Madrid: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:18, 10 May 2006

Latest revision as of 18:37, 23 August 2025

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{{short description|Capital and largest city of Spain}}

:''This article is about the Spanish capital. For other entries, see [[Madrid (disambiguation)]].''

{{about|the capital city of Spain|the [[autonomous community]]|Community of Madrid|other uses}}

{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}

{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Madrid

| official_name =

| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] and [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]]

| image_skyline = {{Multiple image

| perrow = 1/2/2/1

| border = infobox

| total_width = 300

| caption_align = center

| image1 = Madrid_-_Sky_Bar_360º_(Hotel_Riu_Plaza_España),_vistas_19.jpg

| caption1 = The [[List of tallest buildings in Madrid|Skyline of Madrid]] from the [[Edificio España]]

| image2 = Puerta de Alcalá, Madrid, España, 2017-05-18, DD 14.jpg

| caption2 = [[Puerta de Alcalá]]

| image3 = Plaza_Mayor_De_Madrid_(215862629)_edited.jpeg

| caption3 = [[Plaza Mayor (Madrid)|Plaza Mayor]]

| image4 = Gran_Vía_(Madrid)_1.jpg

| caption4 = [[Gran Vía, Madrid|Gran Vía]] and [[Callao Square|Callao]]

| image5 = Fountain of Cybele at Plaza de Cibeles, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited ) 04.jpg

| caption5 = [[Fountain of Cybele]]

| image6 = Palaciorealycatedraldelaalmudena retouched.jpg

| caption6 = The [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Royal Palace]] and [[Almudena Cathedral]]

| color = red

}}

| image_flag = Bandera de la ciudad de Madrid.svg

| flag_size = 110px

| flag_link = Flag of the City of Madrid

| image_shield = Escudo de Madrid.svg

| shield_size = 70px

| shield_link = Coat of arms of Madrid

| image_map = {{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0|geomask=Q2807|zoom=9|frame-lat=40.45|frame-long=-3.69|marker=city}}

| pushpin_relief = 1

| pushpin_map = Spain#Europe

| map_caption = Location of Madrid

| coordinates = {{Coord|40|25|01|N|03|42|12|W|region:ES-M|display=inline,title}}

| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]

| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]

| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]

| subdivision_name1 = [[Community of Madrid]]

| established_title = Founded

| established_date = 9th century

| government_type = ''[[Ayuntamiento (Spain)|Ayuntamiento]]''

| governing_body = [[City Council of Madrid]]

| leader_party = {{Small|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]}}

| leader_title = [[Mayor of Madrid|Mayor]]

| leader_name = [[José Luis Martínez-Almeida]]

| unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->

| area_footnotes =

| area_total_km2 = 604.31

| area_land_km2 =

| elevation_footnotes =

| elevation_m = 650

| population_as_of = 2025

| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=68538&L=1|title=Annual population census 2021-2024|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)|INE]]}}</ref>

| population_total = 3,322,416

| population_density_km2 = auto

| population_urban = 6,211,000<ref name="demographia">{{Cite web |url=https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=2022 |website=Demographia |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030244/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

| population_density_urban_km2 =

| population_metro = 6,125,583<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas |website=[[Eurostat]] |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

| population_density_metro_km2 =

| population_rank = [[List of European cities by population within city limits|2nd]] in the European Union<br />[[Ranked lists of Spanish municipalities|1st]] in Spain

| population_demonym = Madrilenian, Madrilene<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|es|madrileño, -ña; matritense,}}<br />{{lang|es|gato, -a}}}}

| population_note =

| demographics_type2 = GDP

| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|archive-date=15 February 2023|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>

| demographics2_title1 = [[Capital city]] and [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]]

| demographics2_info1 = €135.362 billion (2020)<ref>{{citation|language=es|title=Indicador del PIB por zonas estadísticas y por municipios|url=https://www.madrid.org/iestadis/fijas/estructu/economicas/contabilidad/descarga/epibmb15at1.xls|website=www.madrid.org}}</ref>

| demographics2_title2 = Metro

| demographics2_info2 = €293.069 billion (2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en | title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat|access-date=18 September 2023|website=www.ec.europa.eu}}</ref>

| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]

| postal_code = 28001–28080

| area_code = +34 ([[Spain|ES]]) + 91 ([[Community of Madrid|M]])

| blank2_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)

| blank2_info = 0.940<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{color|darkgreen|very high}} · [[List of Spanish autonomous communities by Human Development Index|1st]]

| website = {{URL|https://madrid.es}}

| timezone = CET

| utc_offset = +1

| timezone_DST = CEST

| utc_offset_DST = +2

}}

'''Madrid''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|d|r|i|d|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Madrid.wav}} {{respell|mə|DREED}}; {{IPA|es|maˈðɾið|lang|Pronunciation_of_Madrid_in_Spanish.ogg}}){{refn|group=n.|Alternative pronunciations going roughly as {{IPA|es-ES|maˈðɾi|}} and {{IPA|es-ES|maˈðɾiθ||ES-pe - Madrid.ogg}} are also locally common (particularly the former), both coexisting with the standard pronunciation.<ref name="Molina Martos 2016">{{Cite journal |title=Variación de la -/d/ final de palabra en Madrid: ¿prestigio abierto o encubierto? |first=Isabel |last=Molina Martos |journal=Boletín de Filología |issn=0718-9303 |volume=51 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=347–367 |doi=10.4067/S0718-93032016000200013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although the latter is considered vulgar,<ref>{{cite book |last=Salgado |first=Cristóbal González |title=Eñe B1.2: der Spanischkurs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pfXvPErgYgC&pg=PA91 |year=2012 |publisher=Hueber Verlag |isbn=978-3-19-004294-4 |page=91 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110427/https://books.google.com/books?id=2pfXvPErgYgC&pg=PA91 |url-status=live}}</ref> it has experienced revitalization as a "folksy" pronunciation.}} is the capital and [[List of largest cities in Spain|most populous municipality of Spain]]. It has almost 3.3 million<ref name="ine">{{Cite web |title=Madrid Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/spain/madrid |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=World Population Review |language=en}}</ref> inhabitants and a [[Madrid metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] population of approximately 6.8&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madrid Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/spain/madrid |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=World Population Review |language=en}}</ref> It is the [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|second-largest city]] in the [[European Union]] (EU), second only to [[Berlin, Germany]],<ref>{{Cite web | title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute) | url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/en/index.htm?padre=525 | access-date=2025-08-08 | website=www.ine.es}}</ref> and its [[Madrid metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] is the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe by population|second-largest]] in the EU.<ref name="demographia" /><ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations of the World |website=Population Statistics and Maps |date=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="un.org">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf World Urbanization Prospects (2007 revision)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185336/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf |date=25 May 2017 }}, (United Nations, 2008), Table A.12. Data for 2007.</ref> The municipality covers {{cvt|604.3|km2|sqmi}} geographical area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/MadridEconomia/Ficheros/MadridEconomia2010Ingles.pdf |title=Member of the Governing Council. Delegate for Economy, Employment and Citizen Involvement |page=6 |access-date=3 September 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512033609/https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/MadridEconomia/Ficheros/MadridEconomia2010Ingles.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid lies on the [[Manzanares (river)|River Manzanares]] in the central part of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] at about {{cvt|650|m}} above mean sea level. The capital city of both [[Spain]] and the surrounding [[Community of Madrid|autonomous community of Madrid]],{{Sfn|Moreno-Fernández|2020|p=44}} it is the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Madrid |url=http://global.britannica.com/place/Madrid |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512033635/https://global.britannica.com/place/Madrid |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The primitive core of Madrid, a walled military outpost, dates back to the late 9th century, under the [[Emirate of Córdoba]]. Conquered by Christians in 1083 or 1085, it consolidated in the Late Middle Ages as a sizeable town of the [[Crown of Castile]]. The development of Madrid as an administrative centre was fostered after 1561, as it became the permanent seat of the court of the [[Hispanic Monarchy (political entity)|Hispanic Monarchy]]. The following centuries were characterized by the reinforcement of Madrid's status within the framework of a centralized form of state-building.{{Sfn|Valenzuela Rubio|1999|p=68}}

{| class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%"

|-

The Madrid urban agglomeration has the [[List of cities by GDP|second-largest GDP]] in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Madrid is ranked as an [[alpha world city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2010 |author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]] |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202041320/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The metropolitan area hosts major Spanish companies such as {{Lang|es|[[Telefónica]]|italic=no}}, [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]], [[BBVA]] and [[Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas|FCC]].{{Sfn|Moreno-Fernández|2020|p=45}} It concentrates the bulk of banking operations in Spain and it is the Spanish-speaking city generating the largest number of webpages.{{Sfn|Moreno-Fernández|2020|p=45}} Madrid houses the headquarters of [[UN Tourism]], the [[Ibero-American General Secretariat]] (SEGIB), the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] (OEI), and the [[Public Interest Oversight Board]] (PIOB). Pursuant to the standardizing role of the [[Royal Spanish Academy]], Madrid is a centre for Spanish [[Linguistic prescription|linguistic prescriptivism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=33|issue=1|doi=10.18800/lexis.200901.003|journal=Lexis|___location=Lima|publisher=[[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]]|url=https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/lexis/article/view/1754/1691|year=2009|title= Instrumentos lingüísticos académicos y norma estándar del español: la nueva política lingüística panhispánica|first1=Daniela|last1=Lauria|first2=María|last2=López García|page=85|hdl=11336/110715|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR,<ref name="FITUR">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/fitur/default.html |title=FITUR |access-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620120435/http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/fitur/default.html |archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> ARCO,<ref name="ARCO">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/arco/default.html |title=Arte Contemporaneo en España – ARCOmadrid |publisher=Ifema.es |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424173948/http://www.ifema.es/web/ferias/arco/default.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[SIMO TCI]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifema.es/simoeducacion_06 |title=SIMO EDUCACIÓN – Learning Technology Exhibition – Home |website=www.ifema.es |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101132051/http://www.ifema.es/simoeducacion_06 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Madrid Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedesbenzfashionweekmadrid.com/eng |title=Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411150907/http://mercedesbenzfashionweekmadrid.com/eng/ |archive-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Madrid is home to [[Association football|football]] clubs [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] and [[Atlético Madrid]].

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|City Coat of Arms

|-help me

Its landmarks include the [[Plaza Mayor, Madrid|Plaza Mayor]]; the [[Royal Palace of Madrid]]; the [[Teatro Real|Royal Theatre]] with its restored 1850 Opera House; the [[Buen Retiro Park]], founded in 1631; the 19th-century [[Biblioteca Nacional de España|National Library]] building containing some of Spain's historical archives; many national museums;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcu.es/museos/CE/MuseosEstatales/Arquitectura/ListadoMusEstMadrid.html |title=Arquitectura. Edificios de los Museos Estatales |publisher=Mcu.es |date=25 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723095012/http://www.mcu.es/museos/CE/MuseosEstatales/Arquitectura/ListadoMusEstMadrid.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Golden Triangle of Art]], located along the [[Paseo del Prado]] and comprising three art museums: [[Museo del Prado|Prado Museum]], the [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Reina Sofía Museum]], a museum of [[modern art]], and the [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]], which complements the holdings of the other two museums.<ref name="Overview of Madrid">{{cite news |url=http://www.easyexpat.com/madrid_en/overview_geography.htm |publisher=Easy expat |title=Geography of Madrid |date=11 August 2006 |access-date=11 August 2006 |archive-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026195311/http://www.easyexpat.com/madrid_en/overview_geography.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The mayor is [[José Luis Martínez-Almeida]] from the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=José Luis Martínez-Almeida Navasqüés |url=https://www.themayor.eu/en/spain/madrid/mayors/jos-luis-mart-nez-almeida-navasq-s-217 |website=www.themayor.eu |date=7 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916190910/https://www.themayor.eu/en/spain/madrid/mayors/jos-luis-mart-nez-almeida-navasq-s-217 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==

The origin of the name is unknown. There are various theories regarding the origin of the toponym "Madrid", all of them with problems when it comes to fully explaining the phonetic evolution of the toponym, namely:<ref name= Orozco>{{Cite journal |last=Pérez Orozco |title=El origen del topónimo Madrid |first=Santiago |journal=Anales del Instituto de Estudios Madrileños |publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]] |___location=Madrid |volume=XLVII |year=2007 |pages=701–703 |issn=0584-6374 |url=https://xn--institutoestudiosmadrileos-4rc.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Tomo_XLVII_2007.pdf |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917163136/https://xn--institutoestudiosmadrileos-4rc.es/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Tomo_XLVII_2007.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

* A [[Continental Celtic languages|Celtic]] origin (Madrid < *''Magetoritum'';<ref name="Orozco"/>{{rp|701}} with the root "-ritu" meaning "[[Ford (crossing)|ford]]").

* From the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''maǧrà'' / majrā (meaning "water stream")<ref name= Orozco/>{{rp|701}} or {{langx|ar|{{wikt-lang|ar|مجريط}}|majrīṭ|lit="spring", "fountain"}}.<ref name= Khayat>{{cite web |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tfg/2016/tfg_45415/TFG_2015-16_FTI_Khayat.pdf |title=Algunos aspectos de la influencia del árabe en la lengua española |last=Khayat |first=Ikram |language=es |access-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120195645/https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tfg/2016/tfg_45415/TFG_2015-16_FTI_Khayat.pdf}}</ref>

* A [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]] variant of the Latin {{wikt-lang|la|matrix}}, ''matricis'' (also meaning "water stream").<ref name="Orozco" />{{rp|701}}

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{{script|Arab|مجريط}} ''Majrīṭ'' (AFI {{IPA|[madʒriːtˤ]}}) is the first documented reference to the city. It is recorded in [[Andalusi Arabic]] during the [[al-Andalus]] period. The name ''Magerit'' ({{IPA|[madʒeˈɾit]}}) was retained in [[Old Spanish language|Medieval Spanish]]. The most ancient recorded name of the city "Magerit" (for ''*Materit'' or ''*Mageterit''?) comes from the name of a fortress built on the Manzanares River in the 9th century [[Anno Domini|AD]], and means "Place of abundant water" in Arabic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indigoguide.com/spain/madrid-history.htm |title=Madrid History&nbsp;– Museums&nbsp;– Suggested Itineraries Madrid |publisher=Indigoguide.com |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101205922/http://www.indigoguide.com/spain/madrid-history.htm |archive-date=1 January 2011}}</ref> A wider number of theories have been formulated on possible earlier origins.

According to legend, Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor (son of King Tyrrhenius of Tuscany and [[Mantua]]) and was named "Metragirta" or "Mantua Carpetana". Others contend that the original name of the city was "Ursaria" ("land of [[bear]]s" in [[Latin]]), because of the many bears that were to be found in the nearby forests, which, together with the [[Arbutus unedo|strawberry tree]] (Spanish ''madroño''), have been the emblem of the city since the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=autogenerated>{{cite web |url=http://elmadridmedieval.jmcastellanos.com/ |title=El Madrid Medieval (Medieval Madrid). Includes Pre-historic, Roman and medieval up to the Catholic Monarchs |work=History of Madrid. |publisher=José Manuel Castellanos |access-date=28 October 2007 |language=es}}</ref>

Nevertheless, it is also speculated that the origin of the name of the city comes from the 2nd century BC. The [[Roman Empire]] established a settlement on the banks of the [[Manzanares (river)|Manzanares]] river. The name of this first village was "Matrice" (a reference to the river that crossed the settlement). Following the invasions carried out by the Germanic [[Suebi|Sueves]] and [[Vandals]], as well as the Sarmatic [[Alans]] during the 5th century AD, the Roman Empire no longer had the military presence required to defend its territories on the Iberian Peninsula, and as a consequence, these territories were soon occupied by the [[Vandals]], who were in turn dispelled by the [[Visigoths]], who then ruled [[Hispania]] in the name of the Roman emperor, also taking control of "Matrice". In the 8th century, the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]] saw the name changed to "Mayrit", from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] term {{lang|ar|ميرا}} ''Mayra''{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} (referencing water as a 'tree' or 'giver of life') and the Ibero-Roman suffix ''it'' that means 'place'. The modern "Madrid" evolved from the [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]] "Matrit", which is still in the Madrilenian [[Demonym|gentilic]].<ref name="El origen del nombre">{{cite news |url=http://www.nova.es/~jlb/mad_es05.htm |publisher=JLL & JRP |date=16 August 2006 |title=El origen del nombre.}}</ref>

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Nicknames for Madrid include the plural {{lang|es-ES|Los Madriles}}<ref name="CVC">{{cite web |title=CVC. Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes. 2. Gramática. Inventario. C1-C2. |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/plan_curricular/niveles/02_gramatica_inventario_c1-c2.htm |website=cvc.cervantes.es |publisher=CVC Centro Virtual Cervantes |access-date=3 May 2024 |language=es |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503164855/https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/plan_curricular/niveles/02_gramatica_inventario_c1-c2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{lang|es-ES|La Villa y Corte}} ({{literal translation|the town and [[Royal court|court]]}}).

==History==

{{Main|History of Madrid}}

{{For timeline}}

The site of modern-day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/06/13/madrid/1150197854_850215.html |title=Los primeros madrileños llegaron hace 500.000 años |newspaper=El País |date=13 June 2006 |via=elpais.com |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824133955/https://elpais.com/diario/2006/06/13/madrid/1150197854_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La prehistoria de Madrid |url=http://www.nova.es/~jlb/mad_es04.htm |access-date=13 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224130445/http://www.nova.es/~jlb/mad_es04.htm |archive-date=24 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Ocupaciones achelenses en el valle del Jarama (Arganda, Madrid);Santonja, Manuel; López Martínez, Nieves y Pérez-González, Alfredo;1980;Diputación provincial de Madrid;{{ISBN|84-500-3554-6}}</ref> There are archaeological remains of the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Carpetani]] settlement, [[Roman villa]]s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Las villas romanas de Madrid. Madrid en época romana. |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/Publicaciones/TemaCulturaYOcio/SanIsidro/VillasRomana/VillasRomanas.pdf |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104506/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/Publicaciones/TemaCulturaYOcio/SanIsidro/VillasRomana/VillasRomanas.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Visigoth]] basilica near the church of Santa María de la Almudena<ref>El Madrid antiguo en época romana;Fernández Palacios, Fernando;Estudios de Prehistoria y Arqueología Madrileñas;Number 13; year 2004</ref> and three Visigoth necropolises near Casa de Campo, Tetuán and Vicálvaro.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2013/06/20/madrid/1371756656_033167.html |title=Hallado un taller paleolítico de más de 200.000 años en Vicálvaro |first1=Pilar |last1=Álvarez |first2=Esther |last2=Sánchez |newspaper=El País |date=21 June 2013 |via=elpais.com |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825060515/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2013/06/20/madrid/1371756656_033167.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===

The first historical document about the existence of an established settlement in Madrid dates from the [[Muslim]] age. In the second half of the 9th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Madrid Islámico |url=http://www.nova.es/~jlb/mad_es08.htm |publisher=Nova.es |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991002215943/http://www.nova.es/~jlb/mad_es08.htm |archive-date=2 October 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Emirate of Córdoba|Umayyad]] Emir [[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I]] built a fortress on a headland near the river [[Manzanares (river)|Manzanares]]<ref>It was recorded in the 15th century by the Arab geographer al-Himyari, who wrote in his "The Book of the Fragrant Garden" (Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar) about the history of the city. He describes: "Madrid, remarkable city of Al-Andalus, which was built by Amir Muhammad ibn Abd ar-Rahman..."</ref> as one of the many fortresses he ordered built on the border between [[Al-Andalus]] and the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of León|León]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], with the objective of protecting [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] from Christian attacks from the North and as a starting point for Muslim offensives. After the disintegration of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] in the early 11th century, Madrid was integrated in the [[Taifa of Toledo]].

In the context of the wider campaign for the conquest of the taifa of Toledo initiated in 1079, Madrid was seized in 1083 by [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile]], who sought to use the town as an offensive outpost against the city of Toledo,{{Sfn|Bahamonde Magro|Otero Carvajal|1989|p=9}} in turn conquered in 1085. Following the conquest, Christians occupied the center of the city, while Muslims and Jews were displaced to the suburbs. Madrid, located near [[Alcalá de Henares|Alcalá]] (under Muslim control until 1118), remained a borderland for a while, suffering a number of ''[[Razzia (military)|razzias]]'' during the [[Almoravid]] period, and its walls were destroyed in 1110.{{Sfn|Bahamonde Magro|Otero Carvajal|1989|p=9}}

Madrid was confirmed as ''villa de {{ill|realengo (legal status)|es|realengo|lt=realengo}}'' (linked to the Crown) in 1123, during the reign of [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII]].{{Sfn|Cestero Mancera|Molina Martos|Paredes García|2015|p=18}} The 1123 Charter of Otorgamiento established the first explicit limits between Madrid and Segovia, namely the Puerto de El Berrueco and the Puerto de Lozoya.{{Sfn|Cerrillo Torquemada|2009|p=245}} Beginning in 1188, Madrid had the right to be a city with representation in the courts of Castile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parlements.org/publications/congres_CIHAE_2006_Jose_Manuel_Cerda.pdf |title=1188 and All That: An Intense Parliamentary Year in Europe |pages=569–580 |publisher=University of New South Wales |first=José Manuel |last=Cerda |date=2020 |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> In 1202, [[Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso VIII]] gave Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/Madrid-antiguo-y-medieval/El-Siglo-XIII?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=51ac315b048b9010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=56602c91497b9010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |title=Ayuntamiento de Madrid – El Siglo XIII |language=es |publisher=Madrid.es |access-date=7 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023002100/http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/Madrid-antiguo-y-medieval/El-Siglo-XIII?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=51ac315b048b9010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=56602c91497b9010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> which was expanded in 1222 by [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]]. The government system of the town was changed to a ''[[regimiento]]'' of 12 ''[[regidor]]es'' by [[Alfonso XI of Castile|Alfonso XI]] in January 1346.{{Sfn|Suárez Fernández|2001|p=137}}

Starting in the mid-13th century and up to the late 14th century, the ''concejo'' of Madrid vied for the control of the Real de Manzanares territory against the ''concejo'' of [[Segovia]], a powerful town north of the [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] mountain range, characterised by its repopulating prowess and its animal husbandry-based economy, in contrast to the agricultural and less repopulated town of Madrid.{{Sfn|Bahamonde Magro|Otero Carvajal|1989|pp=11–12}} After the decline of [[Sepúlveda, Segovia|Sepúlveda]], another ''concejo'' north of the mountain range, Segovia became a major actor south of the Guadarrama mountains, expanding across the [[Lozoya (river)|Lozoya]] and [[Manzanares River|Manzanares]] rivers to the north of Madrid and along the [[Guadarrama (river)|Guadarrama river]] course to its west.{{Sfn|Bahamonde Magro|Otero Carvajal|1989|pp=11–12}}

In 1309, the Courts of Castile convened at Madrid for the first time under [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|Ferdinand IV]], and later in 1329, 1339, 1391, 1393, 1419 and twice in 1435.

===Modern Age===

During the [[revolt of the Comuneros]], led by [[Juan Lopez de Padilla]], Madrid joined the revolt against [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles, Holy Roman Emperor]]. After defeat at the [[Battle of Villalar]], Madrid was besieged and occupied by the imperial troops. The city was however granted the titles of ''Coronada'' (Crowned) and ''Imperial''.

[[File:Dibujo madrid 1562.JPG|thumb|center|upright=3.65|A view of Madrid from the west, facing the Puerta de la Vega. Drawing by [[Anton van den Wyngaerde]], 1562.]]

[[File:Baños en el Manzanares en el paraje de Molino Quemado. Museo de Historia de Madrid (detalle).JPG|thumb|''Baths in the Manzanares in the place of Molino Quemado'' (detail), by [[Félix Castello]] ({{circa|1634–1637}})]]

The number of urban inhabitants grew from 4,060 in 1530 to 37,500 in 1594. The poor population of the court was composed of ex-soldiers, foreigners, rogues and Ruanes, dissatisfied with the lack of food and high prices. In June 1561 [[Philip II of Spain|Phillip II]] set his court in Madrid, installing it in the old [[Royal Alcazar of Madrid|''alcázar'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/Madrid-capital?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=fbf2378305898110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |title=Ayuntamiento de Madrid – Madrid capital |language=es |publisher=Madrid.es |access-date=7 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723101302/http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/Madrid-capital?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=fbf2378305898110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Thanks to this, Madrid became the political centre of the monarchy, being the capital of Spain except for a short period between 1601 and 1606, in which the Court was relocated to [[Valladolid]], and the Madrid population temporarily plummeted. Being the capital was decisive for the evolution of the city and influenced its fate. During the rest of the reign of Philip II, the population boomed, going up from about 18,000 in 1561 to 80,000 in 1598.{{Sfn|Parsons|2003|p=13}}

[[File:Madrid - Calle de Alcalá in 18th-century by Antonio Joli.jpg|thumb|The [[Calle de Alcalá]] in 1750 by [[Antonio Joli]]]]

In the early 17th century, although Madrid recovered from the loss of its capital status, with the return of diplomats, lords and affluent people, as well as an entourage of noted writers and artists together with them, extreme poverty remained rampant.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=El reverso de la medalla. Pobreza extrema en el Madrid de Felipe IV |first=Antonio |last=Domínguez Ortiz |journal=Historia Social |issue=47 |jstor=40340884 |issn=0214-2570 |year=2003 |pages=127–130}}</ref> The century also was a time of heyday for theatre, represented in the so-called [[Corral de comedias|''corrales de comedias'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Revista Madrid Histórico |publisher=Ediciones La Librería |___location=Madrid |title=Dosier: El barrio de las letras y las mujeres |issue=82 |year=2019 |url=http://www.revistamadridhistorico.es/2019/07/dosier-el-barrio-de-las-letras-y-las-mujeres/ |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928001208/http://www.revistamadridhistorico.es/2019/07/dosier-el-barrio-de-las-letras-y-las-mujeres/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Madrid changed hands several times during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: from the Bourbon control it passed to the allied "Austracist" army with Portuguese and English presence that {{ill|First entry of Archduke Charles|es|Primera entrada en Madrid del archiduque Carlos|lt=entered the city in late June 1706}},<ref>{{Cite journal |issn=1645-6971 |___location=Porto |publisher=[[University of Porto|Universidade do Porto]] |year=2008 |journal=Península. Revista de Estudos Ibéricos |issue=5 |title=La participación de Portugal en la Guerra de Sucesión Española. Una diatriba política en emblemas, símbolos y enigmas |first=Ana |last=Martínez Pereira |page=179 |url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4714.pdf |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422040139/https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4714.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> only to be retaken by the Bourbon army on 4 August 1706.{{Sfn|Martínez Pereira|2008|p=180}} The Habsburg army led by the [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles]] {{ill|Second entry of Archduke Charles in Madrid|es|Segunda entrada en Madrid del archiduque Carlos|lt=entered the city for a second time}} in September 1710,<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/bitstream/10553/19217/1/0234500_00016_0013.pdf |page=290 |issn=1133-598X |journal=Vegueta: Anuario de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia |first=Roberto |last=Quirós Rosado |___location=Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: [[University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Servicio de Publicaciones]] |volume=16 |year=2016 |title=El coste del trono. Guerra defensiva y fiscalidad municipal en la estancia madrileña de Carlos III de Austria (1710) |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818063910/https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/bitstream/10553/19217/1/0234500_00016_0013.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> leaving the city less than three months after. [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] entered the capital on 3 December 1710.{{Sfn|Quirós Rosado|2016|p=308}}

Seeking to take advantage of the Madrid's ___location at the geographic centre of Spain, the 18th century saw a sustained effort to create a radial system of communications and transports for the country through public investments.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/HC/article/view/4709/4495 |title=Madrid en la encrucijada del interior peninsular, c. 1850–2009 |first=José Luis |last=García Ruiz |year=2011 |volume=42 |___location=Bilbao |publisher=[[University of the Basque Country|UPV/EHU]] |journal=Historia Contemporánea |issn=1130-2402 |page=191 |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418092041/https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/HC/article/view/4709/4495 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Philip V built the Royal Palace, the [[Royal Tapestry Factory]] and the main Royal Academies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctb.dia.uned.es/academias/academias.html |title=Reales Academias |language=es |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121043422/http://ctb.dia.uned.es/academias/academias.html |archive-date=21 January 2012}} Royal Academies</ref> The reign of [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]], who came to be known as "the best mayor of Madrid", saw an effort to turn the city into a true capital, with the construction of sewers, street lighting, cemeteries outside the city and a number of monuments and cultural institutions. The reforms enacted by his Sicilian minister were however opposed in 1766 by the populace in the so-called [[Esquilache Riots]], a revolt demanding to repeal a clothing decree banning the use of traditional hats and [[Spaniard cloak|long cloaks]] aiming to curb crime in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/Madrid-bajo-el-signo-del-reformismo-ilustrado?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=b33ab4b0a6898110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |title=Ayuntamiento de Madrid – Madrid bajo el signo del reformismo ilustrado |language=es |publisher=Madrid.es |access-date=7 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723121415/http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/Madrid-bajo-el-signo-del-reformismo-ilustrado?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=b33ab4b0a6898110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

[[File:El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid.jpg|thumb|''[[The Second of May 1808]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]]]]

{{Main|Dos de Mayo Uprising}}

In the context of the [[Peninsular War]], the situation in French-occupied Madrid after March 1808 was becoming more and more tense. On 2 May, a crowd began to gather near the [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Royal Palace]] protesting against the French attempt to evict the remaining members of the Bourbon royal family to [[Bayonne]], prompting up an uprising against the French Imperial troops that lasted hours and spread throughout the city, including a famous last stand at the Monteleón barracks. Subsequent repression was brutal, with many insurgent Spaniards being [[Summary execution|summarily executed]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/Madrid-y-la-Guerra-de-la-Independencia?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=76e2b798e1e98110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |title=Ayuntamiento de Madrid – Madrid y la Guerra de la Independencia |language=es |publisher=Madrid.es |access-date=7 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723103126/http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/Madrid-y-la-Guerra-de-la-Independencia?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=76e2b798e1e98110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The uprising led to a declaration of war calling all the Spaniards to fight against the French invaders.

