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{{about|the concept|its use as a nickname|Wikipedia|other uses}}
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[[File:Wikitext-wiki markup-wikipedia.png|upright=1.5|thumb|Editing display showing [[MediaWiki markup language]]|alt=refer to caption]]
A '''wiki''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-wiki.ogg|ˈ|w|ɪ|k|i}} {{respell|WICK|ee}}) is a form of [[hypertext]] publication on the [[internet]] which is [[Collaborative editing|collaboratively edited]] and managed by its audience directly through a [[web browser]]. A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can either be edited by the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal [[knowledge base]].
[[File:MediaWiki homepage (oct 2024).png|thumb|right|A photo of the [[MediaWiki]] homepage, a wiki software]]
Wikis are powered by [[wiki software]], also known as wiki engines. Being a form of [[content management system]], these differ from other [[web application|web-based]] systems such as [[blog software]] or [[static site generator]]s in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader. Wikis have little inherent structure, allowing one to emerge according to the needs of the users.<ref name="Easy Wiki Hosting "/> Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a [[lightweight markup language]] and sometimes edited with the help of a [[Online rich-text editor|rich-text editor]].<ref name="Britannica">{{citation|title=wiki|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|volume=1|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|year=2007|___location=London|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192819/wiki|access-date=April 10, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424074513/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192819/wiki|archive-date=April 24, 2008}}</ref> There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as [[bug tracking system]]s. Some wiki engines are [[free and open-source]], whereas others are [[proprietary software|proprietary]]. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Further rules may be imposed to organize content. In addition to hosting user-authored content, wikis allow those users to interact, hold discussions, and collaborate.<ref name="Legal">{{citation|title=Legal Issues for Wikis: The Challenge of User-generated and Peer-produced Knowledge, Content and Culture|last1=Black|first1=Peter|last2=Delaney|first2=Hayden|last3=Fitzgerald|first3=Brian|volume=14|publisher=eLaw J.|year=2007|url=https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/archives/issues/2007/1/eLaw_legal%20issues%20for%20wikis.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222125337/https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/archives/issues/2007/1/eLaw_legal%20issues%20for%20wikis.pdf|archive-date=December 22, 2012}}</ref>
There are hundreds of thousands of [[List of wikis|wikis in use]], both public and private, including wikis functioning as [[knowledge management]] resources, [[notetaking software|note-taking]] tools, [[Web community|community websites]], and [[intranet]]s. [[Ward Cunningham]], the developer of the first wiki software, [[WikiWikiWeb]], originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work".<ref>{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Ward |author-link=Ward Cunningham |date=June 27, 2002 |title=What is a Wiki |url=https://www.wiki.org/wiki.cgi?WhatIsWiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416212802/https://www.wiki.org/wiki.cgi?WhatIsWiki |archive-date=April 16, 2008 |access-date=April 10, 2008 |publisher=WikiWikiWeb}}</ref> "[[wikt:wiki#Hawaiian|Wiki]]" (pronounced {{IPA|haw|wiki|}}{{refn|group=note|The realization of the Hawaiian {{IPA|/w/|lang=haw}} [[phoneme]] varies between {{IPA|[w]|lang=haw}} and {{IPA|[v]|lang=haw}}, and the realization of the {{IPA|/k/|lang=haw}} phoneme varies between {{IPA|[k]|lang=haw}} and {{IPA|[t]|lang=haw}}, among other realizations. Thus, the pronunciation of the Hawaiian word ''wiki'' varies between {{IPA|['wiki]|lang=haw}}, {{IPA|['witi]|lang=haw}}, {{IPA|['viki]|lang=haw}}, and {{IPA|['viti]|lang=haw}}. See [[Hawaiian phonology]] for more details.}}) is a [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] word meaning "quick".<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiian Words; Hawaiian to English |url=https://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914154748/https://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm |archive-date=September 14, 2008 |access-date=September 19, 2008 |publisher=mauimapp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hasan |first=Heather |title=Wikipedia, 3.5 million articles and counting |url=https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 |page=[https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 11] |year=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122531/https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 |publisher=New York : Rosen Central |isbn=9781448855575 |access-date=August 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 26, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Andrews |first=Lorrin |title=A dictionary of the Hawaiian language to which is appended an English-Hawaiian vocabulary and a chronological table of remarkable events |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/ |page=514 |year=1865 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815064248/https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/ |publisher=Henry M. Whitney |access-date=June 1, 2014 |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[online encyclopedia]] project [[Wikipedia]] is the most popular wiki-based website, as well being [[List of most visited websites|one of the internet's most popular websites]], having been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007.<ref name="Alexa Top Sites">{{cite web|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites|title=Alexa Top Sites|access-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|archive-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language, making it the largest reference work of all time.<ref>[https://archive.today/20210107163155/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher]</ref> The [[English-language Wikipedia]] has the largest collection of articles, standing at {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wikipedia:Size of Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia |access-date=January 14, 2024|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|website=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref>
== Characteristics ==
[[File:Ward Cunningham - Commons-1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Ward Cunningham]]
In their 2001 book ''[[The Wiki Way|The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web]]'', Cunningham and co-author [[Bo Leuf]] described the essence of the wiki concept:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leuf |first1=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmvbAAAAMAAJ |title=The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web |last2=Cunningham |first2=Ward |date=2001 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-71499-9 |page=16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples |title= Wiki Design Principles |access-date=2002-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020430181259/https://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples |archive-date=April 30, 2002}}</ref>
* "A wiki invites all users—not just experts—to edit any [[Web page|page]] or to create new pages within the wiki website, using only a standard [[vanilla software|'plain-vanilla']] Web browser without any extra [[browser extension|add-ons]]."
