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{{Short description|Citrus fruit}}
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{{Redirect|Orange peel}}
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<td>[[Image:Ambersweet oranges.jpg|none|thumb|Ambersweet oranges]]
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{{good article}}
<td>[[Image:OrangeBloss_wb.jpg|thumb|200px|none|Orange blossoms and oranges on tree]]
[[File:Oranges - whole-halved-segment.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Orange—whole, halved, and peeled segment]]
</table>
The '''orange''', also called '''sweet orange''' to distinguish it from the [[bitter orange]] (''Citrus × aurantium''), is the [[fruit]] of a tree in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rutaceae]]. Botanically, this is the hybrid [[Citrus × sinensis|''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'']], between the [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') and the [[mandarin orange]] (''Citrus reticulata''). The [[chloroplast]] [[genome]], and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. Hybrids of the sweet orange form later types of mandarin and the [[grapefruit]]. The sweet orange has had its full [[Whole genome sequencing|genome sequenced]].
 
The orange originated in a region encompassing [[Northern and southern China|Southern China]], [[Northeast India]], and [[Myanmar]]; the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in [[Chinese literature]] in 314 BC. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for their sweet fruit. The fruit of the [[Citrus × sinensis|orange tree]] can be eaten fresh or processed for its juice or fragrant [[peel (fruit)|peel]]. In 2022, 76 million [[tonne]]s of oranges were grown worldwide, with [[Brazil]] producing 22% of the total, followed by [[India]] and [[China]].
'''Oranges''' are the [[fruit|fruits]] of an orange [[tree]], one of the most common [[citrus]] fruits. Oranges are widely grown in warmer climates and are distributed worldwide. The name "orange" refers both to the fruit and [[Orange (color)|its color]] &mdash; the color is named for the fruit.
 
Oranges, variously understood, have featured in human culture since ancient times. They first appear in Western art in the ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]], but they had been depicted in Chinese art centuries earlier, as in Zhao Lingrang's [[Song dynasty]] fan painting ''Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines''. By the 17th century, an orangery had become an item of prestige in Europe, as seen at the [[Versailles Orangerie]]. More recently, artists such as [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[John Sloan]], and [[Henri Matisse]] included oranges in their paintings.
mThe flavors of orange vary from [[sweet]] to [[sour]]. The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick bitter rind that is usually discarded, but can be used in certin recipes as flavoring or a [[garnish]]. The outer-most layer of the rind is called orange zest, and it has a similar flavor to the inner part of the orange. The white part of the rind is almost always discarded.
 
==Origins Description ==
The fruit is said to have originated in [[India]] (some say [[Vietnam]]) and was called ''na rangi'' in [[Sanskrit]]. As is believed, the ''na rangi'' or ''naranja'' was translated as "norange," and in [[English language|English]] usage ''a norange'' was [[back formation|back-formed]] into the more acceptable ''an orange''. The same thing happened in [[French language|French]] and [[Italian language|Italian]], ''arancia''; however, in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], the orange is refered to as ''naranja'' (there is a similar fruit called ''toronja''), and in [[Catalan language|Catalan]] is said ''taronja'' (and there are two similar fruits called ''aranja'' and ''naronja''). Not every language uses ''naranja'' as the root for their word; for exemple, [[German language|German]] ''Apfelsine'' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''sinaasappel'' but they call the colour ''orange'' and ''oranje'', respectively.
 
The orange tree is a relatively small [[evergreen]], [[Flowering plant|flowering]] tree, with an average height of {{cvt|9|to|10|m}}, although some very old specimens can reach {{cvt|15|m}}.<ref name="webber4">{{cite book |editor-last1=Webber |editor-first1=Herbert John |editor-last2=''rev'' Walter Reuther and Harry W. Lawton |last=Hodgson |first=Willard |chapter=Chapter 4: Horticultural Varieties of Citrus |title=The Citrus Industry |publisher=[[University of California]] Division of Agricultural Sciences |year=1967–1989 |orig-year=1943 |___location=Riverside, California |chapter-url=http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061009/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html |archive-date=2012-02-05}}</ref> Its oval [[leaf|leaves]], which are [[leaf arrangement|alternately arranged]], are {{convert|4|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and have [[crenulate]] margins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eol.org/pages/582206 |title=Sweet Orange – Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.) – Overview – Encyclopedia of Life |website=[[Encyclopedia of Life]] |access-date=2011-01-18 |archive-date=2010-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204135918/http://www.eol.org/pages/582206 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sweet oranges grow in a range of different sizes, and shapes varying from spherical to oblong. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter [[mesocarp]] or albedo (''[[pith]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/pith |title=Pith dictionary definition – pith defined |website=www.yourdictionary.com |access-date=2011-01-17 |archive-date=2011-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173111/http://www.yourdictionary.com/pith |url-status=live }}</ref> The orange contains a number of distinct ''[[carpel]]s'' (segments or pigs, botanically the fruits) inside, typically about ten, each delimited by a membrane and containing many [[Juice vesicles|juice-filled vesicles]] and usually a few [[seed|pips]]. When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]], not ripening off the tree. The ''Citrus sinensis'' group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges.<ref name=Kimball>{{cite book |last=Kimball |first=Dan A. |title=Citrus processing: a complete guide |publisher=Springer |edition=2d |date=June 30, 1999 |___location=New York |page=450 |isbn=978-0-8342-1258-9}}</ref><ref name=Webber1>{{cite web |last1=Webber |first1=Herbert John |last2=Reuther |first2=Walter |last3=Lawton |first3=Harry W. |title=The Citrus Industry |publisher=[[University of California]] Division of Agricultural Sciences |year=1967–1989 |orig-year=1903 |___location=Riverside, California |url=http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604204203/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-04}}</ref><ref name=Sauls/> The fruit is a [[hesperidium]], a modified [[berry (botany)|berry]]; it is covered by a [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] formed by a rugged thickening of the [[Fruit anatomy#Pericarp layers|ovary wall]].<ref name="Bailey">Bailey, H. and Bailey, E. (1976). ''Hortus Third''. [[Cornell University]] MacMillan. N.Y. p. 275.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/Seeds_and_Fruits.html |title=Seed and Fruits |website=esu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114115047/http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/Seeds_and_Fruits.html |archive-date=2010-11-14}}</ref>
The original fruit is rather bitter compared to modern varieties, as is referred to as the ''sour orange'' (or alternately, bitter, bigarade or Seville orange). The sour taste is in fact attributed to the slight acidity of the orange's juice. It is not entirely clear if the sour orange really is the original stock or not, and it may be the case that there is no original wild orange species.
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=155px>
==Varieties==
File:Orange Blossom.JPG|Flowers
All citrus trees are of a single genus, ''Citrus'', and remain largely interbreedable &ndash; that is, there is only one "superspecies" which includes lemons and limes as well as oranges. Nevertheless names have been given to the various members of the citrus family, oranges often being referred to as ''Citrus sinensis'' and ''Citrus aurantium''. All members of the Citrus aurantium family are considered berries because they have many seeds, are fleshy, soft and derive from a single ovary.
File:Orange tree fruiting.jpg|Fruit starting to develop
File:OrangeBloss wb.jpg|Flowers and fruit simultaneously
File:Laranxeira Naranjo GFDL.JPG|Mature tree in [[Galicia, Spain]], fruiting in November
File:Structure of an orange.svg|Structure of the botanical [[hesperidium]]
</gallery>
 
