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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1913}}
{{Events by month|1913}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Greek Soldiers during the Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas.png
| image2 = Knocking Out the Moros. DA Poster 21-48.jpg
| image3 = Emily davison killed 1913.jpg
| image4 = ILN – Senghenydd Colliery Disaster 3.jpeg
| image5 = Ludlow Street - North - Dayton Ohio great flood of 1913 (cropped).jpg
| image6 = 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.png
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| footer = From top to bottom, left to right: The [[Second Balkan War]] sees former allies fight over territory, escalating tensions in Southeast Europe; the [[Battle of Bud Bagsak]] ends the [[Moro Rebellion]] as U.S. forces defeat Moro fighters in the southern Philippines; at the [[Epsom Derby]], suffragette [[Emily Davison]] is fatally struck by King George V's horse, drawing global attention to women's rights; the [[Senghenydd colliery disaster]] kills 440 miners in Wales, Britain’s worst mining tragedy; the [[Great Flood of 1913]] devastates the American Midwest, killing hundreds and causing massive damage; and the [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état]] places the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] in power, consolidating control under the Three Pashas.
}}
{{Year nav|1913}}
{{C20 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1913}}
{{TOC limit|2}}
== Events ==
=== January ===
{{Main|January 1913}}
* January – [[Joseph Stalin]] travels to [[Vienna]] to research his ''[[Marxism and the National Question]]''.<ref>Published as by K. Stalin in ''[[Prosveshcheniye]]'', March–May.</ref> This means that, during this month, Stalin, [[Hitler]], [[Trotsky]] and [[Tito]] are all living in the city.
* [[January 3]] – [[First Balkan War]]: Greece completes its [[Battle of Chios (1912)|capture]] of the eastern Aegean island of [[Chios]], as the last Ottoman forces on the island surrender.<ref>{{cite book | title = Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 | trans-title = Concise History of the Balkan Wars 1912–1913 | publisher = Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate | ___location = Athens | year = 1987 | pages = 125–130 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913 |last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood |___location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-275-97888-5 | pages = 157–158}}</ref>
* [[January 13]] – [[Edward Carson]] founds the (first) [[Ulster Volunteers|Ulster Volunteer Force]], by unifying several existing [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] [[militia]]s to resist [[home rule]] for Ireland.<ref name=Cottrell>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The War for Ireland, 1913-1923|url=https://archive.org/details/warforirelandgen00cott|url-access=limited|___location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966|page=[https://archive.org/details/warforirelandgen00cott/page/n14 14]}}</ref>
* [[January 18]] – First Balkan War: [[Battle of Lemnos (1913)|Battle of Lemnos]] – Greek admiral [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the [[Dardanelles]], from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.<ref> {{cite book |last=Fotakis |first=Zisis |title=Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910–1919 |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |___location=London |isbn=978-0-415-35014-3 | page=50}}</ref>
* [[January 23]] – [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état]]: [[Enver Pasha]] comes to power.
=== February ===
{{Main|February 1913}}
* [[February 1]] – New York City's [[Grand Central Terminal]], having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest [[Train station|railroad station]].
* [[February 3]] – The [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect [[income tax]]es on all sources of income, not just some.
* [[February 9]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: "[[Ten Tragic Days|La Decena Trágica]]", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President [[Francisco I. Madero]], begins.<ref name=desconocido />
* [[February 13]] – Thubten Gyatso, the [[13th Dalai Lama]], declares the independence of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] from [[Qing dynasty]] China.
* [[February 18]] – Mexican Revolution: President [[Francisco I. Madero]] and Vice President [[José María Pino Suárez]] are forced to resign. [[Pedro Lascuráin]] serves as president for less than an hour, before General [[Victoriano Huerta]], leader of the coup, takes office.<ref name=desconocido />
* [[February 22]] – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated.<ref name=desconocido />
* [[February 23]] – [[Joseph Stalin]] is arrested by the Russian secret police, the [[Okhrana]], in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]], and exiled to [[Siberia]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Service|title=Stalin: A Biography|___location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|pages=90–91}}</ref>
=== March ===
{{Main|March 1913}}
* [[March]]
** The [[House of Romanov]] celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of [[monarchy|monarchist]] sentiment in [[Russian Empire|Russia]].
** Following the assassination of his rival [[Song Jiaoren]], [[Yuan Shikai]] uses military force to dissolve [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]'s parliament, and rules as a dictator.
* c. [[March 1]] – British steamship ''Calvados'' disappears in the [[Sea of Marmara]], with 200 on board.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 200 Lost in Storm|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1913-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=British Steamer Lost|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15403623|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=1913-03-10|page=9|access-date=2013-01-19|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207123100/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15403623|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[March 3]] – The [[Woman Suffrage Procession]] takes place in Washington, D.C. led by [[Inez Milholland]] on horseback.
* [[March 4]] – The [[U.S. Department of Commerce]] and [[U.S. Department of Labor]] are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old [[Department of Commerce and Labor]]. The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]], [[U.S. Bureau of Fisheries]] and [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]] form part of the Department of Commerce.
* [[March 4]]–[[March 6|6]] – [[First Balkan War]]: [[Battle of Bizani]] – Forces of the [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Kingdom of Greece]] capture the forts of [[Bizani]] (covering the approaches to [[Ioannina]]) from the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[March 7]] – [[Alum Chine explosion|''Alum Chine'' explosion]]: British freighter ''Alum Chine'', carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in the harbour of [[Baltimore]], Maryland.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ship Blows Up|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/08/100256597.pdf|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1913-03-08|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308022609/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/08/100256597.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[March 13]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Pancho Villa]] returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
* [[March 17]] – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on [[4 December]] [[1952]] (the [[Uruguayan Air Force]] (FAU) will grow from this foundation).
* [[March 18]] – King [[George I of Greece]] is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine I]].
* [[March 20]]
** [[Sung Chiao-jen]], a founder of the Chinese nationalist party ([[Kuomintang]]), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later.
** The city of [[Canberra]], the center of the [[Australian Capital Territory]], becomes the official capital of the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]].
* [[March 23]] – Supporters of [[Phan Xích Long]] begin a revolt against colonial rule in [[French Indochina]].
* [[March 25]] – The [[Great Dayton Flood]], after four days of rain in the [[Miami Valley]], kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in [[Dayton, Ohio]]).
*[[March 26]]
** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano Carranza]] announces his [[Plan of Guadalupe]], and begins his rebellion against [[Victoriano Huerta]]'s government, as head of the ''Constitutionals''.
** [[Balkan Wars]]: The [[Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)|Siege of Adrianople]] ends, when [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]n forces take [[Adrianople]] from the Ottomans.
[[File:Naming of city of canberra capital hill 1913.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[March 12]]: Australia begins building the new capital of [[Canberra]].]]
=== April ===
{{Main|April 1913}}
* [[
* [[April 5]] – The [[United States Soccer Federation]] is formed.
* [[April 8]] – The [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
* [[April 21]] – [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] [[ocean liner]] {{RMS|Aquitania}}, built by [[John Brown & Company]], is launched on the [[River Clyde]].
* [[April 24]] – The [[Woolworth Building]] opens in New York City. Designed by [[Cass Gilbert]], it is the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|tallest building in the world]] on this date, and for more than a decade after.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/|title=Study for Woolworth Building, New York|website=[[World Digital Library]]|date=1910-12-10|access-date=2013-07-25|archive-date=September 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927124658/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== May ===
{{Main|May 1913}}
* [[May 3]] – ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'', the first full-length Indian [[feature film]], is released, marking the beginning of the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].
* [[May 9]]–[[July 11]] – A major industrial strike occurs in the [[Black Country]] of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
* [[May 14]] – New York Governor [[William Sulzer]] approves the charter for the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from [[John D. Rockefeller]].
* [[May 24]]–[[May 25|25]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] moves from [[Vienna]] to [[Munich]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Kershaw|author-link=Ian Kershaw|title=Hitler: A Biography|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|page=45}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] – [[Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia]] marries [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover]] in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the [[House of Hohenzollern|Houses of Hohenzollern]] and [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.
* [[May 26]] ([[May 13]] [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) – [[Igor Sikorsky]] becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine [[fixed-wing aircraft]].
* [[May 29]] – The [[ballet]] ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'' (music by [[Igor Stravinsky]], conducted by [[Pierre Monteux]], choreography by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] and design by [[Nicholas Roerich]]) is premiered by [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s [[Ballets Russes]], at the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] in Paris; its [[modernism (music)|modernist]] style provokes one of the most famous [[classical music riot]]s in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2006/04/21 |title=Radio Lab, Show 202: "Musical Language" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901005957/http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2006/04/21 |archive-date=September 1, 2010 |___location=New York: WNYC |date=21 April 2006 |url-status=dead}} Host/Producer: [[Jad Abumrad]], Co-Host: [[Robert Krulwich]], Producer: Ellen Horne, Production Executives: Dean Capello and Mikel Ellcessor.</ref> The audience includes [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], [[Coco Chanel]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Harry Graf Kessler]] and [[Maurice Ravel]].<ref name=Illies>{{cite book|first=Florian|last=Illies|title=1913: The Year Before the Storm|year= 2013|publisher=Melville House|isbn=978-1-61219-352-6}}</ref>
* [[May 30]] – [[First Balkan War]]: The [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern [[Epirus]] which it does not already control, and the independence of [[Albania]] is recognised.