* "Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages by making page link creation intuitively easy and showing whether an intended target page exists or not."
* "A wiki is ''not'' a carefully crafted site created by experts and professional writers and designed for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the typical visitor/user in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the website landscape."
=== Editing ===
{{redirect|Wikitext|the Wikipedia help page|Help:Wikitext|selfref=yes}}
==== Source editing ====
Some wikis will present users with an edit button or link directly on the page being viewed. This will open an [[user interface|interface]] for writing, formatting, and structuring page content. The interface may be a source editor, which is text-based and employs a lightweight markup language (also known as ''wikitext'', ''wiki markup'', or ''wikicode''), or a [[#Visual editing|visual editor]]. For example, in a source editor, starting lines of text with [[asterisk]]s could create a [[Bullet (typography)|bulleted list]].
The [[syntax (programming languages)|syntax]] and features of wiki markup languages for denoting style and structure can vary greatly among [[List of wiki software|implementations]]. Some allow the use of {{abbrlink|HTML|Hypertext Markup Language}} and {{abbrlink|CSS|Cascading Style Sheets}},<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dohrn |first1=Hannes |last2=Riehle |first2=Dirk |chapter=Design and implementation of the Sweble Wikitext parser: Unlocking the structured data of Wikipedia |date=2011 |title=Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038571 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=72–81 |doi=10.1145/2038558.2038571 |isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref> while others prevent the use of these to foster uniformity in appearance.
==== Example of syntax ====
A short section of ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' rendered in wiki markup:
<!-- Note: As of HTML5 (W3C Recommendation status in 2014), <p> does not require a closing tag. -->
{| class="wikitable noprint"
|-
! style="width:33.3%;"|Wiki markup
! style="width:33.3%;"|Equivalent in HTML
! style="width:33.3%;"|Output shown to readers
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">"Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
"I've had '''nothing''' yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."
"You mean you can't take ''less''," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take ''more'' than nothing."</syntaxhighlight>
|<syntaxhighlight lang="html">"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
<p>"I've had <strong>nothing</strong> yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."
<p>"You mean you can't take <em>less</em>," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take <em>more</em> than nothing."</syntaxhighlight>
|<br>"Take some more [[tea]]," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
"I've had '''nothing''' yet," Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more."
"You mean you can't take ''less''," said the Hatter. "It's very easy to take ''more'' than nothing."
|}
{{anchor|visual|wysiwyg|WYSIWYG}}
==== Visual editing ====
While wiki engines have traditionally offered source editing to users, in recent years some implementations have added a rich text editing mode. This is usually implemented, using [[JavaScript]], as an interface which translates formatting instructions chosen from a [[toolbar]] into the corresponding wiki markup or HTML. This is generated and submitted to the server [[Transparency (human–computer interaction)|transparently]], shielding users from the technical detail of markup editing and making it easier for them to change the content of pages. An example of such an interface is the [[VisualEditor]] in [[MediaWiki]], the wiki engine used by Wikipedia. [[WYSIWYG]] editors may not provide all the features available in wiki markup, and some users prefer not to use them, so a source editor will often be available simultaneously.
==== Version history ====
Some wiki implementations keep a record of changes made to wiki pages, and may store every version of the page permanently. This allows authors to revert a page to an older version to rectify a mistake, or counteract a malicious or inappropriate edit to its content.<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Ebersbach|2008|p=178}}</ref>
These stores are typically presented for each page in a list, called a "log" or "edit history", available from the page via a link in the interface. The list displays [[metadata]] for each revision to the page, such as the time and date of when it was stored, and the name of the person who created it, alongside a link to view that specific revision. A [[diff]] (short for "difference") feature may be available, which highlights the changes between any two revisions.