== History ==
A number of varieties of orange are now cultivated widely. The '''sweet orange''' (Citrus aurantium) was first grown in [[Spain]], and has become the most popular variety. The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colors due to local conditions, most commonly with ten ''carpels'' (slices) inside.
<!--spaces left intentionally for maintainability-->
 
=== Hybrid origins ===
A single mutation in an orchard of sweet oranges planted at a monastery in 1820 in [[Brazil]] led to the '''navel orange''' (aka Washington, Riverside or Bahia navel). A single cutting of the original was then transplanted to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], [[California]] in 1870, creating a new market worldwide. The mutation caused a [[diploid]] (twin) fruit, with a smaller orange embedded in the outer fruit near the stem. From the outside the smaller, undeveloped, twin leaves a human navel-like formation at the top of the fruit. Navel oranges are almost always seedless, and tend to be larger than the sweet orange. They are produced without pollination ([[parthenocarpic|parthenocarpy]]).
''[[Citrus]]'' trees are [[angiosperms]], and most species are almost entirely [[Hybrid plant|interfertile]]. This includes [[grapefruit]]s, [[lemon]]s, [[lime (fruit)|limes]], oranges, and many [[citrus hybrids]]. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and [[cultivar]]s, and [[Sport (botany)|bud mutations]] have also been selected, [[citrus taxonomy]] has proven difficult.<ref name="Nicolosi">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s001220051419 |title=Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers |year=2000 |last1=Nicolosi |first1=E. |last2=Deng |first2=Z. N. |last3=Gentile |first3=A. |last4=La Malfa |first4=S. |last5=Continella |first5=G. |last6=Tribulato |first6=E. |journal=[[Theoretical and Applied Genetics]] |volume=100 |issue=8 |pages=1155–1166 |s2cid=24057066 }}</ref>
 
The sweet orange, ''[[Citrus × sinensis|Citrus x sinensis]]'',<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CISI3 |title=Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) (maxima × reticulata) sweet orange |work=Plants.USDA.gov |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512023634/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CISI3 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 }}</ref> is not a wild fruit, but arose in [[domestication]] in East Asia. It originated in a region encompassing [[Southern China]], [[Northeast India]],<ref name="Morton 1987">{{cite book |title=Fruits of Warm Climates |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |year=1987 |pages=134–142 |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526032938/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talon |first1=Manuel |last2=Caruso |first2=Marco |last3=Gmitter |first3=Fred G. Jr. |title=The Genus Citrus |year=2020 |publisher=[[Woodhead Publishing]] |page=17 |isbn=978-0128122174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316051931/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Comunidad Valenciana|Valencia]] or [[Murcia]] orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. It is a late-season fruit. It is a popular variety of orange when the navel oranges are out of season.
The fruit was created as a cross between a non-pure [[mandarin orange]] and a hybrid [[pomelo]] that had a substantial mandarin component.<ref name=fullgenome>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng.2472 |volume=45 |title=The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |pages=59–66 |pmid=23179022 |date=Jan 2013 |last1=Xu |first1=Q. |last2=Chen |first2=L.L. |last3=Ruan |first3=X. |last4=Chen |first4=D. |last5=Zhu |first5=A. |last6=Chen |first6=C. |last7=Bertrand |first7=D. |last8=Jiao |first8=W.B. |last9=Hao |first9=B.H. |last10=Lyon |first10=M.P. |last11=Chen |first11=J. |last12=Gao |first12=S. |display-authors=6 |issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="AGLthesis">{{cite thesis |title=Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos |year=2013 |last=Andrés García Lor |url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versi%C3%B3n3.Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Lor.pdf |page=79 |access-date=2015-04-24 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225034715/https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31518/Versi%C3%B3n3.Tesis%20Andr%C3%A9s%20Garc%C3%ADa-Lor.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Since its [[chloroplast DNA]] is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a pomelo [[backcrossing|BC1 backcross]], that was the maternal parent of the first orange.<ref name=genealogy_review>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nbt.2954 |volume=32 |issue=7 |title=A genealogy of the citrus family |journal=Nature Biotechnology |pages=640–642 |pmid=25004231 |last1=Velasco |first1=R. |last2=Licciardello |first2=C. |year=2014 |s2cid=9357494 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Wu>{{cite journal |title=Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pomelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication |journal=Nature Biotechnology |last=Wu |first=G. Albert |volume=32 |issue=7 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2906 |pages=656–662 |pmid=24908277 |pmc=4113729 |year=2014 }}</ref> Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange are approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin.<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018">{{cite journal |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=6 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement</ref> All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this prototype cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation.<ref name=Wu/> Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents.<ref name=Wu/>
 
Sweet oranges have in turn given rise to many further hybrids including the [[grapefruit]], which arose from a sweet orange x pomelo backcross. Spontaneous and engineered backcrosses between the sweet orange and mandarin oranges or tangerines have produced the [[clementine]] and [[murcott (fruit)|murcott]]<!--[[tangor]]s-->. The ambersweet is a complex sweet orange x (Orlando [[tangelo]] x clementine) hybrid.<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Jinhe |last2=Baldwin |first2=Elizabeth B. |last3=Hearn |first3=Jake |last4=Driggers |first4=Randy |last5=Stover |first5=Ed |title=Volatile Profile Comparison of USDA Sweet Orange-like Hybrids versus 'Hamlin' and 'Ambersweet' |year=2014 |journal=[[HortScience]] |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1262–1267 |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/49/10/1262.full |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.49.10.1262 |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-03-18 |archive-date=2016-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721041615/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/49/10/1262.full |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[citrange]]s are a group of sweet orange x [[trifoliate orange]] (''Citrus trifoliata'') hybrids.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trifoliate hybrids |url=http://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/trifoliatehybrids.html |website=[[UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection|University of California at Riverside, Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection]] |accessdate=15 March 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120113508/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/trifoliatehybrids.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The '''blood orange''' has streaks of red in the fruit, and when squeezed the juice is often reddish. The '''mandarin''' is similar, but smaller and sweeter, and the '''scarlet navel''' is a variety with the same diploid mutation as the navel orange.
 
[[File:Hybrid origins of orange.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|The orange is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and [[pomelo]].<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018"/>]]
'''Bitter oranges''' are used in [[marmalade]] and as an ingredient in the [[liqueur]]s [[triple sec]] and [[curaçao]].
 
