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{{Trattato
|Nome = Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
|Immagine = George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign the START 1991.jpg
|Didascalia = [[George H. W. Bush]] e [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] durante la firma del trattato a [[Mosca (Russia)|Mosca]].
|Tipo = bilaterale
|Data firma = [[31 luglio]] [[1991]]
|Luogo =[[Mosca (Russia)|Mosca]], [[Unione Sovietica]]
|Data efficacia = [[5 dicembre]] [[1994]]
|Condizione di ratifica = Ratifica di entrambe le parti
|Data scadenza = [[5 dicembre]] [[2009]]
|Firmatari=[[George H. W. Bush]]<br />[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
|Parte1 = {{bandiera|Stati Uniti|nome}}
|Parte2 = {{bandiera|Unione Sovietica|nome}}
|Lingua1 = ru
|Lingua2 = en
}}
L'accordo '''START''' (da '''''St'''rategic '''A'''rms '''R'''eduction '''T'''reaty'', "Trattato di riduzione delle armi strategiche") fu siglato il 31 luglio [[1991]] tra [[Stati Uniti d'America|Stati Uniti]] e [[Unione Sovietica]] su proposta dell'allora presidente statunitense [[George H. W. Bush|George H.W. Bush]].<ref name="Treaty">{{Cita web |url= http://www.dod.mil/acq/acic/treaties/start1/execsum.htm |titolo= Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I): Executive Summary |editore= The Office of Treaty Compliance |accesso= 5 dicembre 2009 |dataarchivio= 6 gennaio 2011 |urlarchivio= https://web.archive.org/web/20110106051804/http://www.dod.mil/acq/acic/treaties/start1/execsum.htm |urlmorto= sì }}</ref> Venne poi ribattezzato '''START I''' quando fu varato il secondo degli [[Accordi START]], lo [[START II]].
Il trattato prevedeva limiti al numero di armi e mezzi di cui ogni fazione poteva dotarsi. Essendo collassata l'[[Unione Sovietica]] cinque mesi dopo la sua stipula, il trattato rimane oggi in vigore con le nazioni di [[Russia]], [[Bielorussia]], [[Kazakistan]] e [[Ucraina]]. Questi ultimi tre paesi hanno da allora azzerato completamente il loro potenziale offensivo nucleare.
Il trattato impedì ai suoi firmatari di disporre di più di 6.000 [[Arma nucleare|testate nucleari]], distribuite su un massimo di 1.600 tra [[Missile balistico intercontinentale|missili balistici intercontinentali]] (ICBM) e bombardieri strategici. Lo START costituì il più esteso e complesso trattato per il controllo degli armamenti della storia, e la sua implementazione finale nel tardo 2001 portò alla rimozione di circa l'ottanta percento di tutte le armi nucleari strategiche allora esistenti.
Scaduto nel dicembre 2009, è stato sostituito dal [[New START]].
== Proposta ==
[[File:Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg|miniatura|destra|verticale|Missile balistico intercontinentale [[R-36M|SS-18]] sovietico.]]
[[File:Peacekeeper missile.jpg|miniatura|destra|verticale|Missile balistico intercontinentale [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]] americano.]]
Lo START fu inizialmente annunciato dal [[Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America|Presidente degli Stati Uniti]] [[Ronald Reagan]] durante un discorso al Eureka college il 9 maggio 1982<ref>[http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/50982a.htm Eureka College Commencement Speech, 1982]</ref>, e in seguito presentato a [[Ginevra]] il 29 giugno successivo.
La proposta, definita all'epoca SALT III, prevedeva una massiccia riduzione dei mezzi strategici in due fasi:<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921207,00.html |titolo=Time to START, Says Reagan |accesso=27 settembre 2017 |dataarchivio=26 marzo 2010 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326182103/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921207,00.html |urlmorto=sì }}</ref><br />
La prima fase consisteva nella riduzione del numero totale di testate nucleari a 5000 per ciascun tipo di missile, tranne gli ICBM ulteriormente limitati a 2500. Inoltre il numero totale di ICBM era limitato a 850, e il numero di missili "pesanti" tipo l'[[R-36M|SS-18]] ridotto a 110.<br />
La seconda fase avrebbe introdotto limiti analoghi sui bombardieri e altri sistemi strategici.