==== Edit summaries ====
{{redirect|Edit summary|the Wikipedia help page|Help:Edit summary|selfref=y}}
The edit history view in many wiki implementations will include ''edit summaries'' written by users when submitting changes to a page. Similar to the function of a [[Logging (computing)|log message]] in a [[revision control]] system, an edit summary is a short piece of text which summarizes and perhaps explains the change, for example "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed table formatting to not extend past page width". It is not inserted into the article's main text.
=== Navigation ===
Traditionally, wikis offer free navigation between their pages via [[hypertext]] links in page text, rather than requiring users to follow a formal or structured navigation scheme. Users may also create [[index (publishing)|index]]es or [[table of contents]] pages, hierarchical categorization via a [[taxonomy]], or other forms of [[ad hoc]] content organization. Wiki implementations can provide one or more ways to categorize or [[tag (metadata)|tag]] pages to support the maintenance of such index pages, such as a [[backlink]] feature which displays all pages that link to a given page. Adding categories or tags to a page makes it easier for other users to find it.
Most wikis allow the titles of pages to be searched amongst, and some offer [[full text search]] of all stored content.
==== Navigation between wikis ====
{{redirect|WikiNode|the app for the Apple iPad|WikiNodes}}
[[File:Development of "Mathe für Nicht-Freaks" from Sep 2009 to June 2016.webm|thumb|Visualization of the collaborative work in
the German wiki project [[b:de:Mathe für Nicht-Freaks|Mathe für Nicht-Freaks]]]]
Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between each other using a system called ''WikiNodes''. A WikiNode is a page on a wiki which describes and links to other, related wikis. Some wikis operate a structure of ''neighbors'' and ''delegates'', wherein a neighbor wiki is one which discusses similar content or is otherwise of interest, and a delegate wiki is one which has agreed to have certain content delegated to it.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WikiNodes |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.fcg/FrequentlyAskedQuestions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810213702/https://wikinodes.wiki.taoriver.net/moin.fcg/FrequentlyAskedQuestions |archive-date=August 10, 2007}}</ref> WikiNode networks act as [[webring]]s which may be navigated from one node to another to find a wiki which addresses a specific subject.
=== Linking to and naming pages ===
The syntax used to create internal hyperlinks varies between wiki implementations. Beginning with the WikiWikiWeb in 1995, most wikis used [[camel case]] to name pages,<ref>Bäckström, A., & Wändin, L. (2005). Spatial Hypertext Editing Tools for Wiki Web Systems.</ref> which is when words in a phrase are [[capital letter|capitalized]] and the spaces between them removed. In this system, the phrase "camel case" would be rendered as "CamelCase". In early wiki engines, when a page was displayed, any instance of a camel case phrase would be transformed into a link to another page named with the same phrase.
While this system made it easy to link to pages, it had the downside of requiring pages to be named in a form deviating from standard spelling, and titles of a single word required abnormally capitalizing one of the letters (e.g. "WiKi" instead of "Wiki"). Some wiki implementations attempt to improve the display of camel case page titles and links by reinserting spaces and possibly also reverting to lower case, but this simplistic method is not able to correctly present titles of mixed capitalization. For example, "[[Kingdom of France]]" as a page title would be written as "KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France".
To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained ''free links'', wherein a term in natural language could be wrapped in special characters to turn it into a link without modifying it. The concept was given the name in its first implementation, in [[UseModWiki]] in February 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?UseModWiki/OldVersions | title = UseModWiki/OldVersions | last = Adams | first = Clifford | date = 26 April 2001 | access-date = 25 July 2024}}</ref> In that implementation, link terms were wrapped in a double set of square brackets, for example <kbd><nowiki>[[Kingdom of France]]</nowiki></kbd>. This syntax was adopted by a number of later wiki engines.
It is typically possible for users of a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite the creation of those pages. Such links are usually differentiated visually in some fashion, such as being colored red instead of the default blue, which was the case in the original WikiWikiWeb, or by appearing as a question mark next to the linked words.