[[File:RiteofSpringDancers.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[May 29]]: ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'' is premiered in Paris.]]
=== June ===
{{Main|June 1913}}
* [[June 1]] – The [[Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913|Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance]] is signed, paving the way for the [[Second Balkan War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Hellenic-Serbian (Yugoslav) Alliances from Karageorge to the Balkan Pact 1817–1954 |url=https://doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2020/0350-76532051143M.pdf}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] – [[Emily Davison]], a British [[suffragette]], runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]]. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.<ref name="Women's History Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1910.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Woman's Hour - Women's History Timeline: 1910 - 1919|access-date=2007-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106132003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1910.shtml |archive-date=January 6, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[June 8]] – The [[Deutsches Stadion (Berlin)|Deutsches Stadion]] in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the [[1916 Summer Olympics]] (later to be cancelled as the result of World War I).
* [[June 11]]
** [[Women's suffrage]] is enacted in Norway.
** [[Battle of Bud Bagsak]]: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General [[John J. Pershing|John J. "Black Jack" Pershing]] fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with [[kampilan]] swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on [[June 15]].
* [[June 18]] – The [[Arab Congress of 1913]] opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[June 19]] – The [[Parliament of South Africa]] passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
* [[June 13]] – The predecessor of the [[Aldi]] store chain opens in [[Essen]], Germany.
* [[June 24]] – [[Joseph Cook]] becomes the 6th [[Prime Minister of Australia]].
* [[June 29]] – The [[Second Balkan War]] begins with Bulgaria attacking Serbia and Greece.
=== July ===
{{Main|July 1913}}
* [[July 10]]
** Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
** [[Death Valley]], [[California]] hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time [[highest temperature recorded on Earth]] (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of {{convert|54.4|°C|°F}} was recorded at the same ___location, which would make it the world's highest ''verified'' air temperature, subject to confirmation).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/death-valley-temperature-rises-to-544c-possibly-the-hottest-ever-reliably-recorded|title=Death Valley temperature rises to 54.4C – possibly the hottest ever reliably recorded|first=Graham|last=Readfearn|work=[[The Guardian]]|___location=London|date=2020-08-17|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817204338/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/death-valley-temperature-rises-to-544c-possibly-the-hottest-ever-reliably-recorded|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 13]] – The [[1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak]] during the Second Balkan War starts.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281820179|title=A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913|first1=Florin|last1=Leașu|first2=Codruța|last2=Nemeț|first3=Cristina|last3=Borzan|first4=Liliana|last4=Rogozea|journal=Acta medico-historica Adriatica|volume=13|issue=1|pages=159–170|year=2015|pmid=26203545}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] – The town of [[San Javier, Uruguay]], is founded<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/toponimico/Categorizaci%F3n%20localidades%20urbanas%20orden%20alfab%E9tico.pdf |title=Statistics of urban localities (1908–2004) |publisher=INE |year=2012 |access-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323054815/http://www.blayney.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/329/3h%20-%20Hobbys%20Yards%20Heritage%20Items.pdf.aspx |archive-date=March 23, 2015 }}</ref> by Russian settlers.
=== August ===
{{Main|August 1913}}
* [[August 2]] – The first known ascent of [[Mount Olympus]] in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and [[Frédéric Boissonnas]] guided by [[Christos Kakkalos]].
* [[August 4]] – [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]: The city of [[Chongqing]] (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
* [[August 10]] – [[Second Balkan War]]: The [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]] is signed, ending the war. [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] is divided, and [[Northern Epirus]] is assigned to [[Provisional Government of Albania|Albania]].
* [[August 13]] – [[Harry Brearley]] invents [[stainless steel]] in [[Sheffield]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006|pages=94}}</ref>
* [[August 20]] – After his airplane fails at an altitude of {{convert|900|ft|m}}, aviator [[Adolphe Pégoud]] becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.<ref>"Airman Uses Parachute". ''New York Times''. August 20, 1913.</ref>
* [[August 23]] – [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|The Little Mermaid]] statue is finished in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark.
* [[August 26]] – [[Dublin Lock-out]] in Ireland: Members of [[James Larkin]]'s [[Irish Transport and General Workers' Union]] employed by the [[Dublin United Transport Company|Dublin United Tramways Company]] begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of [[trade union]] members by its chairman.<ref name=Yeates>{{cite journal|first=Padraig|last=Yeates|title=The Dublin 1913 Lockout|url=http://www.historyireland.com//volumes/volume9/issue2/features/?id=259|year=2009|journal=[[History Ireland]]|volume=9|issue=2|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926003531/http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume9/issue2/features/?id=259|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 31]] – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.<ref name=Cottrell/><ref name=Yeates/>
=== September ===
{{Main|September 1913 (month)}}
[[Image:The Balkan boundaries after 1913.jpg|thumb|175px|The Balkan boundaries after 1913]]
* [[September 7]]–[[September 8|8]] – The Fourth Congress of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (the last occasion on which [[Carl Jung]] and [[Sigmund Freud]] will meet) takes place in [[Munich]].
* [[September 9]]
** In Germany, [[BASF]] starts the world's first plant for the production of [[fertilizer]] based on the [[Haber process|Haber-Bosch process]], feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population.
** [[Imperial Russian Army]] pilot [[Pyotr Nesterov]] becomes the first person to [[Aerobatic maneuver|loop]] an airplane, flying a [[Nieuport IV]] [[monoplane]] over Syretzk Aerodrome near [[Kiev]], in the [[Russian Empire]].
** [[Helgoland Island air disaster]]: The first fatalities aboard a German [[airship]] occur, when the [[Imperial German Navy]] [[Zeppelin]] dirigible ''LZ 14'' (naval designation ''L 1'') is forced down into the [[North Sea]] off [[Heligoland]] during a [[thunderstorm]], killing 16 of the 22 men on board.
* [[September 10]] – [[Jean Sibelius]]'s tone poem ''[[Luonnotar (Sibelius)|Luonnotar]]'' is premiered in [[Gloucester Cathedral]], England, with soprano [[Aino Ackté]].
* [[September 17]] – In Chicago, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of [[B'nai B'rith]] is founded, with [[Sigmund Livingston]] as its first president.
* [[September 23]] – French aviator [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]] crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from [[Fréjus]], France to [[Bizerte]], Tunisia.
* [[September 29]] – [[Second Balkan War]]: The [[Treaty of Constantinople (1913)|Treaty of Constantinople]] is signed in [[Istanbul]], between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]].
=== October ===
{{Main|October 1913}}
[[Image:A-line1913 edit.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Nearly-completed Ford Model Ts at the Highland Park Plant]]
* [[October 1]] – [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Pancho Villa]]'s troops take [[Torreón]] after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
* [[October 7]]–[[December 1]] – The [[Ford Motor Company]] adopts a moving [[assembly line]] for [[chassis]] production of the [[Model T]] at its [[Highland Park Plant]] in [[Highland Park, Michigan]] ([[Detroit]]), reducing assembly time from 12½ hours to 2 hours 40 minutes, a landmark in [[mass production]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/fords-assembly-line-turns-100-how-it-really-put-the-world-on-wheels-feature|title=Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Really Put the World on Wheels|first=Tony|last=Swan|journal=[[Car and Driver]]|date=April 2013|access-date=2017-03-26|archive-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419222733/http://www.caranddriver.com/features/fords-assembly-line-turns-100-how-it-really-put-the-world-on-wheels-feature|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/moving-assembly-line-at-ford|title=October 7 1913: Moving assembly line debuts at Ford factory|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]]|work=This Day in History|date=March 4, 2010 |access-date=2025-02-15|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915141050/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/moving-assembly-line-at-ford|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=December 1 1913: Ford's assembly line starts rolling|work=This Day in History|date=November 13, 2009 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fords-assembly-line-starts-rolling|publisher=The History Channel|access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref> Between 1912 and 1914 the retail price of a Model T drops by US$150.
* [[October 9]] – Canadian-owned ocean liner {{SS|Volturno|1906}}, carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from [[Rotterdam]] to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by [[SOS]] messages to the scene.
* [[October 10]]
** U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the [[Panama Canal]].
** [[Yuan Shikai]] is elected [[President of the Republic of China]].<ref> Hill, Joshua. “Warlord Democracy: Coercion and Coordination, 1913–1921.” Voting As a Rite, 1st ed., vol. 417, Harvard University Asia Center, 2019, pp. 137-, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvrs90d2.10</nowiki>.</ref>
* [[October 11]] – The [[Philadelphia Athletics]] win the deciding game of the [[1913 World Series]], over baseball's [[New York Giants_(baseball)|New York Giants]], winning 3–1 to take the series in five games.
