List of Nepenthes clades: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|None}}

Several attempts have been made to classify ''[[Nepenthes]]'' below [[genus]] rank, highlighting relationships between the individual species and hinting at their [[evolution|evolutionary]] lineage. In 1928 [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] divided ''Nepenthes'' into six clades. Eight years later, [[Hermann Harms|Harms]] revised the taxonomical work of Danser, dividing Nepenthes into three sub-genera. The following is one possible taxonomic classification of the ''Nepenthes'' genus, revised from Danser (1928) and Harms (1936) to include many newly-discovered species. Certain taxa have been grouped together to show more specific inter-species relationships (e.g. ''[[Nepenthes anamensis|N. anamensis]]'' is grouped with ''[[Nepenthes mirabilis|N. mirabilis]]''). Additionally, species directly preceding eachother in these groups are generally considered more closely related (e.g. ''[[Nepenthes rigidifolia|N. rigidifolia]]'' is thought to be more similar to ''[[Nepenthes bongso|N. bongso]]'' than to ''[[Nepenthes spathulata|N. spathulata]]'' and ''vice versa''), otherwise they are listed in alphabetical order.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Nepenthes'' clades}}

[[Image:Nepenthes rajah.png|thumb|Danser placed ''[[Nepenthes rajah]]'' in the clade ''Regiae''.]]

The '''taxonomy of ''[[Nepenthes]]''''' has been revised several times during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

==Nineteenth century==

Note: most scientists today do not consider this classification to be completely accurate, especially in terms of genetic relationships. For example, ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'' and ''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata|N. bicalcarata]]'' are usually not considered to be closely related.

The first subgeneric division of the ''Nepenthes'' was made by [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] in his 1873 monograph, "[[Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)|Nepenthaceae]]". Hooker distinguished ''[[Nepenthes pervillei|N. pervillei]]'' from all other taxa based on its seeds, which lack the appendages typical of most ''Nepenthes''. He placed it in the [[monotypic]] [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Anourosperma''. All other species were subsumed in the second section, ''Eunepenthes''.

A second attempt to establish a natural subdivision within the genus was made in 1895 by [[Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau]] in "[[Die Gattung Nepenthes|Die Gattung ''Nepenthes'']]". Beck kept the two sections created by Hooker, but divided ''Eunepenthes'' into three subgroups: ''Apruinosae'', ''Pruinosae'', and ''Retiferae''.

==Twentieth century==

Subgenus '''''Anurosperma''''' Hook.f. (1873)

''Nepenthes'' taxonomy was once again revised in 1908 by [[John Muirhead Macfarlane]] in his own monograph. Oddly, Macfarlane did not name the groups he distinguished. His revision is generally not considered to be a natural division of the genus.

In 1928, [[B. H. Danser]] published his seminal monograph, "[[The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies]]", in which he divided ''Nepenthes'' into six [[clades]], based on observations of herbarium material. The clades were: the ''Vulgatae'', ''Montanae'', ''Nobiles'', ''Regiae'', ''Insignes'' and ''Urceolatae''. ''Regiae'' appears to reflect the relationships of its members quite well, although the same cannot be said for the other clades. Despite this, Danser's classification was undoubtedly a great improvement on previous attempts.

::* ''[[Nepenthes pervillei|N. pervillei]]'' Blume (1852)

Danser classified ''Nepenthes'' as follows:

Subgenus '''''Mesonepenthes''''' Harms (1936)

'''''Vulgatae'''''

::* ''[[Nepenthes madagascariensis|N. madagascariensis]]'' Poiret (1797)

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

::* ''[[Nepenthes masoalensis|N. masoalensis]]'' Schm.-Holl. (1977)

*''[[Nepenthes distillatoria|N. distillatoria]]''

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes paniculatatomoriana|N. paniculata&nbsp;tomoriana]]'' Danser (1928)

*''[[Nepenthes neoguineensis|N.&nbsp;neoguineensis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes mirabilis|N.&nbsp;mirabilis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes madagascariensis|N.&nbsp;madagascariensis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes tobaica|N.&nbsp;tobaica]]''

*''[[Nepenthes anamensis|N.&nbsp;anamensis]]'' *

*''[[Nepenthes papuana|N.&nbsp;papuana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes khasiana|N.&nbsp;khasiana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes gracilis|N.&nbsp;gracilis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes paniculata|N.&nbsp;paniculata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes reinwardtiana|N.&nbsp;reinwardtiana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes pervillei|N.&nbsp;pervillei]]''