== History ==
{{Main|History of wikis}}
[[File:Wikiwiki2008.JPG|thumb|Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu International Airport]]
[[WikiWikiWeb]] was the first wiki.<ref name="ebersbach10">{{harvnb|Ebersbach|2008|p=10}}</ref> Ward Cunningham started developing it in 1994, and installed it on the [[Domain name|Internet ___domain]] [[c2.com]] on March 25, 1995. Cunningham gave it the name after remembering a [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|Honolulu International Airport]] counter employee telling him to take the "[[Wiki Wiki Shuttle]]" bus that runs between the airport's terminals, later observing that "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web."<ref name="cunningham">{{cite web | last = Cunningham | first = Ward | url = https://c2.com/doc/etymology.html | title = Correspondence on the Etymology of Wiki | date = November 1, 2003 | publisher = WikiWikiWeb | access-date = March 9, 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070317120823/https://c2.com/doc/etymology.html | archive-date = March 17, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Ward |url=https://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory |title=Wiki History |publisher=WikiWikiWeb |date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=March 9, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621221535/https://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory |archive-date=June 21, 2002 }}</ref>
Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s hypertext software [[HyperCard]], which allowed users to create interlinked "stacks" of virtual cards.<ref name="artima">{{cite web |title=Exploring with Wiki: A Conversation with Ward Cunningham, Part I |author=Bill Venners |date=October 20, 2003 |url=https://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html |publisher=artima developer |access-date=December 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205091836/https://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html |archive-date=February 5, 2015 }}</ref> HyperCard, however, was single-user, and Cunningham was inspired to build upon the ideas of [[Vannevar Bush]], the inventor of hypertext, by allowing users to "comment on and change one another's text."<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="hypercard">{{cite web | last = Cunningham | first = Ward | url = https://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiHyperCard | title = Wiki Wiki Hyper Card | publisher = WikiWikiWeb | date = July 26, 2007 | access-date = March 9, 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070406064446/https://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiWikiHyperCard | archive-date = April 6, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's experiences to create a new literature to document programming [[Pattern language|patterns]], and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".<ref name="artima" />
Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site{{Clarification needed|date=October 2024}}, launched in January 2001 and entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, [[intranet]]s, and documentation, initially for technical users. Some [[corporate wiki|companies use wikis]] as their collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance [[group learning]]. On March 15, 2007, the word ''wiki'' was listed in the online ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''.<ref name="OED1">{{cite encyclopedia | url = https://www.oed.com/public/update0703/march-2007-update | title = March 2007 update | dictionary = [[Oxford English Dictionary]] | date = March 1, 2007 | last = Diamond | first = Graeme | access-date = March 16, 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110107132110/https://www.oed.com/public/update0703/march-2007-update | archive-date = January 7, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
== Alternative definitions ==
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-editable websites and the software that powers them, and the latter definition is still occasionally in use.<ref name="Easy Wiki Hosting">{{citation |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc700339.aspx |title=Easy Wiki Hosting, Scott Hanselman's blog, and Snagging Screens |date=July 2008 |last=Mitchell |first=Scott |publisher=MSDN Magazine |access-date=March 9, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316192702/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc700339.aspx |archive-date=March 16, 2010 }}</ref>
By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved, leading him to write<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=531149812976996352|user=WardCunningham|title=The plural of wiki is wiki. See https://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/an-install-of-wiki.html|author=Ward Cunningham|date=November 8, 2014|author-link=Ward Cunningham|access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to a single website, but rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of wiki". In this concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and edited in more than one ___location in a manner similar to [[distributed version control]], the idea of a single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/view/an-install-of-wiki|title=Smallest Federated Wiki|work=wiki.org|access-date=September 28, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928165957/https://forage.ward.fed.wiki.org/view/an-install-of-wiki|archive-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref>
== Implementations ==
{{see also|List of wiki software}}
The software which powers a wiki may be implemented as a series of [[Scripting language|scripts]] which operate an existing [[web server]], a standalone [[application server]] that runs on one or more web servers, or in the case of [[personal wiki]]s, run as a standalone application on a single computer. Some wikis use [[flat file database]]s to store page content, while others use a [[relational database]],<ref name=Augar>{{cite journal |title=Teaching and learning online with wikis |pages=95–104 |last1=Naomi |first1=Augar |first2=Ruth |last2=Raitman |first3=Wanlei |last3=Zhou |journal =Proceedings of Beyond the Comfort Zone: 21st ASCILITE Conference |citeseerx=10.1.1.133.1456|year=2004}}</ref> as [[Database index|indexed]] database access is faster on large wikis, particularly for searching.
== Hosting ==
{{see also|Comparison of wiki hosting services}}
Wikis can also be created on [[wiki hosting service]]s (also known as ''wiki farms''), where the [[server-side]] software is implemented by the wiki farm owner, and may do so at no charge in exchange for [[Online advertising|advertisements]] being displayed on the wiki's pages. Some hosting services offer private, password-protected wikis requiring [[authentication]] to access. Free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page.
