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{{Short description|Multi-parasport event in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Olympic games|1988|Summer|Paralympics|
| image = 1988 Summer Paralympics.jpg
| host_city = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| motto = ''United for the Challenge''<br />({{korean|hangul=도전을 위한 화합|rr=Dojeon-eul Wihan Hwahab}})
| nations = 60
| athletes = 3,057
| events = 725 in 16 [[Paralympic sports|sports]]
| opening = 15 October 1988
| closing = 24 October 1988
| opened_by = [[President of South Korea|President]] [[Roh Tae-Woo]]
| stadium = [[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Jamsil Olympic Stadium]]
| summer_prev = [[1984 Summer Paralympics|New York/Stoke Mandeville 1984]]
| summer_next = [[1992 Summer Paralympics|Barcelona/Madrid 1992]]
| winter_prev = [[1988 Winter Paralympics|Innsbruck 1988]]
| winter_next = [[1992 Winter Paralympics|Tignes/Albertville 1992]]
|summer_before1984=[[1980 Summer Paralympics|Arnhem 1980]]}}
The '''1988 Summer Paralympics''' ({{Korean|hangul=1988년 하계 패럴림픽|Korean|rr=Cheon gubaek palsip-pal nyeon hagye paereollimpik}}) were the first [[Paralympics]] in 24 years to take place in the same city as the [[1988 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]. They took place in [[Seoul]], South Korea. This was the first time the term "Paralympic" was used officially.
==Bidding process==
During the fourth meeting of the [[International Paralympic Committee]] held at the [[Aylesbury]] Civic Center in England (28 July 1983), two candidate cities made themselves known;
* [[Seoul]], South Korea, under the initiative of [[Whang Youn Dai|Dr. Whang Youn Dai]]
* [[Melbourne]], Australia, under the initiative of [[John Grant (neurosurgeon)|Dr. John Grant]]
The [[International Paralympic Committee|ICC]] sent a questionnaire to gauge the cities' interest and preparedness for hosting such an event. Both candidates were given one year to respond. In the end, only Seoul returned with a completed document; Melbourne did not respond to the ICC.
At the same time, an internal political movement in Australia to have [[Brisbane]] to bid to the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] in which the possibility that the city could also host the 1992 Summer Paralympic Games was raised, practically nullified the move for Melbourne to bid for the event. A final choice would have to be made during the sixth meeting of ICC, scheduled for 14 June 1984 in [[New York City]], and Seoul was acclaimed as the host of a unified Paralympics. The 1988 Olympic and Paralympic games were the first to be hosted in the same city since the [[1964 Summer Paralympics]].
The proposal that the 1988 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games could be held in the same city and using the same facilities, allowed a new generation and rising generation of Paralympic athletes to compete in many of the Olympic venues, something that was never held before. Starting in this edition, the host countries results have shown the importance of assistance of this athletes.<ref name="STOKE">{{cite book |last=Brittain |first=Ian |date=2012 |title=From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford: a history of the summer paralympic games |url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/3976727/fromstoke1.pdf |___location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=Common Ground Publishing LLC |page=204 |isbn=978-1-86335-988-7}}</ref>
==Relation between the Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committees==
The Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee (SEPOC) had only a tangential relationship with the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC). But this relationship was substantial enough to recruit and train many athletes, technical officials and other common areas for the Paralympic Games.
== Background ==
For the first time in history since Tokyo 1964, the same city held the Olympics and Paralympics. This tradition was revived in Seoul and has been kept ever since. This was also the first Summer Paralympics in history under the aegis of the International Co-ordinating Committee (ICC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Stoke Mandeville Road to the Paralympics|last = Scruton|first = Joan|publisher = The Peterhouse Press|year = 1988|isbn = 0-946312-10-9|___location = Brill, Aylesbury, England|pages = 399–347}}</ref> In 1982, the Olympic Family accepted the ICC as member, which allowed greater cooperation by the [[National Paralympic Committee]]s regarding the organization of the Paralympic Games.<ref name=":0" /> After the first approach, and with the help of the IOC, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) understood that the Paralympic Games were an extension of the Olympic Games and formulated a support plan that allowed the sharing of the Seoul Olympic human resources (managers, volunteers, logistics, security, protocol, public and international relations, entry and exit visas for Korea), facilities and equipment.<ref name=":0" /> The SLOOC gave a subsidy of US$12,857,143.<ref name=":0" />
=== A specific village for the Paralympic Games ===
Before the [[1988 Summer Olympic Games]], local citizens had bought all 3,962 apartments at 86 buildings from the Olympic Village. Due to high local demands, the complex was hastily evicted after.