=== Arab Agricultural Revolution ===
==Orange cultivation==
Orange cultivation is a major business, and an important part of the economies of (among others) the US states of [[Florida]] and [[California]], many [[Mediterranean]] countries, [[Romania]], [[South Africa]], and the 'Riverina' district around the [[Murray River]] in [[Australia]].
 
{{further|Arab Agricultural Revolution}}
[[Image:Oranges and orange juice.jpg|thumb|left|Oranges and orange juice]]
==Products made from oranges==
Orange juice is one of the commodities traded on the New York commodities market. [[Brazil]] is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by [[Florida]].
 
[[File:Bayad-wa-riyadبياض-و-رياض-.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]] spread citrus fruits as far as the Iberian Peninsula. Page from the ''[[Hadith Bayad wa Riyad]]'', 13th century]]
Orange oil (produced by pressing the peel) is used in surface conditioning of wood furniture, and (along with other citrus oils) in grease removal and as a hand-cleansing agent. Orange spray (extracted from orange peels and sold commercially) is an extremely efficient cleaning agent which is environmentally friendly and non-toxic.
In Europe, the [[Moors]] introduced citrus fruits including the bitter orange, lemon, and lime to [[Al-Andalus]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during the [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]].<ref name="Watson 1974">{{cite journal |last=Watson |first=Andrew M. |year=1974 |title=The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=8–35 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700079602 |jstor=2116954|s2cid=154359726 }}</ref> Large-scale cultivation started in the 10th century, as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trillo San José |first=Carmen |title=Water and landscape in Granada |url=http://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/science-news-ugr/social-economic-and-legal-sciences/sugar-cane-cumin-and-orange-grove-crops-were-adapted-in-alandalus-from-the-10th-century/ |date=1 September 2003 |publisher=[[University of Granada]] |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308071051/http://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/science-news-ugr/social-economic-and-legal-sciences/sugar-cane-cumin-and-orange-grove-crops-were-adapted-in-alandalus-from-the-10th-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Watson 1974"/> Citrus fruits—among them the bitter orange—were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the [[Emirate of Sicily]], but the sweet orange was unknown there until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area.<ref name="Morton 1987"/>
 
=== Spread across Europe ===
Orange [[blossom]] is traditionally associated with good fortune, and it was popular in [[bridal bouquet]]s and [[headwreath]]s for [[wedding]]s for some time ''(period of history? more details?)''. The [[petal]]s of orange blossom can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented version of [[rosewater]].
 
Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It was considered a luxury food grown by wealthy people in private conservatories, called [[orangerie]]s. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe; it went on to become the most often cultivated of all fruit trees.<ref name="Morton 1987"/> [[Louis XIV]] of France had a great love of orange trees and built the grandest of all royal [[Orangerie of Versailles|Orangeries]] at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leroux |first=Jean-Baptiste |title=The Gardens of Versailles |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2002 |page=368}}</ref> At Versailles, potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout the rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, [[Nicolas Fouquet]], in 1664, part of the treasures that he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet's estate at [[Vaux-le-Vicomte]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitford |first=Nancy |author-link=Nancy Mitford |title=The Sun King |publisher=[[Sphere Books]] |year=1966 |page=11}}</ref>
Orange blossom [[honey]] (really citrus honey) is produced by putting beehives in the citrus groves during bloom, which also [[pollination|pollinates]] seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and has a distinct ''orangy'' flavor.
 
=== To the Americas ===
==See also==
[[Tangerine]], [[Mandarin orange]], [[Kumquat]], [[Orangewater]]
 
{{further|Columbian exchange}}
==External links==
*From [http://www.css.cornell.edu/ecf3/Web/AF/Courses/SCAS314/Diversity_Domestication/tsld045.htm ''norange'' to ''orange'']
*[http://www.aquapulse.net/knowledge/orange Sweet Oranges: The Biogeography of Citrus sinensis]
*[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-001-02s01im.html Nutrition data from nutririondata.com]
 
Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange to the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, [[Christopher Columbus]] may have planted the fruit on [[Hispaniola]].<ref name=Sauls>{{cite web |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |title=Home Fruit Production – Oranges |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |access-date=30 November 2012 |date=December 1998 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510155730/https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]] founded [[St. Augustine, Florida|St Augustine]]. [[Spanish missions in Arizona|Spanish missionaries]] brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the [[Spanish missions in California|Franciscans]] did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769.<ref name="Morton 1987"/> [[Archibald Menzies]], the botanist on the [[Vancouver Expedition]], collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings on board, and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. The sweet orange came to be grown across the [[Hawaiian Islands]], but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the [[Ceratitis capitata|Mediterranean fruit fly]] in the early 1900s.<ref name="Morton 1987"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mau |first1=Ronald |last2=Kessing |first2=Jayma Martin |title=Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) |url=http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |publisher=[[University of Hawaii]] |access-date=5 December 2012 |date=April 2007 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718012506/http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Florida]] farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks.<ref name="Morton 1987"/>
<hr align=center noshade size=2 width=50%>
<center>[[Food]] &nbsp;|&nbsp; [[List of fruits]] &nbsp;|&nbsp; [[List of vegetables]]</center>
 
====California====
[[cy:Oren (ffrwyth)]]
 
[[da:Appelsin]]
Citrus cultivation in California began with the Spanish missionaries, who planted oranges and lemons at [[Baja California]] around 1739 and at [[Alta California]] missions by 1769. Early fruit was thick-skinned and sour, not suited for commercial markets. The first sizable grove was established at [[Mission San Gabriel]] in 1804, with about 400 trees on six acres. This mission-based agriculture ended with secularization which closed the missions and gave away their lands in 1835. [[Jean-Louis Vignes]] likely planted the first private orange grove in Los Angeles in 1834. [[William Wolfskill]] planted his orchard in Los Angeles in 1841. By 1862, his orchards held two-thirds of the state's orange trees. The [[California gold rush]] (from 1849) increased demand for oranges, especially for their [[vitamin C]], which helped prevent [[scurvy]] among miners. This spurred gradual expansion of orchards. In the early 1870s, Wolfskill’s reported profits of $1,000 per acre attracted Midwestern farmers to citrus growing, especially in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]].<ref> James D. Hart, ''A Companion to California'' (1987). p. 91. </ref><ref>Ching Lee, "The history of citrus in California" '' California Bountiful'' (2022) [https://www.californiabountiful.com/magazine-features/magazine-issues/marchapril-2010/the-history-of-citrus-in-california/ online] </ref>
[[de:Orange (Frucht)]]
 
