Kulina language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Arawan language of Brazil and Peru}}

'''Culina''' (a.k.a. Kulyna, Corina, Kulina, Madija, and Madiha) is an [[Arauan languages|Arauan language]] of [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] spoken by about 1,300 people.

{{For|other languages with a similar name|Culina language (disambiguation){{!}}Culina language}}

{{Expand Portuguese|Língua culina|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Culina

| nativename =

| states = [[Peru]], [[Brazil]]

| ethnicity = [[Kulina people]]

| speakers = 3,900

| date = 2002–2006

| ref = e18

| familycolor = American

| fam1 = [[Arauan languages|Arauan]]

| iso3 = cul

| glotto = culi1244

| glottorefname = Culina

| fam2 = Madihá

}}

'''Kulina''' (also '''Kulína''', '''Kulyna''', '''Culina''', '''Curina''', '''Corina''', '''Korina''', '''Culina-Madijá''', '''Madijá''', '''Madija''', '''Madiha''', '''Madihá''') is an [[Arauan languages|Arawan language]] of [[Brazil]] and [[Peru]] spoken by about 4,000 [[Kulina people]]. With such few speakers, Kulina is considered a threatened language.

== History and geography ==

The Kulina people traditionally live in the states of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] and [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] in Brazil and the [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]] region in Peru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Kulina|last=Stefan.|first=Dienst|date=2014|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783110339680|___location=Berlin/Boston|oclc=898770080}}</ref> In Acre and Ucayali, the villages are found along the Purus and Envira rivers. In Amazonas, the villages are around the Juruá, Tarauacá and Jutaí rivers.<ref name=":0" />

== Classification ==

Kulina is a member of the [[Arawan languages|Arawan]] language family.<ref name=":0" /> According to Dienst (2014), it forms a Madihá [[dialect continuum]] with Western Jamamadi and Deni.<ref name=":0" /> The term ''madihá'' means 'people' in all of these languages.<ref name=":0" />

Kulina is similar to the [[Deni language|Deni]] language, as they have even been considered different dialects of the same language. Both languages have [[Subject–object–verb|SOV word order]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culina Language and the Culina Indian Tribe (Kulina Madihá, Kulína, Kulyna, Kurina, Corina, Madija, Kollina, Kulino) |url=http://www.native-languages.org/culina.htm |access-date=2018-02-23 |website=www.native-languages.org}}</ref> as well as three sets of alveolar [[affricate consonant]]s. It is believed the presence of the reconstructed phoneme '''''*s''''' in place of the fricative '''*s^h''' is indicative of the Kulina and Deni languages as opposed to other languages in the Arawan family.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dienst |first=Stefan |title=The Innovation of s in Kulina and Deni |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |volume=47 |pages=424–441}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

![[Labial consonant|Labial]]

![[Dental consonant|Dental]]

![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

![[Velar consonant|Velar]]

![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]

!<small>voiced</small>

|{{IPAlink|b}}

|{{IPAlink|d̪}}

|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}

|

|

|-

!<small>voiceless</small>

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|t̪}}

|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|

|-

!<small>aspirated</small>

|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}

|

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|h}}

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|

|{{IPAlink|n}}

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

|{{IPAlink|β̞}}~{{IPAlink|w}}

|

|

|

|

|}

Consonants sounds /pʰ, t̪, d͡z, t͡s, t͡sʰ, ɾ, β~w/ may also be pronounced as /ɸ~f, t͡ʃ, z~ɟ, s, sʰ~ʃ, l, v/.

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

! [[Front vowel|Front]]

! [[Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! [[Close vowel|Close]]

| {{IPAlink|i}}

|({{IPAlink|u}})

|-

! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]

| {{IPAlink|ɛ}}

| {{IPAlink|o}}

|-

![[Open vowel|Open]]

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}

|}

An [a] sound can also range to a {{IPAblink|ɨ}} sound. The [u] vowel sound only appears in diphthongs.<ref name=":0" />

== Grammar ==

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

Culina has many [[Subject Object Verb|subject-object-verb]] constructions.

The basic constituent order is [[subject–object–verb]]. It is predominantly a [[Head-marking language|head-marking]] language with [[Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] morphology and some fusion.<ref name=":0" /> Kulina is a [[Head-directionality parameter|head-final]] language and contains many more [[suffix]]es than [[prefix]]es.<ref name=":0" /> There are two [[noun class]]es and two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] and [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] on [[transitive verb]]s is determined by a number of complex factors, both syntactic and pragmatic.<ref name=":0" /> In transitive sentences, the verb agree with the object in gender and with the subject in person and number. In [[Intransitive verb|intransitive sentences]], the verb agrees with its subject in person, number and gender.<ref name=":0" />

== Bibliography ==

* Boyer, Cindy & Jim Boyer. 2000. ''Dictionario: (sic) Culina - Castellano.'' Unpublished Manuscript.

* Dienst, Stefan. 2014. ''A Grammar of Kulina''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

* Dienst, Stefan. 2009. "[http://www.revel.inf.br/files/artigos/revel_special_3_stative_verbs_in_kulina.pdf Stative Verbs in Kulina]". ''ReVel Revista Virtual de Estudos de Lingaugem.''

* Diesnt, Stefan. 2008a. "Portuguese Influence on Kulina". In Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker & Rosa Salas Palomo (eds.) ''Aspects of language contact. New theoretical'', ''methodological and empirical findings with special focus on Romancisation processes'', 287-297. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

* Dienst, Stefan. 2008b. "Why Kulina doesn't have an antipassive". ''Amerindia'' 32: 27-36.

* Dienst, Stefan. 2005. "The innovation of s in Kulina and Deni". ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 52: 209-243.

* Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini & Abel O. Silva. 1986. ''Gramática da língua Kulina. Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo''. Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.

* Silva, Abel O. & Ruth M. F. Monserrat.1984. ''Dicionário Kulina – Português e Português – Kulina. (Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo)''. Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.

* Tiss, Frank. 2004. ''Gramática da língua Madiha (Kulina)''. São Leopoldo: Oikos.

* Wright, Pamela Sue. 1991. La hipótesis del inacusativo y los verbos mádija (culina). ''Revista Latino-americana de Estudios Ethnolingüísticos'' 6: 49-62.

* Wright, Pamela Sue. Madija predicates. ''Working Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics'', University of North Dakota 39: 93-140.

{{section-stub}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cul

{{Languages of Brazil}}

{{na-lang-stub}}

{{Languages of Peru}}

[[Category:ArauanArawan languages]]

[[Category:EndangeredIndigenous languages of Western Amazonia]]

[[Category:Indigenous languagesLanguages of the Americas stubsPeru]]

[[Category:Endangered Arawan languages]]

[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]