===Capital of the Liberal State===

[[File:Plano del Ensanche de Madrid-1861.jpg|thumb|An 1861 map of the ''Ensanche de Madrid'']]

Madrid was invaded on 24 May 1823 by a French army—the so-called [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis]]—called to intervene to restore the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutism]] of Ferdinand that the latter had been deprived from during the [[Trienio liberal|1820–1823 ''trienio liberal'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Afrancesados, moderados, exaltados, masones y comuneros: periódicos y periodistas ante el conflicto político en la prensa de Madrid durante el Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) |first=Víctor |last=Sánchez Martín |doi=10.4000/argonauta.4257 |year=2020 |journal=El Argonauta Español |volume=17 |issue=17 |issn=1765-2901 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Unlike other European capitals, during the first half of the 19th century the only noticeable bourgeois elements in Madrid (that experienced a delay in its industrial development up to that point) were merchants.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2011|p=192}} The University of Alcalá de Henares was relocated to Madrid in 1836, becoming the [[Complutense University of Madrid|Central University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.madridiario.es/461562/efemeride-universida-complutense-alcala-madrid |title=Cuando la 'Complu' se mudó al centro |date=29 October 2018 |website=Madridiario |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201125429/https://www.madridiario.es/461562/efemeride-universida-complutense-alcala-madrid |url-status=live}}</ref>

Madrid's economy modernized during the second half of the 19th century, consolidating its status as a service and financial centre. New industries were mostly focused in book publishing, construction and low-tech sectors.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2011|p=193}} The introduction of [[railway transport]] greatly helped Madrid's economic prowess, and led to changes in consumption patterns, such as the substitution of salted fish for fresh fish from the Spanish coasts, and further strengthening Madrid's role as a [[Logistics|logistics node]] in Spain's distribution network.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2011|p=194}} Electric lighting in the streets was introduced in the 1890s.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2011|p=194}}

During the first third of the 20th century the population nearly doubled, reaching more than 850,000 inhabitants. New suburbs such as Las Ventas, [[Tetuán (Madrid)|Tetuán]] and El Carmen became the homes of the influx of workers, while [[Ensanche]] became a middle-class neighbourhood of Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/El-Madrid-liberal?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=311b9ad2a7898110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |title=Ayuntamiento de Madrid – El Madrid liberal |language=es |publisher=Madrid.es |access-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111327/http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Un-paseo-por-su-historia/La-ciudad-desde-la-llegada-de-la-Corte/El-Madrid-liberal?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=311b9ad2a7898110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=94321cf0ceca8110VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

===Second Republic and Civil War===

[[File:Children during the Madrid bombing.jpg|thumb|upright|Children taking refuge during the Francoist bombings (1936–1937) over Madrid during the [[Spanish Civil War]]]]

The [[Spanish Constitution of 1931]] was the first to legislate the ___location of the country's capital, setting it explicitly in Madrid. During the 1930s, Madrid enjoyed "great vitality"; it was demographically young, becoming urbanized and the centre of new political movements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Montero |first1=Julio |last2=Cervera Gil |first2=Javier |date=2009 |title=Madrid en los años treinta: ambiente social, político, cultural y religioso |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2954677.pdf |journal=Studia et Documenta: Rivista dell'Istituto Storico San Josemaría Escrivá |issue=3 |page=15 |issn=1970-4879 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607234843/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2954677.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, major construction projects were undertaken, including the northern extension of the [[Paseo de la Castellana]], one of Madrid's major thoroughfares.{{Sfn|Montero|Cervera Gil|2009|p=16}} The tertiary sector, including banking, insurance and telephone services, grew greatly.{{Sfn|Montero|Cervera Gil|2009|p=20}} Illiteracy rates were down to below 20%, and the city's cultural life grew notably during the so-called ''Silver Age'' of Spanish Culture; the sales of newspapers also increased.{{Sfn|Montero|Cervera Gil|2009|p=21}}

The proclamation of the Republic created a severe housing shortage. Slums and squalor grew due to high population growth and the influx of the poor to the city. Construction of affordable housing failed to keep pace and increased political instability discouraged economic investment in housing in the years immediately prior to the Civil War.{{Sfn|Montero|Cervera Gil|2009|p=17; 18}} Anti-clericalism and Catholicism lived side by side in Madrid; the [[Burning of convents in Spain (1931)|burning of convents]] initiated after riots in the city in May 1931 worsened the political environment.{{Sfn|Montero|Cervera Gil|2009|p=25; 26}} However, the [[Revolution of 1934|1934 insurrection]] largely failed in the city.{{Sfn|Montero|Cervera Gil|2009|p=26}}

Madrid was one of the most heavily affected cities in the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939). It was a stronghold of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican faction]] from July 1936 and became an international symbol of [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] struggle during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7d1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA505 |title=Fotografía y patrimonio cultural: V, VI, y VII Encuentros en Castilla-La Mancha |last1=Heras |first1=Beatriz de las |last2=Peláez |first2=José Manuel |date=2018 |publisher=Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha |isbn=978-84-9044-333-0 |pages=505 |language=es |chapter=Mujeres en y para una guerra. España, 1936–1939. La mirada del fotógrafo Santos Yubero, cronista gráfico de Madrid |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418092034/https://books.google.com/books?id=W7d1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA505 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city suffered aerial bombing, and in November 1936, its western suburbs were the scene of an all-out battle.<ref name="History of Madrid 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucm.es/info/hcontemp/leoc/madrid%20I.htm#INDICE |title=Madrid, de territorio fronterizo a región metropolitana. Madrid, from being the "frontier" to become a Metropole. |work=History of Madrid. |publisher=Luis Enrique Otero Carvajal (Profesor Titular de Historia Contemporánea. Universidad Complutense. Madrid) |access-date=28 October 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218223720/http://www.ucm.es/info/hcontemp/leoc/madrid%20I.htm |archive-date=18 December 2007}}</ref> The city fell to the Francoists in March 1939.

{{See also|Siege of Madrid|Republican repression in Madrid (1936–1939)}}

===Francoist dictatorship===

[[File:Madrid, Tetuán 1978 01.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|The [[calle de Bravo Murillo]] in 1978]]

A staple of post-war Madrid (''Madrid de la posguerra'') was the widespread use of [[Rationing|ration coupons]].{{Sfn|García Ballesteros|Revilla González|2006|p=16}} Meat and fish consumption was scarce, resulting in high mortality due to malnutrition.{{Sfn|García Ballesteros|Revilla González|2006|pp=17–18}} Due to Madrid's history as a left-wing stronghold, the right-wing victors considered moving the capital elsewhere (most notably to [[Seville]]), but such plans were never implemented. The [[Franco regime]] instead emphasized the city's history as the capital of formerly imperial Spain.{{Sfn|Faraldo|Rodríguez-López|2019|pp=107–124}}

The intense demographic growth experienced by Madrid via mass immigration from the rural areas of Spain led to the construction of abundant housing in the peripheral areas of Madrid to absorb the new population, initially comprising substandard housing. This increased wealth polarization in Madrid,{{Sfn|López Simón|2018|p=175}} with as many as 50,000 [[shack]]s scattered around Madrid by 1956.{{Sfn|López Simón|2018|p=175; 178}} A transitional planning intended to temporarily replace the shanty towns were the ''poblados de absorción'', introduced since the mid-1950s in locations such as [[Canillas (Madrid)|Canillas]], [[San Fermín (Madrid)|San Fermín]], Caño Roto, [[Villaverde (Madrid)|Villaverde]], {{ill|Pan Bendito|es}}, [[El Zofío|Zofío]] and [[Fuencarral]], aiming to work as a sort of "high-end" shacks (with the destinataries participating in the construction of their own housing) but under the aegis of a wider coordinated urban planning.{{Sfn|López Simón|2018|pp=179–180}}

Madrid grew through the annexation of neighboring municipalities, achieving the present extent of {{cvt|607|km2|2}}. The south of Madrid became heavily industrialized, and there was significant [[Human migration|immigration]] from rural areas of Spain. Madrid's newly built north-western districts became the home of a newly enriched middle class that appeared as result of the [[Spanish miracle|1960s Spanish economic boom]], while the south-eastern periphery became a large working-class area, which formed the base for active cultural and political movements.<ref name="History of Madrid 2"/>

===Recent history===

After the fall of the Francoist regime, the new [[Constitution of Spain|1978 constitution]] confirmed Madrid as the capital of Spain. The [[1979 Madrid City Council election|1979 municipal election]] brought Madrid's first democratically elected mayor since the Second Republic to power.

Madrid was the scene of some of the most important events of the time, such as the mass demonstrations of support for democracy after the failed coup, [[23-F]], on 23 February 1981. The first democratic mayors belonged to the centre-left [[PSOE]] ([[Enrique Tierno Galván]], [[Juan Barranco Gallardo]]). Since the late 1970s and through the 1980s Madrid became the center of the cultural movement known as ''[[Movida madrileña|la Movida]]''. Conversely, just like in the rest of the country, a [[Opioid epidemic|heroin crisis]] took a toll in the poor neighborhoods of Madrid in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jotdown.es/2018/10/quinquis-un-vistazo-rapido-a-las-barriadas-espanolas-de-los-ochenta/ |title=Quinquis: un vistazo rápido a las barriadas españolas de los 80 |first=Nacho |last=Carretero |date=October 2018 |website=Jot Down |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523201018/https://www.jotdown.es/2018/10/quinquis-un-vistazo-rapido-a-las-barriadas-espanolas-de-los-ochenta/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Puertadelsol2011.jpg|thumb|[[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|2011 Anti-austerity protests]] in the [[Puerta del Sol]]]]

Benefiting from increasing prosperity in the 1980s and 1990s, the capital city of Spain consolidated its position as an important economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological centre on the European continent.<ref name="History of Madrid 2"/> During the mandate as Mayor of [[José María Álvarez del Manzano]] construction of traffic tunnels below the city proliferated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2003/06/14/madrid/1055575350.html |title=Obras, túneles y casticismo |website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803143237/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2003/06/14/madrid/1055575350.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The following administrations, also conservative, led by [[Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón]] and [[Ana Botella]] launched three unsuccessful bids for the 2012, 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.libremercado.com/2013-09-09/el-sueno-olimpico-de-gallardon-y-botella-costo-2000-euros-a-cada-madrileno-1276498953/ |title=El sueño olímpico costó 2.000 euros a cada contribuyente madrileño |last=Llamas |first=Manuel |date=9 September 2013 |website=Libre Mercado |language=es |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206045732/https://www.libremercado.com/2013-09-09/el-sueno-olimpico-de-gallardon-y-botella-costo-2000-euros-a-cada-madrileno-1276498953/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Madrid was the leading European destination for migrants from [[developing countries]], as well as the largest employer of non-European workforce in Spain.{{Sfn|Masterson-Algar|2016|p=30}}

In the early years of the 21st century, Madrid experienced the increase of [[income inequality]] and [[Income segregation|socio-economic segregation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Intra-urban house prices in Madrid following the financial crisis: an exploration of spatial inequality|first1=Gladys Elizabeth|last1=Kenyon|first2=Dani|last2=Arribas-Bel|first3=Caitlin|last3=Robinson|first4=Olga|last4=Gkountouna|first5=Pelayo|last5=Arbués|first6=David|last6=Rey-Blanco|journal=npj Urban Sustainability|volume=4|year=2024|issue=1 |page=26 |doi=10.1038/s42949-024-00161-0|bibcode=2024npjUS...4...26K |doi-access=free}}</ref> Madrid was a centre of the [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|anti-austerity protests]] that erupted in Spain in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten years after Spain's indignados protests |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/05/06/ten-years-after-spains-indignados-protests |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=9 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225140/https://www.economist.com/europe/2021/05/06/ten-years-after-spains-indignados-protests |url-status=live }}</ref> As consequence of the spillover of the [[2008 financial crisis|2008 financial and mortgage crisis]], Madrid has been affected by the increasing number of second-hand homes held by banks and [[Eviction|house evictions]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Banca privada y vivienda usada en la ciudad de Madrid |issue=66 |first1=Víctor |last1=Jiménez Barrado |first2=José Manuel |url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/61030/1/Investigaciones_Geograficas_66_03.pdf |last2=Sánchez Martín |date=2016 |pages=43–58 |journal=Investigaciones Geográficas |issn=0213-4691 |doi=10.14198/INGEO2016.66.03 |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418092055/https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/61030/1/Investigaciones_Geograficas_66_03.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The mandate of left-wing Mayor [[Manuela Carmena]] (2015–2019) delivered the renaturalization of the course of the [[Manzanares River|Manzanares]] across the city.

Since the late 2010s, the challenges the city faces include the increasingly unaffordable rental prices (often in parallel with the [[gentrification]] and the spike of tourist apartments in the city centre) and the profusion of [[betting shop]]s in working-class areas, leading to an "epidemic" of gambling among young people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20190102/casa-apuestas-metros-juego-barrios-pobres-madrid/365213785_0.html |title=Una casa de apuestas cada 100 metros: el juego se ceba en barrios pobres de Madrid |date=2 January 2019 |website=El Español |language=es |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206042921/https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20190102/casa-apuestas-metros-juego-barrios-pobres-madrid/365213785_0.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=elpais />

==Geography==

=== Location ===

[[File:Madrid,_Spain_ESA24382842.jpeg|thumb|Madrid as seen by the [[Sentinel-2]] satellite, July 2022]]

Madrid lies in the centre of the Iberian peninsula on the southern [[Meseta Central]], 60&nbsp;km south of the [[Guadarrama mountain range]] and straddling the [[Jarama]] and [[Manzanares (river)|Manzanares]] river sub-drainage basins, in the wider [[Tagus River]] catchment area. With an average altitude of {{cvt|650|m}}, Madrid is the second highest capital of [[Europe]], after [[Andorra la Vella]].<ref>{{cite book |last=López |first=Enrique Ávila |year=2015 |title=Modern Spain |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1610696012 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjkVCwAAQBAJ&q=%22second+highest+capital+city%22+madrid+europe |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045500/https://books.google.com/books?id=zjkVCwAAQBAJ&q=%22second+highest+capital+city%22+madrid+europe |url-status=live }}</ref> The difference in altitude within the city proper ranges from the {{cvt|700|m|0}} around [[Plaza de Castilla]] in the north of city to the {{cvt|570|m|0}} around ''La China'' wastewater treatment plant on the Manzanares' riverbanks, near the latter's confluence with the Fuente Castellana [[thalweg]] in the south of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Rafael |last=Fraguas |journal=[[El País]] |title=Siete colinas bajo el asfalto |date=3 March 2007 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/03/04/madrid/1173011061_850215.html |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614141200/https://elpais.com/diario/2007/03/04/madrid/1173011061_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Monte de El Pardo]], a protected forested area covering over a quarter of the municipality, reaches its top altitude ({{cvt|843|m|0}}) on its perimeter, in the slopes surrounding {{ill|El Pardo reservoir|es|Embalse de El Pardo}} located at the north-western end of the municipality, in the [[Fuencarral-El Pardo]] district.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Estudio de la cartografía antigua de El Monte de El Pardo |last1=Gonzalo Muñoz |first1=A. |last2=González Doncel |first2=I. |publisher=Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales |___location=Plasencia |isbn=978-84-941695-2-6 |title=VII Congreso Forestal Español |date=14 September 2018 |page=1 |chapter-url=http://secforestales.org/publicaciones/index.php/congresos_forestales/article/view/19237/18954 |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702193633/http://secforestales.org/publicaciones/index.php/congresos_forestales/article/view/19237/18954 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The oldest urban core is located on the hills next to the left bank of the Manzanares River.<ref name=plangen /> Madrid grew to the east, reaching the {{ill|Fuente Castellana Creek|es|Arroyo de la Fuente Castellana}}, now the [[Paseo de la Castellana]], and further east reaching the {{ill|Abroñigal Creek|es|Arroyo Abroñigal}}, now the [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-30|M-30]].<ref name=plangen /> Madrid also grew through the annexation of neighbouring urban settlements,<ref name=plangen>{{Cite book |url=https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UrbanismoyVivienda/Urbanismo/PGOUM/Publicaciones/DocTexto/AV_DIAGNOSTICO_vol2.pdf |page=166 |title=Revisión del plan general. Memoria. Tomo III. Información urbanística. Diagnóstico de ciudad |volume=2 |date=15 November 2013 |publisher=[[Ayuntamiento de Madrid]] |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803130026/https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UrbanismoyVivienda/Urbanismo/PGOUM/Publicaciones/DocTexto/AV_DIAGNOSTICO_vol2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> including those to the South West on the right bank of the Manzanares.

=== Parks and forests ===

{{Main|List of Madrid parks}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| width = 220

| header =

| image1 = Principales parques de Madrid.svg

| caption1 = Main parks in the municipality

| image2 = El Retiro abrirá sus puertas a las 14.00 horas 01.jpg

| caption2 = [[Retiro Park]]

| image3 = Cuenca_del_río_Manzanares_Monte_del_Pardo_26.JPG

| caption3 = The [[Manzanares (river)|Manzanares]] flowing through the [[Monte de El Pardo]]

}}

Madrid has the second highest number of aligned trees in the world, with 248,000 units, only exceeded by Tokyo. Madrid's citizens have access to a green area within a 15-minute walk. Since 1997, green areas have increased by 16%. At present, 8.2% of Madrid's grounds are green areas, meaning that there are {{cvt|16|m2|0}} of green area per inhabitant, far exceeding the {{cvt|10|m2|0}} per inhabitant recommended by the World Health Organization.

A great bulk of the most important parks in Madrid are related to areas originally belonging to the royal assets (including El Pardo, Soto de Viñuelas, Casa de Campo, El Buen Retiro, la Florida and the [[Príncipe Pío (hill)|Príncipe Pío hill]], and the Queen's Casino).{{Sfn|Galiana Martín|1994|pp=46; 50}} The other main source for the "green" areas are the ''{{ill|bienes de propios|es}}'' owned by the municipality (including the Dehesa de la Villa, the Dehesa de Arganzuela or Viveros).{{Sfn|Galiana Martín|1994|p=50}}

[[Buen Retiro Park|El Retiro]] is the most visited ___location of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cope.es/actualidad/mas-madrid/noticias/retiro-cumple-150-anos-manos-del-pueblo-madrid-20181106_288555 |publisher=[[Cadena COPE]] |title=El Retiro cumple 150 años en manos del pueblo de Madrid |date=6 November 2018 |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116003540/https://www.cope.es/actualidad/mas-madrid/noticias/retiro-cumple-150-anos-manos-del-pueblo-madrid-20181106_288555 |url-status=live}}</ref> Having an area bigger than {{cvt|1.4|km2|1}} (350 acres), it is the largest park within the [[Almendra Central]], the inner part of the city enclosed by the M-30. Created during the reign of [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]] (17th century), it was handed over to the municipality in 1868, after the Glorious Revolution.{{Sfn|Galiana Martín|1994|p=48}}<ref>{{Cite journal |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |issn=1464-9365 |doi=10.1080/14649360701633212 |journal=Social & Cultural Geography |volume=8 |issue=5 |year=2007 |page=684 |last=Fraser |first=Benjamin |title=Madrid's Retiro Park as publicly-private space and the spatial problems of spatial theory |citeseerx=10.1.1.917.6601 |s2cid=73712370}}</ref> It lies next to the [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid|Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid]].

Located northwest of the city centre, the [[Parque del Oeste]] ("Park of the West") comprises part of the area of the former royal possession of the "Real Florida", and it features a slope as the height decreases down to the Manzanares.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valenzuela Rubio |first=Manuel |journal=Rutas de Butano |url=http://www.uam.es/gruposinv/urbytur/documentos/Valenzuela/LOSESPACIOSVERDES_1977.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916205039/http://www.uam.es/gruposinv/urbytur/documentos/Valenzuela/LOSESPACIOSVERDES_1977.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2019 |title=Aportaciones a una geografía del esparcimiento en Madrid: Los espacios verdes |___location=Madrid |publisher=[[Autonomous University of Madrid|Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Departamento de Geografía]] |year=1977 |issue=28 |pages=39–40}}</ref> Its southern extension includes the [[Temple of Debod]], a transported ancient Egyptian temple.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Remón Menéndez |first=Juan F. |year=1998 |title=Nature and the city: the Parque del Oeste and the expansion of nineteenth-century Madrid |journal=[[Urban History]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=210 |doi=10.1017/s0963926800000808 |s2cid=143812246 | issn=0963-9268}}</ref>

Other urban parks are the [[Parque de El Capricho]], the [[Parque Juan Carlos I]] (both in northeast Madrid), [[Madrid Río]], the {{ill|Enrique Tierno Galván Park|es|Parque de Enrique Tierno Galván}}, the {{ill|San Isidro Park|es|parque de San Isidro}} as well as gardens such as the [[Campo del Moro]] (opened to the public in 1978){{Sfn|Galiana Martín|1994|p=50}} and the [[Sabatini Gardens]] (opened to the public in 1931){{Sfn|Galiana Martín|1994|p=50}} adjacent to the Royal Palace.

Further west, across the Manzanares, lies the [[Casa de Campo]], a large forested area with more than {{nts|1700 hectares}} (6.6 sq mi) where the [[Zoo Aquarium de Madrid|Madrid Zoo]], and the [[Parque de Atracciones de Madrid]] amusement park are located. It was ceded to the municipality following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galiana Martín |year=1994 |first=Luis |title=Las propiedades territoriales de la Corona y su incidencia en el desarrollo urbano en Madrid |url=http://www.catastro.meh.es/documentos/publicaciones/ct/ct21/art5.pdf |publisher=Dirección General del Catastro |journal=CT: Catastro |issn=1138-3488 |issue=21<!-- |pages=45-53--> |page=50 |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161515/http://www.catastro.meh.es/documentos/publicaciones/ct/ct21/art5.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Monte de El Pardo]] is the largest forested area in the municipality. A [[Quercus rotundifolia|holm oak]] forest covering a surface over {{nts|16000}} hectares, it is considered the best preserved [[mediterranean forest]] in the Community of Madrid and one of the best preserved in Europe.<ref name=foresta /> Already mentioned in the [[Alfonso XI of Castile|Alfonso XI]]'s ''{{ill|Libro de la montería|es}}'' from the mid-14th century, its condition as hunting ___location linked to the Spanish monarchy help to preserve the environmental value.<ref name=foresta>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.redforesta.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ENP11-Monte-de-El-Pardo-un-monte-ligado-a-la-historia.pdf |issn=1575-2356 |journal=Foresta |pages=312–314 |issue=52 |title=Monte de El Pardo: Un monte ligado a la historia |first1=Francisco Javier |last1=Tomé |first2=Ángel |year=2011 |last2=Muñoz Rodríguez |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702033834/http://www.redforesta.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ENP11-Monte-de-El-Pardo-un-monte-ligado-a-la-historia.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> During the reign of Ferdinand VII the regime of hunting prohibition for the Monte de El Pardo became one of full property and the expropriation of all possessions within its bounds was enforced, with dire consequences for the madrilenians at the time.{{Sfn|Galiana Martín|1994|p=46}} It is designated as [[Special Protection Area]] for bird-life and it is also part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares.

Other large forested areas include the [[Soto de Viñuelas]], the {{ill|Dehesa de Valdelatas|es}} and the {{ill|Dehesa de la Villa|es}}. As of 2015, the most recent big park in the municipality is the Valdebebas Park. Covering a total area of {{cvt|4.7|km2}}, it is sub-divided in a {{cvt|3.4|km2}} forest park (the {{ill|Parque forestal de Valdebebas-Felipe VI|es}}), a {{cvt|0.8|km2}} periurban park as well as municipal garden centres and compost plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.abc.es/madrid/tops/20150326/abci-grandes-parques-madrid-201503251808_1.html |journal=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]] |title=Los grandes parques de Madrid que oxigenan la vida en la gran ciudad |date=26 March 2015 |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921152717/https://www.abc.es/madrid/tops/20150326/abci-grandes-parques-madrid-201503251808_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--

===Environment===

[[File:MADRID_051116_MXALX_041.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Retiro Park]]]]

Madrid is the European city with the highest number of trees and green surface per inhabitant and it has the second highest number of aligned trees in the world, with 248,000 units, only exceeded by Tokyo. Madrid's citizens have access to a green area within a 15-minute walk. Since 1997, green areas have increased by 16%. At present, 8.2% of Madrid's grounds are green areas, meaning that there are {{cvt|16|m²|0}} of green area per inhabitant, far exceeding the {{cvt|10|m²|0}} per inhabitant recommended by the World Health Organization.

[[File:Templo de Debod in Madrid.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Temple of Debod]], an ancient Egyptian temple dismantled and rebuilt in the [[Parque del Oeste]].]]

[[Buen Retiro Park]] (''Parque del Buen Retiro'', or simply ''Parque del Retiro''), formerly the grounds of the palace built for [[Philip IV of Spain]], is the largest park in central Madrid. Its area is more than {{cvt|1.4|km²|1}} (350 acres) and it is located very close to the [[Puerta de Alcalá]] and not far from the [[Prado Museum]]. The park is entirely surrounded by the present-day city. Its lake in the middle once staged mini naval sham battles to amuse royalty; these days the more tranquil pastime of pleasure boating is popular. Inspired by London's Crystal Palace, the [[Palacio de Cristal del Retiro|Palacio de Cristal]] can be found at the south-eastern end of the park.

In the Buen Retiro Park is also the [[Forest of the Departed]] (''Bosque de los Ausentes''), a memorial monument to commemorate the 191 victims of the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|11 March 2004 Madrid attacks]].

[[Madrid Atocha railway station|Atocha Railway Station]] (''Estación de Atocha'') is the city's first and most [[central station]], and is also home to a {{cvt|4,000|m2|0|abbr=off|adj=mid}} indoor garden, with more than 500 species of plant life and ponds with turtles and goldfish in.

[[File:Casa de Campo Lago y vista.jpg|thumb|[[Casa de Campo]] park]]

[[Casa de Campo]] is an enormous urban parkland to the west of the city, the largest in [[Spain]] and Madrid's main green lung. Its area is more than 1,700 hectares (6.6 sq mi). It is home to a fairground, the [[Zoo Aquarium de Madrid|Madrid Zoo]], an amusement park, the [[Parque de Atracciones de Madrid]], and an outdoor municipal pool, to enjoy a bird's eye view of the park and city take a cable car trip above the tree tops. Casa de Campo's vegetation is one of its most important features. There are, in fact, three different ecosystems: oak, pine and river groves. The oak is the dominant tree species in the area and, although many of them are over 100 years old and reach a great height, they are also present in the form of chaparral and bushes. The pine-forest ecosystem boasts many trees that have adapted perfectly to the light, dry conditions in the park. In addition, mushrooms often emerge after the first rains of autumn. Finally, the river groves, or riparian forests, are made up of various, mainly deciduous, species that grow in wetter areas. Examples include poplars, willows and alder trees. As regards fauna, this green space is home to approximately 133 vertebrate species.

The [[Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid|Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid]] (''Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid'') is an 8-hectare [[botanical garden]] located in the Plaza de Murillo, next to the [[Prado Museum]]. It was an 18th-century creation by [[Charles III of Spain|Carlos III]] and it was used as a base for the plant species being collected across the globe. There is an important research facility that started life as a base to develop [[herbalism|herbal remedies]] and to house the species collected from the new-world trips, today it is dedicated to maintaining Europe's ecosystem.

[[File:Campo del Moro (Madrid) 04.jpg|thumb|The Campo del Moro gardens near the Royal Palace]]

The [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Royal Palace]] (''Palacio Real'') is surrounded by three green areas. In front of the palace, are the gardens of the Plaza de Oriente; to the north, the gardens of Sabatini and to the west up to the Manzanares River, the famous Campo del Moro. [[Royal Palace of Madrid#Campo del Moro Gardens|Campo del Moro gardens]] has a surface area of 20 hectares and is a scenic garden with an unusual layout filled with foliage and an air of English romanticism. The [[Sabatini Gardens]] have a formal Neoclassic style, consisting of well-trimmed hedges, in symmetric geometrical patterns, adorned with a pool, statues and fountains, with trees also planted in a symmetrical geometric shape. [[Royal Palace of Madrid#Plaza de Oriente|Plaza de Oriente]] can distinguish three main plots: the Central Gardens, the Cabo Noval Gardens and the Lepanto Gardens. The Central Gardens are arranged around the central monument to Philip IV, in a grid, following the barroque model garden. They consist of seven flowerbeds, each packed with box hedges, forms of cypress, yew and magnolia of small size, and flower plantations, temporary. These are bounded on either side by rows of statues paths, popularly known as the Gothic kings, and mark the dividing line between the main body of the plaza and the Cabo Noval Gardens at north, and the Lepanto Gardens at south.

[[File:Cuenca del río Manzanares Monte del Pardo 03.jpg|thumb|The Manzanares flowing through the ''Monte de El Pardo''.]]

Mount of [[El Pardo]] (''Monte de El Pardo'') is a mediterranean forest inside the city of Madrid. It is one of the best preserved [[Mediterranean Forests]] in Europe. The European Union has designated the Monte de El Pardo as a [[Special Protection Area]] for bird-life. This meadow, which has been used as hunting grounds by the royalty given the variety of game animals that have inhabited it since the Middle Ages, is home to 120 flora species and 200 vertebrae species. Rabbits, red partridges, wild cats, stags, deer and wild boars live among ilexes, cork oaks, ash trees, black poplars, oaks, junipers and rockroses. Monte del Pardo is part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares, spreading out from the [[Guadarrama Mountains]] range to the centre of Madrid, and protected by strong legal regulations. Just before crossing the city, the [[River Manzanares]] forms a valley composed by sandy elements and detritus from the mountain range.

[[File:El Pardo mapa.png|thumb|Mount of [[El Pardo]] and [[Soto de Viñuelas]] inside the city of Madrid]]

[[Soto de Viñuelas]], also known as Mount Viñuelas, is a meadow-oak forest north of the city of Madrid and east of the Monte de El Pardo. It is a fenced property of about 3,000 hectares, which includes important ecological values, landscape and art. Soto de Viñuelas is part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares, a nature reserve which is recognised as a [[biosphere reserve]] by [[UNESCO]], where it has been classified as Area B, the legal instrument that allows agricultural land use. Soto de Viñuelas has also received the statement of Special Protection Area for Birds.

[[File:006998 - Madrid (8237883156).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Parque de El Capricho]] completed in 1815]]

El Capricho is a 14-hectare garden located in the area of [[Barajas (district)|Barajas]] district. It dates back to 1784. The art of landscaping in El Capricho is displayed in three different styles of classical gardenscapes: the "parterre" or French garden, English landscaping and the Italian giardino.

Madrid Río (Madrid River) is a linear park that runs along the bank of the Manzanares River, in the middle of Madrid. It is an area of parkland {{cvt|10|km|0|abbr=off}} long and covers 649 hectares in six districts: [[Moncloa-Aravaca]], [[Centro (Madrid)|Centro]], [[Arganzuela]], [[Latina]], [[Carabanchel]] and [[Usera]]. It is a large area of environmental, sporting, leisure and cultural interest. Madrid Río provides a link with other green spaces in the city such as [[Casa de Campo]] and the Linear Park of the Manzanares River. The main landscaped area in Madrid Río is the Arganzuela Park, covering 23 hectares where pedestrian and cycling routes cover the whole park. The Madrid Río cycling network covers some {{cvt|30|km|0}} and is linked to other bike routes. To the north, Madrid Rio connects to the Senda Real, the Green Ring for Cyclists and the E 7 (GR 10) trail, which goes as far as the [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] mountain range. To the south, Madrid Río provides access to the Enrique Tierno Galván Park and the Linear Park of the Manzanares River, an extensive green zone running parallel to the river as far as Getafe. As well as the cycle routes there are {{cvt|42|km|0}} of paths for walkers and runners. In the Salón de Pinos, a 6-kilometre long tree-lined promenade, there are circuits for aerobic and anaerobic exercise, while near the Puente de Praga bridge there is a tennis court and seven tennis courts.

The theme park Faunia is a [[natural history museum]] and [[zoo]] combined, aimed at being fun and educational for children. It comprises eight eco-systems from [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rain forests]] to [[polar region]]s, and contains over 1,500 animals, some of which roam freely within.