[[es:naranja (fruto)]]
The 1870s saw the introduction of improved fruit varieties. In 1873, [[navel orange]] plants from Brazil were distributed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [[Luther C. Tibbets]] and [[Eliza Tibbets]] successfully cultivated these in Riverside, leading to widespread planting of the sweet, seedless navel orange, which became the backbone of the California citrus industry. The [[Valencia orange]], introduced in 1876, matured in summer and fall, complementing the winter-ripening navel and providing oranges year-round. The completion of major railroads ([[Southern Pacific]] in 1877, and the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]] in 1885) and the introduction of ventilated boxcars revolutionized distribution, opening national markets and triggering a planting frenzy in southern California. By 1885, the number of citrus trees in California had grown from 90,000 (in 1875) to 2 million, and to 4.5 million by 1901.<ref>Clifford M. Zierer, "The citrus fruit industry of the Los Angeles basin." ''Economic Geography'' 10.1 (1934): 53-73. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/140629 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026073308/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/140629 |date=2017-10-26 }}</ref><ref>Daniel Geisseler, and William R. Horwath, "Citrus production in California." (2016), [https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Citrus_Production_CA.pdf online]</ref>
[[fr:Orange (fruit)]]
 
[[nl:Sinaasappel]]
The 1890s brought pest control advances (spraying, fumigation) and frost protection (heaters, later wind machines). The University of California established its [[University of California Citrus Experiment Station|Citrus Experiment Station]] in 1907, supporting research and innovation. Cooperative marketing emerged with the formation of the California Fruit Growers Exchange in 1905, later known as [[Sunkist Growers]] Inc., which helped standardize and market California citrus worldwide. By the 1980s, California was the second largest orange producer in the U.S., after Florida.<ref>Lee, "The history of citrus in California"</ref><ref>Ronald Tobey, and Charles Wetherell, "The Citrus Industry and the Revolution of Corporate Capitalism in Southern California, 1887-1944." ''California History'' 74.1 (1995): 6-21. {{JSTOR|25177466}}</ref>
[[simple:Orange]]
 
[[sv:Apelsin]]
== Etymology ==
[[Category:Fruit]]
 
{{main|Orange (word)|l1=''Orange'' (word)}}
 
The word "orange" derives from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|नारङ्ग}} ({{transliteration|sa|nāraṅga}}), meaning 'orange tree'. The Sanskrit word reached [[Languages of Europe|European languages]] through [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|fa|نارنگ}} ({{transliteration|fa|nārang}}) and its [[Arabic language|Arabic]] derivative {{lang|ar|نارنج}} ({{transliteration|ar|nāranj}}).<ref name="Online Etym">{{cite web |title=orange (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange |publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221041826/https://www.etymonline.com/word/orange |url-status=live }}</ref> The word entered [[Late Middle English]] in the 14th century via [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|pomme d'orenge}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ''orange'' |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/orange?q=orange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511044657/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/orange?q=orange |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |publisher=[[OED]] online (www.oxforddictionaries.com)}}</ref> Other forms include [[Old Provençal]] {{lang|pro|auranja}},<ref name="Collins">{{cite web |title=Definition of ''orange'' |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/orange?showCookiePolicy=true |publisher=[[Collins English Dictionary]] (collinsdictionary.com) |access-date=2012-12-05 |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403180939/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/orange?showCookiePolicy=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Italian ''arancia'', formerly ''narancia''.<ref name="Online Etym"/> In several languages, the initial ''n'' present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may have been mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an ''n'' sound. In French, for example, {{lang|fr|une norenge}} may have been heard as {{lang|fr|une orenge}}. This linguistic change is called [[juncture loss]]. [[orange (color)|The color]] was named after the fruit,<ref>{{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Ian |title=A Dictionary of Colour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour |edition=1st paperback |year=2003 |publication-date=2004 |publisher=Thorogood |___location=London |isbn=978-1-85418-375-0 |oclc=60411025 |page=280}}</ref> with the first recorded use of ''orange'' as a color name in English in 1512.<ref>{{cite OED |term=orange colour |id=132168}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Maerz |first1=Aloys John |last2=Morris |first2=Rea Paul |title=A Dictionary of Color |___location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1930 |page=200}}</ref>
 
[[File:Orange etymology.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|Etymology of 'orange']]
 
== Composition ==
 
=== Nutrition ===
 
{{Infobox nutritional value
|name =Oranges, raw,<br/>all commercial varieties
|kJ =197
|protein =0.94 g
|water =87 g
|fat =0.12 g
|carbs =11.75 g
|fiber =2.4 g
|sugars =9.35 g
|calcium_mg =40
|iron_mg =0.1
|magnesium_mg =10
|phosphorus_mg=14
|potassium_mg =181
|zinc_mg =0.07
|manganese_mg =0.025
|vitC_mg =53.2
|thiamin_mg =0.087
|riboflavin_mg=0.04
|niacin_mg =0.282
|pantothenic_mg=0.25
|vitB6_mg =0.06
|folate_ug =30
|choline_mg =8.4
|vitA_ug =11
|vitE_mg =0.18
|note =[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169097/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
 
Orange flesh is 87% water, 12% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, orange flesh provides 47 [[calorie]]s, and is a rich source of [[vitamin C]], providing 59% of the [[Daily Value]], with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant amounts (table).
 
=== Phytochemicals ===
 
Oranges contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, including [[carotenoid]]s ([[beta-carotene]], [[lutein]] and [[beta-cryptoxanthin]]), [[flavonoid]]s (e.g. [[naringenin]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aschoff |first1=Julian K. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Sabrina |last3=Kalkan |first3=Onur |last4=Neidhart |first4=Sybille |last5=Carle |first5=Reinhold |last6=Schweiggert |first6=Ralf M. |title=In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids, Flavonoids, and Vitamin C from Differently Processed Oranges and Orange Juices [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=63 |issue=2 |date=2015-01-21 |issn=0021-8561 |doi=10.1021/jf505297t |pages=578–587|pmid=25539394 |bibcode=2015JAFC...63..578A }}</ref> and numerous [[volatile organic compounds]] producing orange [[aroma]], including [[aldehyde]]s, [[ester]]s, [[terpene]]s, [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]], and [[ketone]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |year=2008 |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=681–95 |doi=10.1080/10408390701638902 |title=Fresh squeezed orange juice odor: a review |last1=Perez-Cacho |first1=P.R. |last2=Rouseff |first2=R.L. |pmid=18663618 |s2cid=32567584}}</ref> Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the [[citric acid]] of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] or [[lemon]] juice (which contain about 47 g/L).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penniston |first1=Kristina L. |last2=Nakada |first2=Stephen Y. |last3=Holmes |first3=Ross P. |last4=Assimos |first4=Dean G. |title=Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=2008 |issn=0892-7790 |pmid=18290732 |pmc=2637791 |doi=10.1089/end.2007.0304 |pages=567–570}}</ref>
 
=== Taste ===
 
[[File:Octyl acetate.svg|thumb|center|upright|[[Octyl acetate]], a volatile compound contributing to the fragrance of oranges]]
 