Between 1983 and 1989, Seoul authorities were in the middle of many controversies about the evictions of poor and low-income neighborhoods. Human rights monitors raised these concerns and associated the hosting of the [[1986 Asian Games]] and the [[1988 Summer Olympic Games]] with the actions to clean, redevelop and "beautify" the city, especially the decadent and historical [[Jamsil-dong|Jamsil]] area. Despite the construction of gigantic building complexes to accommodate 720,000 people between 1983 and 1988, these new housing offers were unconceived for those who had been evicted – namely low-income or poor renters. When this situation turned public, as a result, scholars, policy-makers and lawyers advocated for a better social housing policy, including minimum housing standards and a higher degree of transparency from the city government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/legacy/seoul-1988/urban-improvement-for-the-jamsil-area|title=Urban improvement for the Jamsil area|access-date=2022-10-05|language=en}}</ref>
Consequently, there was not enough time to convert the apartments and facilities to better conditions of accessibility. Another difficult situation was that the transition time between the two events was insufficient (the opening ceremony was scheduled for the October 15 afternoon, 13 days after the end of the Olympic Games). Thus, the government of South Korea and the prefecture of Seoul understood after the new and specific demands the needs for the building a specific Paralympic Village was necessary. This complex was 4 km from an intersection between the Seoul Olympic Park and Jamsil Complex clusters. It was the first housing complex in the Asian continent to be fully accessible to people with disabilities, as the athletes lived in ten specially designed and accessible apartment blocks with 1,316 new apartments in total. Each building had a height of fourteen stories.
Between 1982 and 1986, a delegation composed of some architects sent by Seoul and the Government of South Korea visited the [[Stoke Mandeville]] Hospital to research the accessibility of the hospital. They were also to collect information about the complex to design a project to build a specific village.
Due to specific characteristics, this would be the first and only time in history that a Village for the Paralympic Games was to be built. Since this was not foreseen (during the bidding process, the SEPOC had made plans to use the same Village and Venues), the ICC saw Seoul Paralympics Village plans as controversial in some points. One point caused some concern: three of the ten buildings would be exclusive for wheelchair users; the entity had never managed a complex of such large proportions as this.
A question was asked about wheelchair users being evacuated from the buildings in case of internal commotions (such as fires or water leaks). The answer from the architects and planners was simple - in addition to the elevators, each building planned to have a complex of ramps that would go up to the fourteenth floor; this process would be faster and safer.<ref name="VILLAGE">{{cite book |last=Brittain |first=Ian |date=2012 |title=From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford : a history of the summer paralympic games |url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/3976727/fromstoke1.pdf |___location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=Common Ground Publishing LLC |page=204 |isbn=978-1-86335-988-7}}</ref> All services that were available in the Olympic Village were replicated on a smaller scale. The SEPOC offered catering, recreation areas, banking, post office facilities, medical and religious centers, an Olympic/Paralympic store and a mall.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games was also the first time the Olympics and Paralympics shared some competition venues as the common areas from each event. Since then, every Winter and Summer Paralympic Games has been held in the same cities as the Olympic Games.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Paralympic Legacies (Sport and Society)|last1 = Legg|first1 = David|publisher = Common Ground Publishing|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-86335-896-5|pages = 47–51|last2 = Gilbert|first2 = Keith}}</ref>
== Visual identity ==
When the games ended, the logo used by the Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee (SEPOC) turned into the first [[Paralympic symbols|Paralympic symbol]]. This symbol was used from 1989 to 1994. The Five 'teardrops' (resembling the halves of the ''taeguk'' pattern, also found in the South Korean flag) in the 'W' configuration and colors of the Olympic rings represented the five oceans and the five continents.<ref name=":0" /> Due to many controversies starting in 1989, this symbol was eventually changed after the [[1994 Winter Paralympics]], as it was considered too close to the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) 5-ring emblem.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = An (In)convenient Truce? Paralympic Stakeholders' Reflections on the Olympic– Paralympic Relationship|last = Purdue|first = David|date = 2013|journal = Journal of Sport and Social Issues|volume = 37|issue = 4|pages = 384–402|doi = 10.1177/0193723513491751| s2cid=145510111 }}</ref> Due to these actions, the 1988 Seoul Summer Paralympic Games is considered the start of the Modern Paralympic Games.<ref name=":1" />