*''[[Nepenthes thorelii|N.&nbsp;thorelii]]''

*''[[Nepenthes kampotiana|N.&nbsp;kampotiana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes alata|N.&nbsp;alata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes philippinensis|N.&nbsp;philippinensis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes trichocarpa|N.&nbsp;trichocarpa]]'' **

*''[[Nepenthes tentaculata|N.&nbsp;tentaculata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes albomarginata|N.&nbsp;albomarginata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes vieillardii|N.&nbsp;vieillardii]]''

*''[[Nepenthes geoffrayi|N.&nbsp;geoffrayi]]'' *

{{div col end}}

Subgenus '''''EunepenthesMontanae''''' Hook.f. (1873)

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

*''[[Nepenthes gymnamphora|N.&nbsp;gymnamphora]]''

*''[[Nepenthes pectinata|N.&nbsp;pectinata]]'' *

*''[[Nepenthes bongso|N.&nbsp;bongso]]''

*''[[Nepenthes gracillima|N.&nbsp;gracillima]]''

*''[[Nepenthes sanguinea|N.&nbsp;sanguinea]]''

*''[[Nepenthes macfarlanei|N.&nbsp;macfarlanei]]''

*''[[Nepenthes singalana|N.&nbsp;singalana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes inermis|N.&nbsp;inermis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes dubia|N.&nbsp;dubia]]''

*''[[Nepenthes carunculata|N.&nbsp;carunculata]]'' *

{{div col end}}

:Clade '''''DistillatoriaeNobiles''''' Harms (1936)

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

*''[[Nepenthes spectabilis|N.&nbsp;spectabilis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes leptochila|N.&nbsp;leptochila]]'' *

*''[[Nepenthes hirsuta|N.&nbsp;hirsuta]]''

*''[[Nepenthes deaniana|N.&nbsp;deaniana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes neglecta|N.&nbsp;neglecta]]'' **

{{div col end}}

'''''Regiae'''''

::* ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria|N. distillatoria]]'' Linne (1753)

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes neoguineensismaxima|N. neoguineensis&nbsp;maxima]]'' Macf. (1928)

*''[[Nepenthes oblanceolata|N.&nbsp;oblanceolata]]'' *

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes tomorianaveitchii|N. tomoriana&nbsp;veitchii]]'' Danser (1928)

*''[[Nepenthes ephippiata|N.&nbsp;ephippiata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes klossii|N.&nbsp;klossii]]''

*''[[Nepenthes pilosa|N.&nbsp;pilosa]]''

*''[[Nepenthes burbidgeae|N.&nbsp;burbidgeae]]''

*''[[Nepenthes rajah|N.&nbsp;rajah]]''

*''[[Nepenthes attenboroughii|N.&nbsp;attenboroughii]]''

*''[[Nepenthes boschiana|N.&nbsp;boschiana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes mollis|N.&nbsp;mollis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes clipeata|N.&nbsp;clipeata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes truncata|N.&nbsp;truncata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes fusca|N.&nbsp;fusca]]''

*''[[Nepenthes stenophylla|N.&nbsp;stenophylla]]''

*''[[Nepenthes lowii|N.&nbsp;lowii]]''

{{div col end}}

:Clade '''''UrceolataeInsignes''''' Danser (1928)

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

*''[[Nepenthes merrilliana|N.&nbsp;merrilliana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes petiolata|N.&nbsp;petiolata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes burkei|N.&nbsp;burkei]]''

*''[[Nepenthes ventricosa|N.&nbsp;ventricosa]]''

*''[[Nepenthes northiana|N.&nbsp;northiana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes decurrens|N.&nbsp;decurrens]]'' *

*''[[Nepenthes treubiana|N.&nbsp;treubiana]]''

*''[[Nepenthes villosa|N.&nbsp;villosa]]''

*''[[Nepenthes insignis|N.&nbsp;insignis]]''

*''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N.&nbsp;rafflesiana]]''

{{div col end}}

'''''Urceolatae'''''

::* ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'' Jack (1835)

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes bicalcarataampullaria|N. bicalcarata&nbsp;ampullaria]]'' Hook.f. (1873)

*''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata|N.&nbsp;bicalcarata]]''