-->

===Climate===

{{Main|Climate of Madrid}}

[[File:(Castillejos) Vista de Madrid desde Plaza de Castilla 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Madrid during a [[rainstorm]] in spring]]

[[File:20210109 Royal Palace of Madrid after snowstorm.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Palace of Madrid]] under snow, which occurs sporadically in Madrid during winter]]

Madrid has a [[cold semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSk''), transitioning to a [[Mediterranean climate]] (Csa) in the western half.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología – AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/NT_37_AEMET |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906225847/https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/NT_37_AEMET |url-status=live }}</ref> Madrid's climate has continental influences.

Winters are cool due to its altitude, which is approximately {{cvt|667|m|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and distance from the moderating effect of the sea. While mostly sunny, rain, sporadic snowfalls and frequent frosts can occur between December and February with cooler temperatures particularly during the night and mornings as cold winds blow into Madrid from surrounding mountains. Summers are hot and sunny. In the warmest month, July, average daytime temperatures range from {{cvt|32|to|34|C}} depending on ___location, with maxima commonly climbing over {{cvt|35|C}} and occasionally up to 40&nbsp;°C during the frequent heat waves. Due to Madrid's altitude and dry climate, humidity is low. [[Diurnal temperature variation|Diurnal ranges]] are often significant, particularly on sunny winter days when the temperature rises in the afternoon before rapidly plummeting after nightfall. Madrid is among the sunniest capital cities in Europe.

The highest recorded temperature in central Madrid's Retiro Park was on 14 August 2021, with {{cvt|40.7|C}}. The lowest recorded temperature was on 16 January 1945 with {{cvt|−10.1|C}} in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Extreme values. Madrid, Retiro |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]] |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det&x=3195&m=13&v=todos |language=es |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204115322/http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det&x=3195&m=13&v=todos |url-status=live}}</ref> At the airport, on the eastern side of Madrid, the highest recorded temperature was on 14 August 2021, at {{cvt|42.7|C}}. The lowest recorded temperature was on 16 January 1945 at {{cvt|−15.2|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Extreme values. Madrid Airport |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3129&datos=det&x=3129&m=13&v=todos |language=es |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612062013/http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3129&datos=det&x=3129&m=13&v=todos |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Storm Filomena|From 7 to 9 January 2021]], Madrid received the most snow in its recorded history since 1904; Spain's meteorological agency [[AEMET]] reported between {{cvt|50|and|60|cm|in|0}} of accumulated snow in its [[weather station]]s within the city.<ref name="Pereda">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20210110/6179383/observatorios-madrid-registraron-espesores-nieve-50-60-cms.html |website=[[La Vanguardia]] |title=Observatorios de Madrid registraron espesores de nieve de entre 50 y 60 cms |first1=Olga |last1=Pereda |last2=Santos |first2=Pilar |date=10 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119101924/https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20210110/6179383/observatorios-madrid-registraron-espesores-nieve-50-60-cms.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is typically concentrated in the autumn, winter, and spring. It is particularly sparse during the summer, taking the form of about two showers and/or [[thunderstorm]]s during the season. Madrid is the [[Europe|European capital]] with the least amount of annual precipitation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032223/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koppen European Map |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[Köppen climate classification]] |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423074818/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the metropolitan scale, Madrid features both substantial daytime urban cool island and nighttime [[urban heat island]] effects during the summer season in relation to its surroundings, which feature thinly vegetated dry land.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2019 |pages=5–6 |journal=Environmental Research Communications |title=Urban heat island behaviors in dryland regions |first1=John M. |last1=Dialesandro |first2=Stephen M. |last2=Wheeler |first3=Yaser |last3=Abunnasr |volume=1 |issue=8 |doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ab37d0 |bibcode=2019ERCom...1h1005D |s2cid=201319597 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Weather box

| ___location = Madrid (667&nbsp;m), [[Buen Retiro Park]] in the city centre (1991–2020) Sunshine (1981–2010), extremes (1920-present)

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| Jan record high C = 19.9

| Feb record high C = 22.0

| Mar record high C = 26.7

| Apr record high C = 30.9

| May record high C = 35.5

| Jun record high C = 40.7

| Jul record high C = 40.7

| Aug record high C = 40.7

| Sep record high C = 38.9

| Oct record high C = 30.1

| Nov record high C = 22.7

| Dec record high C = 18.6

| year record high C = 40.7

| Jan high C = 10.0

| Feb high C = 12.2

| Mar high C = 16.2

| Apr high C = 18.9

| May high C = 23.2

| Jun high C = 28.9

| Jul high C = 32.8

| Aug high C = 32.0

| Sep high C = 26.5

| Oct high C = 19.7

| Nov high C = 13.5

| Dec high C = 10.3

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 6.5

| Feb mean C = 8.0

| Mar mean C = 11.3

| Apr mean C = 13.6

| May mean C = 17.5

| Jun mean C = 22.8

| Jul mean C = 26.2

| Aug mean C = 25.7

| Sep mean C = 21.0

| Oct mean C = 15.4

| Nov mean C = 10.0

| Dec mean C = 7.0

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 3.0

| Feb low C = 3.7

| Mar low C = 6.3

| Apr low C = 8.2

| May low C = 11.9

| Jun low C = 16.5

| Jul low C = 19.5

| Aug low C = 19.3

| Sep low C = 15.5

| Oct low C = 11.1

| Nov low C = 6.4

| Dec low C = 3.7

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -10.1

| Feb record low C = -9.1

| Mar record low C = -5.1

| Apr record low C = -1.6

| May record low C = 0.6

| Jun record low C = 4.4

| Jul record low C = 8.5

| Aug record low C = 9.2

| Sep record low C = 4.0

| Oct record low C = -0.4

| Nov record low C = -3.4

| Dec record low C = -9.2

| year record low C = -10.1

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 32.0

| Feb precipitation mm = 34.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 35.0

| Apr precipitation mm = 46.0

| May precipitation mm = 48.0

| Jun precipitation mm = 20.0

| Jul precipitation mm = 9.0

| Aug precipitation mm = 10.0

| Sep precipitation mm = 24.0

| Oct precipitation mm = 64.0

| Nov precipitation mm = 52.0

| Dec precipitation mm = 42.0

| year precipitation mm =

| Jan precipitation days = 5.5

| Feb precipitation days = 5.1

| Mar precipitation days = 5.4

| Apr precipitation days = 6.7

| May precipitation days = 6.8

| Jun precipitation days = 3.3

| Jul precipitation days = 1.5

| Aug precipitation days = 1.5

| Sep precipitation days = 3.5

| Oct precipitation days = 7.2

| Nov precipitation days = 6.7

| Dec precipitation days = 5.9

| year precipitation days =

| unit precipitation days = 1&nbsp;mm

| daily = Y

| Jan humidity = 72.0

| Feb humidity = 64.0

| Mar humidity = 57.0

| Apr humidity = 56.0

| May humidity = 54.0

| Jun humidity = 45.0

| Jul humidity = 39.0

| Aug humidity = 42.0

| Sep humidity = 51.0

| Oct humidity = 66.0

| Nov humidity = 72.0

| Dec humidity = 75.0

| year humidity =

| Jan sun = 149

| Feb sun = 158

| Mar sun = 211

| Apr sun = 230

| May sun = 268

| Jun sun = 315

| Jul sun = 355

| Aug sun = 332

| Sep sun = 259

| Oct sun = 199

| Nov sun = 144

| Dec sun = 124

| year sun = 2744

| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref name="AEMET OpenData">{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData|title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia|access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det|title=Extremos Climatológicos. Madrid, Retiro|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218043605/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det|url-status=live}}</ref>

| date = December 2023

| source =

}}

{{Weather box

| ___location = Madrid [[Cuatro Vientos]] (1991–2020), extremes (1945-present)

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed = yes

| Jan record high C = 20.6

| Feb record high C = 23.0

| Mar record high C = 27.0

| Apr record high C = 31.8

| May record high C = 36.0

| Jun record high C = 40.5

| Jul record high C = 41.5

| Aug record high C = 42.2

| Sep record high C = 39.5

| Oct record high C = 32.2

| Nov record high C = 24.2

| Dec record high C = 19.6

| year record high C =

| Jan high C = 10.7

| Feb high C = 12.8

| Mar high C = 16.5

| Apr high C = 19.1

| May high C = 23.7

| Jun high C = 29.6

| Jul high C = 33.4

| Aug high C = 32.8

| Sep high C = 27.5

| Oct high C = 20.8

| Nov high C = 14.4

| Dec high C = 11.1

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 6.4

| Feb mean C = 7.8

| Mar mean C = 10.9

| Apr mean C = 13.2

| May mean C = 17.4

| Jun mean C = 22.7

| Jul mean C = 26.1

| Aug mean C = 25.7

| Sep mean C = 21.1

| Oct mean C = 15.6

| Nov mean C = 10.0

| Dec mean C = 7.0

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 2.0

| Feb low C = 2.7

| Mar low C = 5.3

| Apr low C = 7.4

| May low C = 11.1

| Jun low C = 15.8

| Jul low C = 18.8

| Aug low C = 18.6

| Sep low C = 14.7

| Oct low C = 10.3

| Nov low C = 5.5

| Dec low C = 2.8

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -13.0

| Feb record low C = -11.4

| Mar record low C = -5.6

| Apr record low C = -4.0

| May record low C = -1.2

| Jun record low C = 1.5

| Jul record low C = 5.0

| Aug record low C = 4.0

| Sep record low C = 2.0

| Oct record low C = -1.5

| Nov record low C = -4.0

| Dec record low C = -10.3

| year record low C =

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 33.3

| Feb precipitation mm = 35.4

| Mar precipitation mm = 34.7

| Apr precipitation mm = 44.2

| May precipitation mm = 44.0

| Jun precipitation mm = 19.4

| Jul precipitation mm = 8.4

| Aug precipitation mm = 10.8

| Sep precipitation mm = 25.7

| Oct precipitation mm = 62.2

| Nov precipitation mm = 51.5

| Dec precipitation mm = 42.5

| year precipitation mm =

| Jan precipitation days = 5.4

| Feb precipitation days = 5.2

| Mar precipitation days = 5.4

| Apr precipitation days = 6.8

| May precipitation days = 6.3

| Jun precipitation days = 2.8

| Jul precipitation days = 1.4

| Aug precipitation days = 1.4

| Sep precipitation days = 3.5

| Oct precipitation days = 7.1

| Nov precipitation days = 6.5

| Dec precipitation days = 5.9

| year precipitation days =

| unit precipitation days = 1 mm

| Jan humidity = 74

| Feb humidity = 65

| Mar humidity = 58

| Apr humidity = 56

| May humidity = 51

| Jun humidity = 41

| Jul humidity = 35

| Aug humidity = 38

| Sep humidity = 49

| Oct humidity = 65

| Nov humidity = 73

| Dec humidity = 76

| year humidity =

| Jan sun = 161

| Feb sun = 184

| Mar sun = 220

| Apr sun = 246

| May sun = 295

| Jun sun = 333

| Jul sun = 372

| Aug sun = 344

| Sep sun = 258

| Oct sun = 208

| Nov sun = 165

| Dec sun = 146

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 53

| Feb percentsun = 61

| Mar percentsun = 59

| Apr percentsun = 62

| May percentsun = 66

| Jun percentsun = 74

| Jul percentsun = 81

| Aug percentsun = 81

| Sep percentsun = 68

| Oct percentsun = 60

| Nov percentsun = 55

| Dec percentsun = 51

| year percentsun =

| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref name="AEMET OpenData">{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData|title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia|access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=mad&l=3196&datos=det|title=Extremos Climatológicos. Madrid, Cuatro Vientos|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218043605/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det|url-status=live}}</ref>

| date = December 2023

| source =

}}

{{Weather box

| ___location = Madrid [[Madrid–Barajas Airport|Barajas Airport]] (1991–2020), extremes (1945-present)

| metric first = Y

| single line = Y

| collapsed = yes

| Jan record high C = 20.9

| Feb record high C = 24.5

| Mar record high C = 27.1

| Apr record high C = 32.5

| May record high C = 36.5

| Jun record high C = 41.2

| Jul record high C = 42.2

| Aug record high C = 42.7

| Sep record high C = 40.2

| Oct record high C = 33.2

| Nov record high C = 24.7

| Dec record high C = 21.3

| year record high C =

| Jan high C = 11.0

| Feb high C = 13.2

| Mar high C = 16.9

| Apr high C = 19.4

| May high C = 24.0

| Jun high C = 30.1

| Jul high C = 33.9

| Aug high C = 33.3

| Sep high C = 27.9

| Oct high C = 21.3

| Nov high C = 14.8

| Dec high C = 11.3

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 5.8

| Feb mean C = 7.2

| Mar mean C = 10.4

| Apr mean C = 12.9

| May mean C = 17.0

| Jun mean C = 22.3

| Jul mean C = 25.6

| Aug mean C = 25.3

| Sep mean C = 20.6

| Oct mean C = 15.2

| Nov mean C = 9.6

| Dec mean C = 6.4

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 0.6

| Feb low C = 1.2

| Mar low C = 3.8

| Apr low C = 6.3

| May low C = 10.0

| Jun low C = 14.5

| Jul low C = 17.3

| Aug low C = 17.2

| Sep low C = 13.3

| Oct low C = 9.1

| Nov low C = 4.3

| Dec low C = 1.4

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -15.2

| Feb record low C = -14.8

| Mar record low C = -6.6

| Apr record low C = -4.0

| May record low C = -0.5

| Jun record low C = 3.9

| Jul record low C = 7.0

| Aug record low C = 7.4

| Sep record low C = 1.9

| Oct record low C = -2.4

| Nov record low C = -7.4

| Dec record low C = -10.5

| year record low C =

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 28.1

| Feb precipitation mm = 29.5

| Mar precipitation mm = 32.5

| Apr precipitation mm = 39.1

| May precipitation mm = 40.8

| Jun precipitation mm = 20.3

| Jul precipitation mm = 9.1

| Aug precipitation mm = 10.0

| Sep precipitation mm = 25.4

| Oct precipitation mm = 57.1

| Nov precipitation mm = 47.3

| Dec precipitation mm = 34.3

| year precipitation mm =

| Jan precipitation days = 5.2

| Feb precipitation days = 4.2

| Mar precipitation days = 4.8

| Apr precipitation days = 6.4

| May precipitation days = 6.1

| Jun precipitation days = 3.3

| Jul precipitation days = 1.3

| Aug precipitation days = 1.4

| Sep precipitation days = 2.9

| Oct precipitation days = 6.9

| Nov precipitation days = 6.3

| Dec precipitation days = 5.5

| year precipitation days =

| unit precipitation days = 1 mm

| Jan humidity = 73

| Feb humidity = 65

| Mar humidity = 58

| Apr humidity = 55

| May humidity = 50

| Jun humidity = 39

| Jul humidity = 32

| Aug humidity = 34

| Sep humidity = 45

| Oct humidity = 62

| Nov humidity = 71

| Dec humidity = 76

| year humidity =

| Jan sun = 152

| Feb sun = 175

| Mar sun = 223

| Apr sun = 234

| May sun = 273

| Jun sun = 324

| Jul sun = 372

| Aug sun = 341

| Sep sun = 264

| Oct sun = 205

| Nov sun = 153

| Dec sun = 136

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 50

| Feb percentsun = 58

| Mar percentsun = 60

| Apr percentsun = 58

| May percentsun = 61

| Jun percentsun = 72

| Jul percentsun = 81

| Aug percentsun = 80

| Sep percentsun = 70

| Oct percentsun = 59

| Nov percentsun = 51

| Dec percentsun = 47

| year percentsun =

| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref name="AEMET OpenData">{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData|title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia|access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=mad&l=3129&datos=det|title=Extremos Climatológicos. Madrid, Aeropuerto|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218043605/https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det|url-status=live}}</ref>

| date = December 2023

| source =

}}

===Water supply===

[[File:Comienza la restauración del Viaje de Agua de Amaniel para permitir visitas didácticas 04.jpg|thumb|A Viaje de Amaniel]]

In the 17th century, the ''viajes de agua'' (a kind of water channel or ''[[qanat]]'') were used to provide water to the city. Some of the most important ones were the {{ill|Viaje de Amaniel|es|Viaje de Amaniel}} (1610–1621, sponsored by the Crown), the {{ill|Viaje de Fuente Castellana|es|Viaje de la Castellana}} (1613–1620) and {{ill|Abroñigal Alto|es|Abroñigal Alto}}/{{ill|Abroñigal Bajo|es|Bajo Abroñigal}} (1617–1630), sponsored by the City Council. They were the main infrastructure for the supply of water until the arrival of the [[Canal de Isabel II]] in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM010691.pdf |chapter=Introducción |publisher=Fundación Canal |___location=Madrid |first=Virgilio |last=Pinto Crespo |pages=7–9 |isbn=978-84-932119-6-7 |title=Los viajes de agua de Madrid durante el antiguo régimen |year=2010 |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803140332/http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM010691.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Madrid derives almost 73.5 percent of its [[water supply]] from dams and reservoirs built on the [[Lozoya (river)|Lozoya River]], such as the [[El Atazar Dam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historialia.com/detalle/243/presa-de-el-atazar-madrid |title=HISTORIALIA – Presa de El Atazar. Madrid |work=historialia.com |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110555/http://www.historialia.com/detalle/243/presa-de-el-atazar-madrid |url-status=live}}</ref> This water supply is managed by the Canal de Isabel II, a public entity created in 1851. It is responsible for the supply, depurating waste water and the conservation of all the natural water resources of the Madrid region.

==Demographics==

{{Main|Demographics of Madrid}}

[[File:Community of Madrid population pyramid in 2022.svg|thumb|[[Community of Madrid]] population pyramid in 2022]]

Madrid's population has increased since it became the capital of Spain in the mid-sixteenth century, and has stabilised at approximately 3,000,000 since the 1970s.

From 1970 until the mid-1990s, the population dropped. This phenomenon, which also affected other European cities, was caused in part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown region within the city proper.

The [[Population growth|demographic boom]] accelerated in the late-1990s and early first decade of the 21st century due to [[immigration]] in parallel with a surge in Spanish [[economic growth]].

The wider Madrid region is the EU region with the highest average life expectancy at birth. The average life expectancy was 82.2 years for males and 87.8 for females in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |title=Population statistics at regional level – Statistics Explained |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012838/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Population_statistics_at_regional_level |url-status=live}}</ref>

As the capital city of Spain, the city has attracted many immigrants from around the world, with most of the immigrants coming from [[Latin America]]n countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telemadrid.es/noticias/madrid/Crece-poblacion-extranjera-Madrid-llegar-0-2038596138--20180810061051.html |publisher=[[Telemadrid]] |title=Crece un 6% la población extranjera en Madrid hasta llegar al 21,5% |date=10 August 2018 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707041807/http://www.telemadrid.es/noticias/madrid/Crece-poblacion-extranjera-Madrid-llegar-0-2038596138--20180810061051.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, around 76% of the registered population was Spain-born,<ref name=foreignborn /> while, regarding the foreign-born population (24%),<ref name=foreignborn>{{Cite web |url=https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCEstadistica/Nuevaweb/Demograf%C3%ADa%20y%20poblaci%C3%B3n/Poblaci%C3%B3n%20extranjera/Nacimiento/Poblaci%C3%B3n%20a%201%20de%20enero/C4120320.xlsx |format=[[xlsx|.xslx]] |access-date=7 July 2020 |publisher=[[Ayuntamiento de Madrid]] |title=Población por País de nacimiento |archive-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707083600/https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCEstadistica/Nuevaweb/Demograf%C3%ADa%20y%20poblaci%C3%B3n/Poblaci%C3%B3n%20extranjera/Nacimiento/Poblaci%C3%B3n%20a%201%20de%20enero/C4120320.xlsx |url-status=live}}</ref> the bulk of it relates to [[Americas|the Americas]] (around 16% of the total population), and a lesser fraction of the population is born in other [[Europe]]an, [[Asia]]n and [[Africa]]n countries.

As of 2019, the fastest-growing group of immigrants were [[Venezuelans in Spain|Venezuelans]], who consisted of a population of 60,000 in Madrid alone. This made them the second-largest community of foreign origin at the time after [[Ecuadorians in Spain|Ecuadorians]], with a population of 88,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/madrid/abci-exodo-venezolano-empuja-madrid-record-historico-poblacion-extranjera-201904170054_noticia.html |website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]] |title=El éxodo venezolano empuja a Madrid a su récord histórico de población extranjera |date=17 April 2019 |first=Luis |last=Cano |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023947/https://www.abc.es/espana/madrid/abci-exodo-venezolano-empuja-madrid-record-historico-poblacion-extranjera-201904170054_noticia.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Regarding religious beliefs, according to a 2019 [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]] (CIS) survey with a sample size of 469 respondents, 20.7% of respondents in Madrid identify themselves as practising [[Catholic]]s, 45.8% as non-practising Catholics, 3.8% as believers of another religion, 11.1% as [[Agnosticism|agnostics]], 3.6% as indifferent towards religion, and 12.8% as [[Atheism|atheists]]. The remaining 2.1% did not state their religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3253marMT_MMadrid_A.pdf |title=Postelectoral Elecciones Autonómicas y municipales 2019. Madrid (Municipio de) |author=CIS |date=July 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707021805/http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3253marMT_MMadrid_A.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Madrid metropolitan area comprises Madrid and the surrounding municipalities. According to [[Eurostat]], the "metropolitan region" of Madrid has a population of slightly more than 6.271&nbsp;million people<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |title=Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924142951/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> covering an area of {{cvt|4609.7|km2|0|abbr=out}}. It is the largest in Spain and the [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe by population|second largest in the European Union]].<ref name="demographia"/><ref name="citypopulation.de"/><ref name="un.org"/>

==Government==

{{Main|City Council of Madrid}}

{{See also|List of mayors of Madrid}}

=== Local government and administration ===

{{Main|City Council of Madrid}}

{{multiple image

| direction = vertical

| width = 220

| header =

| image1 = Palacio de Comunicaciones - 47.jpg

| alt1 =

| caption1 = The façade of the city hall

| image2 = El Ayuntamiento izará un estandarte a favor de la accesibilidad universal como símbolo de la reivindicación de este derecho 01.jpg

| alt2 =

| caption2 = A plenary session of the city council

}}

The City Council (''Ayuntamiento de Madrid'') is the body responsible for the government and administration of the municipality. It is formed by the Plenary (''Pleno''), the Mayor (''alcalde'') and the Government Board (''Junta de Gobierno de la Ciudad de Madrid'').

The Plenary of the Ayuntamiento is the body of [[representation (politics)|political representation]] of the citizens in the [[Local government|municipal government]]. Its 57 members are elected for a 4-year mandate. Some of its attributions are: fiscal matters, the election and deposition of the mayor, the approval and modification of decrees and regulations, the approval of budgets, the agreements related to the limits and alteration of the municipal term, the services management, the participation in supramunicipal organisations, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.5fbdbaf471a1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=da51a5a66b2ce010VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=f4ea39b48936c010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |title=Pleno de Madrid (Spanish Only) |language=es |publisher=Munimadrid.es |access-date=13 April 2010 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624043741/https://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.5fbdbaf471a1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=da51a5a66b2ce010VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=f4ea39b48936c010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD |url-status=live}}</ref>

The mayor, the supreme representative of the city, presides over the [[Ayuntamiento (Spain)|''Ayuntamiento'']]. He is charged with giving impetus to the municipal policies, managing the action of the rest of bodies and directing the executive municipal administration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2006/BOE-A-2006-12057-consolidado.pdf |page=13 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] |title=Ley 22/2006, de 4 de julio, de Capitalidad y de Régimen Especial de Madrid |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828142801/https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2006/BOE-A-2006-12057-consolidado.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> He is responsible to the ''Pleno''. He is also entitled to preside over the meetings of the ''Pleno'', although this responsibility can be delegated to another municipal councillor. [[José Luis Martínez-Almeida]], a member of the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]], has served as mayor since 2019.

The Government Board consists of the mayor, deputy mayors and a number of delegates assuming the portfolios for the different government areas. All those positions are held by municipal councillors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Gobierno-y-Administracion/Junta-de-Gobierno-de-la-Ciudad-de-Madrid/Junta-de-Gobierno-de-la-Ciudad-de-Madrid?vgnextfmt=especial3&vgnextoid=f22aad613938d010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=18b9e3d5d3e07010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD |title=Local Government Organization (Spanish Only) |language=es |publisher=Munimadrid.es |access-date=13 April 2010 |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105072638/http://www.munimadrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Gobierno-y-Administracion/Junta-de-Gobierno-de-la-Ciudad-de-Madrid/Junta-de-Gobierno-de-la-Ciudad-de-Madrid?vgnextfmt=especial3&vgnextoid=f22aad613938d010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=18b9e3d5d3e07010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 2007, the [[Cybele Palace]] (or Palace of Communications) serves as [[City Hall]].

=== Capital of Spain ===

[[File:Moncloa_011_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Moncloa Palace]], seat of the [[Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Government of Spain]]]]

Madrid is the capital of Spain. The [[King of Spain]], the country's head of state, has his official residence in the [[Palace of Zarzuela|Zarzuela Palace]]. As the seat of the [[Government of Spain]], Madrid houses the official residence of the [[Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Government]] (Prime Minister) and regular meeting place of the [[Council of Ministers (Spain)|Council of Ministers]], the [[Palace of Moncloa|Moncloa Palace]], and the headquarters of the ministerial departments.

Both the residences of the head of state and government are located in the northwest of Madrid. The seats of the Lower and Upper Chambers of the Spanish Parliament, the Cortes Generales (respectively, the [[Palacio de las Cortes]] and the [[Palacio del Senado]]), are in Madrid.

=== Regional capital ===

Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid. The region has its own legislature and enjoys a wide range of competencies in areas such as social spending, healthcare, and education. The seat of the regional parliament, the [[Assembly of Madrid]], is located at the district of [[Puente de Vallecas]]. The [[President of the Community of Madrid|presidency of the regional government]] is headquartered at the [[Royal House of the Post Office]] at the very centre of the city, the [[Puerta del Sol]].

=== Law enforcement ===

[[File:Manuela Carmena y Javier Barbero reciben a la nueva promoción de Policía Municipal 04.jpg|thumb|right|Municipal police agents from the 2018 promotion]]

The [[Policía Municipal de Madrid|Madrid Municipal Police]] (''Policía Municipal de Madrid'') is the local law enforcement body, dependent on the ''Ayuntamiento''. In 2018, it had a workforce of {{nts|6190}} civil servants.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2018/12/17/madrid/1545065803_934602.html |newspaper=[[El País]] |date=18 December 2018 |title=618 policías de la capital se podrán jubilar por un cambio en la ley |first=Francisco Javier |last=Barroso |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201133323/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2018/12/17/madrid/1545065803_934602.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The headquarters of both the [[Directorate-General of the Police]] and the [[Directorate-General of the Civil Guard]] are located in Madrid. The headquarters of the Higher Office of Police of Madrid (''Jefatura Superior de Policía de Madrid''), the peripheral branch of the [[Cuerpo Nacional de Policía|National Police Corps]] with jurisdiction over the region also lies in Madrid.

=== Administrative subdivisions ===

| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:Coat of Arms of the Municipality of Madrid.png|135px|]]

{{Main|Districts of Madrid|List of wards of Madrid}}

Madrid is administratively divided into 21 districts, which are further subdivided into 131 neighbourhoods (''barrios''):

{|class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:90%;"

|-

!District ||Population (1 Jan 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://portalestadistico.com/municipioencifras/?pn=madrid&pc=ZTV21&idp=35&idpl=1329&idioma= |publisher=[[Ayuntamiento de Madrid]] |website=Nuestra ciudad en cifras |title=El municipio en cifras |access-date=18 September 2024 }}</ref> ||Area ([[Hectare|ha]])

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|General Information

|-

|[[Centro (Madrid)|Centro]] ||align=right| {{nts|138204}} || align = "right" | {{nts|522.82}}

| [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]:

| [[Madrid (autonomous community)|Madrid]]

|-

|[[Arganzuela]] ||align=right| {{nts|153304}} || align = "right" | {{nts|646.22}}

| [[Province]]:

| Madrid

|-

|[[Retiro (Madrid)|Retiro]] ||align=right| {{nts|117918}} || align = "right" | {{nts|546.62}}

| [[Postal code]]:

| 28001-28080

|-

|[[Salamanca (Madrid)|Salamanca]] ||align=right| {{nts|145702}} || align = "right" | {{nts|539.24}}

| [[Area code]]:

| 34 (Spain) + 91 (Madrid)

|-

|[[Chamartín (Madrid)|Chamartín]] ||align=right| {{nts|144796}} || align = "right" | {{nts|917.55}}

| Homepage:

| [http://www.munimadrid.es/ www.munimadrid.es]

|-

|[[Tetuán (Madrid)|Tetuán]] ||align=right| {{nts|160002}} || align = "right" | {{nts|537.47}}

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|Flag of Madrid

|-

|[[Chamberí]] ||align=right| {{nts|138204}} || align = "right" | {{nts|467.92}}

| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:Bandera de Madrid.png||200px|[[Flag]] of the city of Madrid]]

|-

|[[Fuencarral-El Pardo]] ||align=right| {{nts|248443}} || align = "right" | {{nts|23783.84}}

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|Map: Madrid in the community

|-

|[[Moncloa-Aravaca]] ||align=right| {{nts|121757}} || align = "right" | {{nts|4653.11}}

| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:España - Comunidad de Madrid - Madrid - Madrid.png|Map of Madrid]]

|-

|[[Latina (Madrid)|Latina]] ||align=right| {{nts|241672}} || align = "right" | {{nts|2542.72}}

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|Politics

|-

|[[Carabanchel]] ||align=right| {{nts|262339}} || align = "right" | {{nts|1404.83}}

| [[Mayor]]

| [[Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón]] ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])

|-

|[[Usera]] ||align=right| {{nts|142746}} || align = "right" | {{nts|777.77}}

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|Population

|-

|[[Puente de Vallecas]] ||align=right| {{nts|241603}} || align = "right" | {{nts|1496.86}}

| valign="top" | [[Population]]:

| 3,155,359 <small> ''(2005)''</small> <br />''5,843,041 including suburbs''

|-

|[[Moratalaz]] ||align=right| {{nts|92814}} || align = "right" | {{nts|610.32}}

| - rank in Spain:

| 1

|-

|[[Ciudad Lineal]] ||align=right| {{nts|220345}} || align = "right" | {{nts|1142.57}}

| [[Population density]]:

| 5,198/km²

|-

|[[Hortaleza]] ||align=right| {{nts|198391}} || align = "right" | {{nts|2741.98}}

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|Geography

|-

|[[Villaverde (Madrid)|Villaverde]] ||align=right| {{nts|159038}} || align = "right" | {{nts|2018.76}}

| [[Area]]:

| 607 [[Square kilometre|km²]]

|-

|[[Villa de Vallecas]] ||align=right| {{nts|117501}} || align = "right" | {{nts|5146.72}}

| valign="top" | [[Geographic coordinate system|Location]]:

| <nowiki>40,43° </nowiki> n. <br /><nowiki>3,69°</nowiki> w.

|-

|[[Vicálvaro]] ||align=right| {{nts|83804}} || align = "right" | {{nts|3526.67}}

| [[Altitude]]

| 667 [[meter|m]]

|-

|[[San Blas-Canillejas]] ||align=right| {{nts|161219}} || align = "right" | {{nts|2229.24}}

! colspan="2" style="background:#EFEFEF"|Administrative Structure

|-

|[[Barajas (district)|Barajas]] ||align=right| {{nts|48646}} || align = "right" | {{nts|4192.28}}

| valign="top" | [[Districts]]:

| 21

|-

| Barrios:

| 127

|-

|'''Total''' ||align=right| {{nts|3339931}} || align = "right" | {{nts|60445.51}}

|}

<div style="position: relative; font-size:85%">

'''Madrid''' is the [[capital]] and the largest in [[Spain]], as well as in the [[Madrid (province)|province]] and the [[Madrid (autonomous community)|autonomous community]] of the same name. It is located on the river [[Manzanares]] in the center of the country. Due to its geographical ___location and history, Madrid has been considered the main [[finance|financial]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and the political center of Spain.

