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{{Short description|Species of jellyfish}}
{{Speciesbox
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| synonyms = * ''Craspedacusta kawaii'' <small>(Oka, 1907)</small>
* ''Craspedacusta kiatingi'' <small>Gaw & Kung, 1939</small>
* ''Craspedacusta sowerbii yongkangensis'' <small>Wang & Xu, 2004</small>
* ''Craspedacusta sowerbyi'' <small>Lankester, 1880</small> [lapsus]
* ''Limnocodium kawaii'' <small>Oka, 1907</small>
▲| genus = ''[[Craspedacusta]]''
* ''Limnocodium victoria'' <small>Allman, 1880</small>
* ''Microhydra germanica'' <small>Roch, 1924</small>
* ''Microhydra ryderi'' <small>Potts, 1885</small>
}}
[[File:Craspedacusta sowerbyi.jpg|A specimen in a farming pond ([[Upstate New York]]).|thumb|right|270px]]
'''''Craspedacusta sowerbii''''' or '''peach blossom jellyfish'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1068 |title = freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbyi) - Species Profile}}</ref> is a species of freshwater [[hydrozoa]]n jellyfish, or hydromedusa [[cnidaria]]n. Hydromedusan jellyfish differ from [[scyphozoan]] jellyfish because they have a muscular, shelf-like structure called a velum on the [[ventral]] surface, attached to the bell margin. Originally from the [[Yangtze]] basin in China, ''C. sowerbii'' is an [[introduced species]] now found throughout the world in bodies of fresh water.<ref name = NOBANIS>{{Cite web |last1=Didžiulis |first1=Viktoras |last2=Żurek |first2=Roman |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/c/craspedacusta-sowerbii/craspedacusta-sowerbii1.pdf |accessdate=27 February 2024 |title=NOBANIS - Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Craspedacusta sowerbii}}</ref>
==Form==
''C. sowerbii'' medusae are about 20–25 mm (approximately 1 in.) in diameter, somewhat flatter than a hemisphere, and very delicate, when fully grown. They have a whorl of up to 400 [[tentacles]] tightly packed around the bell margin. Hanging down from the center of the inside of the bell is a large stomach structure called a manubrium, with a mouth-opening with four frilly lips. Circulation of nutrients is facilitated by four radial canals which originate at the edges of the stomach (manubrium), and which are also connected to a ring canal, located near the bell margin. Most of the body is transparent or [[translucent]], with a whitish or greenish tinge. The (usually) four large flat sex organs ([[gonads]]) are attached to the four radial canals, and are usually opaque white. The many tentacles each contain thousands of cells called [[cnidocytes]], which contain [[nematocysts]] (also known as cnidocysts), and are used to capture prey and pass it to the mouth. Food is taken in the mouth opening, and waste is finally expelled out of the same opening.
==Habitat and distribution==
''C. sowerbii'' is native to the [[Yangtze]] basin in China, but has been [[Introduced species|introduced]] on every continent except for Antarctica.<ref name = NOBANIS/>
''C. sowerbii'' is usually found in calm, [[freshwater]] [[reservoirs]], [[lakes]], [[impoundments]], gravel pits or [[quarries]]. They have also been seen in river systems such as the [[Allegheny River]], the [[Ohio River]], and the [[Tennessee River]]. They prefer standing water, and are not generally seen in fast flowing streams or rivers.▼
▲
The medusa's appearance is sporadic and unpredictable from year to year.