* [[October 14]] – [[Senghenydd colliery disaster]]: An explosion at the [[Universal Colliery]], Senghenydd in [[South Wales]] kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
* [[October 16]] – The British [[Royal Navy]]'s {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} is launched at [[Portsmouth Dockyard]] as the first oil-fired [[battleship]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Crowhurst|title=A History of Firsts: Portsmouth Historic Dockyard|url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/museums/portsmouth.shtml|work=TimeTravel-Britain.com|year=2005|access-date=2010-09-09|archive-date=July 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706130633/http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/museums/portsmouth.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Image:Völkerschlachtdenkmal Leipzig.JPG|thumb|115px|right|Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig]]
* [[October 18]] – The [[Monument to the Battle of the Nations]] at [[Leipzig]], Germany is finished.
* [[October 19]] – The [[DLRG]] (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
* [[October 26]] – [[Victoriano Huerta]] elected president of Mexico.
* [[October 28]]–[[December 2]] – [[Zabern Affair]]: Acts of aggression by the [[Prussia]]n garrison at [[Zabern]], [[Alsace-Lorraine]] provoke political debate across the [[German Empire]].
* [[October 31]] – The [[Lincoln Highway]], the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
=== November ===
{{Main|November 1913}}
* [[November 5]] – King [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto of Bavaria]] is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]].
* [[November 6]] – [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
* [[November 7]]–[[November 11|11]] – The [[Great Lakes Storm of 1913]] in North America claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.
=== December ===
{{Main|December 1913}}
* [[December 1]]
** [[Crete]], having obtained [[self rule]] from [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] after the [[First Balkan War]], is annexed by [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]].
**[[Buenos Aires Underground]], the first in South America, opens.
* [[December 12]] – [[Vincenzo Peruggia]] tries to sell the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' in [[Florence]], and is arrested.
* [[December 19]] – The [[Raker Act]] is signed by President [[Woodrow Wilson]], allowing the City of [[San Francisco]] to dam [[Hetch Hetchy]] Valley in [[Yosemite National Park]].
* [[December 23]] – The [[Federal Reserve System]] is created as the [[central bank]]ing system of the United States, by [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s signature of the [[Federal Reserve Act]].
* [[December 24]] – [[Italian Hall disaster]]: seventy-three people – mostly striking mine workers and their families – are crushed to death in a stampede in [[Calumet, Michigan]].
* [[December 30]] – [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] returns the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' to [[French Third Republic|France]].
=== Date unknown ===
* Between the two Balkan Wars, a group of Bulgarian teachers and priests including teacher [[Gligor Zisov]] are deported by the newly-established Greek authorities to Bulgaria but killed by Greek soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shklifov|first=Blagoy|authorlink=Blagoy Shklifov|title=На кол вода пиехме. Записки за Христовите мъки на българите в Егейска Македония през ХХ век|trans-title=At stake drinking water, Notes on Christ's passion of Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia during the twentieth century|___location=Sofia|language=Bulgarian|year=2011|pages=51–53}}</ref>
* The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] is established in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]).
* [[America Cultural Center]] is inaugurated in [[Salta]], Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centro Cultural América, City of Salta. Art Destination Argentina |url=https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/argentina/northwest/salta/city/centro-cultural |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=universes.art |language=en}}</ref>
* French physicist [[Georges Sagnac]] shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.
* [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel]] [[cigarettes]] are introduced by [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company|R. J. Reynolds]] in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes).
* The [[State Security Investigations Service]], the Middle East’s first internal security service is established in [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]].
* [[Prada]] is established as a leather goods dealer in [[Milan]], by [[Mario Prada]] and his brother.
* [[Astra AB|Astra]], a predecessor of the [[AstraZeneca]] global [[healthcare]] and pharmaceutical brand, is founded in [[Södertälje]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuglCgAAQBAJ&q=Knut+Sj%C3%B6berg%2C+Astra%2C+CEO&pg=PT69|title=L'industria delle Medicine|last=Zirulia|first=Giuliano|year=2015|publisher=Edra Masson|isbn=9788821439049|language=it}}</ref>
* The value of [[International trade|world trade]] reaches roughly $38 billion.
== Births ==
{{Births and deaths ToC|births}}
===January–February===
[[File:Edward Gierek 1980b.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Edward Gierek]]]]
[[File:LORETTAYoung.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Loretta Young]]]]
[[File:Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982 - NARA - 530679.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Richard Nixon]]]]
[[File:Gustáv Husák - oříznuto.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Gustáv Husák]]]]
[[File:Lloyd Bridges 1966.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lloyd Bridges]]]]
[[File:Jim_Backus_The_Jim_Backus_Show_1962.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Jim Backus]]]]
[[File:Kazimierz Sabbat.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Kazimierz Sabbat]]]]
* [[January 1]] – [[Shih Kien|Shek Kin]], Hong Kong actor (d. [[2009]])
* [[January 2]] – [[Anna Lee]], English-American actress (d. [[2004]])
* [[January 4]]
** [[Malietoa Tanumafili II]], Samoan head of state (d. [[2007]])
** [[Fred Degazon]], President of Dominica (d. [[2008]])
* [[January 6]]
** [[Edward Gierek]], Polish politician (d. [[2001]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/edward-gierek-9253129.html |title=Edward Gierek |date=11 April 2014 |work=[[The Independent]] |accessdate=28 July 2021 |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728112832/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/edward-gierek-9253129.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Loretta Young]], American actress (d. [[2000]])
* [[January 9]]
** [[Eric Berry (actor)|Eric Berry]], British actor (d. [[1993]])
** [[Richard Nixon]], 37th [[President of the United States]] (d. [[1994]])
* [[January 10]]
** [[Gustáv Husák]], Slovak politician (d. [[1991]])
** [[Mehmet Shehu]], 23rd [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (d. [[1981]])
* [[January 11]] – [[Karl Stegger]], Danish actor (d. [[1980]])
* [[January 15]]
** [[Eugène Brands]], Dutch painter (d. [[2002]])
** [[Lloyd Bridges]], American actor (d. [[1998]])
** [[Alexander Marinesko]], Soviet naval officer (d. [[1963]])
* [[January 22]]
** [[Henry Bauchau]], Belgian novelist, poet and psychoanalyst (d. [[2012]])
** [[William Conway (cardinal)|William Conway]], Irish cardinal (d. [[1977]])
** [[Carl F. H. Henry]], American theologian and publisher (d. [[2003]])
* [[January 23]] – [[Jean-Michel Atlan]], French painter (d. [[1960]])
* [[January 25]]
** [[Huang Hua]], Foreign Minister of China (d. [[2010]])
** [[Witold Lutosławski]], Polish composer (d. [[1994]])
* [[January 29]] – [[Victor Mature]], American actor (d. [[1999]])
* [[February 2]] – [[Poul Reichhardt]], Danish actor (d. [[1985]])
* [[February 4]] – [[Rosa Parks]], American civil rights activist (d. [[2005]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Parks {{!}} Biography & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rosa-Parks |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=July 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722205629/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rosa-Parks |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[February 6]] – [[Mary Leakey]], British anthropologist (d. [[1996]])
* [[February 8]] – [[Betty Field]], American actress (d. [[1973]])
* [[February 10]]
** [[Douglas Slocombe]], British cinematographer (d. [[2016]])<ref>Duncan Petrie, "Slocombe, (Ralph) Douglas Vladimir (1913–2016)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Jan 2020 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/111119 available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420192201/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-111119;jsessionid=A6C107D7003ABB960B0D402AD22881C1 |date=April 20, 2021 }}. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</ref>
** [[Bill White (rugby union born 1913)|Bill White]], Australian rugby union player (d. [[1969]])
* [[February 14]] – [[Jimmy Hoffa]], American labor leader (disappeared [[1975]])