===Mascots===
{{Infobox
| above = Gomdoori
| image = [[File:Gomdoori.png|200px]]
| caption =
| headerstyle = background:#dde8ff;
| labelstyle = background:#fed;
| header1 = Mascots of the 1988 Summer Paralympics ([[Seoul]])
| label2 = Creator
| data2 =
| label3 = Significance
| data3 = Two [[Asian black bear]]s
}}
According to Korean ancestral culture, bears are known for their courage and wisdom, which is reflected by the existence of two sister constellations: [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]]. The two bears chosen as mascots are of a species known as the [[Asian black bear]]. This practice was common on the Korean peninsula and was marked by the white V-shaped chest mark. The two chosen mascots are brothers tied by a rope to the leg; this demonstrates the brotherhood, guidance, coherent and coexistent cooperation and relationship that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would have now: dreamt of by the Organizing Committee of this edition of the Paralympics. They also represented achievements and camaraderie recorded during the event. The name chosen for the mascots was Gomdoori.<ref name="GOMODORI">{{cite book |last=Brittain |first=Ian |date=2012 |title=From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford : a history of the summer paralympic games |url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/3976727/fromstoke1.pdf |___location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=Common Ground Publishing LLC |page=204 |isbn=978-1-86335-988-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0009657123|title=[카드뉴스] 올림픽의 얼굴, 마스코트에 숨은 비밀|access-date=2018-03-24|language=ko}}</ref>
== Opening ceremony ==
[[File:Xx1088 - Flagbearer Paul Croft Opening Ceremony Seoul Paralympics - 3b - Scan.jpg|thumb|Australian flag bearer [[Paul Croft]] at the Opening Ceremony.]]
During the Opening Ceremony, over 75,000 people in the Olympic Stadium were watching the enter of then-record of 3,057 competitors from 61 nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.paralympic.org/seoul-1988|title = '88 Seoul Paralympics|access-date = 20 October 2015|website = Official website of the Paralympic Movement|publisher = International Paralympic Committee (IPC)}}</ref> The President of South Korea, [[Roh Tae-woo|Roh Tae-Woo]], presented the new Paralympic flag to the President of the ICC, Jens Bromann.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url =https://archive.org/details/athletefirsthist00bail|url-access =limited|title = Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement|last = Bailey|first = Steve|date = 2008|publisher = John Wiley & Sons |pages = [https://archive.org/details/athletefirsthist00bail/page/n113 91]–137|doi = 10.1002/9780470724323.ch5|isbn = 9780470724323}}</ref> [[Paul Croft]], competing in his second Paralympic Games, was the flag bearer for Australia.<ref name=report>{{cite book|title='88 Paralympics Appeal report |year=1989 |publisher=Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled |url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/88%20Paralympics%20Appeal%20Report.pdf }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Several elements and segments used in the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games were reenacted or adapted for this ceremony, while interspersed with specific acts. The first entry was made by parachutists in the Paralympic colors of blue, black, red, yellow, and green. They swept into the Olympic Stadium following a procession of children in wheelchairs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article102015230?searchTerm=1988%20Seoul%20Paralympics&searchLimits=|title = Paralympics open with a joyful ceremony|last = Reuter|date = 16 October 1988|work = The Canberra Times|access-date = 27 October 2015|via = Trove}}</ref> The Paralympic Torch was carried in by a one-legged South Korean Paralympic volleyball player and handed to a 19-year-old athlete with cerebral palsy, who in turn passed it to Cho Hyun-hui, a wheelchair athlete. He was wheeled around the stadium by her 7-year-old daughter before handing the Torch to blind runner [[Lee Jae-oon]], who linked hands with women's handball Olympic gold medalist [[Kiifi Hyun-mi]]. They were both carried up by an elevator platform to light the [[Olympic flame|Olympic Cauldron]]. The [[2018 Winter Paralympics]] opening ceremony (also held in South Korea) recreated this scene.<ref name=":3" />
Chief Paralympic Organiser [[Koh Kwi-nam]] addressed the athletes. He said that "The goal you as athletes should try to reach for in the Games is not to accomplish the Olympic slogan of 'faster, higher and stronger' but to show the world your real selves as courageous challengers, glorious conquerors and impartial participants."<ref name=":3" />
== Closing ceremonies ==
There were concerns that the number of medals awarded on the final day of competition would mean that competitors would not be able to attend the closing ceremonies. These doubts also existed regarding whether the Spanish flag and anthem would be present during the protocol part of the ceremony, as it was not certain that the next edition would be in Barcelona, as the host city contract and some official documents had not yet been signed by the Spanish authorities. However, as a sign of goodwill and openness, the Organizing Committee of the 1992 Summer Olympics sent a delegation of observers and confirmed its intentions by sending its director of institutional relations to receive the Paralympic flag during the closing ceremony. The host-city contract for the [[1992 Summer Paralympics]] was signed next year.