===Asia===
Since 2008 the freshwater jellyfish have been sighted every September and October in the Zhaojiaya Reservoir near [[Zhangjiajie]], [[Hunan]], China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.zhangjiajie.gov.cn/?action/viewnews/itemid/2957.html|title=ZJJ Cili Zhaojiaya Reservoir Appeared Freshwater Jellyfish|publisher=Zhangjiajie City Information Center|accessdate=2013-09-10|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083832/http://english.zhangjiajie.gov.cn/?action%2Fviewnews%2Fitemid%2F2957.html|archivedate=2014-08-19}}</ref>
It has been found in the [[Cauvery River]] and backwaters of the [[Hemavathi River]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amoghavarsha.com/journal/2009/02/09/freshwater-jellyfish-craspedusta-sowerbii/|title=Photographs of C. Sowerbii in India|access-date=2011-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134104/http://amoghavarsha.com/journal/2009/02/09/freshwater-jellyfish-craspedusta-sowerbii/|archive-date=2011-07-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It is also found in the Bang Rachan rapids forest on the Khek River, the upstream of the Wang Thong River in [[Khao Kho District]], [[Phetchabun Province]], where it is the provincial aquatic life. Freshwater jellyfish can only be seen around early March to May, which is the [[summer]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Khaosod]]|work=Facebook|date=2024-11-05|accessdate=2024-03-16|url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2193993354271924|title=A boat ride to observe freshwater jellyfish}}</ref>
===Australia===
It has been found in water reservoirs and artificial lakes in south-eastern Australia, including the [[Thorndon Park Reservoir|Thorndon Park reservoir]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58179788|title=Tiny African jellyfish in S.A. reservoir|date=1950-03-11|work=Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912 - 1954)|access-date=2017-08-05|pages=3}}</ref> and [[Lake Burley Griffin]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107029322|title=Jellyfish live in lake|date=1967-03-01|work=Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995)|access-date=2017-08-05|pages=1}}</ref>
===Europe===
During the abnormal heat in the summer 2010 in Russia sightings of ''C. sowerbii'' were reported in the [[Moscow River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rianovosti.com/strange/20100803/160057814.html|publisher=RIA Novisti|title=Man nets seven jellyfish in Moscow River|accessdate=2010-08-04|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715183116/http://rianovosti.com/strange/20100803/160057814.html|archivedate=2011-07-15}}</ref>
It has been found in several lakes in [[Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://real.mtak.hu/5431/|title=Az édesvízi medúza (Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankaster, 1880) magyarországi előfordulása {{!}} The freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, 1880) in Hungarian waters - REAL - az MTA Könyvtárának Repozitóriuma|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref>
They also live in Lake Genava between Switzerland and France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Des méduses dans le Léman? «Elles y sont forcément» |url=https://www.tdg.ch/une-espece-d-eau-douce-des-meduses-dans-le-leman-elles-y-sont-forcement-160015168698 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Tribune de Genève |language=fr}}</ref>
===North America===
On August 21, 2010, ''C. sowerbii'' was spotted and captured on the northwest corner of [[Falcon Lake (Manitoba)|Falcon Lake]] in [[Manitoba]], Canada. Scientists believe this was due to a [[heat wave]] in the [[Whiteshell Provincial Park]] area. It is proposed the ''C. sowerbii'' came to Falcon Lake on [[waterfowl]] originating from Star Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Falcon Lake along with Star Lake remain the only two confirmed sightings of ''C. sowerbii'' in Manitoba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/families-find-manitobas-first-jellyfish-101780128.html|title=Families find Manitoba's first jellyfish|publisher=Winnipeg Free Press|accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> It has been found in British Columbia in 34 lakes as far north as [[Cache Creek, British Columbia|Cache Creek]] and [[Port Hardy]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.ubc.ca/2024/09/thousands-of-jellyfish-clones-multiplying-in-b-c-lakes/|access-date=2024-09-03|date=2024-09-03|first=Alex|last=Walls|title=Thousands of jellyfish clones are multiplying in B.C. lakes|publisher=University of British Columbia News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2024-09-03|date=2024-08-13|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2024-0007|first1=Florian|last1=Lüskow|first2=Evgeny|last2=Pakhomov|title=Spatiotemporal distribution of the non-indigenous peach blossom jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii in British Columbia, Canada|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=102|number=9|pages=735–745 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2024-0007 }}</ref>
