

| Undulator4m NIM on U1 VLS-PGM

| 011

|

|

|

|-

| White light

| 061

|

|

|

|-

|}

<ref name="Tant">{{Cite journal

|last=Lynch |first=D. W.

|year=1997

|title=Tantalus, a 240MeV Dedicated Source of Synchrotron Radiation, 1968-1986

|journal=Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

|volume=4 |pages=334-343

|doi=10.1107/S0909049597011758

}}</ref>

{{Reflist}}