* [[February 18]] – [[Artur Axmann]], German Nazi national leader of the Hitler Youth (d. [[1996]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Joachimsthaler | first = Anton |author-link=Anton Joachimsthaler | title = The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth | year = 1999 | orig-year = 1995 | publisher = Brockhampton Press | isbn = 1-86019-902-X |page=283 }}</ref>
* [[February 19]] – [[Frank Tashlin]], American animation director (d. [[1972]])
* [[February 23]] – [[P. C. Sorcar]], Indian stage magician (d. [[1971]])
* [[February 25]]
** [[Jim Backus]], American actor (d. [[1989]])
** [[Gert Fröbe]], German actor (d. [[1988]])
* [[February 27]]
** [[Paul Ricœur]], French philosopher (d. [[2005]])
** [[Kazimierz Sabbat]], leader of Polish government-in-exile (d. [[1989]])
** [[Irwin Shaw]], American writer (d. [[1984]])
=== March–April ===
[[File:William J. Casey, Director of Central Intelligence.jpg|thumb|110px|[[William J. Casey]]]]
[[File:René Clément.jpg|thumb|110px|[[René Clément]]]]
[[File:Erdos budapest fall 1992 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Paul Erdős]]]]
[[File:Frankie Laine 1954.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Frankie Laine]]]]
[[File:Muddy Waters november 1976.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Muddy Waters]]]]
* [[March 2]] – [[Godfried Bomans]], Dutch writer (d. [[1971]])
* [[March 4]] – [[John Garfield]], American actor (d. [[1952]])
* [[March 13]]
** [[William J. Casey]], American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. [[1987]])
** [[Sergey Mikhalkov]], Russian writer, lyricist (d. [[2009]])
* [[March 15]] – [[Rosita Contreras]], Argentine actress (d. [[1962]])
* [[March 18]]
** [[René Clément]], French film director (d. [[1996]])
** [[Reinhard Hardegen]], German U-boat commander (d. [[2018]])
** [[Werner Mölders]], German fighter pilot (d. [[1941]])
* [[March 19]] – [[Smoky Dawson]], Australian singer (d. [[2008]])
* [[March 26]]
** [[Paul Erdős]], Hungarian mathematician (d. [[1996]])
** [[Jacqueline de Romilly]], French philologist (d. [[2010]])
* [[March 29]] – [[R. S. Thomas]], Welsh poet (d. [[2000]])
* [[March 30]]
** [[Richard Helms]], American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. [[2002]])
** [[Frankie Laine]], American singer (d. [[2007]])
** [[Ċensu Tabone]], Maltese politician (d. [[2012]])
* [[March 31]] – [[Etta Baker]], American musician (d. [[2006]])
* [[April 3]] – [[Per Borten]], Premier of Norway (d. [[2005]])
* [[April 4]]
** [[Frances Langford]], American singer, actress (d. [[2005]])
** [[Muddy Waters]], African-American musician (d. [[1983]])
* [[April 7]] – [[Louise Currie]], American actress (d. [[2013]])
* [[April 8]]
** [[Sourou-Migan Apithy]], Beninese political figure, 2nd [[President of Dahomey]] (d. [[1989]])
** [[Carlton Skinner]], Governor of Guam (d. [[2004]])
* [[April 9]] – [[Aleksanteri Saarvala]], Finnish artistic gymnast (d. [[1989]])
* [[April 10]] – [[Stefan Heym]], German writer (d. [[2001]])
* [[April 11]] – [[Oleg Cassini]], American fashion designer (d. [[2006]])
* [[April 11]] – [[Winifred Drinkwater]], Scottish aviator, first woman to hold a commercial pilot's license (d. [[1996]])
* [[April 14]] – [[Jean Fournet]], French conductor (d. [[2008]])
* [[April 16]] – [[Les Tremayne]], British-born American actor (d. [[2003]])
* [[April 18]] – [[Jack Pope]], American judge, attorney, and author (d. [[2017]])
* [[April 19]]
** [[Lloyd Cardwell]], American football player and coach (d. [[1997]])
** [[Karl Rawer]], German physicist (d. [[2018]])
* [[April 21]] – [[Richard Beeching]], chairman of British Rail (d. [[1985]])
* [[April 27]] – [[Philip Hauge Abelson]], American physicist, writer, and editor (d. [[2004]])
* [[April 29]] – [[Eugene Vielle]], British Royal Air Force officer (d. [[2015]])
=== May–June ===
[[File:Stewart Granger 1970.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Stewart Granger]]]]
[[File:Woody Herman ca.1943.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Woody Herman]]]]
[[File:Peter cushing the brides of dracula (1).jpg|110px|thumb|[[Peter Cushing]]]]
[[File:Elton Britt 1950.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Elton Britt]]]]
[[File:Lopez Michelsen 1977.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Alfonso López Michelsen]]]]
* [[May 1]]
** [[Roy Matsumoto]], American army officer (d. [[2014]])
** [[Louis Nye]], American comedian, actor (d. [[2005]])
** [[Walter Susskind]], Czech conductor (d. [[1980]])
* [[May 4]] – [[Hisaya Morishige]], Japanese actor (d. [[2009]])
* [[May 5]] – [[Fred J. Doocy]], American politician, banker (d. [[2017]])
* [[May 6]] – [[Stewart Granger]], Anglo-American actor (d. [[1993]])
* [[May 8]]
** [[Bob Clampett]], American director (''[[Looney Tunes]]'') (d. [[1984]])
** [[Saima Harmaja]], Finnish poet (d. [[1937]])
** [[Sid James]], South African-born British actor, comedian (d. [[1976]])
** [[Charles Scorsese]], American actor, father of [[Martin Scorsese]] (d. [[1993]])
* [[May 11]] – [[Robert Jungk]], Austrian journalist (d. [[1994]])
* [[May 13]] – [[William Tolbert]], President of Liberia (d. [[1980]])
* [[May 16]] – [[Woody Herman]], American musician, band leader (d. [[1987]])
* [[May 19]] – [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], Indian politician, 6th [[President of India]] (d. [[1996]])
* [[May 20]]
** [[Teodoro Fernández]], Peruvian soccer player (d. [[1996]])
** [[William Redington Hewlett|William Hewlett]], American businessman (d. [[2001]])
* [[May 22]] – [[Benedict Garmisa]], American politician (d. [[1985]])
* [[May 24]] – [[Haldor Topsøe (1913–2013)|Haldor Topsøe]], Danish engineer (d. [[2013]])
* [[May 26]]
** [[Peter Cushing]], English actor (d. [[1994]])
** [[Pierre Daninos]], French writer, humorist (d. [[2005]])
** [[Josef Manger]], German weightlifter (d. [[1991]])
* [[May 29]] – [[Jopie Roosenburg-Goudriaan]], Dutch painter (d. [[1996]])<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Jopie Roosenburg-Goudriaan
|url=https://rkd.nl/artists/68100
|language=Dutch
|publisher=[[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610132617/https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2f%2fdata.rkd.nl%2fartists%2f68100
|archivedate=10 June 2024
|access-date=10 June 2024
}}</ref>
* [[May 29]] – [[Tony Zale]], American boxer (d. [[1997]])
* [[May 31]] – [[Peter Frankenfeld]], German comedian, radio and television personality (d. [[1979]])
* [[June 2]] – [[Elsie Tu]], English-born Hong Kong social activist (d. [[2015]])
* [[June 3]] – [[Yitzhak Berman]], Israeli politician (d. [[2013]])
* [[June 10]] – [[Benjamin Shapira]], German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the [[Israel Prize]] (d. [[1993]])
* [[June 11]]
** [[Vince Lombardi]], American football coach (d. [[1970]])
** [[Risë Stevens]], American mezzo-soprano (d. [[2013]])
* [[June 13]]
** [[Ralph Edwards]], American game show host (d. [[2005]])
** [[Yitzhak Pundak]], Polish-born Israeli military officer, diplomat (d. [[2017]])
** [[Oswald Teichmüller]], German mathematician (d. [[1943]])
* [[June 18]]
** [[Robert Mondavi]], American winemaker (d. [[2008]])
** [[Sammy Cahn]], American songwriter (d. [[1993]])
** [[Sylvia Field Porter]], American economist, journalist (d. [[1991]])
* [[June 21]]
** [[Luis Taruc]], Filipino political figure, insurgent (d. [[2005]])
** [[Madihe Pannaseeha Thero]], Sri Lankan Buddhist monk (d. [[2003]])
** [[Kid Azteca]], Mexican boxer (d. [[2002]])
* [[June 22]] – [[Álvaro Alsogaray]], Argentine politician and businessman (d. [[2005]])
* [[June 23]]
** [[Jacques Rabemananjara]], Malagasy politician, playwright and poet (d. [[2005]])
** [[William P. Rogers]], American diplomat (d. [[2001]])
* [[June 24]] – [[Gustaaf Deloor]], Belgian road racing cyclist (d. [[2002]])
* [[June 26]]
** [[Aimé Césaire]], French Martinican poet, politician (d. [[2008]])
** [[Konrāds Kalējs]], Latvian soldier (d. [[2001]])
** [[Anissa Rawda Najjar]], Lebanese feminist, women's rights activist (d. [[2016]])
** [[Maurice Wilkes]], British computer scientist (d. [[2010]])
* [[June 28]]
** [[Franz Antel]], Austrian filmmaker (d. [[2007]])
** [[Maldwyn James]], Welsh international rugby union player (d. [[2003]])
* [[June 30]]
** [[Henry Leask]], British Army officer (d. [[2004]])
** [[Alfonso López Michelsen]], 24th [[President of Colombia]] (d. [[2007]])
=== July ===
[[File:Mærsk-McKinney-Møller m.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller]]]]
[[File:Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gerald Ford]]]]
[[File:Red Skelton 1960 rebalance.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Red Skelton]]]]
[[File:Coral Browne (1989 Academy Awards).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Coral Browne]]]]
[[File:Michael Foot (1981).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Michael Foot]]]]