The taste of oranges is determined mainly by the ratio of sugars to acids, whereas orange aroma derives from [[volatile organic compound]]s, including [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]], [[aldehyde]]s, [[ketone]]s, [[terpene]]s, and [[ester]]s.<ref name="tietel">{{cite journal |last1=Tietel |first1=Z. |last2=Plotto |first2=A. |last3=Fallik |first3=E. |last4=Lewinsohn |first4=E. |last5=Porat |first5=R. |title=Taste and aroma of fresh and stored mandarins |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |year=2011 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |pmid=20812381 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.4146 |bibcode=2011JSFA...91...14T }}</ref><ref name="hadi">{{cite journal |pmid=23852166 |year=2013 |last1=El Hadi |first1=M. A. |title=Advances in fruit aroma volatile research |journal=[[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]] |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=8200–29 |last2=Zhang |first2=F. J. |last3=Wu |first3=F. F. |last4=Zhou |first4=C. H. |last5=Tao |first5=J |doi=10.3390/molecules18078200 |pmc=6270112 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bitter [[limonoid]] compounds, such as [[limonin]], decrease gradually during development, whereas volatile aroma compounds tend to peak in mid- to late-season development.<ref name="bai">{{cite journal |pmc=5224568 |year=2016 |last1=Bai |first1=J. |last2=Baldwin |first2=E. A. |last3=McCollum |first3=G. |last4=Plotto |first4=A. |last5=Manthey |first5=J. A. |last6=Widmer |first6=W. W. |last7=Luzio |first7=G. |last8=Cameron |first8=R. |title=Changes in Volatile and Non-Volatile Flavor Chemicals of "Valencia" Orange Juice over the Harvest Seasons |journal=[[Foods (journal)|Foods]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.3390/foods5010004 |pmid=28231099 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taste quality tends to improve later in harvests when there is a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness.<ref name=bai/> As a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic, with [[pH]] levels ranging from 2.9<ref name="sinclair">{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair, Walton B. |last2=Bartholomew, E.T. |last3=Ramsey, R. C. |title=Analysis of the organic acids of orange juice |journal=Plant Physiology |year=1945 |volume=20 |pages=3–18 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/20/1/3.pdf |doi=10.1104/pp.20.1.3 |pmid=16653966 |issue=1 |pmc=437693}}</ref> to 4.0.<ref name=sinclair/><ref>{{cite journal |title=Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Muenchen Infections Associated with Unpasteurized Orange Juice – United States and Canada, June 1999 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=July 16, 1999 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a2.htm |volume=48 |issue=27 |pages=582–585 |pmid=10428096 |author=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165047/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4827a2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Taste and aroma vary according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration.<ref name=tietel/><ref name=hadi/>
 
== Cultivars ==
 
=== Common ===
 
Common oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all orange production. The majority of this crop is used for juice.<ref name=Kimball/><ref name="Sauls"/>
 
=== Valencia ===
{{main|Valencia orange}}
The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit; it is popular when navel oranges are out of season. [[Thomas Rivers (nurseryman)|Thomas Rivers]], an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the [[Azores]] and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a [[Long Island]] nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of [[Federal Point, Florida]].<ref name=coit>{{cite book |last=Coit |first=John Eliot |title=Citrus fruits: an account of the citrus fruit industry, with special reference to California requirements and practices and similar conditions |url=https://archive.org/details/citrusfruits00coit |access-date=2 October 2011 |year=1915 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] }}</ref>
 
=== Navel ===
 
{{main|Navel orange}}
 
Navel oranges have a characteristic second fruit at the [[Apical meristems|apex]], which protrudes slightly like a human [[navel]]. They are mainly an eating fruit, as their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness makes them less suitable for juice.<ref name=Kimball/> The parent variety was probably the Portuguese navel orange or ''Umbigo''.<ref name="Washington on Citrus ID">{{cite web |title=Washington |url=https://idtools.org/citrus_id/index.cfm?packageID=1179&entityID=8903 |website=Citrus ID |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314221534/https://idtools.org/citrus_id/index.cfm?packageID=1179&entityID=8903 |url-status=live }}, citing amongst other sources {{cite book |last1=Risso |first1=A. |last2=Poiteau |first2=A. |title=Histoire Naturelle des Orangers |date=1819–1822 |publisher=Audot |___location=Paris |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512210b |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2023-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210231146/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512210b |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultivar rapidly spread to other countries, but being seedless it had to be propagated by [[cutting (plant)|cutting]] and [[grafting]].<ref name="cfaitc">{{cite web |title=Commodity Fact Sheet: Citrus Fruits |work=California Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom |url=https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/12/07/citrus_fruit_commodity_fact_sheet.pdf |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816191813/https://cdn.agclassroom.org/media/uploads/2017/12/07/citrus_fruit_commodity_fact_sheet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The [[Cara Cara navel orange|Cara Cara]] is a type of navel orange grown mainly in [[Venezuela]], [[South Africa]] and California's [[San Joaquin Valley]]. It is sweet and low in acid,<ref name="UBC">{{cite web |url=http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/02/citrus_sinensis_cara_cara.php |title=UBC Botanical Garden, Botany Photo of the Day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124174207/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/02/citrus_sinensis_cara_cara.php |archive-date=2010-01-24}}</ref> with distinctively pinkish red flesh. It was discovered at the [[Hacienda]] Cara Cara in [[Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], Venezuela, in 1976.<ref name=UCR>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/caracara.html |title=Cara Cara navel orange |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]] |access-date=2011-01-20 |archive-date=2019-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425074600/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/caracara.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
=== Blood ===
 
{{main|Blood orange}}
 
Blood oranges, with an intense red coloration inside, are widely grown around the Mediterranean; there are several cultivars.<ref name="Morton 1987"/> The development of the red color requires cool nights.<ref name="McGee 2004">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |title=On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=0-684-80001-2 |___location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC&pg=PA376 376] |access-date=2024-03-15 |archive-date=2023-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728202046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKVCtH4AjwgC |url-status=live }}</ref> The redness is mainly due to the [[anthocyanin]] pigment [[chrysanthemin]] (cyanidin 3-''O''-glucoside).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Influence of glucose on cyanidin 3-glucoside absorption in rats |last1=Felgines |first1=C. |last2=Texier |first2=O. |last3=Besson |first3=C. |last4=Vitaglione |first4=P |last5=Lamaison |first5=J.-L. |last6=Fogliano |first6=V. |last7=Scalbert |first7=A. |last8=Vanella |first8=L. |last9=Galvano |first9=F. |display-authors=6 |journal=[[Molecular Nutrition & Food Research]] |date=2008 |volume=52 |issue=8 |pages=959–64 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.200700377 |pmid=18646002}}</ref>
 