{{Image label begin|image=Madrid. Distritos.svg|width=500|float=none}}

{{Image label small|x=0.942|y=1.57|scale=250|text='''[[Centro (Madrid)|Centro]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.942|y=1.7|scale=250|text='''[[Arganzuela]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.1|y=1.61|scale=250|text='''[[Retiro (Madrid)|Retiro]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.05|y=1.48|scale=250|text='''[[Salamanca (Madrid)|Salamanca]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.05|y=1.26|scale=250|text='''[[Chamartín (Madrid)|Chamartín]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.95|y=1.30|scale=250|text='''[[Tetuán (Madrid)|Tetuán]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.93|y=1.42|scale=250|text='''[[Chamberí]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.60|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[Fuencarral-El Pardo]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.59|y=1.44|scale=250|text='''[[Moncloa-Aravaca]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.58|y=1.79|scale=250|text='''[[Latina (Madrid)|Latina]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.73|y=1.80|scale=250|text='''[[Carabanchel]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.96|y=1.85|scale=250|text='''[[Usera]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.11|y=1.79|scale=250|text='''[[Puente de Vallecas]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.25|y=1.63|scale=250|text='''[[Moratalaz]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.18|y=1.4|scale=250|text='''[[Ciudad Lineal]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.26|y=1.09|scale=250|text='''[[Hortaleza]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=0.95|y=2.07|scale=250|text='''[[Villaverde (Madrid)|Villaverde]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.32|y=2.02|scale=250|text='''[[Villa de Vallecas]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.61|y=1.72|scale=250|text='''[[Vicálvaro]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.37|y=1.48|scale=250|text='''[[San Blas (Madrid)|San Blas-Canillejas]]'''}}

{{Image label small|x=1.63|y=1.15|scale=250|text='''[[Barajas (district)|Barajas]]'''}}

{{Image label end}}

</div>

{{clear}}

==Economy==

As the former capital of the old [[Spanish Empire]] Madrid has been bestowed with a degree of cultural predominance. Cool museums such as [[Museo del Prado]], the [[Museo Reina Sofia]], and the [[Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza]] are major tourist attractions in the city. Other cultural highlights include the [[Royal Palace of Madrid]] and the nearby royal monastery of [[San Lorenzo de El Escorial]].

{{main|Economy of Madrid}}

[[File:Interior del Palacio de la Bolsa, Madrid, España, 2017 29.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolsa de Madrid|Madrid Stock Exchange]]]]

After it became the capital of Spain in the 16th century, Madrid was more a centre of [[consumption (economics)|consumption]] than of production or trade. Economic activity was largely devoted to supplying the city's own rapidly growing population, including the royal household and national government, and to such trades as [[bank]]ing and [[publishing]].

A large [[industrial sector]] did not develop until the 20th century, but thereafter industry greatly expanded and diversified, making Madrid the second industrial city in Spain. However, the economy of the city is now becoming more and more dominated by the [[tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]]. A major European financial center, its stock market is the third largest stock market in Europe featuring both the [[IBEX 35]] index and the attached {{ill|Latibex|es}} stock market (with the second most important index for [[Latin America]]n companies).{{Sfn|Moreno-Fernández|2020|p=45}}

The population of the city was 3.228 million (July 2005), while the estimated urban area population is 5.078 million. The entire population of the Madrid [[metropolitan area]] (urban area and suburbs) is calculated to be 5.843 million. The city spans a total of 607 km² (378 square miles).

Madrid is the 5th most important leading Centre of Commerce in Europe (after London, Paris, Frankfurt and Amsterdam) and ranks 11th in the world.<ref name="mastercard.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index |access-date=3 September 2012 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the leading Spanish-speaking city in terms of webpage creation.{{Sfn|Moreno-Fernández|2020|p=45}}

Following the restoration of democracy in 1975 and the integration to the [[European Union]], Madrid has experienced an increasing role in [[Europe|European finances]] making it one of the most important Southern European cities. The residents of Madrid are called ''madrileños'', and the current [[mayor]] is [[Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón]] of the conservative [[Partido Popular]].

===Economic history===

==History==

As the capital city of the [[Spanish Empire]] from 1561, Madrid's population grew rapidly. Administration, banking, and small-scale manufacturing centred on the royal court were among the main activities, but the city was more a locus of consumption than production or trade, geographically isolated as it was before the coming of the railways.

[[Image:Karte Madrid MKL1888.png|250px|thumb|left|An [[1888]] German map of Madrid]]

{{main|History of Madrid}}

Although the site of modern-day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times, the first historical data from the city comes from the [[9th century]], when [[Mehmed I]] ordered the construction of a small [[palace]] in the same place that is today occupied by the [[Palacio Real]]. Around this palace a small [[citadel]], al-Mudaina, was built.

The [[Bank of Spain]] is one of the oldest European central banks. Originally named as the Bank of San Carlos as it was founded in 1782, it was later renamed to Bank of San Fernando in 1829 and ultimately became the Bank of Spain in 1856.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/EstudiosHistoriaEconomica/Files/roja73e.pdf |page=1 |first=Pablo |last=Martín-Aceña |title=The Banco de España, 1782–2017. The history of a central bank |journal=Estudios de Historia Económica |issue=73 |year=2017 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605135655/https://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/PublicacionesSeriadas/EstudiosHistoriaEconomica/Files/roja73e.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bank of Spain Building|Its headquarters]] are located at the [[calle de Alcalá]]. The [[Bolsa de Madrid|Madrid Stock Exchange]] was inaugurated on 20 October 1831.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Es |first1=Eleconomista |url=https://www.eleconomista.es/mercados-cotizaciones/noticias/88939/10/06/Fechas-clave-en-la-historia-de-la-Bolsa-de-Madrid.html |website=www.eleconomista.es |publisher=El Economista |title=Fechas clave en la historia de la Bolsa de Madrid |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803164412/https://www.eleconomista.es/mercados-cotizaciones/noticias/88939/10/06/Fechas-clave-en-la-historia-de-la-Bolsa-de-Madrid.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Its benchmark stock market index is the [[IBEX 35]].

Near that palace was the [[Manzanares]], which the Muslims called {{unicode|al-Majrīṭ}} ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: المجريط, "source of water"). From this came the naming of the site as ''Majerit'', which was later rendered to the modern-day spelling of ''Madrid''). The citadel was conquered in [[1085]] by [[Alfonso VI of Castile]] in his advance towards [[Toledo]]. He reconsecrated the [[mosque]] as the [[church]] of the Virgin of Almudena (''almudin,'' the [[garrison|garrison's]] [[granary]]). In [[1329]], the [[Cortes Generales]] first assembled in the city to advise [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]]. [[Sephardic Jew]]s and [[Moor]]s continued to live in the city until they were expelled at the end of the 15th century.

Industry started to develop on a large scale only in the 20th century,<ref name=Historia>Juliá, S. et al. (1995), ''Madrid, Historia de una capital''</ref> but then grew rapidly, especially during the "[[Spanish miracle]]" period around the 1960s. The economy of the city was then centred on manufacturing industries such as those related to [[motor vehicle]]s, aircraft, chemicals, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, [[Food processing|processed food]], printed materials, and leather goods.<ref name="Overview: Economy">{{cite news |url=http://www.easyexpat.com/madrid_en/overview_economy.htm |publisher=EasyExpat |title=Overview: Economy of Madrid |date=16 August 2006 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830030152/http://www.easyexpat.com/madrid_en/overview_economy.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the restoration of democracy in the late 1970s, the city has continued to expand. Its economy is now among the most dynamic and diverse in the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://www.economiademadrid.com/media/files/Analisis/analisis009.pdf ''Nota de coyuntura: economía de Madrid''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417050936/http://www.economiademadrid.com/media/files/Analisis/analisis009.pdf |date=17 April 2015 }}, Becker, Bellido y Fernández (2006)</ref>

After troubles and a big fire, [[Henry III of Castile]] ([[1379]]-[[1406]]) rebuilt the city and established himself safely fortified outside its walls in El Pardo. The grand entry of [[Ferdinand and Isabella]] to Madrid heralded the end of strife between [[Castile]] and [[Aragon]].

===Present-day economy===

The kingdoms of [[Castilla]], with its capital at [[Toledo]], and [[Aragón]], with its capital at [[Barcelona]], were welded into modern Spain by [[Charles I of Spain]]. Though Charles favored Madrid, it was his son, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] ([[1527]]-[[1598]]) who moved the court to Madrid in [[1561]]. Although he made no official declaration, the seat of the court was the de facto capital. [[Seville]] continued to control the Spanish Indies, but Madrid controlled Seville. Aside from a brief period, 1601-1606, when [[Felipe III]] installed his court in [[Valladolid]], Madrid's fortunes have closely mirrored those of Spain. During the [[Siglo de Oro]] (Golden Century), in the 16th/17th century, Madrid had no resemblance with other European capitals: the population of the city was economically dependent on the business of the court itself.

[[File:Distrito Telefónica (Madrid) 09.jpg|thumb|{{lang|es|[[Telefónica]]|italic=no}} headquarters]]

Madrid concentrates activities directly connected with power (central and regional government, headquarters of Spanish companies, regional HQ of [[Multinational corporation|multinationals]], [[finance|financial institutions]]) and with knowledge and technological innovation (research centres and universities). It is one of Europe's largest financial centres, and the largest in Spain.<ref name=Estructura>[http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/EstructuraEconomica/ESTRUCTURAECONOMICADELACIUDADDEMADRID.pdf ''Estructura Economica de le Ciudad de Madrid''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512033910/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/EstructuraEconomica/ESTRUCTURAECONOMICADELACIUDADDEMADRID.pdf |date=12 May 2021 }}, ''Ayuntamiento de Madrid'' (Madrid City Council), August 2013</ref> The city has 17 universities and over 30 research centres.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|52}} It is the second metropolis in the EU by population, and the third by gross internal product.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|69}} Leading employers include {{Lang|es|[[Telefónica]]|italic=no}}, [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]], [[Prosegur]], [[BBVA]], Urbaser, [[Dragados]], and [[Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas|FCC]].<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|569}}

The [[Community of Madrid]], the region comprising the city and the rest of municipalities of the province, had a [[GDP]] of [[€]]220B in 2017, equating to a GDP per capita of €33,800.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |publisher=eurostat |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902020336/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011 the city itself had a GDP per capita 74% above the national average and 70% above that of the 27 [[European Union]] member states, although 11% behind the average of the top 10 cities of the EU.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|237–239}} Although housing just over 50% of the [[Community of Madrid|region]]'s population, the city generates 65.9% of its GDP.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|51}} Following the [[2008–14 Spanish financial crisis|recession]] commencing 2007/8, recovery was under way by 2014, with forecast growth rates for the city of 1.4% in 2014, 2.7% in 2015 and 2.8% in 2016.<ref name=Barometro>{{cite web |title=Barómetro de Economía de la Ciudad de Madrid, No. 41 |publisher=Madrid City Council |date=October 2014 |url=http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/BarometroEconomia/2014/tercer%20trimestre/BAROMETRO%20ECONOMIA%2041%20V4.pdf |access-date=25 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114508/http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCObservEconomico/BarometroEconomia/2014/tercer%20trimestre/BAROMETRO%20ECONOMIA%2041%20V4.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>{{rp|10}}

[[Philip V of Spain|Felipe V]] decided that a European capital could not stay in such a state, and new palaces (including the [[Palacio Real de Madrid]]) were built during his reign. However, it would not be until [[Carlos III of Spain|Carlos III]] ([[1716]]-[[1788]]) that Madrid would become a modern city. [[Carlos III of Spain|Carlos III]] was one of the most popular kings in the history of Madrid, and the saying "the best mayor, the king" became popular during those times. When [[Carlos IV of Spain|Carlos IV]] ([[1748]]-[[1819]]) became king the people of Madrid revolted. After the [[Mutiny of Aranjuez]], which was led by his own son [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Fernando VII]] against him, [[Carlos IV of Spain|Carlos IV]] resigned, but [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Fernando VII's]] reign would be short: in May of [[1808]] [[Napoleon]]'s troops entered the city. On [[May 2]], [[1808]] (Spanish: [[Dos de Mayo]]) the Madrilenes revolted against the French forces, whose brute reaction would have a lasting impact on French rule in Spain and France's image in Europe in general.

[[Image:PC060484-bis.jpg|thumbnail|280px|right|The Metropolis building in [[Gran Via]].]]

After the war of independence ([[1814]]) [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Fernando VII]] came back to the throne, but after a liberal military revolution, [[Rafael del Riego|Colonel Riego]] made the king swear respect to the Constitution. This would start a period where liberal and conservative government alternated, that would end with the enthronement of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel II]] ([[1830]]-[[1904]]). She could not calm down the political tension that would lead to yet another revolt, the [[First Spanish Republic]], and the comeback of the monarchs, which eventually led to the [[Second Spanish Republic]] and the [[Spanish Civil War]]. During this war ([[1936]]-[[1939]]) Madrid was one of the most affected cities and its streets were battlezones. It was during the Civil War that Madrid became the first city to be bombed by airplanes specifically targeting civilians.

The economy of Madrid has become based increasingly on the [[tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]]. In 2011 services accounted for 85.9% of value added, while [[Industrial sector|industry]] contributed 7.9% and [[construction]] 6.1%.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|51}} Nevertheless, Madrid continues to hold the position of Spain's second industrial centre after Barcelona, specialising particularly in high-technology production. Following the recession, services and industry were forecast to return to growth in 2014, and construction in 2015.<ref name=Barometro/>{{rp|32}}{{update inline|date=July 2020}}

During the [[dictatorship]] of [[Francisco Franco]], especially after the sixties, the south of Madrid became very industrialized and there were massive [[migration]]s from rural environments into the city. Madrid's south-eastern periphery became an extensive slum settlement, which was the base for an active cultural and political frame.

====Standard of living====

After the death of Franco, emerging democratic parties (including those of left-wing and republican ideology) accepted Franco's wishes of being succeeded by [[Juan Carlos I]]--in order to secure stability and democracy--which led Spain to its current position as constitutional monarchy.

Mean household income and spending are 12% above the Spanish average.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|537, 553}} The proportion classified as "at risk of poverty" in 2010 was 15.6%, up from 13.0% in 2006 but less than the average for Spain of 21.8%. The proportion classified as affluent was 43.3%, much higher than Spain overall (28.6%).<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|540–3}}

Consumption by Madrid residents has been affected by job losses and by [[austerity]] measures, including a rise in sales tax from 8% to 21% in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-396395280.html |title=Madrid Nightlife Has Lost a Bit of Its Magic |publisher=UMCI News |access-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329154658/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-396395280.html |archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>

Befitting from the prosperity it gained in the 1980s, the capital city of Spain has consolidated its position as the leading economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological center on the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] peninsula.

Although residential property prices have fallen by 39% since 2007, the average price of dwelling space was €2,375.6 per sq. m. in early 2014,<ref name=Barometro/>{{rp|70}} and is shown as second only to London in a list of 22 European cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html |title=A comparison of UK and European cities: House prices |website=City Mayors |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103172119/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html |archive-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

On the 11th March 2004, Madrid was hit by a terrorist attack when terrorists placed a series of bombs on a train during the rush hour. This was the worst massacre in Spain since the end of the civil war in 1939. At first the Basque sepratists ETA were blamed but it was later revealed that Islamist terrorists were to blame.

==Climate==Employment====

Participation in the labour force was 1,638,200 in 2011, or 79.0%. The employed workforce comprised 49% women in 2011 (Spain, 45%).<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|98}} 41% of economically active people are university graduates, against 24% for Spain as a whole.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|103}}

The region of Madrid has a [[Mediterranean climate]] that manifests itself with fresh winters that often experience temperatures lower than 8 °C. Summer tends to be warm with temperatures that easily reach 24 °C in July and that can often reach 35 °C. In fact, the daily oscillation of the weather conditions its quite reduced in the center of the city, but its far more noticeable in the outskirts of Madrid. [[Precipitation]], although very limited, can be observed all throughout the year except during summer.

In 2011, the unemployment rate was 15.8%, remaining lower than in Spain as a whole. Among those aged 16–24, the unemployment rate was 39.6%.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|97, 100}} Unemployment reached a peak of 19.1% in 2013,<ref name=Barometro/>{{rp|17}} but with the start of an economic recovery in 2014, employment started to increase.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Jobless Figure Drops as Economy Picks Up |work=The Gazette |___location=Colorado Springs, Colorado |date=2014 |access-date=23 January 2015 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-37308642.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329154654/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-37308642.html |archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> Employment continues to shift further towards the service sector, with 86% of all jobs in this sector by 2011, against 74% in all of Spain.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|117}} In the second quarter of 2018 the unemployment rate was 10.06%.<ref>{{cite web |title=El paro bajó en Madrid el 10,06% en el segundo trimestre |work=La Vanguardia |language=es |date=26 July 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20180726/451110311856/paro-madrid-baja-1006-trimestre.html |url-status=live |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918063041/https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20180726/451110311856/paro-madrid-baja-1006-trimestre.html}}</ref>

{| {{tablabonita}} align="center"

[[File:Madrid 2012 16 (7250774262).jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the [[Bank of Spain]]]]

|+ <big>'''Parque del Retiro's Observatory</big>

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! 1971-2000 !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !! ''AVG.''

|- style="background:#efefef;"

| Max. Temp (°C)||9.7||12.0||15.7||17.5||21.4||26.9||31.2||30.7||26.0||19.0||13.4||10.1||''19.4''

|- style="background:#efefef;"

| Min. Temp (°C)||2.6||3.7||5.6||7.2||10.7||15.1||18.4||18.2||15.0||10.2||6.0||3.8||''9.7''

|- style="background:#efefef;"

| Precipitation (mm) ||37||35||26||47||52||25||15||10||28||49||56||56||''436''

|}

====Services====

{| {{tablabonita}} align="center"

[[File:Se cumplen 35 años de la apertura de Mercamadrid 02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mercamadrid]] facilities in South-Eastern Madrid]]

|+ <big>'''Barajas Airport </big>

<!--[[File:Casa Botín-Madrid-2009.jpg|thumb|Madrid has a large number of [[restaurant]]s and [[bakeries]] established in the 19th century. It also has the oldest restaurant continuously operating in the world, the [[Sobrino de Botín]] founded in 1725.]]-->

|- style="background:#efefef;"

The share of services in the city's economy is 86%. Services for business, transport & communications, property, and financial together account for 52% of the total value added.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|51}} The types of services that are now expanding are mainly those that facilitate movement of capital, information, goods and persons, and "advanced business services" such as [[research and development]] (R&D), [[information technology]], and technical [[accountancy]].<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|242–3}}

! 1971-2000 !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !! ''AVG.''

|- style="background:#efefef;"

| Max. Temp (°C)||10.6||12.9||16.3||18.0||22.3||28.2||33.0||32.4||27.6||20.6||14.7||11.0||''20.6''

|- style="background:#efefef;"

| Min. Temp (°C)||0,3||1.5||3.2||5.4||8.8||13.0||16.1||16.0||12.7||8.3||3.8||1.8||''7.6''

|- style="background:#efefef;"

| Precipitation (mm) ||33||34||23||39||47||26||11||12||24||39||48||48||''386''

|}

Madrid and the wider region's authorities have put a notable effort in the development of [[Logistics center|logistics infrastructure]]. Within the city proper, some of the standout centres include [[Mercamadrid]], the {{ill|Madrid-Abroñigal Station|es|Estación de Madrid-Abroñigal|lt=Madrid-Abroñigal}} logistics centre, the Villaverde's Logistics Centre and the Vicálvaro's Logistics Centre to name a few.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orjuela Castro |first1=Javier Arturo |last2=Castro Ocampo |first2=Óscar Fernando |last3=Suspes Bulla |first3=Edwin Andrés |date=2005 |title=Operadores y plataformas logísticas |url=https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/Tecnura/article/view/6249/7771 |journal=Tecnura |___location=Bogotá |publisher=[[Francisco José de Caldas District University|Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas]] |volume=8 |issue=16 |doi=10.14483/22487638.6249 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=0123-921X |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203220/https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/Tecnura/article/view/6249/7771 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 0 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"

! colspan=4 align = center | '''Evolution 1897 - 2005'''

|- align=center

| '''''Year'''''

| '''''Total<br />municipality'''''

| '''''Total<br />province'''''

| '''''Percent<br />(%)'''''

|- align=left

|1897

|542.739

|730.807

|74,27

|- align=left

|1900

|575.675

|773.011

|74,47

|- align=left

|1910

|614.322

|831.254

|73,90

|- align=left

|1920

|823.711

|1.048.908

|78,53

|- align=left

|1930

|1.041.767

|1.290.445

|80,73

|- align=left

|1940

|1.322.835

|1.574.134

|84,04

|- align=left

|1950

|1.553.338

|1.823.418

|85,19

|- align=left

|1960

|2.177.123

|2.510.217

|86,73

|- align=left

|1965

|2.793.510

|3.278.068

|85,22

|- align=left

|1970

|3.120.941

|3.761.348

|82,97

|- align=left

|1975

|3.228.057

|4.319.904

|74,73

|- align=left

|1981

|3.158.818

|4.686.895

|67,40

|- align=left

|1986

|3.058.812

|4.780.572

|63,98

|- align=left

|1991

|3.010.492

|4.647.555

|64,78

|- align=left

|1996

|2.866.850

|5.022.289

|57,08

|- align=left

|2001

|2.938.723

|5.423.384

|54,19

|- align=left

|2004

|3.099.834

|5.804.829

|53,40

|- align=left

|2005

|3.155.359

|5.964.143

|52,90

|}

The population of Madrid has experienced an important increase ever since the city became the national capital. This demographic [[boom]] was notorious in the 20th century due to [[domestic]] and international immigration. Yet, a growth slump hampered the city growth during the 1970s. This phenomenon, which also affected [[Barcelona]], was caused mainly by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown.

[[Bank]]s based in Madrid carry out 72% of the banking activity in Spain.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|474}} The Spanish [[central bank]], [[Bank of Spain]], has existed in Madrid since 1782. Stocks & shares, [[bond (finance)|bond]] markets, [[insurance]], and [[pension fund]]s are other important forms of financial institution in the city.

A new immigration wave has allowed Madrid not only to recover its old numbers, but to reach new historical heights. According to the information of the census, the population of the city grew by 271,856 from in the timespan between 2001 to 2005.

Madrid is an important centre for [[trade fair]]s, many of them coordinated by [[IFEMA]], the Trade Fair Institution of Madrid.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|351–2}} The [[public sector]] employs 18.1% of all employees.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|630}} Madrid attracts about 8M [[tourism|tourists]] annually from other parts of Spain and from all over the world, exceeding even [[Barcelona]].<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|81}}<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|362, 374}}<ref name=Barometro />{{rp|44}} Spending by tourists in Madrid was estimated (2011) at €9,546.5M, or 7.7% of the city's GDP.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|375}}

As the capital city of [[Spain]], the city has attracted many immigrants from around the world. While less than 85% of the inhabitants are [[Spain|Spaniards]] of different backgrounds and ethnicities (almost 90% of the native Spaniards are caucasians), there are many recent immigrants who come from [[Latin America]], [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[North Africa]] and [[West Africa]].

The construction of [[Transport in Madrid|transport]] infrastructure has been vital to maintain the economic position of Madrid. Travel to work and other local journeys use a high-capacity metropolitan road network and a well-used [[public transport]] system.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|62–4}} In terms of longer-distance transport, Madrid is the central node of the system of ''[[autovía]]s'' and of the [[high-speed rail]] network ([[AVE]]), which has brought major cities such as Seville and Barcelona within 2.5 hours travel time.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|72–75}} Also important to the city's economy is [[Madrid-Barajas Airport]], the fourth largest airport in Europe.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|76–78}} Madrid's central ___location makes it a major [[logistics|logistical]] base.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|79–80}}

The largest immigrant groups include: [[Ecuadorian]]: 83,967, [[Moroccan]]: 51,300, [[Chinese]]: 48,973, [[Colombian]]: 37,218 and [[Peruvian]]: 32,791. There are also important communities of [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Guinean]], [[Romania|Romanian]] and [[Filipino people|Filipino]] people.

===Nickname===

Although the official nickname for the natives of the city is Madrileño, they are commonly known as ''gatos'' (cats). The origin of the term possibly comes from the popular [[legend]] that the conquest of the city by [[Alfonso VI]] was achieved by the assault of the walls that protected the city. Apparently the [[Castilian]] troops climbed the defense walls as if they were cats.

====Industry====

Another possible source of this name comes from the fact that the residents were known during the Middle Ages for their great ability to climb walls with their bare hands.

[[File:Fábrica PSA de Madrid, pista pruebas y aparcamiento.JPG|thumb|[[Groupe PSA|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] plant in [[Villaverde (Madrid)|Villaverde]] district]]

As an industrial centre Madrid retains its advantages in infrastructure, as a transport hub, and as the ___location of headquarters of many companies. Industries based on advanced technology are acquiring much more importance here than in the rest of Spain.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|271}} Industry contributed 7.5% to Madrid's value-added in 2010.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|265}} However, industry has slowly declined within the city boundaries as more industry has moved outward to the periphery. Industrial Gross Value Added grew by 4.3% in the period 2003–2005, but decreased by 10% during 2008–2010.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|271, 274}} The leading industries were: paper, printing & publishing, 28.8%; energy & mining, 19.7%; vehicles & transport equipment, 12.9%; electrical and electronic, 10.3%; foodstuffs, 9.6%; clothing, footwear & textiles, 8.3%; chemical, 7.9%; industrial machinery, 7.3%.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|266}}

The [[Groupe PSA|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] plant is located in [[Villaverde (Madrid)|Villaverde]] district.

==Contemporary Madrid and Neighborhoods==

[[Image:Madrid-Plaza de España.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Plaza de España-Spain Square]][[Image:Madrid-sol.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|The Puerta del Sol square, the heart of the city]]

====Construction====

Contemporary Madrid came into its own after the death of the [[Fascism|Fascist]] dictator [[Francisco Franco]]. Years of the Franco regime left Madrid and much the country in economic shambles due to isolation. With his death, Madrid, and Spain as a whole, began to reassert itself on the international stage. Within Spain, reaction against the dictatorial bureaucracy centered in Madrid and a history of centralism that predated Franco by centuries has resulted in the successful modern movement towards increased [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] for the regions of Spain, considered as autonomous regions, under the umbrella of Spain.

[[File:Caleido (agosto 2018).JPG|thumb|right|Building works of [[Caleido]] in August 2018]]

The construction sector, contributing 6.5% to the city's economy in 2010,<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|265}} was a growing sector before the recession, aided by a large transport and infrastructure program. More recently the construction sector has fallen away and earned 8% less in 2009 than it had been in 2000.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|242–3}} The decrease was particularly marked in the residential sector, where prices dropped by 25%–27% from 2007 to 2012/13<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|202, 212}} and the number of sales fell by 57%.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|216}}

====Tourism====

Modern Madrid ranks as one of the important cities in Europe. Madrid is a leading southern European city and the most important link between the [[European Union]] and [[Latin America]].

[[File:MADRID 060126 MXALX 067.jpg|thumb|right|Fitur fair in Ifema]]

Madrid is the seat of the [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) and the {{ill|International Tourism Fair|es|FITUR}} (FITUR).

In 2018, the city received {{nts|10.21}} million tourists (53.3% of them international tourists).<ref name=MADdestino />^p.&nbsp;9 The biggest share of international tourists come from the United States, followed by Italy, France, United Kingdom and Germany.<ref name=MADdestino />^p.&nbsp;10 As of 2018, the city has 793 hotels, {{nts|85418}} hotel places and {{nts|43816}} hotel rooms.<ref name=MADdestino>{{Cite web |title=Anuario de Turismo. Madrid. 2018 |website=www.madrid-destino.com |publisher=[[Madrid Destino]] |url=https://www.madrid-destino.com/sites/default/files/2019-03/AnuarioTurismoMadrid2018.pdf |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716173530/https://www.madrid-destino.com/sites/default/files/2019-03/AnuarioTurismoMadrid2018.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>^p.&nbsp;18 It also had, as of 2018, an estimated {{nts|20217}} tourist apartments.<ref name=MADdestino />^p.&nbsp;20

The modern metropolis is home to over three million people. As expected with any major European capital city, each district (or [[barrio]] in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) has its own feel.

The most visited museum was the ''[[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía]]'', with 3.8&nbsp;million visitors in the sum of its three seats in 2018. Conversely, the [[Prado Museum]] had 2.8&nbsp;million visitors and the [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]] {{nts|906815}} visitors.<ref name=MADdestino />^p.&nbsp;32

===Plaza Mayor and Sol===

The [[Plaza Mayor of Madrid|Plaza Mayor]] is one of the most beautiful and emblematic urban areas in what is known as the Madrid of the House of Austria. It is located in the historical and commercial heart of the city. The Plaza is rectangular in shape and is surrounded by three-floored residential buildings. It has a total of nine entranceways. The Plaza Mayor was built during the Austrian period. Previously it was named the Plaza del Arrabal. The origins of the Plaza go back to 1581 when Felipe II told Juan de Herrera to devise a plan to remodel the busy and chaotic area of the old Plaza del Arrabal. Juan de Herrera was the architect who designed the first project in 1581 to remodel the old Plaza del Arrabal but the construction didn't start until 1617, during the Felipe III's reign. This king asked Juan Gomez de Mora to continue with the project, and he finished the porticoes in 1619. Nevertheless, the Plaza Mayor as we know it today is the work of the architect Juan de Villanueva who was entrusted with its reconstruction in 1790 after a spate of big fires. The Plaza Mayor has been the scene of multitudinous events: market, bull poo and "actos de fe" against supposed heretics and the executions of those condemned to death. Under its porticoes there are some old and traditional shops. The statue of Felipe III on horseback in the centre of the square dates back to 1616. It is the work of Juan de Bolonia.