* [[July 1]]
** [[Noel Miller (cricketer)|Noel Miller]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2007]])
** [[André Tollet]], French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist (d. [[2001]])
** [[Mario Acerbi]], Italian football player (d. [[2010]])
** [[Joana Raspall i Juanola]], Spanish writer and librarian (d. [[2013]])
** [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]], Indian Army Chief (d. [[2000]])
* [[July 3]] – [[Dorothy Kilgallen]], American newspaper columnist (d. [[1965]])
* [[July 4]] – [[Barbara Weeks (film actress)|Barbara Weeks]], American actress (d. [[2003]])
* [[July 5]] – [[Elwood Cooke]], American tennis player (d. [[2004]])
* [[July 6]] – [[Vance Trimble]], American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, author (d. [[2021]])
* [[July 7]] – [[Pinetop Perkins]], American blues musician (d. [[2011]])
* [[July 8]] – [[Alejandra Soler]], Spanish politician and schoolteacher (d. [[2017]])
* [[July 9]]
** [[Ted Grant]], South African Trotskyist (d. [[2006]])
** [[William M. Zachacki]], (d. [[1969]])
* [[July 10]] – [[Joan Marsh]], American actress (d. [[2000]])
* [[July 11]] – [[Kofi Abrefa Busia]], Ghanaian nationalist leader, 2nd [[Prime Minister of Ghana]] (d. [[1978]])
* [[July 12]]
** [[Sultan Hamid II]] (d. [[1978]])
** [[Rufus Rogers]], New Zealand doctor, politician (d. [[2009]])
** [[Willis Lamb]], American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2008]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Gribbin | first = John | title = Q is for quantum : an encyclopedia of particle physics | publisher = Touchstone | ___location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780684863153 | page=203}}</ref>
* [[July 13]] – [[Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller]], Danish shipping magnate (d. [[2012]])
* [[July 14]]
** [[Gerald Ford]], 38th [[President of the United States]] (d. [[2006]])
** [[René Llense]], French football goalkeeper (d. [[2014]])
* [[July 15]]
** [[Hammond Innes]], English author (d. [[1998]])
** [[Abraham Sutzkever]], Yiddish language poet, memoirist (d. [[2010]])
* [[July 16]]
** [[Mirza Babayev]], Azerbaijani movie actor, singer (d. [[2003]])
** [[Antoine Raab]], German footballer (d. [[2006]])
** [[Carmen Acevedo Vega]], Ecuadorian poet, writer, and journalist (d. [[2006]])
* [[July 18]]
** [[N. Krishnaswami Reddy]], Indian lawyer (d. [[2002]])
** [[Du Runsheng]], Chinese military officer, politician, and economist (d. [[2015]])
** [[Red Skelton]], American comedian (d. [[1997]])
* [[July 19]] – [[Manouchehr Sotodeh]], Iranian geographer (d. [[2016]])
* [[July 20]]
** [[Irma Córdoba]], Argentine actress (d. [[2008]])
** [[Guillermo Leaden]], Argentine bishop (d. [[2014]])
* [[July 22]]
** [[Esteban Reyes]], Mexican tennis player (d. [[2014]])
** [[Gorni Kramer]], Italian bandleader, songwriter (d. [[1995]])
** [[Licia Albanese]], Italian-born soprano (d. [[2014]])
* [[July 23]]
** [[Coral Browne]], Australian actress (d. [[1991]])
** [[Michael Foot]], British politician (d. [[2010]])
* [[July 26]] – [[Kan Yuet-keung]], Hong Kong banker, politician and lawyer (d. [[2012]])
* [[July 29]] – [[Erich Priebke]], German war criminal, leader of the 1944 [[Ardeatine massacre]] (d. [[2013]])
=== August ===
[[File:Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Makarios III]]]]
[[File:Menachem Begin 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Menachem Begin]]]]
[[File:Roger Wolcott Sperry.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Roger Wolcott Sperry]]]]
<!--[[File:BernardLovell.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Bernard Lovell]]]]-->
* [[August 5]] – [[Edilberto K. Tiempo]], Filipino novelist and literary critic (d. [[2013]])
* [[August 9]] – [[Tadeusz Kotz]], Polish World War II fighter ace (d. [[2008]])
* [[August 10]]
** [[Noah Beery Jr.]], American actor (d. [[1994]])
** [[Wolfgang Paul]], German physicist (d. [[1993]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bernard S. Schlessinger|author2=June H. Schlessinger|title=The Who's who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0c4PgFznyMC|year=1996|publisher=Oryx Press|isbn=978-0-89774-899-5|page=223|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207123022/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0c4PgFznyMC|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[August 13]]
** [[Fred Davis (snooker player)|Fred Davis]], English snooker and billiards player (d. [[1998]])
** [[Makarios III]], Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (d. [[1977]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John E. Jessup|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA446|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28112-9|pages=446|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207123019/https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA446|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[August 16]] – [[Menachem Begin]], Polish-born 6th [[Prime Minister of Israel]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1992]])
* [[August 18]] – [[Nils Löfgren]], Swedish chemist (d. [[1967]])
* [[August 20]] – [[Roger Wolcott Sperry]], American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. [[1994]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Roger Sperry|author2=Colwyn B. Trevarthern|title=Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLM9_58fg0QC&pg=PR27|date=26 January 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37874-1|pages=27|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207124730/https://books.google.com/books?id=NLM9_58fg0QC&pg=PR27#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[August 22]] – [[James W. Downing]], American naval officer and author (d. [[2018]])
* [[August 26]]
** [[Mary Ann DeWeese]], American sportswear designer (d. [[1993]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=1993-07-15 |title=Obituaries: Mary Ann DeWeese |pages=2 |work=The Manhattan Mercury |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98110065/obituaries-mary-ann-deweese/ |access-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>
** [[Boris Pahor]], Slovenian writer (d. [[2022]])
* [[August 27]] – [[Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg]], German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d. [[2006]])
* [[August 28]]
** [[Robertson Davies]], Canadian novelist (d. [[1995]])
** [[Richard Tucker]], American tenor (d. [[1975]])
* [[August 29]] – [[Jan Ekier]], Polish pianist, composer (d. [[2014]])
* [[August 30]] – [[Richard Stone]], British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1991]])
* [[August 31]]
** [[Helen Levitt]], American photographer (d. [[2009]])
** [[Bernard Lovell]], British radio astronomer (d. [[2012]])
=== September–October ===
[[File:Alan Ladd 1950s.JPG|110px|thumb|[[Alan Ladd]]]]
[[File:Jesse Owens 1936.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jesse Owens]]]]
[[File:Stanley_Kramer.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Stanley Kramer]]]]
[[File:Silvio Piola (Pro Vercelli).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Silvio Piola]]]]
[[File:Claude Simon 1967.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Claude Simon]]]]
[[File:RobertCapabyGerdaTaro.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Robert Capa]]]]
[[File:Tito Gobbi Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tito Gobbi]]]]
* [[September 1]] – [[Ludwig Merwart]], Austrian painter, graphic artist (d. [[1979]])
* [[September 2]]
** [[Israel Gelfand]], Russian mathematician (d. [[2009]])
** [[Bill Shankly]], Scottish football manager (d. [[1981]])
* [[September 3]] – [[Alan Ladd]], American actor (d. [[1964]])
* [[September 4]]
** [[Stanford Moore]], American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1982]])
** [[Kenzō Tange]], Japanese architect (d. [[2005]])
* [[September 6]] – [[Julie Gibson]], American singer and actress (d. [[2019]])
* [[September 10]] – [[Zephania Mothopeng]], South African politician, activist (d. [[1990]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Bear Bryant]], American football coach (d. [[1983]])
* [[September 12]]
** [[Jesse Owens]], African-American athlete (d. [[1980]])
** [[Eiji Toyoda]], Japanese industrialist (d. [[2013]])
* [[September 13]]
** [[Trần Đại Nghĩa]], North Vietnamese army general (d. [[1997]])
** [[Kai Setälä]], Finnish physician and professor (d. [[2005]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/muistot/art-2000002627923.html|title=Kai Setälä - Muistot|work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|url-access=subscription|date=18 May 2011|access-date=12 February 2024|language=fi}}</ref>
* [[September 14]]
** [[Jacobo Árbenz]], President of Guatemala (d. [[1971]])
** [[Annalisa Ericson]], Swedish actress (d. [[2011]])
* [[September 15]] – [[John N. Mitchell]], United States Attorney General, convicted Watergate criminal (d. [[1988]])
* [[September 17]]
** [[Robert Lembke]], German television presenter, game show host (d. [[1989]])
** [[Ata Kandó]], Hungarian-born Dutch photographer (d. [[2017]])
* [[September 19]] – [[Frances Farmer]], American actress (d. [[1970]])