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At the time the US had a commanding lead in strategic bombers. The US [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|B-52]] force, while aged, was a credible strategic threat but was only equipped with [[AGM-86]] cruise missiles, beginning in 1982, because of Soviet air defense improvements in the early 1980s. The US also had begun to introduce the new [[B-1 Lancer|B-1B Lancer]] quasi-stealth bomber and was secretly developing the Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) project that would eventually result in the [[B-2 Spirit]] stealth bomber. The USSR's force was of little threat to the US, on the other hand, as it was tasked almost entirely with attacking US convoys in the Atlantic and land targets on the Eurasian landmass. Although the USSR had 1,200 medium and heavy bombers, only 150 of them ([[Tupolev Tu-95]]s and [[Myasishchev M-4]]s) could reach North America (the latter only with in-flight refueling). They also faced difficult problems in penetrating the admittedly smaller and less heavily defended US airspace. Possessing too few bombers available when compared to US bomber numbers was evened out by the US forces having to penetrate the much larger and heavier defended Soviet airspace. This changed when new [[Tu-95]]MS and [[Tu-160]] bombers appeared in 1984 equipped with the first Soviet [[Kh-55|AS-15]] cruise missiles. By limiting the phase-in as it was proposed, the US would be left with a strategic advantage, for a time.
As ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine put it at the time, "Under Reagan's ceilings, the US would have to make considerably less of an adjustment in its strategic forces than would the Soviet Union. That feature of the proposal will almost certainly prompt the Soviets to charge that it is unfair and one-sided. No doubt some American arms-control advocates will agree, accusing the Administration of making the Kremlin an offer it cannot possibly accept—a deceptively equal-looking, deliberately nonnegotiable proposal that is part of what some suspect is the hardliners' secret agenda of sabotaging disarmament so that the US can get on with the business of rearmament." However, ''Time'' did point out that, "The Soviets' monstrous ICBMs have given them a nearly 3-to-1 advantage over the US in 'throw weight'—the cumulative power to 'throw' megatons of death and destruction at the other nation."
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== Negoziati ==
I negoziati dello START andarono a rilento poiché l'Unione Sovietica riteneva inaccettabili i termini della proposta americana. Quando Reagan annunciò il programma SDI ([[Strategic Defense Initiative]]) nel 1983, l'Unione Sovietica si ritirò dai negoziati considerando il programma americano una minaccia.<br />
Questo portò ad un decennio di corsa alle armi, risultando nel 1991 con decine di migliaia di testate nucleari per entrambe le superpotenze.
== Firma ==
Su consiglio di [[Andrej Dmitrievič Sacharov|Andrei Sakharov]], l'Unione Sovietica ritirò le proprie obiezioni al SDI nel 1988,<ref>Mikhail Gorbachev, ''Memoirs'', Doubleday, 1996; {{ISBN|0385480199}}, {{ISBN|978-0385480192}}</ref><ref name="Stonr">Jeremy J/. Stoen, ''Catalytic Diplomacy,'' Chapter 21, [http://catalytic-diplomacy.org/everymanPDFs/Ch21.pdf START Talks: The Sakharov Finesse, Stone Variety]</ref> e il trattato venne firmato il 31 luglio 1991.<ref name="Treaty" />.