By the late 2010s, the gentrification and the spike of tourist apartments in the city centre led to an increase in rental prices, pushing residents out of the city centre.<ref name=elpais /> Most of the tourist apartments in Madrid (50–54%) are located in the Centro District.<ref name=eldiario>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.eldiario.es/madrid/Radiografia-gentrificacion-Madrid_0_700630607.html |journal=[[eldiario.es]] |title=Tres factores que convierten a Lavapiés en un área vulnerable al aumento de pisos turísticos |first=Sofía |last=Pérez Mendoza |date=24 October 2017 |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512042102/https://www.eldiario.es/madrid/Radiografia-gentrificacion-Madrid_0_700630607.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Sol (Madrid)|Sol]] neighborhood (part of the latter district), 3 out of 10 homes are dedicated to tourist apartments,<ref name=eldiario /> and 2 out of 10 are listed in [[AirBnB]].<ref name=elpais>{{Cite journal |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/02/26/inenglish/1519648621_095942.html |date=26 February 2018 |title=How tourist apartments are hurting Madrid's neighborhoods |first1=J.A. |last1=Aunión |journal=[[El País]] |first2=Yolanda |last2=Clemente |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921090634/https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/02/26/inenglish/1519648621_095942.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019 the plenary of the ''ayuntamiento'' passed a plan intending to regulate this practice, seeking to greatly limit the number of tourist apartments. The normative would enforce a requirement for independent access to those apartments on and off the street.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/03/27/madrid/1553675975_213545.html |journal=[[El País]] |title=El Ayuntamiento de Madrid aprueba la normativa que cerrará más de 10.000 pisos turísticos |first=Gloria |last=Rodríguez-Pina |date=27 March 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924042623/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/03/27/madrid/1553675975_213545.html |url-status=live}}</ref> However, after the change of government in June 2019, the new municipal administration planned to revert the regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2019/08/31/5d6965d621efa02a0e8b4622.html |journal=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |title=Almeida estudia eliminar la exigencia de que los pisos turísticos en Madrid tengan un acceso diferenciado al de los vecinos |date=31 August 2019 |first=Marta |last=Belver |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909084625/https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2019/08/31/5d6965d621efa02a0e8b4622.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Opera===

As the name implies, Madrid's main Opera Theatre is the [[Teatro Real]] (Royal theatre). In front of the theatre is the Royal Palace. The Royal Palace is no longer used as a residence, but it has been kept intact since it last functioned as home to the King, primarily serving as a tourist attraction. The entire palace is not open to the public, but most of the more important rooms can be visited. The palace is interesting in its own right, in particular its architecture and gardens (there are two, the Jardines del Moro and the Sabattini gardens). There are also some excellent [[frescos]] inside the palace by Tiépolo, and paintings by [[Velázquez]], [[Goya]], [[Rubens]], [[El Greco]], [[Juan de Flandes]] and [[Caravaggio]], among others.

===Alonso=International Martínezrankings====

A recent study placed Madrid 7th among 36 cities as an attractive base for business.<ref>Cushman & Wakefield, European Cities Monitor, 2011</ref> It was placed third in terms of availability of office space, and fifth for ease of access to markets, availability of qualified staff, mobility within the city, and quality of life. Its less favourable characteristics were seen as pollution, languages spoken, and political environment. Another ranking of European cities placed Madrid 5th among 25 cities (behind [[Berlin]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Frankfurt]]), being rated favourably on economic factors and the labour market as well as transport and communication.<ref>Ramos, A. (2013): ''Ranking de ciudades europeas 2012'', ''Barómetro de Economía de la Ciudad de Madrid''. No. 35</ref>

This district contains the large [[Plaza de Colón]]. This plaza commemorates [[Christopher Columbus]], who was responsible for ushering in the Spanish imperial golden age of the 16th and 17th centuries. It is within walking distance of the main cultural and commercial areas of the city such as the [[Prado]] museum, the expansive [[Parque del Buen Retiro]] as well as near the business center on the lower part of the Paseo de la Castellana.

===AtochaMedia and entertainment===

The Madrid metropolitan area is an important film and television production hub, whose content is distributed throughout the [[Spanish-speaking world]] and abroad. It is often seen as the entry point into the European media market for [[Latin America]]n media companies, and likewise the entry point into the Latin American markets for European companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/la-productora-argentina-azteka-films-abrira-oficina-en-madrid-a-finales-de-ano/ |title=La productora argentina Azteka Films abrirá oficina en Madrid a finales de año |publisher=Audiovisual451 |date=10 September 2019 |language=es |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803193437/https://www.audiovisual451.com/la-productora-argentina-azteka-films-abrira-oficina-en-madrid-a-finales-de-ano/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also the headquarters of media groups such as [[RTVE|Radiotelevisión Española]] (RTVE), [[Atresmedia]], [[Mediaset España]], and [[Movistar+]], which produce numerous films, television shows and series which are distributed globally on various platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/features/madrid-region-booms-as-an-international-production-hub-1203220657/ |title=Madrid Region Booms as an International Production Hub |publisher=Variety |date=20 May 2019 |last=de Pablo |first=Emiliano |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607183320/https://variety.com/2019/film/features/madrid-region-booms-as-an-international-production-hub-1203220657/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2018, it is also home to [[Netflix]]'s Madrid Production Hub, [[Mediapro|Mediapro Studio]], and numerous others such as [[Viacom International Media Networks|Viacom International Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/09/20/madrid/1568967359_528887.html |title=Cuando Clint Eastwood mataba forajidos en la sierra de Madrid |newspaper=El País |date=21 September 2019 |last=Medina |first=Miguel Ángel |language=es |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208003835/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/09/20/madrid/1568967359_528887.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2018/12/05/amazon-chooses-madrid-for-european-production-hub/ |title=Amazon chooses Madrid for European production hub |website=www.broadbandtvnews.com |date=5 December 2018 |last=Clover |first=Julian |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803123728/https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2018/12/05/amazon-chooses-madrid-for-european-production-hub/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/07/17/madrid-emerges-as-tv-series-production-hub.html |title=Madrid emerges as TV series production hub |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=18 July 2019 |last=Vicente |first=Adrien |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803140202/https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/07/17/madrid-emerges-as-tv-series-production-hub.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/dazn-abre-en-madrid-un-centro-de-produccion-virtual/ |title=DAZN abre en Madrid un centro de producción virtual |publisher=Audiovisual451 |date=19 September 2019 |language=es |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161521/https://www.audiovisual451.com/dazn-abre-en-madrid-un-centro-de-produccion-virtual/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, the film and television industry employs 19,000 people locally (44% of people in Spain working in this industry).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.es/play/series/noticias/abci-espana-nueva-meca-industrial-television-201904070100_noticia.html |title=España, la nueva meca industrial de la televisión |publisher=ABC |date=7 April 2019 |last=Cortés |first=Helena |language=es |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409161259/https://www.abc.es/play/series/noticias/abci-espana-nueva-meca-industrial-television-201904070100_noticia.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Image:EstacionAtochaMadrid2.JPG|thumbnail|200px|left|The old [[Atocha]] Railway station building]]

[[File:El Piruli and neighbourhood.jpg|thumb|[[Televisión Española|TVE]]'s central news services are located at the foot of [[Torrespaña]].]]

Atocha includes a rather large area which is bordered by the Huertas and Lavapiés districts. The two important sites located in this area are the [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Reina Sofía Museum]] and the beautiful [[Atocha|Atocha Railway Station]], one of the two main train stations in Madrid (the other one is [[Chamartín]]). The area also contains a number of art galleries and restaurants serving traditional food. This district also contains the main bus terminal as it is a central point of the city.

The [[Torrespaña]] [[Radio masts and towers|broadcasting tower]], located in Madrid's [[Salamanca (Madrid)|Salamanca]] district, is the central and main transmission node of the terrestrial broadcasting network in Spain. RTVE, the state-owned radio and television [[Public broadcasting|public broadcaster]] is [[Prado del Rey (studios)|headquartered]] in [[Pozuelo de Alarcón]] along with all its channels and web services ({{lang|es|[[La 1 (Spanish TV channel)|La 1]]|italic=no}}, [[La 2 (Spanish TV channel)|La 2]], [[Clan (TV channel)|Clan]], [[Teledeporte]], [[24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)|24 Horas]], [[TVE Internacional]], [[Radio Nacional (Spanish radio station)|Radio Nacional]], [[Radio Exterior]], and [[Radio Clásica]]). Atresmedia group ([[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]], [[La Sexta]], [[Onda Cero]]) is headquartered in [[San Sebastián de los Reyes]]. [[Mediaset España]] ([[Telecinco]], [[Cuatro (TV channel)|Cuatro]]) maintains its headquarters in Madrid's [[Fuencarral-El Pardo]] district. Together with RTVE, Atresmedia and Mediaset account for nearly the 80% of share of [[Generalist channel|generalist television]].<ref name=enguix /> The Spanish media conglomerate [[PRISA]] ([[Cadena SER]], [[Los 40 Principales]], [[M80 Radio]], [[Cadena Dial]]) is headquartered in [[Gran Vía, Madrid|Gran Vía]] street in central Madrid.

Besides hosting the main television and radio producers and broadcasters, the metropolitan area hosts most of the major written mass media in Spain,<ref name=enguix>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/valencia/20201208/6104638/madrid-concentracion-centralismo-comunicaciones-medios-de-comunicacion.html |website=[[La Vanguardia]] |first=Salvador |last=Enguix |date=8 December 2020 |title=Madrid concentra el poder mediático en España |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210232633/https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/valencia/20201208/6104638/madrid-concentracion-centralismo-comunicaciones-medios-de-comunicacion.amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> including ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]'', ''[[El País]]'', ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'', ''[[La Razón (Madrid)|La Razón]]'', ''[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]'', ''[[¡Hola!]]'', ''[[Diario AS]]'', ''[[El Confidencial]]'' and ''[[Cinco Días]]''. The Spanish international news agency [[EFE]] maintains its headquarters in Madrid since its inception in 1939. The second news agency of Spain is the privately owned [[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]], founded and headquartered in Madrid since 1953.

===AZCA / Nuevos Ministerios===

[[Image:Madrid-TorrePicasso.jpg|thumbnail|200px|[[Torre Picasso]], in AZCA]]

==Culture==

[[Azca]] is the financial district. The area is populated by skyscrapers, among them [[Torre Picasso]], [[Edificio BBVA]] and [[Torre Europa]]. [[Torre Windsor]], one of the skyscrapers in this area, burnt entirely on the night between [[12 February]] and 13, 2005 [http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/graficos/feb/s3/windsorfotos.html].

===Architecture===

A very large (3 interconnected buildings) [[El Corte Inglés]] department store is also here.

{{Main|Architecture of Madrid}}

The area is directly linked to [[Barajas Airport]] by [[Madrid Metro|metro]] line 8 from ''Nuevos Ministerios'' station. The [[Santiago Bernabéu stadium]] is located close to the [[Azca]] area.

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}

===Chueca===

Little medieval architecture is preserved in Madrid, mostly in the [[Almendra Central]], including the [[Church of San Nicolás (Madrid)|San Nicolás]] and [[San Pedro el Real, Madrid|San Pedro el Viejo]] church towers, the church of [[San Jerónimo el Real]], and the [[Chapel of Obispo de Madrid|Bishop's Chapel]]. Nor has Madrid retained much Renaissance architecture, other than the [[Bridge of Segovia (Madrid)|Bridge of Segovia]] and the [[Convent of Las Descalzas Reales]].

''Main article: [[Chueca]]''

[[File:Plaza Mayor de Madrid - 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Plaza Mayor, Madrid|Plaza Mayor]], built in the 16th century]]

Chueca is among the most authentic and cosmopolitan neighborhoods in the downtown city center. This district was the site of major urban decay during the early 1980s. However, later on during the decade it became one of the most active centers of the so-called '[[Movida|La Movida]]', largely due to its new-found status as a popular [[gay village]], and has become an internationaly political significant ___location after having held years of gay marriage and child adoption right reivindication, achieved in 2005 under socialist President Rodriguez Zapatero's government. It is still quite attractive and has many good and interesting places to eat, as well as some of Madrid's most [[avant garde]] fashion and shoe shops.

Philip II moved his court to Madrid in 1561 and transformed the town into a capital city. During the Early Habsburg period, the import of European influences took place, underpinned by the monicker of ''Austrian style''. The Austrian style features Austrian, Italian, Dutch and Spanish influences, reflecting on the international preeminence of the Habsburgs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Arquitectura y espacio urbano en Madrid en los siglos XVII y XVIII |year=2007 |first=Jesús<!-- |pages=50–65--> |last=Escobar |publisher=[[Ayuntamiento de Madrid]] |chapter=Arquitectura y urbanismo en el Madrid del siglo XVII: proceso, adorno y experiencia |url=https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/MuseosMunicipales/MuseoDeHistoriaDeMadrid/EspecialInformativo/05_Publicaciones/ConferenciasArquitectura/conferenciasarquitectura2.pdf |page=54 |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418092352/https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/MuseosMunicipales/MuseoDeHistoriaDeMadrid/EspecialInformativo/05_Publicaciones/ConferenciasArquitectura/conferenciasarquitectura2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> During the second half of the 16th century, the use of pointy slate [[spire]]s in order to top structures such as church towers was imported to Spain from Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |page=4 |url=http://oa.upm.es/43387/1/RAIMUNDO_ESTEPA_GOMEZ_01.pdf |publisher=[[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]] |___location=Madrid |title=Chapiteles del siglo XVI al XVIII en Madrid y su entorno: sus armaduras de madera |last=Estepa Gómez |first=Raimundo |year=2015 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233859/http://oa.upm.es/43387/1/RAIMUNDO_ESTEPA_GOMEZ_01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Slate spires and roofs consequently became a staple of the Madrilenian architecture at the time.<ref name=lib>{{Cite web |url=https://www.edicioneslalibreria.es/arquitectura-en-el-madrid-de-los-austrias/ |publisher=Ediciones La Librería |title=Arquitectura en el Madrid de los Austrias |date=18 January 2016 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204235404/https://www.edicioneslalibreria.es/arquitectura-en-el-madrid-de-los-austrias/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Stand out architecture in the city dating back to the early 17th century includes several buildings and structures, most of them attributed to [[Juan Gómez de Mora]] such as the [[Palacio de los Concejos|Palace of the Duke of Uceda]] (1610), the [[Royal Monastery of La Encarnación|Monastery of La Encarnación]] (1611–1616); the [[Plaza Mayor de Madrid|Plaza Mayor]] (1617–1619) or the ''Cárcel de Corte'' (1629–1641), known as the [[Santa Cruz Palace, Madrid|Santa Cruz Palace]].{{Sfn|Blasco Esquivias|2016|p=280}} The 1600s saw the construction of the former City Hall, the [[Casa de la Villa]].{{sfn|Escobar|2007|pp=60–63}}

===Las Cortes===

This district is small in size but packs a number of powerful sites. The most important include Spanish parliament buildings of the lower house [[Spanish Congress of Deputies|Congreso de los Diputados]]. It also includes one of the three museums of the Madrid golden triangle, the [[Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza|Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]]. In addition, we find the highly ornate [[Banco de España]], the Café del Círculo de Bellas Artes, the Zarzuela theater and the [[Plaza de Cibeles].

The [[Colegio Imperial de Madrid|Imperial College]] church model dome was imitated in all of Spain. [[Pedro de Ribera]] introduced [[Churrigueresque]] architecture to Madrid. The [[Cuartel del Conde-Duque]], the [[Our Lady of Montserrat Church, Madrid|church of Montserrat]], and the [[Bridge of Toledo (Madrid)|Bridge of Toledo]] are among the best examples.

===Gran Vía===

As the name implies, the [[Gran Vía]] district contains one of Madrid's most important avenues, the [[Gran Vía]] (literally, "Great Way") First and foremost it is a shopping street, but it also contains a number of tourist accommodations, plenty of nightlife and most of Madrid's largest movie theaters. It is also a hub for Madrid's red-light district, especially the side streets. One of those streets, [[Fuencarral]] has become a link between the old shopping areas of the center of the city, the Bohemian Malasaña and the hip Chueca, making of it one of the most cosmopolitan areas of the city.

[[File:Palacio Real Jardines.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Palace of Madrid]], built in the 18th century]]

===Huertas-Lavapiés===

The reign of [[Bourbon Spain|the Bourbons]] during the eighteenth century marked a new era in Madrid [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] tried to complete King Philip II's vision of urbanisation of Madrid. Philip V built a palace in line with French taste, and buildings such as [[St. Michael's Basilica (Madrid)|St. Michael's Basilica]] and the [[Church of Santa Barbara, Madrid|Church of Santa Bárbara]]. King [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] beautified the city and endeavoured to convert Madrid into one of the great European capitals. He pushed forward the construction of the Prado Museum (originally intended as a Natural Science Museum), the [[Puerta de Alcalá]], the [[Royal Observatory of Madrid|Royal Observatory]], the [[Basilica of San Francisco el Grande]], the Casa de Correos in [[Puerta del Sol]], the [[Real Casa de la Aduana]], and the General Hospital, which now houses the Reina Sofia Museum and Royal Conservatory of Music. The [[Paseo del Prado]], surrounded by gardens and decorated with neoclassical statues, is an example of urban planning. The [[Duke of Berwick]] ordered the construction of the [[Liria Palace]].

Traditionally one of the poorer neighborhoods near the city center, this district has maintained much of true 'Madrileño' spirit of the past.

Lavapiés is one of the areas with a high concentration of immigrants (mainly Chinese, Arabians, Hindi, Africans and Caribbeans), and also tends to attract artists and writers adding to the cosmopolitan mix. The presence of immigrants has led to an inevitable variety of shops and restaurants - this is a good place for good and cheap restaurants of local and international food. It's also one of the best places to search for non-Spanish foodstuff, (herbs and spices etc.)

In the early 19th century, the [[Peninsular War]], the [[Spanish American wars of independence|loss of viceroyalties]] in the Americas, and continuing coups limited the city's architectural development. The [[Teatro Real|Royal Theatre]], the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España|National Library of Spain]], the Palace of the Senate, and the [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)#Congress of Deputies building|Congress]] were built in this era. The [[Segovia Viaduct]] linked the Royal Alcázar to the southern part of town.

===La Latina===

In and around this area are the origins of Madrid. Its difficult to put precise boundaries on La Latina, because, like its immediate neighbors, streets are narrow and wind a lot. There are quite a few nightlife spots. There are also a number of attractive churches as well as Madrid's town palace. Bordering on La Latina's east side is the famous Rastro flea-market (a prime pick-pocket spot).

[[File:Estatua de Atenea - Círculo de Bellas Artes (Madrid).jpg|thumb|The [[Círculo de Bellas Artes]]]]

===Malasaña===

A list of key figures of madrilenian architecture during the 19th and 20th centuries includes authors such as [[Narciso Pascual Colomer|Narciso Pascual y Colomer]], [[Francisco Jareño y Alarcón]], [[Francisco de Cubas]], [[Juan Bautista Lázaro de Diego]], [[Ricardo Velázquez Bosco]], [[Antonio Palacios]], [[Secundino Zuazo]], [[Luis Gutiérrez Soto]], {{ill|Luis Moya Blanco|es}} and [[Alejandro de la Sota (architect)|Alejandro de la Sota]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=García Gutiérrez-Mosteiro |first=Javier |chapter-url=http://oa.upm.es/51042/1/1996_diez_JM.pdf |chapter=Diez arquitectos en Madrid |year=1996 |title=Madrid y sus arquitectos: 150 años de la escuela de arquitectura |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural de la Comunidad de Madrid |___location=Madrid |pages=75–96 |isbn=84-89162-73-5 |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803130118/http://oa.upm.es/51042/1/1996_diez_JM.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Malasaña is a vibrant neighborhood full of lively bars and clubs overflowing with young people. Its streets are currently being renovated, making it a much more attractive quarter (the streetworks are almost finished). It's one of the classic areas for partying the night away. The area's center is the [[Plaza del Dos de Mayo]] (in commemoration of the Madrilenian popular uprising on [[May 2]], [[1808]], brutally and effectivey repressed by the French troops and which started the Spanish Independence War).

From the mid-19th century until the Civil War, Madrid modernised and built new neighbourhoods and monuments. The expansion of Madrid developed under the [[Ensanche|Plan Castro]], resulting in the neighbourhoods of [[Salamanca (Madrid)|Salamanca]], [[Moncloa-Aravaca|Argüelles]], and [[Chamberí]]. [[Arturo Soria]] conceived the [[Linear city (Soria design)|linear city]] and built the first few kilometres of the road that bears his name, which embodies the idea. The [[Gran Vía (Madrid)|Gran Vía]] was built using different styles that evolved over time: French style, eclectic, art deco, and expressionist.

Although popularly known as the [[barrio]] Malasaña, the

real name for the area is Universidad (University).

The name Malasaña comes from the 17 year old girl

Manuela Malasaña who once lived on the street

San Andrés. She was killed fighting the French in 1808.

Today there is a street named in her honour very close

to the roundabout 'Glorieta de Bilbao'.

[[Art Nouveau in Madrid]], known as ''Modernismo'' was developed at the turn of the century, in concert with its appearance elsewhere in Europe, including [[Barcelona]] and [[Valencia]]. [[Antonio Palacios]] built a series of buildings inspired by the [[Viennese Secession]], such as the [[Palace of Communication]], the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes]], and the [[Río de La Plata Bank]] (now [[Instituto Cervantes]]). Other notable buildings include the [[Bank of Spain]], the neo-Gothic [[Almudena Cathedral]], [[Atocha Station]], and the Catalan art-nouveau [[Palace of Longoria]]. [[Las Ventas]] Bullring was built, and the [[Market of San Miguel]].

===Vallecas===

Vallecas is a working-class residential district in the south of Madrid. It is also home to the [[Rayo Vallecano]] soccer team.

[[File:Edificio España - 05.jpg|thumb|The [[Edificio España]]]]

===Aravaca===

Following the Francoist takeover that ensued the end of Spanish Civil war, architecture experienced an involution, discarding rationalism and, eclecticism notwithstanding, going back to an overall rather "outmoded" architectural language, with the purpose of turning Madrid into a capital worthy of the "Immortal Spain".<ref name=torrus>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publico.es/politica/huella-del-fascismo-patrio-arquitectura.html |website=[[Público (Spain)|Público]] |title=La huella del fascismo patrio en la arquitectura de Madrid |date=13 January 2017 |first=Alejandro |last=Torrús |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206032108/https://www.publico.es/politica/huella-del-fascismo-patrio-arquitectura.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iconic examples of this period include the [[General Headquarters of the Air and Space Force|Ministry of the Air]] (a case of [[herrerian]] revival) and the [[Edificio España]], presented as the tallest building in Europe when it was inaugurated in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hoy.es/v/20110223/sociedad/simbolo-centro-madrid-20110223.html |website=Hoy |date=23 February 2011 |title=Un símbolo en el centro de Madrid |first=Julián |last=Méndez |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521054401/https://www.hoy.es/v/20110223/sociedad/simbolo-centro-madrid-20110223.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=torrus /> Many of these buildings distinctly combine the use of brick and stone in the façades.<ref name=torrus /> The [[Casa Sindical]] marked a breaking point as it was the first to reassume rationalism, although that relinking to modernity was undertaken through the imitation of the Italian Fascist architecture.<ref name=torrus />

[[Aravaca]] is a middle-class residential suburb in the northwest of Madrid. During the [[spanish civil war]] the front was stabilized here for almost three years. Aravaca and its surroundings are plenty of parks and woods like [[Casa de Campo]].

In the late 20th century, with the advent of Spanish economic development, skyscrapers, such as [[Torre Picasso]], Torres Blancas and Torre BBVA, and the [[Gate of Europe]] were built. In the 2000s, the four tallest skyscrapers in Spain were built and together form the [[Cuatro Torres Business Area]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2007/08/12/negocio/1186923803_850215.html/ |title=La altura sí importa |work=Architecture |access-date=18 September 2018 |language=ES |archive-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417011639/http://elpais.com/diario/2007/08/12/negocio/1186923803_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Terminal 4 at [[Madrid-Barajas Airport]] was inaugurated in 2006 and won several architectural awards. Terminal 4 is one of the world's largest terminal areas<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/madrid-barajas-airport/ |title=Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD/LEMD) – Airport Technology |work=Airport Technology |access-date=27 March 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041403/http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/madrid-barajas-airport/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and features glass panes and domes in the roof, which allow natural light to pass through.

==Tourist attractions==

[[Image:Madrid-prado.jpg|thumbnail|300px|The Prado Museum]]

Madrid is one of Spain's most popular destinations, and its well known for the quantity of cultural related attractions and monuments that the city has embraced.

===Galleries===

Endowed by the ''Golden Triangle of Art'', located along the [[Paseo del Prado]] and composed by 3 museums, Madrid is considered one of the top European destinations concerning art museums. The three most important art museums are:

* [[Museo del Prado|Prado Museum]] (the most popular ''Golden Triangle of Art'' member known for such highlights as [[Diego Velázquez]]'s ''[[Las Meninas]]'' and [[Francisco de Goya]]'s ''[[La Maja Vestida]]'' and ''[[La Maja Desnuda]]'

* [[Museo Thyssen Bornemisza|Thyssen Bornemisza Museum]] (established from a mixed private collection)

* [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia|Reina Sofia Museum]] (Modern art museum where [[Pablo Picasso]]'s ''[[Guernica]]'' hangs).

===Museums and cultural centres===

{{See also|List of museums in Madrid}}

[[Image:Madrid GDFL040412 019.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Parque del Retiro]]

[[File:Las Meninas, by Diego Velázquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Las Meninas]]'', by [[Diego Velázquez]], 1656, [[Prado Museum]]]]

* Naval Museum

Madrid is considered one of the top European destinations concerning art museums. Best known is the [[Golden Triangle of Art]], located along the [[Paseo del Prado]] and comprising three major museums: the [[Museo del Prado|Prado Museum]], the [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Reina Sofía Museum]], and the [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]].

* Casa-Museo Jose Padilla *

* Casa-Museo Manuel Benedito *

* Museo de Antropologia Medico *

* Museo De La Farmacia Hispaña *

* Museo Del Reloj Grassy *

===City attractions===

[[Image:Madrid GDFL040412 018.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Palacio Real]]

* [[Plaza Mayor of Madrid|Plaza Mayor]]

* [[Gran Via]]

* [[Casón del Buen Retiro]]

* [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Palacio Real]]

* [[Templo de Debod]]

* [[Puerta del Sol]]

* [[Parque del Buen Retiro]]

* [[Parque del Retiro]]

* [[Torre España]]

* [[Faro de Moncloa]]

* [[Puerta de Europa]]

* [[Puerta de Alcalá]]

* [[Estadio Santiago Bernabéu]]

* [[Estadio Vicente Calderón]]

* [[Plaza de Cibeles]]

[[Image:Plaza de Cibeles - Palacio de Communicaciones Madrid 2002.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Palacio de Comunicaciones]]

* Palacio De Liria *

* [[Teatro Real]]

* Auditorio Nacional de Musica

* Teatro Monumental

* Teatro de la Zarzuela

* [[Centro Cultural de la Villa]]

* Teatro de la Abadía

* [[Círculo de Bellas Artes]]

* Teatro Español

* Teatro de la Comedia

* [[Cafe Central]] (Madrid's top Jazz venue.)

The Prado Museum (''Museo del Prado'') is a museum and art gallery that features one of the world's finest collections of European art, from the 12th century to the early 19th century, based on the former [[Spanish Royal Collection]]. It has the best collection of artworks by [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]], [[El Greco]], [[Rubens]], [[Titian]], [[Hieronymus Bosch]], [[José de Ribera]], and [[Patinir]], as well as works by [[Rogier van der Weyden]], [[Raphael Sanzio]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Paolo Veronese|Veronese]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Van Dyck]], [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Claude Lorrain]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], and [[Zurbarán]], among others. Some of the standout works exhibited at the museum include ''[[Las Meninas]]'', ''[[La maja vestida]]'', ''[[La maja desnuda]]'', ''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]'', ''[[The Immaculate Conception (Tiepolo)|The Immaculate Conception]]'' and ''[[The Judgement of Paris (Rubens)|The Judgement of Paris]]''.

''Places that you need to phone to make an appointment are marked by an asterisk (*)''

The Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (''Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza'') is an art museum that fills the historical gaps in its counterparts' collections: in the Prado's case, this includes Italian primitives and works from the [[English art|English]], [[Dutch School (painting)|Dutch]], and German schools, while in the case of the Reina Sofía, the Thyssen-Bornemisza collection, once the second largest private collection in the world after the British [[Royal Collection]],<ref name="nyt-obit">{{Cite news|last=Kandell|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2002|title=Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza, Industrialist Who Built Fabled Art Collection, Dies at 81|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/nyregion/baron-thyssen-bornemisza-industrialist-who-built-fabled-art-collection-dies-81.html|access-date=24 May 2023|issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008073342/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/28/nyregion/baron-thyssen-bornemisza-industrialist-who-built-fabled-art-collection-dies-81.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=8 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> includes [[Impressionist]]s, [[Expressionist]]s, and European and American paintings from the second half of the 20th century, with over 1,600 paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museothyssen.org/en/thyssen/home |title=Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (English) |website=Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425021304/http://www.museothyssen.org/en/thyssen/home |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other nearby towns are popular as day trips from Madrid, including [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], [[Segovia]], [[Ávila]], [[Aranjuez]], [[Alcalá de Henares]], the monastery and palace complex of [[El Escorial]], and [[Chinchón]].

[[File:Edificio_Sabatini._Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sofía.jpg|thumb|[[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Queen Sofía National Museum Art Centre]]]]

The Reina Sofía National Art Museum (''Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía''; MNCARS) is Madrid's national museum of [[20th-century art]] and houses [[Pablo Picasso]]'s 1937 anti-war masterpiece, ''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]''. Other highlights of the museum, which is mainly dedicated to Spanish art, include excellent collections of Spain's greatest 20th-century masters including [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Joan Miró]], Picasso, [[Juan Gris]], and [[Julio González (sculptor)|Julio González]]. The Reina Sofía also hosts a free-access art library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museoreinasofia.es/index_en.html |title=Museo Reina Sofía (MNCARS), official English webpage |publisher=Museoreinasofia.es |access-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101193754/http://www.museoreinasofia.es/index_en.html |archive-date=1 January 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Museo Arqueológico Nacional (34583977144).jpg|thumb|A cloister in the [[National Archaeological Museum (Madrid)|National Archaeological Museum]] (MAN) showcasing prehistoric items from the Iberian Peninsula, including the [[Mausoleum of Pozo Moro]]]]

The [[National Archaeological Museum (Madrid)|National Archaeological Museum of Madrid]] (''Museo Arqueológico Nacional'') shows archaeological finds from [[Prehistory]] to the 19th century, including Roman mosaics, Greek ceramics, Islamic art and Romanesque art, especially from the Iberian Peninsula, distributed over three floors. An iconic item in the museum is the [[Lady of Elche]], an Iberian bust from the 4th century BC. Other major pieces include the [[Lady of Baza]], the [[Lady of Cerro de los Santos]], the [[Lady of Ibiza]], the [[Bicha of Balazote]], the [[Treasure of Guarrazar]], the [[Pyxis of Zamora]], the [[Mausoleum of Pozo Moro]] and a [[napier's bones]]. In addition, the museum has a reproduction of the polychromatic paintings in the [[Altamira Cave]].