* [[September 22]] – [[Lillian Chestney]], American painter (d. [[2000]])
* [[September 23]] – [[Carl-Henning Pedersen]], Danish artist, member of the CoBrA movement (d. [[2007]])
* [[September 24]]
** [[Wilson Rawls]], American author (d. [[1984]])
** [[Herb Jeffries]], American actor, popular music and jazz singer (d. [[2014]])
* [[September 25]]
** [[Charles Helou]], 9th President of Lebanon (d. [[2001]])
** [[Terence Patrick O'Sullivan]], British civil engineer (d. [[1970]])
* [[September 27]] – [[Alexandru Drăghici]], Romanian communist activist and politician (d. [[1993]])
* [[September 28]] – [[Warja Honegger-Lavater]], Swiss artist, illustrator (d. [[2007]])
* [[September 29]]
** [[Trevor Howard]], English actor (d. [[1988]])
** [[Stanley Kramer]], American film producer, director, and writer (d. [[2001]])
** [[Silvio Piola]], Italian footballer (d. [[1996]])
* [[September 30]]
** [[Bill Walsh (producer)|Bill Walsh]], American movie producer, writer (d. [[1975]])
** [[Cecilia Caballero Blanco]], First Lady of Colombia (d. [[2019]])
* [[October 2]] – [[Roma Mitchell]], Australian lawyer, [[Governor of South Australia]] (d. [[2000]])
* [[October 4]] – [[Martial Célestin]], 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d. [[2011]])
* [[October 6]] – [[Mario Dal Fabbro]], Italian American sculptor, furniture designer, and author (d. [[1990]])
* [[October 10]]
** [[Alice Chetwynd Ley]], British romance writer (d. [[2004]])
** [[Claude Simon]], French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[2005]])
* [[October 11]] – [[Joe Simon]], American comic book artist, writer (d. [[2011]])
* [[October 18]] – [[Evelyn Venable]], American actress (d. [[1993]])
* [[October 19]] – [[Vinicius de Moraes]], Brazilian poet, lyricist, and diplomat (d. [[1980]])
* [[October 20]]
** [[Barney Phillips]], American actor (d. [[1982]])
** [[Cecilia Miranda de Carvalho]], Brazilian singer (d. [[2011]])
* [[October 22]]
** [[Boots Mallory]], American actress, dancer, and model (d. [[1958]])
** [[Robert Capa]], Hungarian-born American photojournalist (d. [[1954]])
** [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (d. [[2008]])
** [[Hans-Peter Tschudi]], 2-time President of Switzerland (d. [[2002]])
* [[October 24]]
** [[Ron Barassi Sr.]], Australian rules footballer (d. [[1941]])
** [[Tito Gobbi]], Italian operatic baritone (d. [[1984]])
* [[October 27]]
** [[Joe Medicine Crow]], American tribal historian and anthropologist (d. [[2016]])
** [[Otto Wichterle]], Czech inventor of the modern [[contact lens]] (d. [[1998]])
* [[October 28]] – [[Don Lusk]], American animator (d. [[2018]])
=== November ===
[[File:Burt Lancaster - publicity 1947.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Burt Lancaster]]]]
[[File:Vivien Leigh Scarlet.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Vivien Leigh]]]]
[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Albert Camus]]]]
[[File:LonNol.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Lon Nol]]]]
* [[November 2]] – [[Burt Lancaster]], American actor (d. [[1994]])
* [[November 3]]
** [[Marika Rökk]], Egyptian-born Austrian singer, dancer and actress (d. [[2004]])
** [[Antony Mitradas]], Indian film director (d. [[2017]])
* [[November 5]] – [[Vivien Leigh]], British actress (d. [[1967]])
* [[November 6]] – [[Cho Ki-chon]], North Korean poet (d. 1951)<ref>{{cite book|last=Gabroussenko|first=Tatiana|title=Soldiers on the Cultural Front: Developments in the Early History of North Korean Literature and Literary Policy|year=2010|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3396-1 |pages=56, 58, 85}}</ref>
* [[November 7]]
** [[Albert Camus]], French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1960]])
** [[Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook]], Canadian sculptor (d. [[2009]])
** [[Tahira Tahirova]], Azerbaijani politician (d. [[1991]])
* [[November 8]] – [[Max Desfor]], American photographer (d. [[2018]])
* [[November 10]]
** [[Álvaro Cunhal]], Portuguese politician (d. [[2005]])
** [[Sun Yun-suan]], Chinese engineer, politician (d. [[2006]])
* [[November 11]] – [[Rosemary Inyama]], Nigerian Igbo educator, politician, businesswoman and community developer<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&pg=PA195|last=Chuku|first=Gloria|title=Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900-1960|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|___location=New York; London|page=195|isbn=0-415-97210-8|access-date=2021-11-17|via=Google Books|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207124743/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> (d. unknown);
* [[November 13]] – [[Lon Nol]], 2-Time [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]] (d. [[1985]])
* [[November 15]] – [[Arthur Haulot]], Belgian journalist (d. [[2005]])
* [[November 16]] – [[Ellen Albertini Dow]], American actress (d. [[2015]])
* [[November 18]] – [[Endre Rozsda]], Hungarian-French painter (d. [[1999]])
* [[November 21]] – [[Boulting brothers]], English filmmakers (d. [[1985]], [[2001]])
* [[November 22]]
** [[Charles Berlitz]], American author (d. [[2003]])
** [[Benjamin Britten]], English composer (d. [[1976]])
** [[Gardnar Mulloy]], American tennis player and coach (d. [[2016]])<ref>{{cite news|title = Ex-champ Gardnar Mulloy becomes first Hall of Famer to turn 100|work = [[Fox Sports]]|date = 2013-11-22|url = http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/ex-tennis-champ-hall-of-fame-gardnar-mulloy-celebrates-100-birthday-davis-cup-billie-jean-king-112213|access-date = 2013-12-04|archive-date = December 16, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216103818/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/ex-tennis-champ-hall-of-fame-gardnar-mulloy-celebrates-100-birthday-davis-cup-billie-jean-king-112213|url-status =dead}}</ref>
** [[Cecilia Muñoz-Palma]], first female Philippine Supreme Court Justice (d. [[2006]])
** [[Jacqueline Vaudecrane]], French figure skater (d. [[2018]])
* [[November 24]] – [[Carlos Bulosan]], Filipino-American novelist and poet (d. [[1956]])
* [[November 25]] – [[Lewis Thomas]], American physician, essayist (d. [[1993]])
=== December ===
[[File:Mary Martin.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Mary Martin]]]]
[[File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Jean Marais by Carl Van Vechten, 1949.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Jean Marais]]]]
[[Image:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F057884-0009, Willy Brandt.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Willy Brandt]]]]
* [[December 1]] – [[Mary Martin]], American actress (d. [[1990]])
* [[December 6]]
** [[Nikolai Amosov]], Ukrainian heart surgeon, inventor, best-selling author, and exercise enthusiast (d. [[2002]])
** [[Eleanor Holm]], American swimmer (d. [[2004]])
* [[December 9]] – [[Cynthia Chalk]], American photographer (d. [[2018]])
* [[December 10]] – [[Morton Gould]], American composer (d. [[1996]])<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2002|edition=Third|isbn=1-85227-937-0|pages=175/6}}</ref>
* [[December 11]] – [[Jean Marais]], French actor (d. [[1998]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Susanne Suba]], Hungarian-born watercolorist and illustrator, active in the United States (d. [[2012]])<ref name="PIM">{{cite web |title=Suba Zsuzsa |url=https://resolver.pim.hu/auth/PIM70521 |website=PLM Namespace |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207124650/https://opac-nevter.pim.hu/record/-/record/PIM70521 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[December 16]] – [[George Ignatieff]], Canadian diplomat, recipient of the 1984 Pearson Medal of Peace (d. [[1989]])
* [[December 18]]
** [[Lynn Bari]], American actress (d. [[1989]])
** [[Alfred Bester]], American author (d. [[1987]])
** [[Willy Brandt]], [[Chancellor of Germany]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1992]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Jessup|first=John E.|title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|___location=Westport, CT|page=89|url=https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024655/https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[December 21]] – [[Arnold Friberg]], American artist (d. [[2010]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Schwarz | first = Ted | title = Arnold Friberg : the passion of a modern master | publisher = Northland Press | ___location = Flagstaff, Ariz | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780873583466 | page=1911}}</ref>
* [[December 23]] – [[Frank Pierpoint Appleby]], Canadian politician (d. [[2015]])
* [[December 25]]
** [[Tony Martin (American singer)|Tony Martin]], American singer and actor (d. [[2012]])
** [[Henri Nannen]], German journalist, mass media owner (d. [[1996]])
* [[December 26]] – [[Frank Swift]], English footballer (d. [[1958]])
* [[December 28]] – [[Lou Jacobi]], Canadian-American actor (d. [[2009]])