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==Implementation==
[[File:B-52s chopped.jpg|thumb|right|[[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52G Stratofortresses]] chopped into five pieces at [[Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center|AMARC]]]]
Three hundred sixty-five B-52s were flown to the [[Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center]] at [[Davis-Monthan Air Force Base]] in Arizona.{{When|date=April 2014}} The bombers were stripped of all usable parts, then chopped into five pieces by a 13,000-pound steel blade dropped from a crane. The [[guillotine]] sliced four times on each plane, severing the wings and leaving the fuselage in three pieces. The ruined B-52s remained in place for three months so that Russian satellites could confirm that the bombers had been destroyed, after which they were sold for scrap.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/route/06.amarc/ CNN. Special: COLD WAR. "Uncle Sam's salvage yard: A Cold War icon heads for the scrap heap" By Andy Walton, CNN Interactive] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323112510/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/the.bomb/route/06.amarc/ |data=23 March 2008 }}</ref>
It remains in effect between the U.S. and Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. The latter three became non-nuclear weapons states under the Treaty on the non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1 July 1968 (NPT) as they committed to do under the [[Lisbon Protocol]] (Protocol to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms) after becoming independent nations in the wake of the breakup of the Soviet Union.<ref>Lisbon Protocol, signed by the five START Parties 23 May 1992.</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos CIA Fact Book]</ref>
==Efficacy==
Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have disposed of all their nuclear weapons or transferred them to Russia, while the U.S. and Russia have reduced the capacity of delivery vehicles to 1,600 each, with no more than 6,000 warheads.<ref name="RIAnovosti"/>
A report by the US State Department called "Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" which was released on July 28, 2010, stated that Russia was not in full compliance with the treaty when it expired on 5 December 2009. The report did not specifically identify Russia's compliance issues.<ref>[[Bill Gertz|Gertz, Bill]], "Russia Violated '91 START Till End, U.S. Report Finds", ''[[Washington Times]]'', 28 July 2010, p. 1.</ref>
==Expiration and renewal==
[[Image:Ss18.jpg|thumb|right|Soviet [[SS-18]] inspected by U.S. Senator [[Richard Lugar]] before its destruction]]
START I expired 5 December 2009. Both sides agreed to continue observing the terms of the treaty until a new agreement is reached.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8434260.stm |title=US rejects Russian missile shield concerns |data=29 December 2009 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> There are proposals to renew and expand the treaty, supported by [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]]. [[Sergei Rogov]], director of the Institute of the U.S. and Canada, said: "Obama supports sharp reductions in nuclear arsenals and I believe that Russia and the U.S. may sign in the summer or fall of 2009 a new treaty that would replace START-1". He added that a new deal would only happen if Washington abandoned plans to place elements of a missile shield in central Europe. He expressed willingness "to make new steps in the sphere of disarmament", however, saying they were waiting for the U.S. to abandon attempts to "surround Russia with a missile defense ring". This referred to the placement of ten [[National missile defense|interceptor missiles]] in [[Poland]], as well as an accompanying radar in the [[Czech Republic]].
[[Russian President]] [[Dmitri Medvedev]], said, the day after the U.S. elections, in his first state of the nation address, that Russia would move to deploy short-range [[Iskander missile]] systems in the western [[exclave]] of [[Kaliningrad]] "to neutralize if necessary the anti-ballistic missile system in Europe". Russia insists that any movement towards a new START should be a legally binding document, and must, then, set lower ceilings on the number of nuclear warheads, and their delivery vehicles.<ref name="RIAnovosti">http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081106/118158928.html</ref>
On 17 March 2009, Russian President Dmitri Medvedev signaled that Russia would begin a "large-scale" rearmament and renewal of Russia's nuclear arsenal. President Medvedev accused NATO of pushing ahead with expansion near Russian borders and ordered that this rearmament commence in 2011 with increased army, naval, and nuclear capabilities. Additionally, the head of Russia's strategic missile forces, Nikolai Solovtsov, told news agencies that Russia would start deploying its next-generation [[RS-24]] missiles after the 5 December expiry of the START-1 treaty with the United States. Russia hopes to change the START-1 treaty with a new accord. The increased tensions come despite the warming of relations between the United States and Russia in the two years since U.S. President Barack Obama took office.<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090317/ts_afp/russianatomilitarynuclear</ref>
On 4 May 2009, the United States and Russia began the process of renegotiating START, as well as counting both nuclear warheads and their delivery vehicles when making a new agreement. While setting aside problematic issues between the two countries, both sides agreed to make further cuts in the number of warheads they have deployed to around 1,000 to 1,500 each. The United States has said they are open to a Russian proposal to use radar in Azerbaijan rather than Eastern Europe for the proposed missile system. The Bush Administration insisted that the Eastern Europe defense system was intended as a deterrent for Iran, while the Kremlin feared that it could be used against Russia. The flexibility by both sides to make compromises now will lead to a new phase of arms reduction in the future.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/world/europe/05russia.html | work=The New York Times | title=U.S. Negotiator Signals Flexibility Toward Moscow Over New Round of Arms Talks | first=Ellen | last=Barry | date=5 May 2009 | accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref>
A "Joint understanding for a follow-on agreement to START-1" was signed by Presidents Barack Obama and Dmitri Medvedev in Moscow on 6 July 2009. This will reduce the number of deployed warheads on each side to 1,500–1,675 on 500–1,100 delivery systems. A new treaty was to be signed before START-1 expired in December 2009 and the reductions are to be achieved within seven years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8136918.stm US and Russia agree nuclear cuts, accessed 16 July 2009]</ref> After many months of negotiations,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html | work=The New York Times | title=Russia and U.S. Report Breakthrough on Arms | first1=Peter | last1=Baker | first2=Ellen | last2=Barry | date=24 March 2010 | accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref><ref>Early March 2010 [[Ukrainian President]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] had proposed to both Russia and the United States to sign the treaty in [[Kiev]], the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Ukraine]] (Source: [http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/61829/ Ukraine awaiting reply to offer of Kyiv as venue for Russia-U.S. arms cuts deal signing], [[Kyiv Post]] (16 March 2010))</ref> Presidents Obama and Medvedev signed the successor treaty, [[Measures to Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms]], in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] on 8 April 2010.