=== Acidless ===
 
Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: ''douce'' in France, ''sucrena'' in Spain, ''dolce'' or ''maltese'' in Italy, ''meski'' in North Africa and the Near East (where they are especially popular), ''succari'' in Egypt, and ''lima'' in Brazil.<ref name=Kimball/> The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States.<ref name=Kimball/>
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=155>
File:Florida orange grove.JPG|A grove of [[Valencia orange]]s in [[Florida]]
File:Cara cara orange cut in half.JPG|[[Cara Cara navel orange]]
File:BloodOrange.jpg|[[Blood orange]]
</gallery>
 
== Cultivation ==
 
=== Climate ===
 
Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures—between {{cvt|15.5|and|29|C}}—and require considerable amounts of sunshine and water. They are principally grown in tropical and subtropical regions.<ref name=Sauls/>
 
As oranges are sensitive to [[frost]], farmers have developed methods to protect the trees from frost damage. A common process is to spray the trees with water so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm |title=How Cold Can Water Get? |publisher=[[Argonne National Laboratory]] |date=2002-09-08 |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-date=2015-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226033418/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Another procedure involves burning fuel oil in [[smudge pot]]s put between the trees. These burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapor on the particulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises the air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were developed after a disastrous freeze in southern California in January 1913 destroyed a whole crop.<ref name='moore'>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Frank Ensor |title=Redlands Astride the Freeway: The Development of Good Automobile Roads |publisher=Moore Historical Foundation |___location=Redlands, California |year=1995 |page=9 |isbn =978-0-914167-07-5}}</ref>
 
=== Propagation ===
 
{{further|Fruit tree propagation|Citrus rootstock}}
 
Commercially grown orange trees are [[plant propagation|propagated]] [[asexual reproduction|asexually]] by [[grafting]] a mature [[cultivar]] onto a suitable [[seedling]] [[rootstock]] to ensure the same [[Crop yield|yield]], identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first, a rootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and a [[bud]] taken from a specific [[scion (grafting)|scion]] variety, is grafted into its bark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific [[Soil type|soil]] and climatic conditions. Thus, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruit yield and quality.<ref name="Lacey">{{cite web |last=Lacey |first=Kevin |title=Citrus rootstocks for WA |url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/fn/cp/citrusfruits/ag%20dept%20fn539%20lores.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112025544/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/fn/cp/citrusfruits/ag%20dept%20fn539%20lores.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-12 |publisher=Government of WA. Department of Agriculture and Food |access-date=30 November 2012 |date=July 2012}}</ref> Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die.<ref name="Lacey"/> Among the advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years),<ref name="Citrus">{{cite web |last=Price |first=Martin |title=Citrus Propagation and Rootstocks |url=http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm |publisher=ultimatecitrus.com |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406084607/http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and that farmers can combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/fp/hb/bowman/citrus.html |title=Citrus Propagation. Research Program on Citrus Rootstock Breeding and Genetics |website=ars-grin.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528003825/http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/SoAtlantic/fp/hb/bowman/citrus.html |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref>
 
=== Harvest ===
 
Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot-long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant <!--shaking--> stroke and frequency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=G. |last2=Hebel |first2=M. |last3=Lee |first3=K. |date=2007-12-01 |title=In-situ measurement of the detachment force of individual oranges harvested by a canopy shaker harvesting machine |url=http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |journal=Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. |s2cid=113761794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020405/http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> Oranges are picked once they are pale orange.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com/tag/riverland/ |title=Fresh Citrus Direct |publisher=freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110071334/https://freshcitrusdirect.wordpress.com/tag/riverland/ |archive-date=2015-01-10}}</ref>
 
=== Degreening ===
 
Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California, and Florida.<ref name="Wagner">{{cite web |title=Harvesting and Pre-pack Handling |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/l2294.htm |publisher=The Texas A&M University System |access-date=29 November 2012 |last1=Wagner, Alfred B. |last2=Sauls, Julian W. |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104041656/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/l2294.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. [[Ethylene]] gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening", "gassing", "sweating", or "curing".<ref name="Wagner"/> Oranges are non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] fruits, and cannot ripen internally in response to ethylene gas after harvesting, though they will de-green externally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Orange/ |title=Orange: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality |last1=Arpaia, Mary Lu |last2=Kader, Adel A. |publisher=[[UCDavis]] Postharvest Technology Center |access-date=2013-12-12 |archive-date=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206115013/http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Orange/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
=== Storage ===
 
Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritenour, M.A. |url=http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/100orange.pdf |title=Orange. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127220523/http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/100orange.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-27 |website=USDA |date=2004}}</ref> At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month, and are best stored loose.<ref name=cpma>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpma.ca/Files/CPMA.HomeStorageGuide.English.pdf |title=Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables. Canadian Produce Marketing Association |website=cpma.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512161442/http://www.cpma.ca/Files/CPMA.HomeStorageGuide.English.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12}}</ref>
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=155>
File:CSIRO ScienceImage 4314 Spraying oranges in an orchard at Griffith NSW 2002.jpg|Spraying oranges in an orchard in Australia
File:California Orange Grove2.jpg|Orange grove in [[California]]
100521 picking oranges in moshav zimrat PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Picking oranges, Israel
File:100535 picking oranges in moshav zimrat PikiWiki Israel.jpg|Harvest, Israel
File:2010-12-14 Maroc Agadir Soukh local market.jpg|Market stall, Morocco
</gallery>
 
== Pests and diseases ==
 
=== Pests ===
 
[[File:Icerya purchasi 1435060.jpg|thumb|[[Cottony cushion scale]] insects devastated orange groves across California in the 19th century, and were the first pest to be subject to successful [[biological control]].<ref name=coit/>]]
 
The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale (''[[Icerya purchasi]]''), imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study this [[scale insect]] in its native habitat. He brought back with him specimens of an Australian [[Coccinellidae|ladybird]], ''[[Novius cardinalis]]'' (the Vedalia beetle), and within a decade the pest was controlled. This was one of the first successful applications of [[biological pest control]] on any crop.<ref name=coit/> The [[orange dog]] caterpillar of the giant swallowtail butterfly, ''Papilio cresphontes'', is a pest of citrus plantations in North America, where it eats new foliage and can defoliate young trees.<ref name="Giant Swallowtail">{{cite journal |last=Mcauslane |first=Heather |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636 |title=Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) |journal=Edis |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |date=May 2009 |issue=4 |access-date=14 March 2024 |doi=10.32473/edis-in134-2009 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316051937/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636_Giant_Swallowtail_Orangedog_Papilio_cresphontes_Cramer_Insecta_Lepidoptera_Papilionidae1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
=== Diseases ===
 
{{Further|List of citrus diseases}}
 
[[File:Asian Citrus Psyllid adult.jpg|thumb|The Asian citrus psyllid, ''[[Diaphorina citri]]'', is a major [[Disease vector|vector]] of [[citrus greening disease]].<ref name="Killiny Nehela 2021"/> ]]
 