The [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando]] (''Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando'') houses a fine art collection of paintings ranging from the 15th to 20th centuries. The academy is the headquarters of the Madrid Academy of Art.{{refn|group=n.|[[Francisco Goya]] was once one of the academy's directors, and its alumni include [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Antonio López García]], [[Juan Luna]], and [[Fernando Botero]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomadrid.com/museums/bellas-artes.html |title=The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Museum, Madrid |publisher=Gomadrid.com |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202192641/http://www.gomadrid.com/museums/bellas-artes.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wichita">{{cite web |url=http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=mark2&p=/manwithcane/ |title=WICHITA STATE UNIVERSITY SCULPTURE TOUR – Wichita State University |work=wichita.edu |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081610/http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=mark2&p=%2Fmanwithcane%2F |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[CaixaForum Madrid]] is a post-modern art gallery in the centre of Madrid, next to the Prado Museum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://obrasocial.lacaixa.es/nuestroscentros/caixaforummadrid/caixaforummadrid_es.html |title=Caixaforum Madrid &#124; Nuestros centros &#124; Obra Social "la Caixa" |publisher=Obrasocial.lacaixa.es |date=15 January 1974 |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416140811/http://obrasocial.lacaixa.es/nuestroscentros/caixaforummadrid/caixaforummadrid_es.html |archive-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Royal Palace of Madrid]], a massive building characterised by its luxurious rooms, houses rich collections of armours and weapons, as well as the most comprehensive collection of [[Antonio Stradivari|Stradivarius]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.patrimonionacional.es/Home/Palacios-Reales/Palacio-Real-de-Madrid.aspx |title=Patrimonio Nacional – Palacio Real de Madrid |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112062553/http://www.patrimonionacional.es/Home/Palacios-Reales/Palacio-Real-de-Madrid.aspx |archive-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Museo de las Colecciones Reales]] is a future museum intended to host the most outstanding pieces of the Royal Collections part of the [[Patrimonio Nacional]]. Located next to the Royal Palace and the Almudena, Patrimonio Nacional has tentatively scheduled its opening for 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/11/05/actualidad/1572958083_830062.html |journal=[[El País]] |date=5 November 2019 |title=Patrimonio Nacional invierte 900.000 euros en apuntalar las Colecciones Reales |first=Peio H. |last=Riaño |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309142458/https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/11/05/actualidad/1572958083_830062.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Museo_de_América_(Madrid)_03.jpg|thumb|The [[Museo de América]]]]

The [[Museum of the Americas (Madrid)|Museum of the Americas]] (''Museo de América'') is a national museum that holds artistic, archaeological, and ethnographic collections from the [[Americas]], ranging from the [[Paleolithic]] period to the present day.<ref name="museodeamerica1">{{cite web |url=http://museodeamerica.mcu.es |title=Museo de América |publisher=Museodeamerica.mcu.es |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527225221/http://museodeamerica.mcu.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other notable museums include the [[Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales|National Museum of Natural Sciences]] (the Spain's national museum of [[natural history]]),<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.mncn.csic.es/ |title=Portada |publisher=MNCN |date=27 May 2011 |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-date=2 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702004618/http://www.mncn.csic.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Museo Naval de Madrid|Naval Museum]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/ciencia_museo/prefLang_es/ |title=INICIO MUSEO NAVAL MADRID – Museo Naval – Armada Española – Ministerio de Defensa – Gobierno de España |language=es |publisher=Armada.mde.es |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422061454/http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/ciencia_museo/prefLang_es/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Convent of Las Descalzas Reales]] (with many works of Renaissance and Baroque art, and [[Brussels tapestry|Brussels tapestries]] inspired by paintings of Rubens),<ref name="patrimonionacional1">{{cite web |url=http://www.patrimonionacional.es/Home/Monasterios-y-Conventos/Monasterio-de-las-Descalzas-Reales.aspx |title=Patrimonio Nacional – Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales |publisher=Patrimonionacional.es |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414211231/http://www.patrimonionacional.es/Home/Monasterios-y-Conventos/Monasterio-de-las-Descalzas-Reales.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> the [[Museum of Lázaro Galdiano]] (housing a collection specialising in decorative arts, featuring a collection of weapons that features the sword of Pope [[Innocent VIII]]),<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.flg.es/museo/museo.htm |title=Fundación Lázaro Galdiano museum website |publisher=Flg.es |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702090440/http://flg.es/museo/museo.htm |archive-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> and the [[Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas|National Museum of Decorative Arts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnartesdecorativas.mcu.es |title=Museo de Artes Decorativas |publisher=Mnartesdecorativas.mcu.es |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425114741/http://mnartesdecorativas.mcu.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Institutions include the [[Museum of Romanticism (Madrid)|National Museum of Romanticism]] (focused on 19th century Romanticism),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museoromanticismo.mcu.es |title=Museo del Romanticismo |publisher=Museoromanticismo.mcu.es |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527223200/http://museoromanticismo.mcu.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Museum Cerralbo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museocerralbo.mcu.es |title=Museo Cerralbo |publisher=Museo Cerralbo |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520073938/http://museocerralbo.mcu.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Museo Nacional de Antropología (Madrid)|National Museum of Anthropology]] (featuring as highlight a [[Guanches|Guanche]] mummy from [[Tenerife]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnantropologia.mcu.es/ |title=Museo Nacional de Antropología |publisher=Mnantropologia.mcu.es |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607221905/http://mnantropologia.mcu.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Sorolla Museum]] (focused in the namesake Valencian Impressionist painter,<ref name="museosorolla1">{{cite web |url=https://www.esmadrid.com/en/tourist-information/sorolla-museum/ |title=Sorolla Museum |publisher=Madrid Official Tourism Website |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111155439/https://www.esmadrid.com/en/tourist-information/sorolla-museum |url-status=live}}</ref> also including sculptures by [[Auguste Rodin]], part of Sorolla's personal effects),<ref name="museosorolla2">{{cite web |url=http://museosorolla.mcu.es/ |title=Museo Sorolla |publisher=Museo Sorolla |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030708093806/http://museosorolla.mcu.es/ |url-status=live}}</ref> or the [[Museo de Historia de Madrid|History Museum of Madrid]] (housing pieces related to the local history of Madrid), the [[Wax Museum of Madrid]], and the [[Railway Museum (Madrid)|Railway Museum]] (located in the building that was once the Delicias Station).

Major cultural centres in the city include the [[Círculo de Bellas Artes|Fine Arts Circle]] (one of Madrid's oldest arts centres and one of the most important private cultural centres in Europe, hosting exhibitions, shows, film screenings, conferences and workshops), the [[Cuartel del Conde-Duque|Conde Duque cultural centre]] or the [[Matadero Madrid]], a cultural complex (formerly an abattoir) located by the river Manzanares. The Matadero, created in 2006 with the aim of "promoting research, production, learning, and diffusion of creative works and contemporary thought in all their manifestations", is considered the third most valued cultural institution in Madrid among art professionals.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2014/03/10/madrid/1394472605_618702.html |website=[[El País]] |date=10 March 2014 |title=Matadero Madrid, la tercera institución cultural mejor valorada del país |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203223244/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2014/03/10/madrid/1394472605_618702.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Language===

The usual language in Madrid is [[Peninsular Spanish]].

It is in the transition between northern and southern dialects.

Typical features are:

* {{lang|es-ES|[[Yeísmo]]}}, {{lang|es-ES|calló}} and {{lang|es-ES|cayó}} sound alike among all social classes.<ref name=Zamora>{{cite journal|last= Zamora Vicente|first= Alonso |title= ''Una mirada al hablar madrileño''|journal= [[ABC (España)]] |date=1961-06-11}}</ref> According to {{ill|Alonso Zamora Vicente|es}}, {{lang|es-ES|yeísmo}} has extended from Madrid across Spain.<ref name=Zamora />

* Aspiration of [[coda]] {{IPA|/s/}}.<ref name=Quilis>{{cite book|last= Quilis|first= Antonio|title= Tratado de fonología y fonética españolas|url= https://archive.org/details/tratadodefonolog0000quil|year= 1993|publisher= Gredos (Madrid)|isbn= 8424916255|page= 276| quote= Se produce aspiración en Andalucía, Extremadura, Canarias, Murcia, Toledo, en la Mancha, en ciertas partes de las provincias de Madrid (en la capital está muy extendida hasta en las clases cultas), Cuenca, Ávila, Salamanca, Rioja Baja.}}</ref>

* Frequent elision of final {{IPA|/d/}} ({{IPA|es|maˈðɾi|}}) and devoicing {{IPA|/θ/}} ({{IPA|es|maˈðɾiθ||ES-pe - Madrid.ogg}}) coexist with the standard preservation ({{IPA|es|maˈðɾið||Pronunciation_of_Madrid_in_Spanish.ogg}}) realised with varying degrees of relaxation.<ref name="Molina Martos 2016"/>

* {{lang|es-ES|[[Leísmo]]}}, {{lang|es-ES|[[laísmo]]}} and {{lang|es-ES|[[loísmo]]}}. According to {{ill|Samuel Gili Gaya|es}}, in Madrid speech, pronoun {{lang|es-ES|le}} is specialized in the masculine and pronoun {{lang|es-ES|la}} in the feminine, for direct and indirect objects.<ref name="Gili">Citado en Quilis, ''Los Pronombres "le", "la", "lo" y sus plurales en la lengua española hablada en Madrid '', pag. 36. <br /> ''Según Gili Gaya (1958, 210-211), el 'le' dativo, que, como se sabe, es invariable para los 2 géneros, se ha especializado como masculino: 'le regalaron una bicicleta' (a él); y cuando es femeninose sustituye por 'la', procedente del acusativo: la regalaron una bicicleta' (a ella). "Este es el uso madrileño espontáneo en todas las clases sociales, a no ser entre personas cuya instrucción gramatical, o la procedencia de otras regiones, lo corrija más o menos. La influencia de la capital irradia su laísmo hacia otras provincias del Centro y del Norte, llegando a vencer a menudo la resistencia del lenguaje literario. El vulgo madrileño va todavía más allá: el 'lo' sustituye con frecuencia a 'le' como dativo: 'lo pegaron una bofetada'. Sin embargo, este 'loísmo' se siente en todas partes como extremadamente plebeyo, y no ha logrado salir del habla achulapada."''</ref>

The arrival to Madrid of a substantial number of immigrants from [[Latin America]] (such as [[Ecuadorians]]) has induced processes of dialectal convergence and divergence in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=El español y sus variedades en el espacio global|first=Andrew|last=Lynch|pages=610–611|title=Dialectología hispánica. The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Dialectology|year=2023|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-367-26628-8|editor-first=Francisco|editor-last=Moreno-Fernández|editor-first2=Rocío|editor-last2=Caravedo}}</ref>

In the 1970s and 1980s, Madrid youth created their own slang, [[Cheli]].<ref name="Buzek">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/124535/SpisyFF_406-2011-1_4.pdf|chapter=Caló como un concepto plurivalente y los gitanismos en español|last=Buzek|first=Ivo|title=Historia crítica de la lexicografía gitano-española|___location=Brno|publisher=Masarykova univerzita|year=2011|page=25|hdl=11222.digilib/124535 |isbn=9788021057883|language=es|url=http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/124535}}</ref>

===Literature===

Madrid has been one of the great centres of [[Spanish literature]]. Some of the most distinguished writers of the [[Spanish Golden Age|Spanish Golden Century]] were born in Madrid, including [[Lope de Vega]] (author of ''[[Fuenteovejuna]]'' and ''[[The Dog in the Manger (play)|The Dog in the Manger]]''), who reformed the Spanish theatre, a project continued by [[Calderon de la Barca]] (author of ''[[Life is a Dream]]''). [[Francisco de Quevedo]], who criticised the Spanish society of his day, and author of ''[[El Buscón]]'', and [[Tirso de Molina]], who created the character [[Don Juan]], were born in Madrid. [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]] and [[Luis de Góngora|Góngora]] also lived in the city, although they were not born there. The Madrid homes of Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Gongora, and Cervantes still exist, and they are all in the Barrio de las Letras (Literary Neighborhood). Other writers born in Madrid in later centuries include [[Leandro Fernandez de Moratín]], [[Mariano José de Larra]], [[Jose de Echegaray]] ([[Nobel Prize in Literature]]), [[Ramón Gómez de la Serna]], [[Dámaso Alonso]], [[Enrique Jardiel Poncela]] and [[Pedro Salinas]].

The "Barrio de las Letras" owes its name to the intense literary activity taking place there during the 16th and 17th centuries. Some of the most prominent writers of the [[Spanish Golden Age]] lived here, such as [[Lope de Vega]], [[Francisco de Quevedo|Quevedo]], and [[Luis de Góngora|Góngora]], and it contained the Cruz and Príncipe Theatres, two of the most important in Spain. At 87 Calle de Atocha, on the northern end of the neighborhood, was the printing house of [[Juan de la Cuesta]], where the first edition of [[Don Quixote]] was typeset and printed in 1604. Most of the literary routes are articulated{{explain|date=August 2021}} along the Barrio de las Letras, where you can find scenes from novels of the [[Siglo de Oro]] and more recent works like "[[Bohemian Lights]]".{{explain|date=August 2021}} Although born in [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]], [[Spanish Realist literature|realist]] writer [[Benito Pérez Galdós]] made Madrid the setting for many of his stories; there is a giidebook to the Madrid of Galdós (''Madrid galdosiano'').<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=978-84-451-3131-2 |pages=11–12 |title=Guía del Madrid galdosiano |edition=2nd |year=2005 |url=http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM001795.pdf |last=García-Posada |first=Miguel |publisher=Consejería de Educación, Comunidad de Madrid |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104175721/http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM001795.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:BNE - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The interior of the National Library of Spain]]

Madrid is home to the [[Royal Spanish Academy]], the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language, which governs, with statutory authority, over Spanish,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/rd1109-1993.html |title=Real Decreto 1109/1993, de 9 de julio, por el que se aprueba los Estatutos de la Real Academia Española |work=Noticias Jurídicas |publisher=Noticias.juridicas.com |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325091954/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/rd1109-1993.html |url-status=live}}</ref> preparing, publishing, and updating authoritative reference works on it. The academy's motto (''lema'', in Spanish) states its purpose: it cleans the language, stabilizes it, and gives it brilliance ("Limpia, fija y da resplendor"). Madrid is home to another international cultural institution, the [[Instituto Cervantes]], whose task is the promotion and teaching of the [[Spanish language]] as well as the dissemination of the culture of [[Spain]] and [[Hispanic America]]. The [[Biblioteca Nacional de España|National Library of Spain]] is the largest major public library in Spain. The library's collection has more than 26,000,000 items, including 15,000,000 books and other printed materials, 30,000 manuscripts, 143,000 newspapers and serials, 4,500,000 graphic materials, 510,000 music scores, 500,000 maps, 600,000 sound recording, 90,000 audiovisuals, 90,000 electronic documents, and more than 500,000 microforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bne.es/es/Colecciones/ |title=Colecciones |first=Biblioteca Nacional de |last=España |date=21 May 2013 |work=bne.es |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309041548/http://www.bne.es/es/Colecciones |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cuisine===

{{Multiple image

| width = 220

| image1 = BocadilloCalamaresAtocha (cropped).JPG

| caption1 = Three [[squid sandwich]]es

| direction = vertical

| image2 = Patatas bravas madrid (cropped).jpg

| caption2 = ''[[Patatas bravas]]'', a very common bar snack served as ''[[Tapas|tapa]]''

}}

The Madrilenian cuisine has received plenty of influences from other regions of Spain and its own identity actually relies in its ability to assimilate elements from the immigration.<ref name=5d>{{Cite journal |url=https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2006/05/06/sentidos/1146882442_850215.html |journal=[[Cinco Días]] |title=La cocina madrileña más castiza |date=6 May 2006 |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205030851/https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2006/05/06/sentidos/1146882442_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[cocido madrileño]]'', a [[chickpea]]-based [[stew]], is one of the most emblematic dishes of the Madrilenian cuisine.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/07/icon/1478537706_161036.html |title=Date un homenaje: los cinco guisos de puchero más calóricos |last=Morales García |first=Teresa |date=15 November 2016 |work=El País |access-date=5 February 2020 |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205030849/https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/11/07/icon/1478537706_161036.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''{{ill|callos a la madrileña|es}}'' is another traditional winter specialty, usually made of cattle [[tripe]]s.<ref name="Madridiario-2020" /> Other [[offal]] dishes typical in the city include the ''{{ill|gallinejas|es}}''<ref name="Madridiario-2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.madridiario.es/noticia/473754/recomendamos/descubre-la-comida-tipica-de-madrid.html |title=Descubre la comida típica de Madrid |last=Madridiario |website=Madridiario |language=es |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205030852/https://www.madridiario.es/noticia/473754/recomendamos/descubre-la-comida-tipica-de-madrid.html |url-status=live}}</ref> or grilled [[Pig's ear (food)|pig's ear]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alimente.elconfidencial.com/gastronomia-y-cocina/2019-11-17/gastronomia-madrilena-oreja-a-la-plancha_1597397/ |website=Alimente |publisher=[[El Confidencial]] |title=Los mejores sitios para comer oreja a la plancha en Madrid |date=17 November 2019 |first=Álvaro |last=Hermida |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803143237/https://www.alimente.elconfidencial.com/gastronomia-y-cocina/2019-11-17/gastronomia-madrilena-oreja-a-la-plancha_1597397/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Fried [[squid]] has become a culinary specialty in Madrid, often consumed in sandwich as [[Squid sandwich|''bocata de calamares'']].<ref name="Madridiario-2020" />

Other generic dishes commonly accepted as part of the Madrilenian cuisine include the ''[[potaje]]'', the ''[[Garlic soup|sopa de ajo]]'' (Garlic soup), the [[Spanish omelette]], the ''{{ill|besugo a la madrileña|es}}'' ([[bream]]), ''{{ill|caracoles a la madrileña|es}}'' ([[snail]]s, sp. ''[[Cornu aspersum]]'') or the [[soldaditos de Pavía]], the ''[[patatas bravas]]'' (consumed as snack in bars) or the ''gallina en {{ill|pepitoria|es}}'' (hen or chicken cooked with the yolk of [[boiled egg|hard-boiled eggs]] and [[almond]]s) to name a few.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Cuadernos de Turismo |issue=33 |year=2014<!-- |pages=31–58--> |issn=1139-7861 |title=Jornadas de turismo gastronómico en la Comunidad de Madrid |first=Francisco |last=Feo Parrondo |___location=Murcia |publisher=[[University of Murcia|Universidad de Murcia]] |page=32 |url=https://revistas.um.es/turismo/article/view/195631/160081 |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829002136/https://revistas.um.es/turismo/article/view/195631/160081 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=davalos /><ref name=5d />

Traditional desserts include ''[[French toast|torrijas]]'' (a variant of French toast consumed during Easter)<ref name="Madridiario-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alimente.elconfidencial.com/gastronomia-y-cocina/2019-04-04/cocina-madrilena-recetas_1916282/ |publisher=[[El Confidencial]] |website=Alimente |last=Vallejo |first=Verónica |title=Los placeres de la cocina madrileña: 4 recetas que lo demuestran |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205030851/https://www.alimente.elconfidencial.com/gastronomia-y-cocina/2019-04-04/cocina-madrilena-recetas_1916282/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''{{ill|bartolillos|es}}''.<ref name=davalos>{{Cite journal |journal=Crónica Global |url=https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/vida/un-acercamiento-a-la-gastronomia-madrilena_38013_102.html |date=7 May 2016 |first=Carlos |last=Dávalos |title=Un acercamiento a la gastronomía madrileña |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205030852/https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/vida/un-acercamiento-a-la-gastronomia-madrilena_38013_102.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{See also|Cuisine of the Community of Madrid}}

===Nightlife===

[[File:Madrid (28228858839).jpg|thumb|Nightlife in the Centro District]]

Madrid is also noted for its nightlife and discotheques. Younger ''madrileños'' sometimes dance all night, stop off for ''chocolate y [[churros]]'' at dawn, go home, shower, shave, and go to work. Also popular is the practice of meeting in parks or streets with friends and drinking together (called 'botellón', from 'botella', bottle), but from a few years back drinking in the street is sanctioned with a fine and now young ''madrileños'' drink together all around the city instead of in some well known places. Many places show bands (concerts in Madrid [http://www.mondosonoro.com/docs_agenda/madrid/agenda.htm]). Nightlife and young cultural awakening flourished after the death of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]], especially during the 80s while Madrid's mayor [[Enrique Tierno Galván]] was in office, called ''[[la movida]]'' and initially focussed on the [[Plaza del Dos de Mayo]] (''Malasaña'' area). Bilbao, Tribunal, Alonso Martinez, in the geographical center, Moncloa on the west end, are populous night life places, Sol and Huertas in the historic center, and quite abundant with tourists by day and night (specially Huertas). A particular hub for night activity is nowadays the gay district of Chueca. However, as prices continue to rise and more jobs become available, nightlife in Madrid is becoming more and more like that of other European cities such as [[Stockholm]] or [[Munich]].

Madrid is an international hub of highly active and diverse [[nightlife]] with [[Bar (establishment)|bars]], dance bars and [[nightclub]]s staying open well past midnight.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2020/02/real-city-never-sleeps-discovering-nightlife-madrid |title=The real city that never sleeps: discovering nightlife in Madrid |date=17 February 2021 |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206081239/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2020/02/real-city-never-sleeps-discovering-nightlife-madrid |url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid is reputed to have a "vibrant [[nightlife]]".<ref name=cnn>{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/madrid-after-dark/index.html |website=[[cnn.com]] |title=Madrid after dark: How to go out like the locals |first=Jessica |last=Benavides Canepa |date=13 July 2017 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204013703/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/madrid-after-dark/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the highlight bustling locations include the surroundings of the [[Plaza de Santa Ana]], [[Malasaña]] and La Latina (particularly near the {{ill|Calle de la Cava Baja|es|Calle de la Cava Baja|lt=Cava Baja}}).<ref name=cnn /> It is one of the city's main attractions with tapas bars, cocktail bars, clubs, jazz lounges, live music venues and flamenco theatres. Most nightclubs liven up by 1:30 {{smallcaps|a.m}}.and stay open until at least 6 {{smallcaps|a.m}}.<ref name=cnn />

Nightlife flourished in the 1980s while Madrid's mayor [[Enrique Tierno Galván]] ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]) was in office, nurturing the cultural-musical movement known as ''[[La Movida Madrileña|La Movida]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5xHLTECaKMC&pg=PA21 |title=Madrid, Metropolis |last=Minchot |first=Pia |date=2002 |publisher=A. Asppan S.L. |isbn=978-84-89439-89-4 |page=21 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418092847/https://books.google.com/books?id=M5xHLTECaKMC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nowadays, the [[Malasaña]] area is known for its [[Independent music|alternative]] scene.

==Universities==

===Universidad Complutense de Madrid===

The Complutense University is one of the oldest universities in the world, and the largest in Spain. It has 10000 staff and a student population of 117 000. It is located on two campuses, in the university quarter Ciudad Universitaria at Moncloa in Madrid, and in Somosaguas.

The area of [[Chueca, Madrid|Chueca]] has also become a hot spot in the Madrilenian nightlife, especially for the gay population. Chueca is known as gay quarter, comparable to the [[Castro District, San Francisco|Castro District]] in San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/mar/16/best-bars-clubs-nightlife-madrid |title=Madrid: the best nights out |date=16 March 2012 |first=Paul |last=Richardson |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014100/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/mar/16/best-bars-clubs-nightlife-madrid |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Universidad Complutense de Madrid|Complutense University]] have their origins in the 13th century on the banks of the river Henares. The university achieved the name "Complutense" due to the fact that it was originally situated in the town of [[Alcalá de Henares]], whose Latin name was ''Complutum''. After 1836 the university was moved to Madrid and renamed ''Universidad Central''. The campus in the Ciudad Universitaria quarter in Madrid was built starting in 1927, and around 1980 a secondary campus was created in the neighbouring town of [[Somosaguas]]. The old Alcala campus reopened as an independent university ([[Universidad de Alcalá de Henares]]) in 1977.

{{see also|La Movida Madrileña}}

===Bohemian culture===

===Universidad Autonoma de Madrid===

[[Image:Madrid (48046139067).jpg|thumb|Nights in [[Malasaña]] are often crowded.]]

The [[Autonomous University of Madrid|Autonoma]], perhaps Spain's best university for research along with Complutense, was instituted under the leadership of the famous physicist, [[Nicolás Cabrera]]. The Autonoma is widely recognised for its research strengths in theoretical physics.

The city has venues for performing alternative art and expressive art. They are mostly located in the centre of the city, including in Ópera, Antón Martín, [[Chueca, Madrid|Chueca]] and [[Malasaña]]. There are also several festivals in Madrid, including the Festival of Alternative Art, and the Festival of the Alternative Scene.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.directline-citybreaks.co.uk/Madrid%20Things%20To%20Do |title=Things to do in Madrid – Popular sightseeing activities & things to do in Madrid |work=Directline-citybreaks.co.uk |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608204736/http://www.directline-citybreaks.co.uk/Madrid%20Things%20To%20Do |archive-date=8 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://escenacontemporanea.com/2011/ |title=11 Festival Escena Contemporánea |publisher=Escenacontemporanea.com |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219150444/http://escenacontemporanea.com/2011/ |archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nileguide.com/destination/madrid/things-to-do/festival-alternativo-de-las-artes-escenicas/369837 |title=Festival Alternativo de las Artes Escénicas, Madrid, Spain – Things to Do Reviews |publisher=NileGuide.com |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183225/http://www.nileguide.com/destination/madrid/things-to-do/festival-alternativo-de-las-artes-escenicas/369837 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=El Mundo |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/02/14/cultura/1234614472.html |title=Art Madrid ¿Alternativo o complementario a ARCO? |access-date=27 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217063100/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/02/14/cultura/1234614472.html}}</ref>

Known simply as ''la Autónoma'' in Madrid, its main site is the Cantoblanco Campus, situated 15 kilometers to the north of the capital (M-607) and close to the municipal areas of Madrid, namely Alcobendas, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Tres Cantos and Colmenar Viejo.

The neighbourhood of [[Malasaña]], as well as Antón Martín and [[Lavapiés]], hosts several bohemian cafés/galleries. These cafés are typified with period or retro furniture or furniture found on the street, a colourful, nontraditional atmosphere inside, and usually art displayed each month by a new artist, often for sale. Cafés include the retro café ''Lolina'' and bohemian cafés ''La Ida'', ''La Paca'' and ''Café de la Luz'' in Malasaña, ''La Piola'' in Huertas and ''Café Olmo'' and ''Aguardiente'' in Lavapiés.

Located on the main site are the Rectorate building and the Faculties of Science, Philosophy and Fine Arts, Law, Economic Science and Business Studies, Psychology, Higher School of Computing Science and Engineering, and the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education.

In the neighbourhood of Lavapiés, there are also "hidden houses", which are illegal bars or abandoned spaces where concerts, poetry readings and<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.momondo.com/blogs/lacastiza/archive/2009/10/28/lavapi-233-s.aspx |title=Madrid's Bohemian Best: Exploring Lavapiés – La Castiza |publisher=En.momondo.com |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726141729/http://en.momondo.com/blogs/lacastiza/archive/2009/10/28/lavapi-233-s.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notesfrommadrid.com/category/by-barrio/lavapies/ |title=Madrid Neighbourhoods: Lavapiés... Going out, eating, drinking, and bohemian cool! – Notes from Madrid – Tapas bars, restaurants, shopping, and nightlife in Madrid |publisher=Notesfrommadrid.com |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090528/http://www.notesfrommadrid.com/category/by-barrio/lavapies/ |archive-date=21 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatmadrid.com/lavapies.html |title=El Rastro & Lavapiés |publisher=Whatmadrid.com |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=11 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411073020/http://www.whatmadrid.com/lavapies.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the famous Spanish ''[[botellón]]'' (a street party or gathering that is now illegal but rarely stopped).

The Medical School is sited outside the main site and beside the Hospital Universitario La Paz. [http://www.uam.es]

===OtherClassical Universitiesmusic and opera===

[[File:Palco TeatroReal.jpg|thumb|The [[Teatro Real]]]]

;Public universities

The [[National Auditorium of Music|Auditorio Nacional de Música]]

*[[Universidad Complutense de Madrid]] ([http://www.ucm.es UCM])

<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.timeout.com/madrid/music/venue/13683/auditorio-nacional-de-musica |title=Auditorio Nacional de Música |magazine=Time Out |access-date=19 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905030441/http://www.timeout.com/madrid/music/venue/13683/auditorio-nacional-de-musica |archive-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> is the main venue for classical music concerts in Madrid. It is home to the [[Spanish National Orchestra]], the [[Chamartín Symphony Orchestra]]<ref name="Orquesta Sinfónica Chamartín-Historia (in Spanish)">{{cite web |title=Orquesta Sinfónica Chamartín-Historia (in Spanish) |url=http://www.oschamartin.org/fosc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=35 |publisher=Orquesta Sinfónica Chamartín |date=20 February 2008 |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514071357/http://www.oschamartin.org/fosc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=35 |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> and the venue for the symphonic concerts of the [[Community of Madrid Orchestra]] and the [[Madrid Symphony Orchestra]]. It is also the principal venue for orchestras on tour playing in Madrid.

*[[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]] ([http://www.upm.es UPM])

*[[Universidad Rey Juan Carlos]] ([http://www.urjc.es Rey Juan Carlos])

*[[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]] ([http://www.uned.es UNED])

*[[Universidad de Alcalá de Henares]] ([http://www.uah.es UAH])

*[[Universidad Carlos III]] ([http://www.uc3m.es])

;Private universities

*[[Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio]] ([http://www.uax.es UAX])

*[[Universidad Antonio de Nebrija]] ([http://www.nebrija.com Nebrija])

*[[Universidad Camilo José Cela]] ([http://www.ucjc.es Cela])

*[[Universidad Europea de Madrid]] ([http://www.uem.es UEM])

*[[Universidad Francisco de Vitoria]] ([http://www.fvitoria.com Francisco de Vitoria])

*[[Pontifical Comillas University of Madrid|Universidad Pontificia de Comillas]] ([http://www.upcomillas.es UPComillas])

*[[Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca]] ([http://www.upsam.com UPSAM])

*[[Universidad San Pablo]] ([http://www.ceu.es CEU])

*[[Escuela de Organización Industrial]] ([http://www.eoi.es EOI])

The [[Teatro Real]] is the main opera house in Madrid, located just in front of the [[Royal Palace of Madrid|Royal Palace]], and its resident orchestra is the [[Madrid Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeout.com/madrid/music/venue/13686/teatro-real |title=Teatro Real (Timeout Madrid) |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905063729/http://www.timeout.com/madrid/music/venue/13686/teatro-real |archive-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> The theatre stages around seventeen opera titles (both own productions and co-productions with other major European opera houses) per year, as well as two or three major ballets and several recitals.