== Memorandum of Understanding data for START 1==
[[Image:Carter Brezhnev sign SALT II.jpg|thumb| [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] sign [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|SALT II]] treaty, 18 June 1979, in [[Vienna]].]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Russian Federation
|-
! Date
! Deployed ICBMs and Their Associated Launchers, Deployed SLBMs and Their Associated Launchers, and Deployed Heavy Bombers
! Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Deployed Heavy Bombers
! Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs
! Throw-weight of Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs (Mt)
|-
! style="text-align:left" | 1 July 2009<ref name="start2009b">[https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/130361.pdf START data for 1 July 2009 on state.gov]</ref>
| 809
| 3,897
| 3,289
| 2,297.0
|-
! style="text-align:left" | 1 January 2009<ref name="start2009">[https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/121251.pdf START data for 1 January 2009 on state.gov]</ref>
| 814
| 3,909
| 3,239
| 2,301.8
|-
! style="text-align:left" | 1 January 2008<ref name="start2008">[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-Archive-040108-START.cfm START data for 1 January 2008 on cdi.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503060154/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-Archive-040108-START.cfm |data=3 May 2012 }}</ref>
| 952
| 4,147
| 3,515
| 2,373.5
|-
! style="text-align:left" | 1 September 1990 (USSR)<ref name="start1990">[https://fas.org/nuke/control/start1/news/strtdata.htm START data for 1 September 1990 on fas.org]</ref>
| 2,500
| 10,271
| 9,416
| 6,626.3
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ United States of America
|-
! Date
! Deployed ICBMs and Their Associated Launchers, Deployed SLBMs and Their Associated Launchers, and Deployed Heavy Bombers
! Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Deployed Heavy Bombers
! Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs
! Throw-weight of Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs (Mt)
|-
! 1 July 2009<ref name="start2009b"/>
| 1,188
| 5,916
| 4,864
| 1,857.3
|-
! 1 January 2009<ref name="start2009"/>
| 1,198
| 5,576
| 4,514
| 1,717.3
|-
! 1 January 2008<ref name="start2008"/>
| 1,225
| 5,914
| 4,816
| 1,826.1
|-
! 1 September 1990<ref name="start1990"/>
| 2,246
| 10,563
| 8,210
| 2,361.3
|}
-->
== Note ==
<references/>
== Voci correlate ==
* [[Guerra Fredda]]
* [[Accordi SALT]]
* [[SALT I]] e [[SALT II|II]]
* [[Accordi START]]
* [[START II]]
* [[SORT]]
* [[New START]]
* [[Trattato anti missili balistici]]
* [[Trattato di non proliferazione nucleare]]
== Altri progetti ==
{{interprogetto}}
== Collegamenti esterni ==
* [https://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/starthtm/start/start1.html START1 treaty hypertext US State Dept.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090718224210/http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-pamphlets/ep870-1-49/start.pdf Engineer Memoirs - Lieutenant General Edward L. Rowny, ambassador for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (START)]
{{Controllo di autorità}}
{{Portale|guerra fredda}}
[[Categoria:Armi nucleari]]
[[Categoria:Trattati degli Stati Uniti d'America]]
[[Categoria:Trattati dell'Unione Sovietica]]
[[Categoria:Trattati sul controllo degli armamenti]]
[[Categoria:Guerra fredda]]
[[Categoria:Trattati internazionali conclusi a Mosca]]
[[Categoria:Presidenza di George H. W. Bush]]
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