*''[[Nepenthes hookeriana|N.&nbsp;hookeriana]]'' **

{{div col end}}

:<small><nowiki>*</nowiki> Heterotypic synonyms of other species.<ref>McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''[[Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref></small>

:Clade '''''Vulgatae''''' Danser (1928)

:<small><nowiki>**</nowiki> Natural hybrids.</small>

The taxonomic work of Danser (1928) was revised by [[Hermann Harms]] in 1936. Harms divided ''Nepenthes'' into three subgenera: ''Anourosperma'' Hook.f. (1873), ''Eunepenthes'' Hook.f. (1873) and ''Mesonepenthes'' Harms (1936) (Latin: ''meso'': middle; "middle" ''Nepenthes''). The ''Nepenthes'' species found in the subgenera ''Anourosperma'' and ''Mesonepenthes'' differ from those in the ''Vulgatae'', where Danser had placed them. Harms placed the great majority of ''Nepenthes'' species in the ''Eunepenthes''; ''Anourosperma'' was a [[monotypic]] subgenus, while ''Mesonepenthes'' contained only three species. He also created an additional clade, the ''Distillatoriae'' (after ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria|N.&nbsp;distillatoria]]'').

::* ''[[Nepenthes vieillardii|N. vieillardii]]'' Hook.f. (1873)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes thorelii|N. thorelii]]'' Lecomte (1909)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes smilesii|N. smilesii]]'' Hemsl. (1895)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes papuana|N. papuana]]'' Danser (1928)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes khasiana|N. khasiana]]'' Hook.f. (1873)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes albomarginata|N. albomarginata]]'' Lobb & Li. (1849)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes danseri|N. danseri]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1997)

::* ''[[Nepenthes gracilis|N. gracilis]]'' Korthals (1839)

::* ''[[Nepenthes reinwardtiana|N. reinwardtiana]]'' Miguel (1852)

::* ''[[Nepenthes tobaica|N. tobaica]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes mikei|N. mikei]]'' Salmon & Maulder (1995)

::* ''[[Nepenthes angasanensis|N. angasanensis]]'' Maulder, Salmon, Schub. & Quinn. (1999)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes eustachya|N. eustachya]]'' Miq. (1858)

::* ''[[Nepenthes alata|N. alata]]'' Blanco (1837)

::* ''[[Nepenthes copelandii|N. copelandii]]'' Merr. ''ex'' Macf. (1908)

::* ''[[Nepenthes saranganiensis|N. saranganiensis]]'' Kurata (2003)

::* ''[[Nepenthes philippinensis|N. philippinensis]]'' Macf. (1908)

::* ''[[Nepenthes mindanaoensis|N. mindanaoensis]]'' Kurata (2001)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes anamensis|N. anamensis]]'' Macf. (1908)

::* ''[[Nepenthes mirabilis|N. mirabilis]]'' (Lour.) Druce (1916)

::* ''[[Nepenthes rowanae|N. rowanae]]'' Bail. (1897)

==References==

:Clade '''''Montanae''''' Danser (1928)

{{Commonscat|Nepenthes}}

{{Reflist}}

::* ''[[Nepenthes aristolochioides|N. aristolochioides]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1997)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes macfarlanei|N. macfarlanei]]'' Hemsley (1905)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes rhombicaulis|N. rhombicaulis]]'' Kurata (1973)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes gymnamphora|N. gymnamphora]]'' Nees. (1824)

::* ''[[Nepenthes pectinata|N. pectinata]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes xiphioides|N. xiphioides]]'' Salmon & Maulder (1995)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes rigidifolia|N. rigidifolia]]'' Akhriadi, Hernawathi & Tamin (2004)

::* ''[[Nepenthes bongso|N. bongso]]'' Korth. (1839)

::* ''[[Nepenthes carunculata|N. carunculata]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes ovata|N. ovata]]'' Nerz & Wistuba (1994)

::* ''[[Nepenthes densiflora|N. densiflora]]'' Danser (1940)

::* ''[[Nepenthes diatas|N. diatas]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1997)

::* ''[[Nepenthes singalana|N. singalana]]'' Beccari (1886)

::* ''[[Nepenthes spathulata|N. spathulata]]'' Danser (1935)

::* ''[[Nepenthes adrianii|N. adrianii]]'' Batoro, Wartono, Jebb ''et al.'' (2006)