;Various

*[[Real Conservatorio Superior de Música]]

*[[Escuela Superior de Música Reina Sofia]]

The [[Teatro de la Zarzuela]] is mainly devoted to [[Zarzuela]] (the Spanish traditional musical theatre genre), as well as [[operetta]] and [[Concert#Recital|recital]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://teatrodelazarzuela.mcu.es/en/quienes-somos/historia |title=History |work=mcu.es |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821220749/http://teatrodelazarzuela.mcu.es/en/quienes-somos/historia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeout.com/madrid/music/venue/13687/teatro-de-la-zarzuela |title=Teatro de la Zarzuela – Timeout Madrid |publisher=Timeout.com |access-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908165115/http://www.timeout.com/madrid/music/venue/13687/teatro-de-la-zarzuela |archive-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> The resident orchestra of the theatre is the [[Community of Madrid Orchestra]].

==Transportation==

===Air===

Madrid is served by [[Barajas International Airport]]. Barajas serves as the main [[Airline hub|hub]] of [[Iberia Airlines]] and other airlines. It consequently serves as the main gateway to the Iberian peninsula from Europe, America and the rest of the world. Current passenger volumes range upwards of 40 million passengers per year, putting it in the [[World's busiest airport|top 20]] busiest airports in the world. Given annual increases of 10%, a new fourth terminal has been constructed. The new Terminal 4 is the biggest European airport terminal. It has significantly reduced delays and doubled the capacity of the airport to more than 70 Millions passengers per year. Two additional runways are also being constructed, making Barajas a fully operational 4 runway airport.

The [[Teatro Monumental]] is the concert venue of the [[RTVE Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=La Orquesta Sinfónica (in Spanish) |url=http://www.rtve.es/orquesta-coro/orquesta-sinfonica/ |publisher=RTVE |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827074743/http://www.rtve.es/orquesta-coro/orquesta-sinfonica/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===National Rail===

Spain's railway system, the ''Red Nacional de Ferrocarriles Españoles'' ([[Renfe]]) operates the vast majority of Spain's railways. In Madrid, the main rail terminals are [[Atocha]] and [[Chamartín]].

Other concert venues for classical music are the Fundación Joan March and the [[Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía|Auditorio 400]], devoted to contemporary music.

The crown jewel of Spain's next decade of infrastructure construction is the Spanish high speed rail network, Alta Velocidad Española [[AVE]]. Currently, an ambitious plan includes the construction of a 7,000 km network, centered on Madrid. The overall goal is to have all important provincial cities be no more than 4 hours away from Madrid, and no more than 6 hours away from [[Barcelona]]. As of 2005, [[AVE]] [[high-speed trains]] link Atocha station to [[Seville]] ( to be extended to [[Malaga]] in 2007 ) and [[Toledo]] in the south and to [[Zaragoza]] and [[Lleida]] in the east (to be extended to Barcelona at the end of 2007).

===MetroFeasts and festivals===

====San Isidro====

Serving the city's population of some five million, the [[Madrid Metro]] is one of the most extensive and fastest-growing [[metro]] networks in the world. With the addition of a loop serving suburbs to Madrid's south-west "Metrosur", it is now the second largest metro system in [[Western Europe]], second only to London's [[London Underground|Underground]]. The province of Madrid is also served by an extensive [[commuter rail]] network called [[Cercanías]].

[[File:Madrid - Fiestas de San Isidro - 20070515-45.jpg|thumb|right|Festivities of San Isidro Labrador in the ''pradera'', 2007]]

The local feast par excellence is the Day of [[Isidore the Laborer]] (''San Isidro Labrador''), the patron Saint of Madrid, celebrated on 15 May. It is a [[public holiday]]. According to tradition, Isidro was a farmworker and well manufacturer born in Madrid in the late 11th century, who lived a pious life and whose corpse was reportedly found to be [[Incorruptibility|incorrupt]] in 1212. Already very popular among the madrilenian people, as Madrid became the capital of the Hispanic Monarchy in 1561 the city council pulled efforts to promote his canonization; the process started in 1562.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zozaya |first=Leonor |date=30 June 2011 |url=http://www.tiemposmodernos.org/tm3/index.php/tm/article/view/260 |title=Construcciones para una canonización: reflexiones sobre los lugares de memoria y de culto en honor a San Isidro Labrador |journal=Revista electrónica de Historia Moderna |volume=7 |issue=22 |issn=1699-7778 |language=es |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073438/http://www.tiemposmodernos.org/tm3/index.php/tm/article/view/260 |url-status=live}}</ref> Isidro was beatified in 1619 and the feast day set on 15 May<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Río Barredo |first=María José del |date=1993 |title=Fiestas públicas en Madrid (1561–1808) |url=https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/12886 |___location=Madrid |publisher=[[Autonomous University of Madrid|Universidad Autónoma de Madrid]] |language=es |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071938/https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/12886 |url-status=live}}</ref> (he was finally canonized in 1622).<ref>{{Cite web |title=¿Por qué se celebra San Isidro el 15 de mayo? |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/cultura/que-celebra-san-isidro-mayo-madrid_2017051559196c670cf2a1da4832e162.html |access-date=3 February 2020 |date=15 May 2017 |website=[[La Sexta]] |language=es |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071935/https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/cultura/que-celebra-san-isidro-mayo-madrid_2017051559196c670cf2a1da4832e162.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 May the Madrilenian people gather around the {{ill|Hermitage of San Isidro|es|Ermita de San Isidro (Madrid)}} and the {{ill|Park of San Isidro|es|Parque de San Isidro|lt=Prairie of San Isidro}} (on the right-bank of the [[Manzanares River|Manzanares]]) often dressed with checkered caps (''{{ill|Parpusa|es|Parpusa|lt=parpusas}}'') and kerchiefs (''safos'')<ref>{{Cite news |title='Parpusas', 'safos' y 'mañosas' |date=15 May 1989 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1989/05/15/madrid/611234654_850215.html |journal=[[El País]] |last1=Carbajo |first1=Juan Antonio |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071937/https://elpais.com/diario/1989/05/15/madrid/611234654_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref> characteristic of the [[chulapo]]s and chulapas, dancing ''[[Schottische|chotis]]'' and ''[[pasodoble]]s'', eating ''rosquillas'' and ''barquillos''.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/comer/sitios/20190514/462211652003/platos-tipicos-madrilenos-san-isidro-fiesta-gastronomia-sitios.html |journal=[[La Vanguardia]] |title=Estos son los platos que debes probar en San Isidro |date=14 May 2019 |first=Jara |last=Atienza |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071937/https://www.lavanguardia.com/comer/sitios/20190514/462211652003/platos-tipicos-madrilenos-san-isidro-fiesta-gastronomia-sitios.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sports==

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!Club

!Sport

!League

!Venue

|-

|[[Real Madrid]]

|[[Soccer]]

|[[La Liga]]

|[[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]]

|-

|[[Atlético de Madrid]]

|[[Soccer]]

|[[La Liga]]

|[[Vicente Calderón Stadium|Vicente Calderón]]

|-

|[[Real Madrid-Teka]]

|[[Basketball]]

|[[Spanish ACB|ACB league]]

|[[Palacio Vistalegre]]

|-

|[[CB Estudiantes|Adecco Estudiantes]]

|[[Basketball]]

|[[Spanish ACB|ACB league]]

|[[Madrid Arena]]

|}

====LGBT pride====

Madrid is home to [[Real Madrid]], the world's most successful [[football (soccer)|football]] club (according to [[FIFA]]), which plays in the [[Estadio Santiago Bernabéu]]. Its hometown rival, [[Atletico de Madrid]], is also well supported in the city, and its supporters are called ''colchoneros''. Madrid's contribution to the sport is further noticed by the fact that it hosted the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] final.

{{Main|Madrid Pride}}

[[File:WorldPride 2017 - Madrid - Carrera de tacones - 170629 180856.jpg|thumb|right|High heels race in WorldPride Madrid 2017]]

The Madrilenian LGBT Pride has grown to become the event bringing the most people together in the city each year<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2011/06/28/madrid/1309260263_850215.html |journal=[[El País]] |date=28 June 2011 |title=El Orgullo 2011 se pone los cascos en Chueca |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071935/https://elpais.com/diario/2011/06/28/madrid/1309260263_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as one of the most important Pride celebrations worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2016/06/30/madrid/1467313121_062894.html |journal=[[El País]] |date=7 July 2016 |title=El Orgullo más envidiado del mundo |first=Pablo |last=León |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214134438/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2016/06/30/madrid/1467313121_062894.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Madrid's Pride Parade began in 1977, in the Chueca neighbourhood, which also marked the beginning of the gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual rights movement after being repressed for forty years in a dictatorship.<ref name="MADO-2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.madridorgullo.com/en/worldpride/acercade |title=About WPM 2017 – Madrid Pride MADO'15 |website=www.madridorgullo.com |access-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002050/http://www.madridorgullo.com/en/worldpride/acercade |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> This claiming of LGBT rights has allowed the Pride Parade in Madrid to grow year after year, becoming one of the best in the world. In 2007, this was recognised by the European Pride Organisers Association (EPOA) when Madrid hosted [[EuroPride]]. It was hailed by the then President of the EPOA as "the best EuroPride in history".<ref name="MADO-2016"/>

The city is also host to two [[basketball]] teams on the [[ACB]] league, and the [[Circuit del Jarama]], a [[motorsport]] race circuit which formerly hosted the [[Formula One]] [[Spanish Grand Prix]].

In 2017, Madrid celebrated the 40th anniversary of their first Pride Parade by hosting the WorldPride Madrid 2017. Numerous conferences, seminars and workshops as well as cultural and sports activities took place at the festival, the event being a "kids and family pride" and a source of education. More than one million people attended the pride's central march.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2017/07/01/arranca-madrid-marcha-mundial-del-orgullo-2017-1184669-305.html |title=Más de un millón de personas convierten a Madrid en capital mundial del Orgullo Gay |date=1 July 2017 |website=heraldo.es |language=es |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730115547/https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2017/07/01/arranca-madrid-marcha-mundial-del-orgullo-2017-1184669-305.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The main purpose of the celebration was presenting Madrid and the Spanish society in general as a multicultural, diverse, and tolerant community.<ref name="MADO-2017"/> The 2018 [[Madrid Pride]] roughly had 1.5&nbsp;million participants.<ref name=MADdestino />^p.&nbsp;34

Historically the city serves as the last stage of the [[Vuelta a España]] cyclist classic in the same way as Paris does in the [[Tour de France]].

Since Spain legalised [[same-sex marriage]] in July 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/world/europe/spain-gives-approval-to-gay-unions.html |title=Spain gives approval to gay unions |last=Mclean |first=Renwick |date=1 July 2005 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119030827/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/30/world/europe/30iht-spain.html?_r=0 |url-status=live}}</ref> Madrid has become one of the largest hot spots for LGBT culture. With about 500 businesses aimed toward the LGBT community, Madrid has become a "Gateway of Diversity".<ref name="MADO-2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.madridorgullo.com/en/home/about-mado |title=About Madrid Pride – Madrid Pride MADO'15 |website=www.madridorgullo.com |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114173428/http://www.madridorgullo.com/en/home/about-mado |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings]]

*[[Forest of the Departed]]

*[[List of mayors of Madrid]]

==Sister cities==Other====

[[File:Madrid - Pregón carnaval - 130209 175842.jpg|thumb|right|People in costumes during the proclamation (''pregón'') of the 2013 Carnival]]

{|

Despite often being labelled as "having no tradition" by foreigners,<ref name=alpuente /> the [[Carnival]] was popular in Madrid already in the 16th century. However, during the Francoist dictatorship the carnival was under government ban and the feasts suffered a big blow.<ref name=alpuente>{{Cite news |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2002/02/13/madrid/1013603055_850215.html |journal=[[El País]] |first=Moncho |last=Alpuente |author-link=Moncho Alpuente |title=Tradición |date=13 February 2002 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071936/https://elpais.com/diario/2002/02/13/madrid/1013603055_850215.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://somosmalasana.eldiario.es/pequena-historia-del-carnaval-madrileno/ |access-date=3 February 2020 |title=Pequeña historia del carnaval madrileño {{!}} Somos Malasaña |last=Cruz |first=Luis de la |date=6 March 2011 |website=somosmalasana.eldiario.es |language=es |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071936/https://somosmalasana.eldiario.es/pequena-historia-del-carnaval-madrileno/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been slowly recovering since then.

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|

Other signalled days include the regional day (2 May) commemorating the [[Dos de Mayo Uprising]] (a public holiday), the feasts of San Antonio de la Florida (13 June), the feast of the Virgen de la Paloma (circa 15 August) or the day of the co-patron of Madrid, the [[Virgin of Almudena]] (9 November), although the latter's celebrations are rather religious in nature.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Descubre todas las actividades que te ofrecen las fiestas de la Almudena 2019 |date=9 November 2019 |journal=[[La Vanguardia]] |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20191109/471412411530/fiestas-almudena-2019-madrid-programacion-actividades.html |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226064324/https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20191109/471412411530/fiestas-almudena-2019-madrid-programacion-actividades.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

*{{flagicon|China}} '''[[Beijing]]''', [[China]]

*{{flagicon|Serbia and Montenegro}} '''[[Belgrade]]''', [[Serbia and Montenegro]]

The most important musical event in the city is the [[Mad Cool]] festival; created in 2016, it reached an attendance of {{nts|240000}} during the three-day long schedule of the 2018 edition.<ref name=MADdestino />^p.&nbsp;33

*{{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Berlin]]''', [[Germany]]

*{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Bordeaux]]''', [[France]]

===Bullfighting===

*{{flagicon|Belgium}} '''[[Brussels]]''', [[Belgium]]

Madrid hosts the largest ''plaza de toros'' (bullring) in Spain, [[Las Ventas]], established in 1929. Las Ventas is considered by many to be the world centre of bullfighting and has a [[seating capacity]] of almost 25,000. Madrid's [[bullfighting]] season begins in March and ends in October. Bullfights are held every day during the festivities of [[Isidore the Laborer|San Isidro]] (Madrid's [[patron saint]]) from mid May to early June, and every Sunday, and [[holiday|public holiday]], the rest of the season. The style of the plaza is [[Neo-Mudéjar]]. Las Ventas also hosts music concerts and other events outside of the bullfighting season. There is great controversy in Madrid with bullfighting.{{failed verification|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=11 September 2016 |title=Thousands rally in Madrid to demand an end to bullfighting |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/11/thousands-rally-in-madrid-to-demand-an-end-to-bullfighting |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=the Guardian |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021000516/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/11/thousands-rally-in-madrid-to-demand-an-end-to-bullfighting |url-status=live }}</ref>

*{{flagicon|Venezuela}} '''[[Caracas]]''', [[Venezuela]]

*{{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Havana]]''', [[Cuba]]

===Sport===

*{{flagicon|Portugal}} '''[[Lisbon]]''', [[Portugal]]

{{Main|Sport in Madrid}}

*{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} '''[[Managua]]''', [[Nicaragua]]

*{{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Mexico City]]''', [[Mexico]]

====Football====

*{{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Moscow]]''', [[Russia]]

{{Main|Football in Madrid}}

*{{flagicon|USA}} '''[[New York City]]''', [[USA]]

[[File:Torres running at goal - CdR - RM v ATL.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Madrid Derby]] at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]], January 2015]]

*{{flagicon|Mauritania}} '''[[Nouakchott]]''', [[Mauritania]]

[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], founded in 1902, compete in [[La Liga]] and play their home games at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]]. The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and their supporters are referred to as ''Madridistas'' or ''Merengues'' (Meringues). Real's supporters in Madrid are often believed to be constituted principally of members of the middle classes, however, this claim is in dispute and has not been proved. It has also been suggested that a large proportion of Real Madrid's fans are members of the working class.<ref>{{cite web |work=FourFourTwo |title=Why everything you know about the Madrid derby might be wrong |date=7 January 2015 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-everything-you-know-about-madrid-derby-might-be-wrong |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213232812/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/why-everything-you-know-about-madrid-derby-might-be-wrong |url-status=live }}</ref> The club was selected as the [[FIFA Club of the Century|best club of the 20th century]], being the fifth [[Forbes list of the most valuable sports teams|most valuable sports club]] in the world and the [[List of football clubs in Spain by major honours won|most successful Spanish football club]] with a total of 104 official titles (this includes a record 15 [[UEFA Champions League|European Cups]] and a record 36 La Liga trophies).

*{{flagicon|Panama}} '''[[Panama City]]''', [[Panama]]

*{{flagicon|France}} '''[[Paris]]''', [[France]]

[[Atlético Madrid]], founded in 1903, also compete in La Liga and play their home games at the [[Metropolitano Stadium]]. The club is well-supported in the city, having the third national fan base in Spain and their supporters are referred to as ''Atléticos'' or ''Colchoneros'' (The Mattressers). Atlético is believed to draw its support mostly from working class citizens.<ref>{{cite web |work=goal.com |title=Madridista or Colchonero?, reference to the team's jersey colours |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2016/05/24/23876092/madridista-or-colchonero-fans-discuss-support-of-real-madrid |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015201929/http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2016/05/24/23876092/madridista-or-colchonero-fans-discuss-support-of-real-madrid |url-status=live}}</ref> The club is considered an [[UEFA coefficient#Men's club coefficient|elite European team]], having won three [[UEFA Europa League]] titles and reached three [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|European Cup finals]]. Domestically, Atletico have won eleven league titles and ten [[Copa del Rey]]s.

*{{flagicon|Ecuador}} '''[[Quito]]''', [[Ecuador]]

*{{flagicon|Morocco}} '''[[Rabat]]''', [[Morocco]]

[[Rayo Vallecano]], founded in 1924, are the third most important football team of the city, based in the [[Vallecas]] neighborhood. They currently compete in La Liga, having secured promotion in 2021. The club's fans tend to be very left-wing and are known as ''[[Buccaneer]]s''.

*{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} '''[[San José, Costa Rica|San Jose]]''', [[Costa Rica]]

*{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} '''[[Santo Domingo]]''', [[Dominican Republic]]

[[Getafe CF]], founded in 1983, also compete in La Liga and play their home games at the [[Estadio Coliseum]]. The club was promoted to La Liga for the first time in 2004, and participated in the top level of Spanish football for twelve years between 2004 and 2016, and again since 2017.

*{{flagicon|Libya}} '''[[Tripoli]]''', [[Libya]]

*{{flagicon|Poland}} '''[[Warsaw]]''', [[Poland]]

[[CD Leganés]], founded in 1928, compete in [[Segunda Division]] and play their home games at the [[Estadio Municipal de Butarque]]. In the 2015–16 season, for the first time in their history, Leganés earned promotion to La Liga. They remained in the top flight for four seasons, reaching a peak of 13th in 2018–19, before relegation in the last game of the following season, a 2–2 home draw with Real Madrid.

|}

Madrid has hosted five European Cup/Champions League finals: four at the Santiago Bernabéu, and the [[2019 UEFA Champions League Final|2019 final]] at the Metropolitano. The Bernabéu also hosted the [[1964 European Nations' Cup Final|Euro 1964 Final]] (which [[Spain national football team|Spain]] won) and the [[1982 FIFA World Cup Final]].

====Basketball====

[[File:Final del Campeonato del Mundo de Baloncesto 2014 en Madrid.jpg|thumb|right|The [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Final]] at the [[Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid|Palacio de Deportes]]]]

[[Real Madrid Baloncesto]], founded in 1931, compete in [[Liga ACB]] and play their home games at the [[Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid|Palacio de Deportes]] (WiZink Center). Real Madrid's basketball section, similar to its football team, is the most successful team in Europe, with a record 11 [[EuroLeague]] titles. Domestically, they have clinched a record 36 league titles and a record 28 [[Copa del Rey de Baloncesto|Copa del Rey]]s.

[[CB Estudiantes|Club Baloncesto Estudiantes]], founded in 1948, compete in [[Liga Española de Baloncesto|LEB Oro]] and also play their home games at the Palacio de Deportes (WiZink Center). Until 2021, Estudiantes was one of only three teams that have never been relegated from [[Spanish basketball league system|Spain's top division]]. Historically, its achievements include three cup titles and four league runners-up placements.

Madrid has hosted six [[EuroLeague Finals|European Cup/EuroLeague finals]], the last two at the Palacio de Deportes. The city also hosted the final matches for the [[1986 FIBA World Championship|1986]] and [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|2014]] [[FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA World Cups]], and the [[EuroBasket 2007]] final (all held at the Palacio de Deportes).

====Events====

[[File:Safina and Wozniacki at Women's Final (10) (3622888926).jpg|thumb|right|The [[2009 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open – Women's Singles|2009 Madrid Open]] Women's Final at the [[Caja Mágica]]]]

The main annual international event in [[cycle sport|cycling]], the [[Vuelta a España]] (La Vuelta), is one of the three worldwide prestigious three-week-long [[Grand Tours]], and its final stages takes place in Madrid on the first Sunday of September. In [[tennis]], the city hosts [[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]], both male and female versions, played on clay court. The event is part of the nine [[ATP Tour Masters 1000|ATP Masters 1000]] and nine [[WTA 1000 tournaments]]. It is held during the first week of May in the [[Caja Mágica]]. Additionally, Madrid hosts the finals of the major tournament for men's national teams, [[Davis Cup]], since [[2019 Davis Cup|2019]].

==== Formula 1 ====

In January 2024, [[Formula One|Formula 1]] announced that Madrid will host the 2026 [[Spanish Grand Prix]] around the {{ill|Recinto Ferial de IFEMA|lt=IFEMA exhibition centre|es}} in {{ill|Campo de las Naciones|es}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula 1 Spanish Grand Prix 2026 {{!}} F1 MADRID |url=https://www.ifema.es/en/f1 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.ifema.es}}</ref><ref name="BBCMadridAnnouncement2">{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title=Spanish Grand Prix to move from Barcelona to Madrid in 2026 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/68065785 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>

==Education==

{{Main|Education in Spain}}

[[Education in Spain]] is free, and compulsory from 6 to 16 years. The [[education|education system]] is called LOE (''Ley Orgánica de Educación'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mec.es/educa/sistema-educativo/loe/sistema-educativo-loe.html |title=Sistema Educativo LOE |language=es |publisher=Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311104143/http://www.mec.es/educa/sistema-educativo/loe/sistema-educativo-loe.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 }}</ref>

===Universities===

Madrid is home to many public and [[Private university|private universities]]. Some of them are among the oldest in the world, and many of them are the most prestigious universities in Spain.

The [[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia|National Distance Education University]] (''Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia''; UNED) has as its mission the public service of higher education through the modality of distance education. At more than 205,000 students (2015), UNED has the largest student population in Spain and is one of the largest universities in Europe. Since 1972, UNED has sought to translate into action the principle of equal opportunity in access to higher education through a methodology based on the principles of distance learning and focused on the needs of the student.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

[[File:Rectorado de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.jpg|thumb|upright|The rectorate of the [[Complutense University of Madrid]]]]

The [[Complutense University of Madrid]] (''Universidad Complutense de Madrid''; UCM) is the second largest university in Spain after UNED and one of the oldest universities in the world. It has over 11,000 staff members and a student population of 117,000. Most of the academic staff is Spanish. It is located on two campuses, the main one of [[Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid|Ciudad Universitaria]] in the [[Moncloa-Aravaca]] district, and the secondary campus of Somosaguas, located outside the city limits in [[Pozuelo de Alarcón]] and founded in 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal |page=190 |title=Universidad y territorio en el área metropolitana de Madrid |first1=Guillermo |last1=Morales Matos |first2=Daniel |last2=Marías Martínez |journal=Ería |publisher=[[University of Oviedo]] |volume=80 |year=2009 |issn=0211-0563 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3211759.pdf |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182705/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3211759.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Universidad Complutense">{{cite news |url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/abroad/universities/complutense.html |publisher=Missouri-St. Louis University |title=Universidad Complutense |date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703182606/http://www.umsl.edu/services/abroad/universities/complutense.html |archive-date=3 July 2006 }}</ref>

The Complutense University of Madrid was founded in [[Alcalá de Henares]], old Complutum, by Cardinal Cisneros in 1499. Its real origin dates back to 1293, when King [[Sancho IV of Castile]] built the General Schools of Alcalá, which would give rise to Cisnero's Complutense University. Between 1509 and 1510, five schools were already operative: ''Artes y Filosofía'' (Arts and Philosophy), ''Teología'' (Theology), ''Derecho Canónico'' (Canonical Laws), ''Letras'' (Liberal Arts) and ''Medicina'' (Medicine). In 1836, during the reign of [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel II]], the university was moved to Madrid, where it took the name of Central University and was located at San Bernardo Street.

In 1927, a new [[University City of Madrid|University City]] (Ciudad Universitaria) was planned to be built in the district of Moncloa-Aravaca, in lands handed over by the King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] to this purpose. The [[Spanish Civil War]] turned the University City into a war zone, causing the destruction of several schools in the area, as well as the loss of part of its rich scientific, artistic and bibliographic heritage. In 1970 the Government reformed higher education, and the Central University became the Complutense University of Madrid. A new campus at Somosaguas was created to house the new School of Social Sciences. In 1977, the old Alcalá campus was reopened as the independent UAH, [[University of Alcalá]]. Complutense also serves a population of students who select Madrid for their [[study abroad]] period. Students from the United States, for example, might go to Madrid on a program like API (Academic Programs International) and study at Complutense for an intense immersion in the Spanish language. After studying at the university, students return home with fluency in Spanish and an enhanced understanding of culture and diversity.<ref name="Universidad Complutense de Madrid">{{cite news |url=http://portal.ucm.es/en/web/en-ucm/seven-centuries-of-history |publisher=UCM |title=Complutense University of Madrid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316165924/http://portal.ucm.es/en/web/en-ucm/seven-centuries-of-history |archive-date=16 March 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Etsiminasmadrid.JPG|thumb|The School of Mines, [[Technical University of Madrid]]]]

The [[Technical University of Madrid]] (''Universidad Politécnica de Madrid''; UPM), is the top technical university in Spain. It is the result of the merger of different [[Technical school|Technical Schools]] of Engineering. It shares the Ciudad Universitaria campus with the UCM, and owns several schools scattered in the city centre and campuses in the [[Puente de Vallecas]] district and in the neighbouring municipality of [[Boadilla del Monte]].

The [[Autonomous University of Madrid]] (''Universidad Autónoma de Madrid''; UAM) was instituted under the leadership of the physicist, [[Nicolás Cabrera (physicist)|Nicolás Cabrera]]. The Autonomous University is widely recognised for its research strengths in [[theoretical physics]]. Known simply as ''La Autónoma'' by locals, its main site is the Cantoblanco Campus, located in the north of the municipality, close to its boundaries with the neighbouring municipalities of [[Alcobendas]], [[San Sebastián de los Reyes]] and [[Tres Cantos]].

Located on the main site are the Rectorate building and the Faculties of Science, Philosophy and [[Fine art|Fine Arts]], Law, [[Economics|Economic Science]] and [[Business|Business Studies]], Psychology, Higher School of [[Computer science|Computing Science]] and Engineering, and the Faculty of [[Teacher education|Teacher Training]] and Education. The UAM is considered the institution to study law in Spain,{{according to whom|date=December 2018}}<ref name="Elmundo.es">{{cite web |url=http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2008/05/cultura/50carreras/index.html |title="El Mundo" ''50 Carreras 2008'' |publisher=Elmundo.es |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126232306/http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2008/05/cultura/50carreras/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Medical school|Medical School]] is outside the main site and beside the Hospital Universitario La Paz.<ref name="Universidad Autónoma">{{cite news |url=http://www.uam.es |publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Madrid |title=Universidad Autónoma |date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905091139/http://www.uam.es/ |archive-date=5 September 2004}}</ref>

The private [[Comillas Pontifical University]] (''Universidad Pontificia Comillas'', UPC) has its rectorate and several faculties in Madrid. The private [[Nebrija University]] is also based in Madrid. Some of the large public universities headquartered in the surrounding municipalities also have secondary campuses in Madrid proper: it is the case of the [[Charles III University of Madrid]] (''Universidad Carlos III de Madrid'', UC3M) with its main site in [[Getafe]] and an educational facility in [[Embajadores]].<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.madridiario.es/noticia/417808/educacion/la-universidad-carlos-iii-gestionara-desde-enero-todo-el-mercado-de-puerta-de-toledo.html |journal=Madridiario |title=La Universidad Carlos III gestionará desde enero todo el Mercado de Puerta de Toledo |date=28 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182702/https://www.madridiario.es/noticia/417808/educacion/la-universidad-carlos-iii-gestionara-desde-enero-todo-el-mercado-de-puerta-de-toledo.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[King Juan Carlos University]] (''Universidad Rey Juan Carlos'', URJC) has its main site in [[Móstoles]] and a secondary campus in [[Vicálvaro]]. The private [[Universidad Camilo José Cela|Camilo José Cela University]] (''Universidad Camilo José Cela'', UCJC) has a postgraduate school in [[Chamberí]].

<!-- not really in Madrid for the most part

Including the [[Charles III University of Madrid]] (''Universidad Carlos III de Madrid''; UC3M, having its main campus in [[Getafe]]),<ref name="Elmundo.es"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aula2.elmundo.es/aula/especiales/2007/250masters/index.html |title="El Mundo" ''250 Masters 2007'' |publisher=Aula2.elmundo.es |access-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022081818/http://aula2.elmundo.es/aula/especiales/2007/250masters/index.html |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> the [[University of Alcalá]] (''Universidad de Alcalá'') (public), rebuilt at [[Alcalá de Henares]] in 1975; the [[King Juan Carlos University]] (URJC; ''Universidad Rey Juan Carlos'', with its main campus in [[Móstoles]]) (public), which, is the second largest university in the region (by enrolment); the [[Alfonso X El Sabio University]], Antonio de Nebrija University, [[Universidad Camilo José Cela|Camilo José Cela University]], [[Universidad Francisco de Vitoria|Francisco de Vitoria University]], [[European University of Madrid]], Pontifical University of Salamanca–Madrid Campus, [[Saint Louis University Madrid Campus]] and {{ill|San Pablo CEU University|es|Universidad CEU San Pablo}} (all of them private).

Madrid is home to the [[Queen Sofía College of Music]] (''Escuela Superior de Música Reina Sofía''), the [[Madrid Royal Conservatory]] (''Real Conservatorio Superior de Música de Madrid'').

-->

===Business schools===

[[File:IE Business School17.JPG|thumb|Students of the IE Business School]]

[[IE Business School]] (formerly Instituto de Empresa) has its main campus on the border of the Chamartín and Salamanca districts of Madrid. IE Business School recently ranked #1 in WSJ's 2009 rankings for Best MBA Programs under 2 years. It scored ahead of usual stalwarts, [[INSEAD]] and [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]], giving it top billing among International MBA programs. Although based in [[Barcelona]], both [[IESE|IESE Business School]] and [[ESADE Business School]] also have Madrid campuses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sánchez-Silva |first=Carmen |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2020/02/13/actualidad/1581615936_819890.html |title=Las escuelas de negocios expanden sus redes en Madrid |date=16 February 2020 |work=El País |access-date=20 February 2020 |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220113145/https://elpais.com/economia/2020/02/13/actualidad/1581615936_819890.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

These three schools are the top-ranked [[business school]]s in Spain, consistently rank among the top 20 business schools globally, and offer [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] programs, in English or Spanish, as well as other business degrees. Madrid is a good destination for business schools and a city much desired by foreign students. The most important Spanish business schools (IESE, IE, ESADE) have invested 125&nbsp;million euros in expanding their campuses in Madrid in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sánchez-Silva |first=Carmen |url=https://elpais.com/economia/2020/02/13/actualidad/1581615936_819890.html |title=Las escuelas de negocios expanden sus redes en Madrid |date=16 February 2020 |work=El País |access-date=20 February 2020 |language=es |issn=1134-6582 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220113145/https://elpais.com/economia/2020/02/13/actualidad/1581615936_819890.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other Madrid business schools and universities that have MBA programs include: [[EAE Business School]] (in English and Spanish), the [[Charles III University of Madrid]] through the ''Centro de Ampliación de Estudios'' (in English or Spanish); the [[Comillas Pontifical University]] (in Spanish only) and the [[Technical University of Madrid]] (in Spanish only).