[[Citrus greening disease]], caused by the bacterium ''[[Liberobacter asiaticum]]'', has been the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption.<ref name=halbert/> In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004.<ref name="halbert">{{Cite journal |last1=Halbert |first1=Susan E. |last2=Manjunath |first2=Keremane L. |date=September 2004 |title=Asian citrus psyllids (Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae) and greening disease of citrus: A literature review and assessment of risk in Florida |journal=[[The Florida Entomologist]] |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=330–353 |doi=10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0330:ACPSPA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=56161727 |issn=0015-4040 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008.<ref name=gainbr9006>{{Cite web |url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf |title=GAIN Report Number: BR9006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205206/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-13 |publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |date=18 June 2009}}</ref>
The disease is spread primarily by [[psyllid]] plant lice such as the Asian citrus psyllid (''[[Diaphorina citri]]'' Kuwayama), an efficient [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] of the bacterium.<ref name="Killiny Nehela 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Killiny |first1=Nabil |last2=Nehela |first2=Yasser |last3=George |first3=Justin |last4=Rashidi |first4=Mahnaz |last5=Stelinski |first5=Lukasz L. |last6=Lapointe |first6=Stephen L. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus as a trap crop with multiple cues to attract Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing |journal=[[Plant Science (journal)|Plant Science]] |volume=308 |pages=110930 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110930 |pmid=34034878 |s2cid=235203508 |issn=0168-9452|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PlnSc.30810930K }}</ref> Foliar [[insecticide]]s reduce psyllid populations for a short time, but also suppress beneficial predatory ladybird beetles. Soil application of [[aldicarb]] provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of [[imidacloprid]] to young trees were effective for two months or more.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qureshi |first1=J. |last2=Stansly |first2=P. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Integrated approaches for managing the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Florida |url=https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/entomology/publications/Stansly_Non_Qureshi07.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society |volume=120 |pages=110–115 |s2cid=55798062 |access-date=2023-11-17 |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117152819/https://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/entomology/publications/Stansly_Non_Qureshi07.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Management of citrus greening disease requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control of the vectors in non-crop reservoirs.<ref name=halbert/>
 
Greasy spot, a [[Fungal infection in plants|fungal disease]] caused by the ascomycete ''[[Mycosphaerella citri]]'', produces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour and yield. [[Ascospore]]s of ''M. citri'' are generated in [[Ascocarp|pseudothecia]] in decomposing fallen leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=S.N. |first2=K.T. |last2=Morgan |first3=L.W. |last3=Timme |date=June 2007 |title=Effect of Water Management and Soil Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers, Petroleum Oils, and Lime on Inoculum Production by Mycosphaerella citri, the Cause of Citrus Greasy Spot |url=http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |journal=Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. |s2cid=113761794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020405/http://www.fshs.org/Meetings/2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref>
 
== Production ==
 
{|class="wikitable floatright" style="width:15em; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 |Production of oranges – 2022
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;" |Country
! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;" |<small>Production (millions of [[tonne]]s)</small>
|-
|{{BRA}} ||16.9
|-
|{{IND}} ||10.2
|-
|{{CHN}} ||7.6
|-
|{{MEX}} ||4.8
|-
|{{EGY}} ||3.4
|-
|{{USA}} ||3.1
|-
|'''World''' ||'''76.4'''
|-
|colspan=2 |<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |title=Orange production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2024|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database |access-date=15 March 2024 |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref></small>
|}
 
{{Main|Citrus production}}
 
In 2022, world production of oranges was 76 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[Brazil]] with 22% of the total, followed by India, China, and Mexico.<ref name=faostat/>
The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] has established [[food grading|grades]] for Florida oranges, primarily for oranges sold as fresh fruit.<ref name=usda_fla>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382 |title=United States Standards for Grades of Florida Oranges and Tangelos |publisher=USDA |date=February 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100358/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382 |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref> In the United States, groves are located mainly in [[Florida]], [[California]], and [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oranges: Production Map by State |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Citrus_Fruits/orgmap.php |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=1 April 2017 |date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031021526/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/Citrus_Fruits/orgmap.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of California's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges are destined to juice products. The [[Indian River (Florida)|Indian River]] area of Florida produces high quality juice, which is often sold fresh and blended with juice from other regions, because Indian River trees yield sweet oranges but in relatively small quantities.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Indian River Citrus District |url=http://ircitrusleague.org/history/ |publisher=Indian River Citrus League |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101165048/http://ircitrusleague.org/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Culinary use ==
 
=== Dessert fruit and juice ===
 
{{further|Orange juice}}
 
Oranges, whose flavor may vary from [[sweet]] to [[sour]], are commonly peeled and eaten fresh raw as a dessert. [[Orange juice]] is obtained by squeezing the fruit on a special tool (a ''juicer'' or ''squeezer'') and collecting the juice in a tray or tank underneath. This can be made at home or, on a much larger scale, industrially.<ref name="juice">{{cite web |title=How orange juice is made |url=https://www.discoveryuk.com/how-its-made/how-orange-juice-is-made/ |publisher=Discovery Networks International |access-date=16 March 2024 |date=20 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924024259/https://www.discoveryuk.com/how-its-made/how-orange-juice-is-made/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Orange juice is a traded commodity on the [[Intercontinental Exchange]].<ref name="lawson">{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Alex |title=The great orange juice trading rally – and why a big squeeze could lie ahead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/oct/27/orange-juice-trading-rally |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122041214/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/oct/27/orange-juice-trading-rally |url-status=live }}</ref> Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered juice.<ref>{{cite web |last=Townsend |first=Chet |url=http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html |title=The Story of Florida Orange Juice: From the Grove to Your Glass |date=2012 |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418111255/http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
=== Marmalade ===
 
{{main|Marmalade}}
 
Oranges are made into [[Fruit preserves|jam]] in many countries; in Britain, bitter [[Seville orange]]s are used to make [[marmalade]]. Almost the whole Spanish production is exported to Britain for this purpose. The entire fruit is cut up and boiled with sugar; the pith contributes [[pectin]], which helps the marmalade to set. The first recipe was by an Englishwoman, [[Mary Kettilby]], in 1714. Pieces of peel were first added by [[Janet Keiller]] of [[Dundee]] in the 1790s, contributing a distinctively bitter taste.<ref name="Bateman 1993">{{cite news |last=Bateman |first=Michael |title=Hail marmalade, great chieftain o' the jammy race: Mrs Keiller of Dundee added chunks in the 1790s, thus finally defining a uniquely British gift to gastronomy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-drink-hail-marmalade-great-chieftain-o-the-jammy-race-mrs-keiller-of-dundee-added-chunks-in-the-1476300.html |agency=[[The Independent]] |date=3 January 1993 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223120454/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/food-drink-hail-marmalade-great-chieftain-o-the-jammy-race-mrs-keiller-of-dundee-added-chunks-in-the-1476300.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Orange peel contains the bitter substances [[limonene]] and [[naringin]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Food Chemistry |year=2012 |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=1892–8 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090 |title=Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from Brazil |last1=Barros |first1=H.R. |last2=Ferreira |first2=T.A. |last3=Genovese |first3=M.I. |pmid=23442635}}</ref><ref name="Hasegawa Berhow Fong 1996">{{cite book |last1=Hasegawa |first1=S. |last2=Berhow |first2=M. A. |last3=Fong |first3=C. H. |title=Fruit Analysis |chapter=Analysis of Bitter Principles in Citrus |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg |volume=18 |date=1996 |isbn=978-3-642-79662-3 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-79660-9_4 |pages=59–80}}</ref>
 