''C. sowerbii'' has been seen in Pennsylvanian lakes and reservoirs including Marsh Creek Lake, Downingtown/Eagle, PA Turnpike/Rt 100/Rt 401, SR 282 (2007,2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freshwaterjellyfish.org/pa-sightings/|title=What is the distribution of the freshwater jellyfish in Pennsylvania|publisher=Dr. Terry Peard|accessdate=2016-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229235746/http://freshwaterjellyfish.org/pa-sightings/|archive-date=2016-12-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Populations are also known to exist in several lakes in Minnesota<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Minnesota angler catches fresh water jellyfish on camera |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/08/26/freshwater-jellyfish-an-angler-catches-them-on-camera |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=MPR News |language=en}}</ref>
''C. sowerbii'' was found and collected by the [[Sternberg Museum of Natural History]] in [[Melvern Lake]] in Kansas in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Day |first=Wil |date=September 10, 2024 |title=Yes, you could see a jellyfish in Kansas |url=https://www.ksn.com/news/state-regional/yes-you-could-see-a-jellyfish-in-kansas/ |work=KSN News}}</ref>
In July 2022, a population was discovered in a pond at [[Shawnee Park]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2022/08/23/freshwater-jellyfish-found-in-a-pond-at-louisvilles-shawnee-park/65413536007/|title='Mind blowing': How did thousands of jellyfish make it into this Louisville park's pond?|access-date=2022-08-23}}</ref>
===South and Central America===
It was reported in Panama in 1925, Chile in 1942, Argentina in 1950, Brazil in 1963, and in Uruguay in 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parent|first=G.H|date=1982|title=Une page d'histoire des sciences contemporaines : un siècle d'observations sur la méduse d'eau douce, Craspedacusta sowerbii Lank|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/linly_0366-1326_1982_num_51_2_10519|journal=Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon|language=fr-FR|volume=51|issue=2|pages=47–63|doi=10.3406/linly.1982.10519|issn=0366-1326}}</ref>
==Feeding==
''C. sowerbii'' is a predator on [[zooplankton]] including [[
Just like salt water jellyfish they do have stinging cells. However, these [[cnidocyte]] cells are used for paralyzing very tiny prey and have not been proven to have the capacity to pierce human skin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshwaterjellyfish.org/sting.html|title=Will freshwater jellyfish sting me?|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722233603/http://freshwaterjellyfish.org/sting.html|archivedate=2012-07-22}}</ref>
''C. sowerbii'' begins life as a tiny [[polyp]], which lives in colonies attached to underwater vegetation, rocks, or tree stumps, feeding and [[asexual reproduction|asexually reproducing]] during spring and summer. Some of these offspring are the [[sexual reproduction|sexually-reproducing]] [[medusa|medusae]]. Fertilized eggs develop into small ciliated [[Larva|larvae]] called [[planula]]. The planula then settle to the bottom, and develop into polyps. However, the majority of ''C. sowerbii'' populations existing in the United states are either all male or all female, so there is no sexual reproduction in those populations.▼
==Life cycle==
During the cold winter months, polyps contract and become [[resting bodies]], called [[podocyst]]s, also known as fart. It is believed that podocysts are transported by aquatic plants or animals to other bodies of water. Once conditions become favorable, they develop into polyps again.▼
▲''C. sowerbii'' begins life as a tiny [[polyp (zoology)|polyp]], which lives in colonies attached to underwater vegetation, rocks, or tree stumps, feeding and [[asexual reproduction|asexually reproducing]] during spring and summer. Some of these offspring are the [[sexual reproduction|sexually
▲The medusa appearance is sporadic and unpredictable. Often, they will appear in a body of water where they had never been documented before in very large numbers, and they may be even reported on the news.Clap for the wolfman he gonna play your record high
▲During the cold winter months, polyps contract and
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Craspedacusta sowerbii}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090922212421/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1068 USGS' page about ''C. sowerbyi'']
*http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec99/fwjelly2.html▼
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190719042938/http://freshwaterjellyfish.org/ An authoritative and detailed website about ''Craspedacusta sowerbyi'']
*http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov99/fwjelly.html▼
▲*https://web.archive.org/web/20190721110836/http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec99/fwjelly2.html
▲*https://web.archive.org/web/20190718162523/http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov99/fwjelly.html
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070816001114/http://www.tourismthailand.org/destinationguide/list.aspx?provinceid=54&typeid=7 Kaeng Bang Rachan at Tourism Authority of Thailand] (reference to freshwater jellyfish in the Wang Thong River in Thailand)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161006061420/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=6%2F22%2F2010+9%3A26%3A13+AM&SpeciesID=1068&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes%2F GLANSIS Species FactSheet]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1888438}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Animals described in 1880]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ray Lankester]]
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