== Transport ==

{{Main |Transport in Madrid}}In 2018, Madrid banned all non-resident vehicles from its downtown areas.<ref name="Jones-2018">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title='It's the only way forward': Madrid bans polluting vehicles from city centre |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/30/its-the-only-way-forward-madrid-bans-polluting-vehicles-from-city-centre |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607170301/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/30/its-the-only-way-forward-madrid-bans-polluting-vehicles-from-city-centre |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Jonathan |date=19 December 2018 |title=Oslo Puts Up a Stop Sign |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/travel/oslo-restricts-cars-in-city-center.html |access-date=7 June 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154048/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/travel/oslo-restricts-cars-in-city-center.html |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:M-30 (Madrid, Spain) 04.jpg|thumb|The M-607 meets the M-30 north of the municipality.]]

Madrid is served by several roads and three modes of public surface transport, and two airports, one of them being almost two different airports. A great many important road, rail and air links converge on the capital, providing effective connections with other parts of the metropolitan region and with the rest of Spain and other parts of Europe.

In the 1960s, sweeping urban reforms were promoted to accommodate Madrid to the private car (most notably the removal of boulevards and the incorporation of overpasses), in some ways similarly to other European cities, but in the distinct context of poverty of public debate, which was limited by a dictatorship putting its own interests and those of its clientelist networks before other concerns when it came to alter the urban fabric, thereby marginizalizing the pedestrian.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=|journal=Culture & History Digital Journal|volume=12|issue=1|year=2023|issn=2253-797X|doi=10.3989/chdj.2023.01|title=La modernización durante el franquismo: urbanismo, tráfico y descontento social en Madrid (1957-1973)|first=Marcos|last=Prados Martín|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref>

=== Road transport ===

;Madrid Central

{{Main|Madrid Central}}

Cars (except for hybrid and electric vehicles as well as residents and guests) were banned in the [[Madrid Central]] low-emission zone in 2018.<ref name=citylabcarban>{{Cite news |url=https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/07/madrid-car-ban-street-map-city-politics-mayor-court-decision/594487/ |title=In Madrid, a Car Ban Proves Stronger Than Partisan Politics |first=Feargus |last=O'Sullivan |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=24 July 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724151851/https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/07/madrid-car-ban-street-map-city-politics-mayor-court-decision/594487/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-environment-court-idUSKCN1UB1P6 |title=Spanish judge blocks Madrid council bid to lift car ban |newspaper=Reuters |date=16 July 2019 |via=www.reuters.com |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825060513/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-environment-court-idUSKCN1UB1P6 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pollution in the area dropped following the ban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newtral.es/explainer/los-efectos-de-madrid-central-disminuye-la-contaminacion-en-todas-las-estaciones/ |title=Los efectos de Madrid Central: disminuye la contaminación en todas las estaciones |first=Por Brenda |last=Valverde |date=24 June 2019 |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724151852/https://www.newtral.es/explainer/los-efectos-de-madrid-central-disminuye-la-contaminacion-en-todas-las-estaciones/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=citylabcarban/> In 2016 it was announced that Madrid will stop the use of all diesel powered cars and trucks within the next decade.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38170794 |title=Four major cities move to ban diesel vehicles by 2025 |last=McGrath |first=Matt |date=2 December 2016 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202072345/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38170794 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Radial roads

[[File:Red alta capacidad españa.svg|thumb|right|The network of high capacity roads in Spain features its most important node in Madrid.]]

Madrid is the centre of the most important roads of Spain. Already in 1720, the ''Reglamento General de Postas'' enacted by [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] configurated the basis of a radial system of roads in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM000078.pdf |page=64 |title=Madrid y los Borbones en el siglo XVIII. La construcción de una ciudad y su territorio |isbn=84-505-0871-1 |___location=Madrid |publisher=Consejería de Cultura, Deportes y Turismo de la Comunidad de Madrid |first=Fernando de |chapter=Movilidad, comunicaciones y riegos en el entorno del Madrid borbónico |last=Teran |year=1984 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221203123/http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/BVCM000078.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Madrid features a number of the most prominent ''[[autovía]]s'' (fast dualled highways), part of the {{ill|State Road Network|es|Red de Carreteras del Estado}}. Clock-wise starting from the north: the [[Autovía A-1|A-1]] (Madrid–[[Irún]]–[[France|French border]]), [[Autovía A-2|A-2]] (Madrid–[[Zaragoza]]–[[Barcelona]]–French border), [[Autovía A-3|A-3]] (Madrid–[[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]), [[Autovía A-4|A-4]] (Madrid–[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]–[[Sevilla]]–[[Cádiz]]), [[Autovía A-5|A-5]] (Madrid–[[Badajoz]]–[[Portugal|Portuguese border]]) and the [[Autovía A-6|A-6]] (Madrid–[[A Coruña]]). The [[Autovía A-42|A-42]], another highway connecting Madrid to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], is also part of the State Network.

The [[M-607]] connects Madrid to the [[Puerto de Navacerrada]]. It is a fast dualled highway in its initial stretch from Madrid to [[Colmenar Viejo]], and part of the {{ill|Regional Road Network|es|Anexo:Red de Carreteras de la Comunidad de Madrid}} (in relation to the concerning administration, not to the technical features of the road).

Due to the large amount of traffic, new toll highways were built parallel to the main national freeways. Their names are {{ill|R-2 motorway (Spain)|lt=R-2|es|Autopista Radial 2}}, [[R-3 motorway (Spain)|R-3]], [[R-4 motorway (Spain)|R-4]] and {{ill|R-5 motorway (Spain)|lt=R-5|es|Autopista Radial 5}} and they were intended to provide a paid alternative to the often overcrowded free radials. However, except the R-3, they do not end close to the M-30 innermost ring road, as the R-2 finishes in the M-40, the R-4 in the M-50 and the R-5 in the M-40.

;Orbital roads

[[File:M 30 tunel.jpg|thumb|M-30 tunnel parallel to the Manzanares]]

Also Madrid road network includes four [[ring road|orbital]] ones at different distances from the centre. The innermost ring-road, the [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-30|M-30]], is the only one with its path strictly located within the Madrid municipal limits. It is owned by the [[Madrid City Council]] and operated by Madrid Calle 30, S.A. It is the busiest Spanish road, famous for its traffic jams. A significant portion of the southern part runs underground parallel to the [[Manzanares River|Manzanares]], with tunnel sections of more than {{cvt|6|km|abbr=off}} in length and 3 to 6 lanes in each direction.

The second ring-road, the [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-40|M-40]] (part of the State Road Network) circles the city, while also extending to other surrounding municipalities. A NW stretch of the road runs underground, below the southern reaches of the [[Monte de El Pardo]] protected area.

The [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-45|M-45]] partially circles the city, connecting the M-40 and M-50, passing through areas like Villaverde and Vallecas in the southeast of the municipality.

The [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-50|M-50]], the Madrid's outer ring road, connects municipalities and cities in the metropolitan area, like [[Fuenlabrada]], [[Móstoles]], [[Getafe]], [[Leganés]] in the south and [[Boadilla del Monte]] and [[Las Rozas de Madrid|Las Rozas]] in the west.

===Public transport===

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| width = 220

| header =

| image1 = Madrid Metro Map.svg

| alt1 =

| caption1 = Map of the [[Madrid Metro]]

| image2 = CercaniasMadrid2018.png

| alt2 =

| caption2 = [[Cercanías Madrid]] map

}}

There are four major components of public transport, with many [[transport hub|intermodal interchanges]]. The [[Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid]] (CRTM) coordinates the [[public transport]] operations across multiple providers in the region,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vassallo |first1=José Manuel |last2=Pérez de Villar |first2=Pablo |last3=Muñoz-Raskin |first3=Ramón |last4=Serebrisky |issn=0144-1647 |first4=Tomás |year=2009 |title=Public Transport Funding Policy in Madrid: Is There Room for Improvement? |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=265<!-- |pages=261–278--> |doi=10.1080/01441640802383214 |s2cid=55274136}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrid.org/wleg/servlet/Servidor?opcion=VerHtml&idnorma=508&word=S&wordperfect=N&pdf=S |title=Ley de creación del Consorcio Regional de Transportes Públicos Regulares de Madrid |author=<!--Not applicable for public law--> |access-date=25 June 2015 |language=es |trans-title=Law for the Creation of the Regional Consortium of Regular Public Transport for Madrid |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626135057/http://www.madrid.org/wleg/servlet/Servidor?opcion=VerHtml&idnorma=508&word=S&wordperfect=N&pdf=S |url-status=live}}</ref> harmonizing fares for the commuter rail, rapid transit, light rail and bus transport services provided by different operators.

;Metro

{{Main|Madrid Metro}}

The Metro is the [[rapid transit]] system serving Madrid as well as some suburbs. Founded in 1919, it underwent extensive enlargement in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name=transport /> It is the third longest metro system in Europe (after [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]] and [[London Subway|London]]) at {{cvt|294|km|abbr=off}}. {{As of|2019}}, it has 302 stations.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.madridiario.es/466625/metro-centenario-exposiciones |journal=Madridiario |title=Cien años de la vida subterránea de Metro de Madrid |date=2 April 2019 |first=Susana |last=Pérez |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828133219/https://www.madridiario.es/466625/metro-centenario-exposiciones |url-status=live}}</ref> Only the Métro of Paris has more stations. It features 13 lines; 12 of them are colour-coded and numbered 1 to 12 ([[Line 1 (Madrid Metro)|Line 1]], [[Line 2 (Madrid Metro)|Line 2]], [[Line 3 (Madrid Metro)|Line 3]], [[Line 4 (Madrid Metro)|Line 4]], [[Line 5 (Madrid Metro)|Line 5]], [[Line 6 (Madrid Metro)|Line 6]], [[Line 7 (Madrid Metro)|Line 7]], [[Line 8 (Madrid Metro)|Line 8]], [[Line 9 (Madrid Metro)|Line 9]], [[Line 10 (Madrid Metro)|Line 10]], [[Line 11 (Madrid Metro)|Line 11]] and [[Line 12 (Madrid Metro)|Line 12]]), while the other one, the short ''[[Ramal (Madrid Metro)|Ramal]]'' (R), links Ópera to Príncipe Pío.<ref name=transport>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8LWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |title=Minicars, Maglevs, and Mopeds: Modern Modes of Transportation Around the World: Modern Modes of Transportation around the World |last1=Sultana |first1=Selima |last2=Weber |first2=Joe |date=18 April 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781440834950 |page=179 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418073524/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8LWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |url-status=live}}</ref>

;Cercanías

{{Main|Cercanías Madrid}}

Cercanías Madrid is the [[commuter rail]] service used for longer distances from the suburbs and beyond into Madrid, consisting of nine lines totalling {{cvt|578|km|abbr=off}} and more than 90 stations. With fewer stops inside the centre of the city they are faster than the Metro, but run less frequently. This system is connected with Metro (presently 22 stations) and Light Metro. The lines are named: [[C-1 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-1]], [[C-2 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-2]], [[C-3 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-3]], [[C-4 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-4]], [[C-5 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-5]], [[C-7 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-7]], [[C-8 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-8]], [[C-9 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-9]], [[C-10 (Cercanías Madrid)|C-10]], respectively.

;Buses

There is a dense network of [[bus]] routes, run by the municipal company [[Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid|Empresa Municipal de Transportes]] (or EMT Madrid), which operates 24 hours a day; special services called "N lines" are run during nighttime. The special Airport Express Shuttle line connecting the airport with the city centre features distinctively yellow buses. In addition to the urban lines operated by the EMT, the green buses (''interurbanos'') connect the city with the suburbs. The later lines, while also regulated by the CRTM, are often run by private operators.

Almost half of all journeys in the metropolitan area are made on public transport, a very high proportion compared with most European cities.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|62–4}}

Madrid has 15723 taxis around all the city.

;Taxi

The taxicabs are regulated by a specific sub-division of taxi service, a body dependent of the [[Madrid City Council]]. The authorisation entails a badge for the vehicle and a license for the driver, who has to be older than 18.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skok |first1=Walter |last2=Martinez |first2=Juan Antonio |year=2010 |title=An international taxi cab evaluation: Comparing Madrid with London, New York, and Paris |journal=Knowledge and Process Management |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1002/kpm.346 |url=http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/15622/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426101454/http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/15622/ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Since the 1970s, the fleet of taxis has remained stable roughly around {{nts|16000}} vehicles, accounting for {{nts|15600}} in 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.eleconomista.es/emprendedores-pymes/noticias/6089760/09/14/Gastos-e-ingresos-de-los-taxistas-profesionales.html |title=Los gastos y los ingresos de los taxistas profesionales |date=19 September 2014 |journal=El Economista |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803131131/https://www.eleconomista.es/emprendedores-pymes/noticias/6089760/09/14/Gastos-e-ingresos-de-los-taxistas-profesionales.html |url-status=live |last1=Es |first1=Eleconomista }}</ref>

===Long-distance transport===

[[File:Estación de Madrid Puerta de Atocha, tren AVE con destino Valencia, España. Renfe serie 112.JPG|thumb|[[AVE]] rolling stock at the [[Madrid Atocha]] station]]

In terms of longer-distance transport, Madrid is the central node of the system of ''[[autovía]]s'', giving the city direct fast road links with most parts of Spain and with France and Portugal. It is also the focal point of [[High-speed rail in Spain|Spain's high-speed rail system]]. The most demanded train routes link Madrid to [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Seville]], and [[Málaga]].<ref>{{Cite web|page=3|title=Informe trimestral. Transporte de viajeros por ferrocarril. Tercer trimestre 2024|year=2024|url=https://www.cnmc.es/sites/default/files/5690195.pdf|publisher=[[Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia]]}}</ref> There are now {{cvt|2,900|km|abbr=off}} of high-speed rail track, connecting Madrid with 17 provincial capitals, and further lines are under construction.<ref name=Estructura/>{{rp|72–75}}

Spanish companies are designing new high-speed trains which will be the new-generation [[AVE]], much like the current [[Talgo AVRIL]].

Aside from the local and regional bus commuting services, Madrid is also a node for long-distance bus connections to many national destinations. The {{ill|Estación Sur de Autobuses|es}} in Méndez Álvaro, the busiest bus station in the country,<ref name=ep>{{Cite news |journal=[[El País]] |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2013/10/11/madrid/1381489286_757992.html |title=La estación Sur se moderniza |first=Bruno |last=García Gallo |date=11 October 2013 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203231336/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2013/10/11/madrid/1381489286_757992.html |url-status=live}}</ref> also features international bus connections to cities in [[Morocco]] as well as to diverse European destinations.<ref name=ep />

===Airport===

{{main|Madrid-Barajas Airport}}

[[File:Terminal 4 del aeropuerto de Madrid-Barajas, España, 2013-01-09, DD 05.jpg|thumb|right|Interior of the terminal 4 (T4) of the [[Madrid–Barajas Airport]]]]

Madrid is also home to the Madrid-Barajas Airport, the sixth-busiest airport in Europe, handling over 60&nbsp;million passengers annually, of whom 70% are international travellers, in addition to the majority of Spain's [[air freight]] movements.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|76–78}} Barajas is a major European hub, largely westward facing, specialized in the [[Americas]], with a comparatively lighter connectivity to Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=Flights from Madrid (MAD) |url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-madrid-mad |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.flightconnections.com |language=en}}</ref> Madrid's ___location at the centre of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] makes it a major [[logistics]] base.<ref name=Estructura />{{rp|79–80}} Madrid-Barajas Airport has 4 terminals plus terminal 4S, called the Satellite terminal; this terminal is {{cvt|2|km|abbr=off}} from terminal 4 and connected by an [[automated people mover]].

The smaller (and older) [[Cuatro Vientos Airport]] has a dual military-civilian use and hosts several aviation schools. The [[Torrejón Air Base]], located in the neighbouring municipality of [[Torrejón de Ardoz]], also has a secondary civilian use aside from the military purpose.

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File:Spain High Speed Services.png|Spain High Speed Services map

File:APM Madrid airport.JPG|APM Madrid airport (Train Terminal 4 -> 4S)

File:High Speed Railroad Map of Europe.svg|European high speed railways map

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==International relations==

=== Diplomacy ===

Madrid hosts [[List of diplomatic missions in Spain|121 foreign embassies]] accredited before Spain,<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.ign.es/web/resources/docs/IGNCnig/ANE/Capitulos/24_PresenciadeEspanaenelmundo.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain)|Instituto Geográfico Nacional]] |title=Atlas nacional de España |chapter=Presencia de España en el mundo |page=585 |year=2019 |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711000829/https://www.ign.es/web/resources/docs/IGNCnig/ANE/Capitulos/24_PresenciadeEspanaenelmundo.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> comprising the totality of resident embassies in the country. The headquarters of the Spanish [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation]], the [[Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation]] and the [[Diplomatic School of Spain|Diplomatic School]] are also located in the city.

=== International organizations ===

Madrid hosts the seat of international organizations such as the United Nations' [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO), the [[Ibero-American General Secretariat]] (SEGIB), the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]] (OEI), the {{ill|International Youth Organism for Iberoamerica|es|Organismo Internacional de Juventud para Iberoamérica}} (OIJ), the {{ill|Ibero-American Organization of Social Security|es|Organización Iberoamericana de Seguridad Social}} (OISS), the [[International Organization of Securities Commissions]] (IOSCO), the [[Club of Madrid]] and the [[International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas]] (ICCAT).

===Twin towns and sister cities===

Madrid has reached twin towns, sister city 'agreements' (''acuerdos'') with:<ref name=hermanadas>{{cite web |title=Hermanamientos y Acuerdos con ciudades |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160315202452/http://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Tokyo]], Japan (1965)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Seoul]], South Korea (1978)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Lisbon]], Portugal (1979)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Panama City]], Panama (1980)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[New York City|New York]], United States (1982)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Malabo]], Equatorial Guinea (1982)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Bordeaux]], France (1984)<ref name=hermanadas/><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |title=Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial |access-date=29 July 2013 |work=Mairie de Bordeaux |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[Nouakchott]], Mauritania (1986)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Berlin]], Germany (1988)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Manila]], Philippines (2005)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates (2007)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Miami]], United States (2014)<ref name=hermanadas/>

{{div col end}}

Madrid has reached twin towns, sister city 'minutes' (''actas'') with:<ref name=hermanadas />

* [[Rabat]], Morocco (1988)<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], Libya (1988)<ref name=hermanadas/>

===Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities===

Madrid is part of the [[Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |title=Declaración de Hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las Capitales de Iberoamérica (12–10–82) |date=12 October 1982 |access-date=12 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510114810/http://www.munimadrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/hermanamiento_UCCI.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> establishing brotherly relations with the following cities through the issuing of a collective statement in October 1982:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Asunción]], Paraguay

* [[Bogotá]], Colombia

* [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina

* [[Caracas]], Venezuela

* [[Guatemala City]], Guatemala

* [[Havana]], Cuba

* [[La Paz]], Bolivia

* [[Lima]], Peru

* Lisbon, Portugal

* [[Managua]], Nicaragua

* [[Mexico City]], Mexico

* [[Montevideo]], Uruguay

* [[Nassau, The Bahamas|Nassau]], Bahamas

* Panama City, Panama

* [[Port Of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago

* [[Quito]], Ecuador

* [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil

* [[San Jose (Costa Rica)|San Jose]], Costa Rica

* [[San Juan (Puerto Rico)|San Juan]], Puerto Rico

* [[San Salvador]], El Salvador

* [[Santiago]], Chile

* [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic

* [[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras

{{div col end}}

===Other city partnerships===

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Athens]], Greece<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Beijing]], China<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Belgrade]], Serbia<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Brasília]], Brazil<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Brussels]], Belgium<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Budapest]], Hungary<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Cebu City]], Philippines<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Chongqing]], China<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Davao City]], Philippines<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Guadalajara]], Mexico<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Kathmandu]], Nepal<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Lumbini]], Nepal<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Moscow]], Russia<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Paris]], France<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Rome]], Italy<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Sofia]], Bulgaria<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Sucre]], Bolivia<ref name=hermanadas />

* [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name=hermanadas/>

* [[Zamboanga City]], Philippines<ref name=hermanadas/>

{{div col end}}

* [[Casablanca]], Morocco<ref name=hermanadas/>

=== Partnerships with international organizations ===

* [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group|C40 Cities]]<ref name=hermanadas />

* [[International Labour Organization]] (OIT)<ref name=hermanadas />

* [[Ibero-American General Secretariat]] (SEGIB)<ref name=hermanadas />

* [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO)<ref name=hermanadas />

* [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] (ONU-HABITAT)<ref name=hermanadas />

==Notable people==

{{Main|List of people from Madrid|List of predilect and adoptive sons and daughters of Madrid}}

==Honours==

* [[Madrid Dome]] in [[Aristotle Mountains]], [[Graham Land]], in [[Antarctica]], is named after the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137423 |title=Madrid Dome |work=[[Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]] |publisher=[[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research|SCAR]] |via=Australian Antarctic Data Centre |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326084404/https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137423 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Spain|EU}}

* [[Madrid Conference of 1991]]

* [[Mayor of Madrid]]

* [[List of tallest buildings in Madrid]]

* [[OPENCities]]

* [[List of films set in Madrid]]

==References==

===Footnotes===

* [http://www.ucm.es/info/hcontemp/leoc/madrid.htm History of Madrid]

{{reflist|group=n.}}

* [http://www.nova.es/~jlb/mad_es01.htm Development and History of the city of Madrid]

* [http://www.madrid-on-line.com/cas/turisme/historia.htm]

===Citations===

* [http://www.aboutmadrid.com/madrid/history.asp History of Madrid]

{{Reflist}}

* [http://www.munimadrid.es/estadistica/economia/renta/documentos/BRC1996.pdf "Renta en los Distritos de Madrid 1996"], 1996, retrieved January 7, 2006

* [http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/1391.htm " En algunos barrios de Madrid el 40% de la poblacion ya son inmigrantes "] retrieved in January 7, 2006

===Bibliography===

* [http://www.frommers.com/destinations/madrid/0056020048.html Madrid: Getting to know: Neighborhoods]

{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Bahamonde Magro |first1=Ángel |author-link=Ángel Bahamonde Magro |last2=Otero Carvajal |first2=Luis Enrique |year=1989 |chapter-url=https://geografiaehistoria.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-8167/Madrid,%20de%20territorio%20fronterizo%20a%20region%20metropolitana1.pdf |___location=Madrid |publisher=[[Espasa Calpe]] |title=España. Autonomías |chapter=Madrid, de territorio fronterizo a región metropolitana |volume=V |isbn=84-239-6274-1 |language=es |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310105840/https://geografiaehistoria.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-8167/Madrid,%20de%20territorio%20fronterizo%20a%20region%20metropolitana1.pdf |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite journal |last=Blasco Esquivias |first=Beatriz |date=2016 |title=Invención, traza y proyecto. El proceso arquitectónico en las "Obras reales" de la Casa de Austria |url=https://www.unizar.es/artigrama/pdf/31/2monografico/09.pdf |journal=Artigrama: Revista del Departamento de Historia del Arte de la Universidad de Zaragoza |___location=Zaragoza |publisher=[[University of Zaragoza|Universidad de Zaragoza]] |issue=31 |pages=279–306 |issn=0213-1498 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204205800/https://www.unizar.es/artigrama/pdf/31/2monografico/09.pdf |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite journal |last=Cerrillo Torquemada |first=Irene |title=Aproximación a la regulación del espacio rural madrileño en el tránsito de la Edad Media a la Moderna |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CUHD/article/view/CUHD0909110217A/19051 |publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]] |___location=Madrid |journal=Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho |issn=1133-7613 |volume=16 |year=2009 |pages=217–273 |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704213602/https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CUHD/article/view/CUHD0909110217A/19051 |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite book |first1=Ana M. |last1=Cestero Mancera |first2=Isabel |last2=Molina Martos |first3=Florentino |last3=Paredes García |chapter=El estudio sociolingüístico de Madrid |title=Patrones sociolingüísticos de Madrid |year=2015 |volume=21 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |___location=Bern |isbn=978-3-0343-1638-5 |pages=17–62 |editor-first=Ana M. |editor-last=Cestero Mancera |editor-first2=Isabel |editor-last2=Molina Martos |editor-first3=Florentino |editor-last3=Paredes García}}

* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03d4APgh1y8C|chapter=The Madrid Region|year=2000|isbn=0-419-23240-0|editor-first=Roger |editor-last=Simmonds|editor-first2= Gary|editor-last2=Hack|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|first1=José María|last1=Ezquiaga|first2=Eva|last2=Cimadevilla|first3=Gemma|last3=Peribáñez|title=Global City Regions: Their Emerging Forms}}

* {{Cite book |chapter=La reconstrucción de Madrid y de Varsovia desde 1939/1945: diferencias estructurales y similitudes orgánicas |first1=José M. |last1=Faraldo |first2=Carolina |last2=Rodríguez-López |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/cvz/8470?lang=es |title=Huellas, reconstrucción, patrimonio (1939-años 2000) |series=Collection de la Casa de Velázquez |editor-first=Stéphane |editor-last=Michonneau |editor-first2=Carolina |editor-last2=Rodríguez-López |editor-first3=Fernando |editor-last3=Vela Cossío |___location=Madrid |publisher=[[Casa de Velázquez]]; [[Complutense University of Madrid|Ediciones Complutense]] |pages=107–124 |year=2019 |isbn=9788490962299 |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618121312/https://books.openedition.org/cvz/8470?lang=es |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite book |url=http://umer.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/n41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623030555/http://umer.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/n41.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2020 |title=El Madrid de la posguerra |first1=José Ángel |last1=García Ballesteros |first2=Fidel |last2=Revilla González |publisher=UMER |year=2006 |___location=Madrid }}

* {{Cite journal |title=El chabolismo vertical: los movimientos migratorios y la política de vivienda franquista (1955–1975) |first=Iñigo |last=López Simón |journal=Huarte de San Juan. Geografía e historia |issn=1134-8259 |issue=25 |year=2018 |pages=173–192 |___location=Pamplona |publisher=[[Universidad Pública de Navarra]] |url=https://academica-e.unavarra.es/bitstream/handle/2454/32133/HSJ_geografia_25_2018.pdf |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307080502/https://academica-e.unavarra.es/bitstream/handle/2454/32133/HSJ_geografia_25_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite book |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-53606-8 |first=Araceli |___location=New York, NY |title=Ecuadorians in Madrid: migrants' place in urban history |last=Masterson-Algar |year=2016}}

* {{Cite book |year=2020 |___location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon & New York |isbn=978-1-138-86066-7 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Lynch |chapter=Local and global elements of Spanish in Madrid |first=Francisco |last=Moreno-Fernández |pages=43–72 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Spanish in the Global City}}

* {{Cite book |title=A cultural history of Madrid : modernism and the urban spectacle |___location=Oxford & New York |publisher=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]] |year=2003 |first=Deborah L. |last=Parsons |isbn=1-85973-646-7}}

* {{Cite book |editor-first=Antonio |editor-last=López Gómez |first=Luis |last=Suárez Fernández |title=Madrid desde la Academia |chapter=Madrid, de simple ciudadela a Villa real |publisher=[[Real Academia de la Historia]] |___location=Madrid |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ERcGl91JoC&pg=PA137 |year=2001 |isbn=84-89512-81-7 |pages=113–148 |author-link=Luis Suárez Fernández |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122170813/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ERcGl91JoC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}

* {{Cite journal|title=Madrid, una metrópoli nacional en la senda de la internacionalización|first=Manuel|last=Valenzuela Rubio|___location=Madrid|year=1999|publisher=Fundación de las Cajas de Ahorros Confederadas para la Investigación Económica y Social|journal=Papeles de Economía Española|issue=18|pages=68–83|issn=1136-4777}}

{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|wikt=Madrid|commons=Madrid|n=Category:Madrid|voy=Madrid|d=Q2807}}

{{sisterlinks|Madrid}}

* {{wikitravelOfficial website}}

* [http://www.munimadridesmadrid.escom/Principalen/ingles/portada.html CouncilOfficial website of Madrid on tourism and business]

* [http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/ciudades-pueblos/grandes-ciudades/madrid.html Official website of Madrid in the Spain's national tourism portal]

*'''CitySecrets''' - City Secrets is a bimestrial guide to madrid: a family run publication to Madrid, produced in the capital by residents proud of their city. http://www.citysecrets.es/

* [httphttps://www.citysecretspostalcodigo.escom/madrid CitySecretsPostal Guidecodes Toin Madrid]

*[http://www.esmadrid.com Tourism, Entertainment and Culture in Madrid]

*[http://www.aboutmadrid.com/ About Madrid Travel Guide]

*[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/europe/madrid/ Lonely Planet: Madrid]

*[http://www.madaboutmadrid.com/ Mad About Madrid]

*[http://www.apartmentsapart.com/madrid_hotels/index.htm Madrid Apartments]

*[http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/staticpages/index.php/Madrid World Music Central Guide to Madrid]

*[http://www.realmadrid.com Real Madrid official website]

*[http://www.softguides.com/madrid/ Softguide Madrid]

*[http://www.metromadrid.es/ Metro de Madrid (Madrid Underground)]

*[http://www.madrid.org/nomecalles/ Street Guide & Map of the municipality]

*[http://www.qdq.com/ QDQ Directory & Street Guide]

*[http://www.portalmundos.com/mundoviajes/europa/espana/madrid.htm PortalMundos: Madrid Travel Guide]

*[http://www.esflamenco.com/scripts/news/ennews.asp?frmIdPagina=317 Flamenco guide to Madrid]

*[http://museoprado.mcu.es/home.html Museo del Prado]

*[http://www.destination360.com/europe/spain/madrid.php Madrid Information and History]

*[http://www.bestmadridtravel.com Best Madrid Travel]

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[[nds:Madrid]]

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[[nn:Madrid]]

[[no:Madrid]]

[[pl:Madryt]]

[[pt:Madrid]]

[[ro:Madrid]]

[[ru:Мадрид]]

[[scn:Madrid]]

[[simple:Madrid]]

[[sk:Madrid]]

[[sl:Madrid]]

[[sq:Madrid]]

[[sr:Мадрид]]

[[sv:Madrid]]

[[th:มาดริด]]

[[tl:Madrid]]

[[tr:Madrid]]

[[zh:马德里]]

[[zh-min-nan:Madrid]]