== Trust and security ==
=== Access control ===
The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are readers, authors, wiki administrators and system administrators. System administrators are responsible for the installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. Wiki administrators maintain content and, through having elevated [[privilege (computing)|privilege]]s, are granted additional functions (including, for example, preventing edits to pages, deleting pages, changing users' access rights, or blocking them from editing).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Analysis of the use of Wiki-based collaborations in enhancing student learning|last=Cubric|first=Marija|publisher=University of Hertfordshire|year=2007|url=https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2299/3672|access-date=April 25, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005430/https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/handle/2299/3672|archive-date=May 15, 2011 |periodical=UH Business School Working Paper}}</ref>
=== Controlling changes ===
{{Self-reference|"Recent changes" redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see [[Help:Recent changes]]. For the recent changes page itself, see [[Special:RecentChanges]].}}
[[File:History Comparison Example (Vector).png|thumb|History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page.]]
Wikis are generally designed with a ''[[soft security]]'' philosophy in which it is easy to correct mistakes or harmful changes, rather than attempting to prevent them from happening in the first place. This allows them to be very open while providing a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. Most wikis offer a ''recent changes'' page which shows recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebersbach|2008|p=20}}</ref> Some wikis can filter the list to remove edits flagged by users as "minor" and [[Internet bot|automated]] edits.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebersbach|2008|p=54}}</ref> The version history feature allows harmful changes to be reverted quickly and easily.<ref name="auto"/>
Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing [[remote monitoring and management]] of a page or set of pages to maintain quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be alerted of modifications to them, allowing them to verify the validity of new editions quickly.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebersbach|2008|p=109}}</ref> Such a feature is often called a ''watchlist''.
Some wikis also implement ''patrolled revisions'', in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark edits as being legitimate. A ''flagged revisions'' system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed.<ref>{{citation|title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences|journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law|last = Goldman | first = Eric|volume=8}}</ref>
Wikis may allow any person on the web to edit their content without having to register an account on the site first (''anonymous editing''), or require registration as a condition of participation.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebersbach|2008|p=108}}</ref> On implementations where an administrator is able to restrict editing of a page or group of pages to a specific group of users, they may have the option to prevent anonymous editing while allowing it for registered users.<ref name=Noveck/>
=== Trustworthiness and reliability of content ===
Critics of publicly editable wikis argue that they could be easily tampered with by malicious individuals, or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into the content. Proponents maintain that these issues will be caught and rectified by a wiki's community of users.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="ebersbach10"/> High editorial standards in medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barsky |first1=Eugene |last2=Giustini |first2=Dean |date=December 2007 |title=Introducing Web 2.0: wikis for health librarians |url=https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/497/c07-036.pdf |url-status=live |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=147–150 |doi=10.5596/c07-036 |issn=1708-6892 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430195019/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/497/c07-036.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=November 7, 2011 |journal=Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wiki implementations retaining and allowing access to specific versions of articles has been useful to the scientific community, by allowing expert [[peer review]]ers to provide links to trusted version of articles which they have analyzed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yager |first=Kevin |date=March 16, 2006 |title=Wiki ware could harness the Internet for science |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7082 |pages=278 |bibcode=2006Natur.440..278Y |doi=10.1038/440278a |pmid=16541049 |doi-access=free | issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref>
=== Security ===
{{hatnote group|{{redirect-distinguish|Edit war|Edit conflict}}
{{self-reference|For Wikipedia's policy on edit warring, see [[Wikipedia:Edit warring]].}}
}}
[[Troll (Internet)|Trolling]] and [[cybervandalism]] on wikis, where content is changed to something deliberately incorrect or a [[hoax]], offensive material or nonsense is added, or content is maliciously removed, can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites it is possible for such changes to go unnoticed for a long period.
In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting themselves, larger wikis may employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert vandalism. For example, on Wikipedia, the bot ''ClueBot NG'' uses [[machine learning]] to identify likely harmful changes, and reverts these changes within minutes or even seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/18/5412636/this-machine-kills-trolls-how-wikipedia-robots-snuff-out-vandalism|title = This machine kills trolls|date = February 18, 2014|access-date = September 7, 2014|website = [[The Verge]]|last = Hicks|first = Jesse|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140827115824/https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/18/5412636/this-machine-kills-trolls-how-wikipedia-robots-snuff-out-vandalism|archive-date = August 27, 2014|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
Disagreements between users over the content or appearance of pages may cause ''edit wars'', where competing users repetitively change a page back to a version that they favor. Some wiki software allows administrators to prevent pages from being editable until a decision has been made on what version of the page would be most appropriate.<ref name=Legal/>
Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which address the behavior of persons with access to the system, for example in academic contexts.<ref name=Augar/>
==== Harmful external links ====
As most wikis allow the creation of hyperlinks to other sites and services, the addition of malicious hyperlinks, such as sites infected with [[malware]], can also be a problem. For example, in 2006 a German Wikipedia article about the [[Blaster Worm]] was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website, and users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link had their systems infected with the worm.<ref name=Legal/> Some wiki engines offer a [[Blacklist (computing)|blacklist]] feature which prevents users from adding hyperlinks to specific sites that have been placed on the list by the wiki's administrators.