Similarly to the opening ceremony, several cultural elements from its Olympic counterpart were re-presented or adapted again with some specific additions.<ref name="Bailey2008">{{cite book|author=Steve Bailey|title=Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejur99LKEugC&pg=PA274|accessdate=22 July 2013|date=28 February 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-72431-6|pages=88}}</ref>
== Controversies ==
Despite the advances, the Seoul Paralympic Games also took place with several controversies, embarrassments and polemics.
The first one was about the men's goalball tournament draw which placed the teams from Iran and Israel in the same group. In the middle of protests and refusals the Iranian goalball team was disqualified for refusing to play against the Israelis in the first round. The summary elimination of the Iranian team was argued by the ICC "on the grounds that the sport was being misused for political causes, breaking its neutrality" sending the team home immediately.<ref name=":2" /> Asghar Dadkhan, the Iranian team manager, made a formal apology pledging that all other Iranian athletes would compete with full regard to the regulations and would compete against Israel and any other nation.<ref name=":2" />
Due to logistic problems, the Libyan delegation arrived in Seoul during the Games; the ICC rules did not allow this situation. Their athletes could not register for the events or stay in the Paralympic Village. They had entered South Korea without having gone through the usual entry procedures.<ref name=":2" /> The SEPOC urged the ICC to accept the Libyan team; soon after, they reached a compromise, permitting the athletes and delegates to participate as observers and compete in the marathon events. However, they would not have any medal or official result nor be officially recognized at the Closing Ceremony.<ref name=":2" />
Another embarrassing moment happened at the athletics slalom event: some athletes were given medals at the end of the first round. Later, officials realized that the medals should not have been awarded until after the second round of competition. The slalom events are dropped from the Paralympics since then.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article102016477|title = Disabled athletes told to return wheelchair medals.|newspaper = [[The Canberra Times]]|date = 21 October 1988|access-date = 28 October 2015|page = 18|publisher = National Library of Australia}}</ref>
== Sports ==
The games consisted of events in seventeen sports, including one [[demonstration sport]], but the medals count for the official medal list. [[Powerlifting]] and [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]] were considered to be a single sport.<ref name=IPCgeninfo>{{cite web |title=1988 Seoul |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |date=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Seoul_1988/index.html |access-date=2008-08-06 }}</ref>
* [[Archery at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Archery]] <small>(9)</small>
* [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Athletics]]<small>(337)</small>
* [[Boccia at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Boccia]]<small>(3)</small>
* [[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Cycling]]<small>(7)</small>
* [[7-a-side football at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Football 7-a-side]] <small>(1)</small>
* [[Goalball at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Goalball]] <small>(2)</small>
* [[Judo at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Judo]]<small>(6)</small>
* [[Lawn bowls at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Lawn bowls]]<small>(6)</small>
* Lifting
** [[Powerlifting at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Powerlifting]] <small>(9)</small>
** [[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Weightlifting]] <small>(7)</small>
* [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Shooting]] (23)
* [[Snooker at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Snooker]] <small>(1)</small>
* [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Swimming]] <small>(252)</small>
* [[Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Table tennis]] <small>(37)</small>
* [[Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Volleyball]] <small>(2)</small>
* [[Wheelchair basketball at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Wheelchair basketball]] <small>(2)</small>
* [[Wheelchair fencing at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Wheelchair fencing]]
<small>(14)</small>
*[[Wheelchair tennis at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Wheelchair tennis]]<small>(2)</small>
==Venues==
{{Empty section|date=April 2023}}
== Medal table ==
{{Main|1988 Summer Paralympics medal table}}
The top ten listed [[National Olympic Committees|NOCs]] by the number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, South Korea, is highlighted.