* [[December 29]] – [[Pierre Werner]], Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. [[2002]])
* [[December 30]] – [[Elyne Mitchell]], Australian author (d. [[2002]])
=== Date unknown ===
* [[Halil-Salim Jabara]], Israeli Arab politician (d. [[1999]])
* [[Bahjat Talhouni]], 4-time [[Prime Minister of Jordan]] (d. [[1994]])
== Deaths ==
=== January ===
* [[January 2]]
** [[Hermann Kinkelin]], Swiss mathematician and politician (b. [[1832]])
** [[Léon Teisserenc de Bort]], French meteorologist (b. [[1855]])
* [[January 3]] – [[Jeff Davis (Arkansas governor)|Jeff Davis]], American politician, 20th [[List of governors of Arkansas|Governor of Arkansas]] (b. [[1862]])
* [[January 4]] – [[Alfred von Schlieffen]], German field marshal (b. [[1833]])
* [[January 6]] – [[Gyula Juhász (sculptor)|Gyula Juhász]], Hungarian sculptor (b. [[1876]])
*[[January 8]] – [[Xavier Mertz]], Swiss explorer, mountaineer and skier (b. [[1882]])
* [[January 16]]
** [[Tom Dolan (baseball)|Tom Dolan]], American baseball pitcher (b. [[1855]])
** [[Thaddeus S. C. Lowe]], American aeronaut, scientist and inventor (b. [[1832]])
* [[January 18]] – [[George Alexander Gibson]], Scottish physician (b. [[1854]])
* [[January 20]]
** [[José Guadalupe Posada]], Mexican political printmaker and engraver (b. [[1852]])
** [[Karl Wittgenstein]], Austrian steel tycoon (b. [[1847]])
* [[January 21]] – [[Aluísio Azevedo]], Brazilian novelist (b. [[1857]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria]] (b. [[1832]])
* [[January 28]]
** [[Julius Heinrich Franz]], German astronomer (b. [[1847]])
** [[Segismundo Moret]], Spanish politician and writer, 3-time [[Prime Minister of Spain]] (b. [[1833]])
=== February ===
[[File:Gustaf de Laval 1875.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Gustaf de Laval]]]]
[[File:2010-03-10 Kasimir Ernrot Exhibition Bonn-Duisdorf.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Yohan Kazimir Ernrot]]]]
* [[February 2]] – [[Gustaf de Laval]], Swedish engineer and inventor (b. [[1845]])
* [[February 5]]
** [[Johan Ehrnrooth]], 5th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1833]])
** [[Lio Gangeri]], Italian sculptor (b. [[1845]])
* [[February 8]] – [[Morten Eskesen]], Danish author (b. [[1826]])
* [[February 9]] – [[Manuel Enrique Araujo]], 23rd [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1865]])
* [[February 15]] – [[Florence Barker (actress)|Florence Barker]], American actress (b. [[1891]])
* [[February 17]] – [[Edward Stanley Gibbons]], English philatelist, founder of [[Stanley Gibbons]] Ltd (b. [[1840]])
* [[February 20]] – [[Robert von Lieben]], Austrian physicist (b. [[1878]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.l/l628333.htm%3Binternal%26action%3D_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en|title=Lieben, Robert von|website=www.aeiou.at|access-date=April 27, 2022|archive-date=April 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427131336/https://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.l/l628333.htm%3Binternal%26action%3D_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[February 22]]
** [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], Swiss linguist and semiotician (b. [[1857]])
** [[Empress Dowager Longyu]], Chinese empress (b. [[1868]])
** [[Francisco I. Madero]], 33rd [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1873]])<ref name=desconocido>{{cite web|url=https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/francisco-i-madero.html|publisher=Mexico Desconocido|date=November 11, 2018|last=Cisneros|first=Stefany|title=Francisco I. Madero, ¿quién fue y cuál es su biografía?|language=es|access-date=May 29, 2019|trans-title=Francisco I. Madero, Who was he, and what is his biography?|archive-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530040012/https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/francisco-i-madero.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[February 23]] – [[Dénes Andrássy]], Hungarian nobleman (b. [[1835]])
* [[February 26]] – [[Felix Draeseke]], German composer (b. [[1835]])
* [[February 28]] – [[George Finnegan]], American Olympic boxer (b. [[1881]])
=== March ===
[[File:Harriet Tubman (circa 1885).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Harriet Tubman]]]]
[[File:King George of Hellenes.jpg|thumb|110px|King [[George I of Greece]]]]
<!--[[File:Manuel Bonilla.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Manuel Bonilla]]]]-->
[[File:JohnPierpontMorgan.png|thumb|110px|[[J. P. Morgan]]]]
* [[March 7]] – [[E. Pauline Johnson]], Canadian writer (b. [[1861]])
* [[March 10]] – [[Harriet Tubman]], American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (b. c. [[1822]])
* [[March 11]] – [[John Shaw Billings]], American military, medical leader (b. [[1838]])
* [[March 12]] – [[Francisco Pereira Passos]], Brazilian engineer politician, [[Mayor of Rio de Janeiro]] (b. [[1836]])
* [[March 13]] – [[Felix Hidalgo]], Filipino artist (b. [[1855]])
* [[March 14]] – [[Auguste Desgodins]], French missionary (b. [[1826]])
* [[March 17]] – [[Soledad Acosta]], Colombian journalist and writer (b. [[1833]])
* [[March 18]] – King [[George I of Greece]] (b. [[1845]])
* [[March 19]] – [[Géza Allaga]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1841]])
* [[March 21]] – [[Manuel Bonilla]], 2-time [[President of Honduras]] (b. [[1849]])
* [[March 22]]
**[[Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino]], Romanian lawyer and politician, 20th [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (b. [[1833]])
**[[Song Jiaoren|Sung Chiao-jen]], Chinese revolutionary (b. [[1882]])
* [[March 25]] – [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley]], British field marshal (b. [[1833]])
* [[March 31]] – [[J. P. Morgan]], American financier (b. [[1837]])
=== April ===
* [[April 7]] – [[Carl von Lemcke]], German mathematician (b. [[1867]])
* [[April 8]] – [[Gyula Kőnig]], Hungarian mathematician (b. [[1849]])
* [[April 15]] – [[Kareemullah Shah]], Indian [[Sufi]] scholar and saint
* [[April 18]] – [[Lester Frank Ward]], American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (b. [[1841]])
* [[April 19]]
** [[Paul Janson]], Belgian politician (b. [[1840]])
** [[Hugo Winckler]], German archaeologist and historian who uncovered the capital of the Hittite Empire (Hattusa) (b. [[1863]])
* [[April 20]] – [[Vilhelm Bissen]], Danish sculptor (b. [[1836]])
* [[April 24]] – [[Vsevolod Abramovich]], Russian aviator (b. [[1890]])
* [[April 25]]
** [[Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky]], Ukrainian author (b. [[1864]])
** [[Stjepan Kovačević]], Croatian politician (b. [[1841]])
* [[April 27]] – [[Gabriel von Seidl]], German architect (b. [[1848]])
* [[April 28]] – [[Andreas Flocken]], German entrepreneur and inventor (b. [[1845]])
* [[April 29]] – [[Václav Hladík]], Austro-Hungarian novelist (b. [[1868]])
=== May ===
[[File:Tancrede Auguste.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Tancrède Auguste]]]]
[[File:Elena_Guro_7.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Elena Guro]]]]
* [[May 1]] – [[John Barclay Armstrong]], Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (b. [[1850]])
* [[May 2]]
** [[Tancrède Auguste]], Haitian general, 20th [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1856]])
** Metropolitan [[Baselios Paulose I]], Indian bishop (b. [[1836]])
* [[May 6]] – [[Elena Guro]], Russian painter and writer (b. [[1877]])
* [[May 8]] – [[Louis Adolphus Duhring]], American physician (b. [[1845]])
* [[May 16]] – [[Louis Perrier]], member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. [[1849]])
* [[May 19]] – [[Gabriel Loppé]], French painter and photographer (b. [[1825]])
* [[May 25]] – [[Alfred Redl]], Austrian military intelligence officer, double agent (honorable suicide) (b. [[1864]])
=== June ===
[[File:Emily Wilding Davison by Andrew William Dron.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Emily Davison]]]]
[[File:Nicolas Pierola.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Nicolás de Piérola]]]]
<!--[[File:Campos Sales.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales]]]]-->
* [[June 2]] – [[Alfred Austin]], English Poet Laureate (b. [[1835]])
* [[June 5]] – [[Chris von der Ahe]], German-born American brewer, baseball owner (b. [[1851]])
* [[June 8]] – [[Emily Davison]], English suffragette (b. [[1872]])
* [[June 20]] – [[Sydenham E. Ancona]], American educator, politician and member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1861 to 1867 (b. [[1824]])
* [[June 22]]
** [[Ștefan Octavian Iosif]], Romanian poet (b. [[1875]])
** [[Victorin-Hippolyte Jasset]], French pioneer (b. [[1862]])
* [[June 23]]
** [[Nicolás de Piérola]], Peruvian politician, 2-time [[President of Peru]] (b. [[1839]])
** [[Jonathan Hutchinson|Sir Jonathan Hutchinson]], English surgeon (b. [[1828]])
* [[June 28]] – [[Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales]], Brazilian lawyer, politician and 4th [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1841]])
=== July ===
[[File:Arisugawa Takahito.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Arisugawa Takehito]]]]