== Communities ==
===
[[File:EnglishWikipedia 27June2024.png|thumb|right|The home page of the English Wikipedia]]
The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the [[World Wide Web]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s23.org/wikistats/largest_html.php?sort=users_desc&th=8000&lines=500 |title=List of largest (Media)wikis |access-date=December 12, 2014 |publisher=S23-Wiki |date=April 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825164715/https://s23.org/wikistats/largest_html.php?sort=users_desc&th=8000&lines=500 |archive-date=August 25, 2014 }}</ref> and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites|title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites|access-date=April 26, 2015|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|archive-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Other large wikis include the [[WikiWikiWeb]], [[Memory Alpha]], [[Wikivoyage]], and previously [[Susning.nu]], a Swedish-language knowledge base. [[List of medical wikis|Medical]] and health-related wiki examples include [[Ganfyd]], an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and invited non-medical experts.<ref name=BMC>{{citation|title=Wikis, blogs and podcasts: a new generation of Web-based tools for virtual collaborative clinical practice and education |doi=10.1186/1472-6920-6-41|pmc=1564136|journal=BMC Medical Education|volume=6|pmid=16911779|page=41|year=2006|first1=M. N. K.|last1=Boulos|first2=I.|last2=Maramba|first3=S.|last3=Wheeler |doi-access=free }}</ref> Many wiki [[online community|communities]] are private, particularly within [[Enterprise software|enterprises]]. They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Wikis for Collaborative Software Documentation | first1 = C. | last1 = Müller | first2 = L. | last2 = Birn | url = https://i-know.tugraz.at/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/47_wikis-for-collaborative-software-documentation.pdf | publisher = Proceedings of I-KNOW '06 | date = September 6–8, 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095145/https://i-know.tugraz.at/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/47_wikis-for-collaborative-software-documentation.pdf |website=i-know.tugraz.at | archive-date = July 6, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work.<ref>{{citation |first1 = A. | last1 = Majchrzak | first2 = C. | last2 = Wagner | first3 = D. | last3 = Yates |chapter=Corporate wiki users: results of a survey |title=Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Wikis | publisher=Symposium on Wikis |year=2006 |pages=99–104 |doi=10.1145/1149453.1149472 |isbn=978-1-59593-413-0 | s2cid = 13206858 }}</ref> From a study of thousands of wiki deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki deployment.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=138573 |title=Wikis at work: Success factors and challenges for sustainability of enterprise wikis |first1=Jonathan |last1=Grudin |first2=Erika Shehan |last2=Poole |website=Microsoft Research |year=2015 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904031729/https://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=138573 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 }}</ref>
In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by 2009.<ref>{{citation|first=Michelle|last=Conlin|title=E-Mail Is So Five Minutes Ago|date=November 28, 2005|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-27/e-mail-is-so-five-minutes-ago|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017131307/https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-27/e-mail-is-so-five-minutes-ago|archive-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>{{update inline|date=July 2013}} Wikis can be used for [[project management]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HomePage|url=https://projectmanagementwiki.org|work=Project Management Wiki.org|accessdate=May 8, 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816221509/https://projectmanagementwiki.org/|archivedate=August 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ways to Wiki: Project Management|url=https://www.editme.com/Ways-to-Wiki-Project-Management|work=EditMe|date=January 4, 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508152328/https://www.editme.com/Ways-to-Wiki-Project-Management|archivedate=May 8, 2012}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|failed=y|date=July 2013}} Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1142215.1142259|title=SensorWiki.org: a collaborative resource for researchers and interface designers |isbn=978-2-84426-314-8|first1 = M. M. | last1 = Wanderley | first2 = D. | last2 = Birnbaum | first3 = J. | last3 = Malloch | year=2006 |journal=NIME '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression |publisher=IRCAM – Centre Pompidou|pages=180–183 }}</ref> In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on [[grant writing]], [[strategic planning]], departmental documentation, and committee work.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Putting Wikis to Work in Libraries |first=Nancy T. |last=Lombardo |volume=27 |issue=2 |date=June 2008 |journal=Medical Reference Services Quarterly |pages=129–145 |doi=10.1080/02763860802114223 |pmid = 18844087 |s2cid=11552140 }}</ref> In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom.<ref name=Legal/>
Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the government. Examples include the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s [[Intellipedia]], designed to share and collect [[intelligence assessment]]s, [[DKosopedia]], which was used by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] to assist with review of documents about the internment of detainees in [[Guantánamo Bay]];<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Beth Simone|last1=Noveck|title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jled57&id=11&div=&collection=|journal=Journal of Legal Education|date=2007 |pages=3|volume=57}}</ref> and the wiki of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]], used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] operates [[Peer-to-Patent]], a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding [[prior art]] relevant to the examination of pending patent applications. [[Queens]], New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park. [[Cornell Law School]] founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called [[Wex]], whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit.<ref name=Noveck>{{Citation|title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education|last=Noveck|first=Beth Simone|journal=Journal of Legal Education|volume=57|issue=1|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jled57&div=8&id=&page=|date=March 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703005842/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fjled57&div=8&id=&page=|archive-date=July 3, 2014}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration and research support systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Au|first=C. H.|title=2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM) |chapter=Wiki as a research support system – A trial in information systems research |date=December 2017|pages=2271–2275|doi=10.1109/IEEM.2017.8290296|isbn=978-1-5386-0948-4|s2cid=44029462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp358-363.pdf|title=Using Wiki for Project Collaboration – with Comparison on Facebook|last=Au|first=Cheuk-hang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412152358/https://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp358-363.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== City wikis ====
A ''city wiki'' or ''local wiki'' is a wiki used as a [[knowledge management|knowledge base]] and [[social network]] for a specific [[geography|geographical]] locale.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andersen |first=Michael |title=Welcome to Davis, Calif.: Six lessons from the world's best local wiki|date=2009-11-06 |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2009/11/welcome-to-davis-calif-six-lessons-from-the-worlds-best-local-wiki/|access-date=2023-01-06|website=Nieman Lab|archive-date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808084426/https://www.niemanlab.org/2009/11/welcome-to-davis-calif-six-lessons-from-the-worlds-best-local-wiki/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McGann |first=Laura |title=Knight News Challenge: Is a wiki site coming to your city? Local Wiki will build software to make it simple|date=2010-06-18 |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2010/06/knight-news-challenge-is-a-wiki-site-coming-to-your-city-local-wiki-will-build-software-to-make-it-simple/|access-date=2023-01-06|website=Nieman Lab|archive-date=June 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625035936/https://www.niemanlab.org/2010/06/knight-news-challenge-is-a-wiki-site-coming-to-your-city-local-wiki-will-build-software-to-make-it-simple/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]: Makice, Kevin (July 15, 2009). [https://archive.wired.com/geekdad/2009/07/hey-kid-support-your-local-wiki/ Hey, Kid: Support Your Local Wiki] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427080359/https://archive.wired.com/geekdad/2009/07/hey-kid-support-your-local-wiki/ |date=April 27, 2015 }}</ref> The term city wiki is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire region. Such a wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people and places. Such highly localized information might be appropriate for a wiki targeted at local viewers, and could include:
* Details of public establishments such as public houses, bars, accommodation or social centers
* Owner name, opening hours and statistics for a specific shop
* Statistical information about a specific road in a city
* Flavors of ice cream served at a local ice cream parlor
* A biography of a local mayor and other persons
=== Growth factors ===
A study of several hundred wikis in 2008 showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;<ref>{{cite journal | title = Measuring wiki viability. An empirical assessment of the social dynamics of a large sample of wikis | publisher = The Centre for Research in Social Simulation | first1 = C. | last1 = Roth | first2 = D. | last2 = Taraborelli | first3 = N. | last3 = Gilbert | year = 2008 | page = 3 | quote = Figure 4 shows that having a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth. | url = https://nitens.org/docs/wikidyn.pdf | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011105517/https://nitens.org/docs/wikidyn.pdf | archive-date = October 11, 2017 | df = mdy-all |website=nitens.org }}</ref> access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that a higher ratio of administrators to regular users has no significant effect on content or population growth.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Measuring wiki viability. An empirical assessment of the social dynamics of a large sample of wikis | publisher = The Centre for Research in Social Simulation | first1 = C. | last1 = Roth | first2 = D. | last2 = Taraborelli | first3 = N. | last3 = Gilbert | year = 2008 | url = https://epubs.surrey.ac.uk:80/1565/1/fulltext.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120616204038/https://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1565/1/fulltext.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date = June 16, 2012 | access-date = November 9, 2018 | df = mdy-all |website=Surrey Research Insight Open Access }}</ref>
== Legal environment ==
Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause editors to become [[tenants in common]] of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing.<ref name=Legal/> Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an [[open content]] license. Version 2 of the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing, and [[Creative Commons]] licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki.
Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains a direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue, from infringing activities.<ref name=Legal/> In the United States, wikis may benefit from [[Section 230|Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act]], which protects sites that engage in "[[Good Samaritan]]" policing of harmful material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing.<ref>{{cite web | title = Self-Regulation: How Wikipedia Leverages User-Generated Quality Control Under Section 230 | first1 = Kathleen M. | last1 = Walsh | first2 = Sarah | last2 = Oh | date = February 23, 2010 | url = https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=sarah_oh | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040705/https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=sarah_oh | archive-date = January 6, 2014 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> It has also been argued that a wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias, verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose legal risks.<ref>{{Citation|last = Myers | first = Ken S.|title=Wikimmunity: Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Wikipedia |ssrn-access=free |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916529 |journal=Harvard Journal of Law and Technology|publisher=The Berkman Center for Internet and Society|year=2008|ssrn=916529|volume=20|page=163 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124221800/https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=256097088074025084113093077025016081116048056043070018004102098070073113118090069100062035127024024056008082071071025106120037047073003040121094126086064082109026009057126000010065095025066118082112066000081066084026080001028089015088099022125003&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE |archive-date= Jan 24, 2024 }}</ref> When [[defamation]] occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of the wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or amend the defamatory material from the "publication". It remains to be seen whether wikis will be regarded as more akin to an [[internet service provider]], which is generally not held liable due to its lack of control over publications' contents, than a publisher.<ref name=Legal/> It has been recommended that trademark owners monitor what information is presented about their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such content as evidence pertaining to public perceptions, and they can edit entries to rectify misinformation.<ref>{{citation|journal=Managing Intellectual Property|volume=179|last=Jarvis|first=Joshua|title=Police your marks in a wiki world|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/manintpr179&div=31&id=&page=|pages=101–103|date=May 2008|issue=179|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044437/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fmanintpr179&div=31&id=&page=|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
==
Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:
* Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of [[Atlassian]] software, including [[Confluence (software)|Confluence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://summit.atlassian.com/ |title=Atlassian |publisher=Summit.atlassian.com |access-date=June 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613081406/https://summit.atlassian.com/ |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref>
* OpenSym (called WikiSym until 2014), an [[academic conference]] dedicated to research about wikis and open collaboration.
* SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of [[Semantic MediaWiki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/SMWCon |title=SMWCon |publisher=Semantic-mediawiki.org |access-date=June 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183910/https://semantic-mediawiki.org/wiki/SMWCon |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
* TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of [[Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tiki.org/TikiFest |title=TikiFest |publisher=Tiki.org |access-date=June 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630070137/https://tiki.org/TikiFest |archive-date=June 30, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Wikimania]], an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects like Wikipedia.
Former wiki-related events include:
* [[RecentChangesCamp]] (2006–2012), an [[unconference]] on wiki-related topics.
* RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), a semi-annual unconference on "regiowikis", or wikis on cities and other geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiki.regiowiki.eu/Main_Page |title=Regiowiki Main Page |publisher=Wiki.regiowiki.eu |access-date=June 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813101324/https://wiki.regiowiki.eu/Main_Page |archive-date=August 13, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Internet}}
{{div col}}
* [[Comparison of wiki software]]
* [[Content management system]]
* [[CURIE]]
* [[Dispersed knowledge]]
* [[Fork and pull model]] – a common alternate paradigm
* [[List of wikis]]
* [[Mass collaboration]]
* [[Universal Edit Button]]
* [[Wikis and education]]
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
* {{citation|title=Wiki: Web Collaboration|last=Ebersbach|first= Anja|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=2008|isbn=978-3-540-35150-4}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title=Wikipatterns|last=Mader|first=Stewart|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year= 2007|isbn=978-0-470-22362-8|url=https://archive.org/details/wikipatternsapra00made}}
* {{citation|title=Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything| last = Tapscott | first = Don|publisher=Portfolio Hardcover|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59184-193-7| title-link = Mass Collaboration }}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q171|commons=category:Wiki software|voy=no|mw=wiki|m=no|wikt=wiki|s=no|q=no|b=no}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Wiki2.ogg|date=2007-03-14}}
* [https://www.artima.com/articles/exploring-with-wiki ''Exploring with Wiki''], an interview with Ward Cunningham
* Murphy, Paula (April 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709101821/https://www.ucop.edu/tltc/news/2006/04/wiki.html Topsy-turvy World of Wiki]. [[University of California]].
* [https://c2.com/doc/etymology.html Ward Cunningham's correspondence with etymologists]
* [[WikiIndex:Welcome|WikiIndex]] and [https://wikiapiary.com WikiApiary], directories of wikis
* [https://www.wikimatrix.org/ WikiMatrix], a website for comparing wiki software and hosts
* {{GitHub |WikiTeam/wikiteam}}
{{Wiki topics|state=expanded}}
{{Wiki software}}
{{Computer-mediated communication}}
{{Sharing economy}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Hawaiian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Self-organization]]
[[Category:Social information processing]]
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