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| show_limit =
| remaining_text =
| flag_template = FlagIPC
| event = 1988 Summer
| team =
| gold_USA = 91 | silver_USA = 90 | bronze_USA = 88
| gold_FRG = 76 | silver_FRG = 65 | bronze_FRG = 52
| gold_GBR = 65 | silver_GBR = 65 | bronze_GBR = 54
| gold_CAN = 55 | silver_CAN = 42 | bronze_CAN = 55
| gold_FRA = 46 | silver_FRA = 44 | bronze_FRA = 50
| gold_SWE = 42 | silver_SWE = 38 | bronze_SWE = 23
| gold_KOR = 40 | silver_KOR = 35 | bronze_KOR = 19 | host_KOR = yes
| gold_NED = 30 | silver_NED = 24 | bronze_NED = 29
| gold_AUS = 23 | silver_AUS = 34 | bronze_AUS = 38
| gold_POL = 23 | silver_POL = 25 | bronze_POL = 33
}}
== Participating delegations ==
Sixty delegations took part in the Seoul Paralympics.<ref>{{cite web |title= Medal Standings – Seoul 1988 Paralympic Games |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |date=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/reports.html?type=medalstandings&games=1988PG&sport=all |access-date=2008-08-08}}</ref> [[Burma]], which had taken part in the previous Games, was absent. The Seoul Paralympics occurred weeks after the [[8888 Uprising]] and the military coup which brought the [[State Peace and Development Council]] to power. Burma would return [[Myanmar at the Paralympics|as Myanmar]] in [[1992 Summer Paralympics|1992]].<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=BIR&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all Burma at the Paralympics], [[International Paralympic Committee]]</ref>
The Soviet Union made its Summer Paralympic debut, previously [[Soviet Union at the 1988 Winter Paralympics|participating]] in the [[1988 Winter Paralympics]]. It was not only the USSR's first participation in the Summer Games but was also to be its last, as the Union was dissolved before the [[1992 Summer Paralympics]]. It won a total of 56 medals, of which 21 were gold. Other countries who made first appearances were [[Bulgaria at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Cyprus]], [[Iran at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Iran]], [[Macau at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Macau]], [[Morocco at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Morocco]], [[Oman at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Oman]], [[Philippines at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Philippines]], [[Singapore at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Singapore]] and [[Tunisia at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|Tunisia]].<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?npc=URS&gender=all&medal=all&sport=all&games=all Soviet Union at the Paralympics], International Paralympic Committee</ref>
{{clear}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{FlagIPC|ARG|1988 Summer|35}}
* {{FlagIPC|AUS|1988 Summer|175}}
* {{FlagIPC|AUT|1988 Summer|43}}
* {{FlagIPC|BAH|1988 Summer|4}}
* {{FlagIPC|BRN|1988 Summer|11}}
* {{FlagIPC|BEL|1988 Summer|54}}
* {{FlagIPC|BRA|1988 Summer|59}}
* {{FlagIPC|BUL|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{FlagIPC|CAN|1988 Summer|157}}