=== Extracts ===
 
{{further|Limonene}}
 
[[Zest (ingredient)|Zest]] is scraped from the [[flavedo|coloured outer part of the peel]], and used as a flavoring and garnish in desserts and [[cocktail]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bender |first=David |author-link=David A. Bender |title=Oxford Dictionary of Food and Nutrition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923487-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215 215] |edition=third |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffood00bend/page/215}}</ref>
 
Sweet [[orange oil]] is a [[by-product]] of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used for flavoring food and drinks; it is employed in the perfume industry and in [[aromatherapy]] for its [[fragrance]]. The oil consists of approximately 90% <small>D</small>-limonene, a [[solvent]] used in household chemicals such as wood conditioners for furniture and—along with other citrus oils—detergents and hand cleansers. It is an efficient cleaning agent with a pleasant smell, promoted for being environmentally friendly and therefore preferable to petrochemicals. It is, however, irritating to the skin and toxic to aquatic life.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2005 |title=D-Limonene |publisher=[[International Programme on Chemical Safety]] |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0918.htm |access-date=2010-03-06 |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104220433/https://inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 2019 |title=(±)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexene |publisher=[[ECHA]] |url=https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/103051 |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029092926/https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/103051 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200>
File:Oranges and orange juice.jpg|Fruit and [[Orange juice|juice]]
File:Zesting an orange.jpg|[[Zest (ingredient)|Zesting]] an orange
File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Homemade [[marmalade]], England</gallery>
 
== In human culture ==
 
Oranges have featured in human culture since ancient times. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in [[Chinese literature]] dates from 314 BC.<ref name=fullgenome/> Larissa Pham, in ''[[The Paris Review]]'', notes that sweet oranges were available in China much earlier than in the West. She writes that Zhao Lingrang's fan painting ''Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines'' pays attention not to the fruit's colour but the shape of the fruit-laden trees, and that Su Shi's poem on the same subject runs "You must remember, / the best scenery of the year, / Is exactly now, / when oranges turn yellow and tangerines green."<ref name="Pham 2019"/>
 
The scholar Cristina Mazzoni has examined the multiple uses of the fruit in Italian art and literature, from [[Catherine of Siena]]'s sending of candied oranges to [[Pope Urban V|Pope Urban]], to [[Sandro Botticelli]]'s setting of his painting ''[[Primavera (Botticelli)|Primavera]]'' in an orange grove. She notes that oranges symbolised desire and wealth on the one hand, and deformity on the other, while in the fairy-stories of Sicily, they have magical properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Paul |title=Review of Golden Fruit: A Cultural History of Oranges in Italy, by Cristina Mazzoni |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=50 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=129–130 |publisher=Project MUSE |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/726018}}</ref> Pham comments that the ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]] contains in a small detail one of the first representations of oranges in Western art, the costly fruit perhaps traded by the merchant Arnolfini himself.<ref name="Pham 2019">{{cite web |last1=Pham |first1=Larissa |title=For the Love of Orange |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/08/13/for-the-love-of-orange/ |publisher=[[The Paris Review]] |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314150503/https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/08/13/for-the-love-of-orange/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 17th century, [[Orangery|orangeries]] were added to great houses in Europe, both to enable the fruit to be grown locally and for prestige, as seen in the [[Versailles Orangerie]] completed in 1686.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thacker |first1=Christopher |author2-link=Louis XIV |last2=Louis XIV |date=1972 |title="La Manière de montrer les jardins de Versailles," by Louis XIV and Others |journal=Garden History |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |doi=10.2307/1586442 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=1586442}}</ref>
 
The Dutch [[Post-Impressionist]] artist [[Vincent van Gogh]] portrayed oranges in paintings such as his 1889 ''Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves'' and his 1890 ''A Child with Orange'', both works late in his life. The American artist of the [[Ashcan School]], [[John Sloan]], made a 1935 painting ''Blond Nude with Orange, Blue Couch'', while [[Henri Matisse]]'s last painting was his 1951 ''Nude with Oranges''; after that he only made cut-outs.<ref name="Michalska 2023">{{cite web |last1=Michalska |first1=Magda |title=The Scent of Orange in the Air: Paintings with Oranges |url=https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/portraits-with-oranges/ |publisher=Daily Art Magazine |access-date=14 March 2024 |date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314153633/https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/portraits-with-oranges/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=175px>
File:Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines (橙黃橘綠) by Zhao Lingrang (趙令穰).jpg|''Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines'' by Zhao Lingrang, Chinese fan painting from the [[Song dynasty]], c. 1070–1100
File:Jan van Eyck 002.jpg|Detail of the ''[[Arnolfini Portrait]]'' by [[Jan van Eyck]], 1434
File:Primavera (Botticelli) (detail).jpg|Detail of ''[[Primavera (Botticelli)|Primavera]]'' by [[Sandro Botticelli]], 1482, set in an orange grove
File:Måleri, stilleben. Frukt - Skoklosters slott - 88970.tif|Still life with oranges on a plate. Possibly [[Jacques Linard]] or [[Louise Moillon]], 1640
File:Orangerie du château de Versailles le 11 septembre 2015 - 78.jpg|The [[Versailles Orangerie]], 1686
File:OUDRY Orange Tree.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]], ''The Orange Tree'', 1740
File:Vincent van Gogh, Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves, 1889, NGA 164923.jpg|'' Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]], 1889
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
 
* [[List of citrus fruits]]
* [[List of culinary fruits]]
 
== References ==
 
{{reflist|30em}}
 
== External links ==
 
{{Wikiquote|Oranges}}
{{Wiktionary|orange}}
{{Cookbook|Orange}}
 
* {{Commons-inline|Citrus sinensis}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Citrus sinensis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041118125823/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=282 ''Citrus sinensis'' List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases)], [[USDA]], Agricultural Research Service.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140524030656/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8199 Oranges: Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy]. (2006). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.
 
{{Citrus|state=collapsed}}
{{US state flowers}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Oranges (fruit)|Oranges (fruit)]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Cocktail garnishes]]
[[Category:Crops originating from China]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Symbols of California]]
[[Category:Symbols of Florida]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
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