[[File:Cl%C3%ADmaco Calder%C3%B3n.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Climaco Calderon]]]]
* [[July 1]] – [[Emanuel M. Abrahams]], American politician (b. [[1866]])
* [[July 3]] – [[Horatio Nelson Young]], American Civil War naval hero (b. [[1845]])
* [[July 5]] – [[Prince Arisugawa Takehito]] (b. [[1862]])
* [[July 7]] – [[Edward Burd Grubb Jr.]], American Union Army officer, diplomat and politician (b. [[1841]])
* [[July 10]]
** [[Mikoláš Aleš]], Austro-Hungarian painter (b. [[1835]])
** [[John Valentine Ellis]], Canadian journalist (b. 1835)
* [[July 11]] – [[Charles Lavigne]], Ceylonese [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] bishop and Servant of God (b. [[1840]])
* [[July 13]] – [[Edward Burd Grubb Jr.]], American Civil War Union Brevet Brigadier General (b. [[1841]])
* [[July 16]] – [[Sigismund Bachrich]], Hungarian composer (b. [[1841]])
* [[July 17]] – [[Esther Saville Allen]], American author (b. [[1837]])
* [[July 19]] – [[Clímaco Calderón]], Colombian lawyer, politician and 15th [[President of Colombia]] (b. [[1852]])
* [[July 20]] – [[Vsevolod Rudnev]], Russian admiral (b. [[1855]])
* [[July 22]]
** [[Adhémar Esmein]], French jurist (b. [[1848]])
** [[Eduardo López Rivas]], Venezuelan editor and journalist (b. [[1850]])
* [[July 29]] – [[Tobias Asser]], Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. [[1838]])
* [[July 30]]
** [[Lady Alicia Blackwood]], English painter (b. [[1818]])
** [[Warren F. Daniell]], American politician, [[U.S. Representative]] from [[New Hampshire]] (b. [[1826]])
** [[Itō Sachio]], Japanese poet and novelist (b. [[1864]])
=== August ===
[[File:Johannes Linnankoski.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johannes Linnankoski]]]]
* [[August 3]]
** [[Josephine Cochrane]], American inventor of the first commercially successful dishwasher (b. [[1839]])
** [[Joseph Graybill]], American actress (b. [[1887]])
* [[August 4]] – [[Étienne Laspeyres]], German economist (b. [[1834]])
* [[August 7]] – [[Samuel Franklin Cody]], American-born British aviation pioneer (b. [[1867]])
* [[August 9]] – [[Wilhelm Albermann]], German sculptor (b. [[1835]])
* [[August 10]] – [[Jules Desbrochers des Loges]], French entomologist (b. [[1836]])
* [[August 11]] – [[Vasily Avseenko]], Russian journalist and writer (b. [[1842]])
* [[August 13]] – [[August Bebel]], German Social Democratic politician (b. [[1840]])
* [[August 20]] – [[Émile Ollivier]], 24th Prime Minister of France (b. [[1825]])
* [[August 22]] – [[Oscar de Négrier]], French general (b. [[1839]])
* [[August 28]] – [[Fyodor Kamensky]], Russian sculptor (b. [[1836]])
* [[August 29]] – [[Lars Havstad]], Norwegian activist (b. [[1851]])
=== September ===
[[File:Rudolf Diesel2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Rudolf Diesel]]]]
* [[September 1]] – Patriarch and Metropolitan [[Lukijan Bogdanović]] (b. [[1867]])
* [[September 9]] – [[Paul de Smet de Naeyer]], 16th [[Prime Minister of Belgium]] (b. [[1843]])
* [[September 13]] – [[Arandzar]], Armenian poet and writer (b. [[1877]])
* [[September 16]] – [[Julius Lewkowitsch]], German engineer (b. [[1857]])
* [[September 18]] – [[Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky]] (b. [[1872]])
* [[September 20]] – [[Ferdinand Blumentritt]], Filipino author (b. [[1853]])
* [[September 29]] – [[Rudolf Diesel]], German engine inventor (b. [[1858]])
* [[September 30]]
** [[Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi]], Siamese princess (b. [[1876]])
** [[Antoni Klawiter]], Polish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. [[1836]])
=== October ===
[[File:Faysal bin Turki.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Faisal bin Turki]]]]
[[File:Adolphus busch2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Adolphus Busch]]]]
[[File:11 KatsuraT.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Katsura Tarō]]]]
* [[October 4]]
** [[Josep Tapiró Baró]], Spanish painter (b. [[1836]])
** [[Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman|Faisal bin Turki]], [[Sultan of Oman]] (b. [[1864]])
** [[Eleanor Cripps Kennedy]], Canadian businessman (b. [[1825]])
* [[October 5]] – [[Hans von Bartels]], German painter (b. [[1856]])
* [[October 7]] – [[Ivan Banjavčić]], Croatian politician and philanthropist (b. [[1843]])
* [[October 10]]
**[[Adolphus Busch]], German-American brewer, co-founder of [[Anheuser-Busch]] (b. [[1839]])<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/10/11/100651720.pdf Adolphus Busch dies in Prussia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121011353/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/10/11/100651720.pdf |date=January 21, 2022 }} ''The New York Times''. October 11, 1913</ref>
** [[Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia]], Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. [[1835]])
** [[Katsura Tarō]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1848]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Elisabeth Leisinger]], German soprano (b [[1864]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Leonid Sobolev]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] (b. [[1844]])
* [[October 16]] – [[Ralph Rose]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1885]])
* [[October 19]] – [[Charles Tellier]], French engineer, inventor of the chemical refrigerator (b. [[1828]])
* [[October 20]] – [[Viktor Kirpichov]], Russian engineer and physicist (b. [[1845]])
* [[October 21]] – [[Theodor Kolde]], German [[Protestant]] theologian (b. [[1850]])
* [[October 29]] – [[Darío de Regoyos]], Spanish painter (b. [[1857]])
=== November ===
[[File:General Sava Grujic.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Sava Grujić]]]]
* [[November 3]] – [[Sava Grujić]], Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time [[Prime Minister of Serbia]] (b. [[1840]])
* [[November 4]] – [[Fredericus Anna Jentink]], Dutch zoologist (b. [[1844]])
* [[November 7]] – [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], Welsh biologist (b. [[1823]])
* [[November 8]] – [[Ferdinand Abell]], American businessman (b. [[1835]])
* [[November 21]] – [[Francesco Acri]], Italian philosopher (b. [[1834]])
* [[November 25]] – [[Haviland Le Mesurier]], Australian soldier (b. [[1856]])
=== December ===
[[File:Emperor Menelik II.png|thumb|110px|Emperor [[Menelik II]]]]
[[File:Anthimus vii.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anthimus VII of Constantinople|Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople]]]]
* [[December 1]]
** [[Juho Lallukka]], Finnish businessman (b. [[1852]])
** [[Juhan Liiv]], Estonian poet and short story writer (b. [[1864]])
* [[December 5]] – [[Ferdinand Dugué]], French playwright (b. [[1816]])
* [[December 7]]
** [[Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano]], Italian Catholic churchman, last surviving cardinal of Pius IX (b. [[1828]])
** [[Aaron Montgomery Ward]], American businessman, inventor of mail order (b. [[1844]])
* [[December 8]] – [[František Koláček]], Austro-Hungarian physicist (b. [[1851]])
* [[December 10]] – [[Léon Letort]], French aviator (b. [[1889]])
* [[December 11]]
** [[Abraham Hirsch (architect)|Abraham Hirsch]], French architect (b. [[1828]])
** [[Carl von In der Maur]], Governor of Liechtenstein (b. [[1852]])
** [[Ioan Kalinderu]], Romanian jurist (b. [[1840]])
* [[December 12]] – [[Menelik II]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1844]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Birger Kildal]], Norwegian businessman (b. [[1849]])
* [[December 15]] – [[Miguel Lebrija]], Mexican aviator (b. [[1887]])
* [[December 19]] – [[Anthimus VII of Constantinople|Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople]] (b. [[1827]])
* [[December 25]] – [[Alberto Aguilera]], Spanish politician (b. [[1842]])
* [[December 26]] – [[Ambrose Bierce]], American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (b. [[1842]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Infanta Antónia of Portugal]] (b. [[1845]])
* [[December 30]] – [[Giovanni Maria Boccardo]], Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. [[1848]])
== Nobel Prizes ==
[[File:Nobel medal.png|right|100px]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Alfred Werner]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Charles Richet]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Henri La Fontaine]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Charles Emmerson. ''1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War'' (2013) [https://www.amazon.com/1913-Search-World-Before-Great/dp/1610392566/ excerpt and text search]; covers 20 major world cities
* Gilbert, Martin. ''A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933'' (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 269–96.
* {{cite book|author= [[:fr:Florian Illies|Florian Illies]] |title=1913: The Year Before the Storm|year= 2013|publisher=Melville House|isbn=978-1-61219-352-6}}
{{Events by month links}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1913| ]]
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