* {{FlagIPC|CHN|1988 Summer|41}}
* {{FlagIPC|COL|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{FlagIPC|CYP|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{FlagIPC|TCH|1988 Summer|1}}
* {{FlagIPC|DEN|1988 Summer|48}}
* {{FlagIPC|EGY|1988 Summer|46}}
* {{FlagIPC|FRO|1988 Summer|4}}
* {{FlagIPC|FIN|1988 Summer|61}}
* {{FlagIPC|FRA|1988 Summer|116}}
* {{FlagIPC|GBR|1988 Summer|224}}
* {{FlagIPC|GRE|1988 Summer|4}}
* {{FlagIPC|GUA|1988 Summer|1}}
* {{FlagIPC|HKG|1988 Summer|42}}
* {{FlagIPC|HUN|1988 Summer|34}}
* {{FlagIPC|ISL|1988 Summer|14}}
* {{FlagIPC|IND|1988 Summer|2}}
* {{FlagIPC|INA|1988 Summer|19}}
* {{FlagIPC|IRI|1988 Summer|36}}
* {{FlagIPC|IRL|1988 Summer|53}}
* {{FlagIPC|ISR|1988 Summer|62}}
* {{FlagIPC|ITA|1988 Summer|95}}
* {{FlagIPC|JAM|1988 Summer|5}}
* {{FlagIPC|JPN|1988 Summer|143}}
* {{FlagIPC|JOR|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{FlagIPC|KEN|1988 Summer|12}}
* {{FlagIPC|KUW|1988 Summer|30}}
* {{FlagIPC|LIE|1988 Summer|2}}
* {{FlagIPC|MAC|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{FlagIPC|MAS|1988 Summer|14}}
* {{FlagIPC|MEX|1988 Summer|33}}
* {{FlagIPC|MAR|1988 Summer|14}}
* {{FlagIPC|NED|1988 Summer|110}}
* {{FlagIPC|NZL|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{FlagIPC|NOR|1988 Summer|34}}
* {{FlagIPC|OMA|1988 Summer|9}}
* {{FlagIPC|PHI|1988 Summer|4}}
* {{FlagIPC|POL|1988 Summer|46}}
* {{FlagIPC|POR|1988 Summer|13}}
* {{FlagIPC|PUR|1988 Summer|13}}
* {{FlagIPC|SIN|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{FlagIPC|KOR|1988 Summer|226}}
* {{FlagIPC|URS|1988 Summer|22}}
* {{FlagIPC|ESP|1988 Summer|50}}
* {{FlagIPC|SWE|1988 Summer|103}}
* {{FlagIPC|SUI|1988 Summer|41}}
* {{FlagIPC|THA|1988 Summer|10}}
* {{FlagIPC|TRI|1988 Summer|4}}
* {{FlagIPC|TUN|1988 Summer|1}}
* {{FlagIPC|USA|1988 Summer|371}}
* {{FlagIPC|FRG|1988 Summer|188}}
* {{FlagIPC|YUG|1988 Summer|34}}
{{div col end}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[1988 Summer Olympics]]
* [[1988 Winter Paralympics]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org/ International Paralympic Committee]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = ''[[Summer Paralympic Games|Summer Paralympics]]'' <br />[[Seoul]]
| before = [[1984 Summer Paralympics|New York–Stoke Mandeville]]
| after = [[1992 Summer Paralympics|Barcelona–Madrid]]
| years = ''VIII Paralympic Summer Games'' (1988)
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Paralympic Games}}
[[Category:1988 Summer Paralympics| ]]
[[Category:1988 Summer Olympics|Paralympics Summer]]
[[Category:1988 in multi-sport events|Paralympics]]
[[Category:1988 in South Korean sport|Paralympic Games]]
[[Category:1988 controversies]]
[[Category:October 1988 sports events in Asia]]
[[Category:1980s in Seoul]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by South Korea|Paralympics]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in South Korea]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Seoul]]
[[Category:Summer Paralympic Games by year]]
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