::* ''[[Nepenthes junghuhnii|N. junghuhnii]]'' Macf. (1917)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes hamata|N. hamata]]'' Turnb. & Middl. (1984)

::* ''[[Nepenthes tentaculata|N. tentaculata]]'' Hook.f. (1873)

::* ''[[Nepenthes murudensis|N. murudensis]]'' Culham (1994) ''(Putative hybrid origin: N. reinwardtiana &times; N. tentaculata)''

::* ''[[Nepenthes muluensis|N. muluensis]]'' Hotta (1966)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes gracillima|N. gracillima]]'' Ridley (1908)

::* ''[[Nepenthes ramispina|N. ramispina]]'' Ridley (1909)

::* ''[[Nepenthes sanguinea|N. sanguinea]]'' Lindl. (1849)

::* ''[[Nepenthes benstonei|N. benstonei]]'' C.Clarke (1999)

::* ''[[Nepenthes izumiae|N. izumiae]]'' T.Davis, C.Clarke & Tamin (2003)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes jacquelineae|N. jacquelineae]]'' C.Clarke, T.Davis & Tamin (2001)

::* ''[[Nepenthes talangensis|N. talangensis]]'' Nerz & Wistuba (1994)

::* ''[[Nepenthes tenuis|N. tenuis]]'' Nerz & Wistuba (1994)

::* ''[[Nepenthes dubia|N. dubia]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes inermis|N. inermis]]'' Danser (1928)

:Clade '''''Nobiles''''' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes lavicola|N. lavicola]]'' Wistuba & Rischer (1996)

::* ''[[Nepenthes spectabilis|N. spectabilis]]'' Danser (1928)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes mollis|N. mollis]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes hirsuta|N. hirsuta]]'' Hook.f. (1873)

::* ''[[Nepenthes hispida|N. hispida]]'' Beck (1895)

::* ''[[Nepenthes macrovulgaris|N. macrovulgaris]]'' T. & Mid. (1987)

::* ''[[Nepenthes deaniana|N. deaniana]]'' Macf. (1908)

:Clade '''''Regiae''''', Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes burbidgeae|N. burbidgeae]]'' Hook.f. ''ex'' Burb. (1882)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes clipeata|N. clipeata]]'' Danser (1928)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes klossii|N. klossii]]'' Ridley (1916)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes rajah|N. rajah]]'' Hook.f. (1859)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes truncata|N. truncata]]'' Macf. (1911)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes eymae|N. eymae]]'' Kurata (1984)

::* ''[[Nepenthes maxima|N. maxima]]'' Reinw. ''ex'' Nees (1824)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes hurrelliana|N. hurrelliana]]'' M.Cheek & A.Lamb (2003) ''(Putative hybrid origin: N. fusca &times; N. veitchii)''

::* ''[[Nepenthes veitchii|N. veitchii]]'' Hook.f. (1859)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes fusca|N. fusca]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes vogelii|N. vogelii]]'' Schuit. & de Vogel (2002)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes glandulifera|N. glandulifera]] C.C.Lee (2004)

::* ''[[Nepenthes pilosa|N. pilosa]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes stenophylla|N. stenophylla]]'' Masters (1890)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes boschiana|N. boschiana]]'' Korth. (1839)

::* ''[[Nepenthes faizaliana|N. faizaliana]]'' Adam & Wilcock (1991)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes ephippiata|N. ephippiata]]'' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[nepenthes lowii|N. lowii]]'' Hook.f. (1858)

:Clade '''''Insignes''''' Danser (1928)

::* ''[[Nepenthes insignis|N. insignis]]'' Danser (1928)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes merrilliana|N. merrilliana]]'' Macf. (1911)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes petiolata|N. petiolata]]'' Danser (1928)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes mira|N. mira]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1998)

::* ''[[Nepenthes bellii|N. bellii]]'' Kondo (1969)

::* ''[[Nepenthes sibuyanensis|N. sibuyanensis]]'' Nerz (1998)

::* ''[[Nepenthes ventricosa|N. ventricosa]]'' Blanco (1837)

::* ''[[Nepenthes burkei|N. burkei]]'' Hort.Veitch ''ex'' Mast. (1889)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes mapuluensis|N. mapuluensis]]'' Adam & Wilcock (1990)

::* ''[[Nepenthes northiana|N. northiana]]'' Hook.f. (1881)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes macrophylla|N. macrophylla]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1997)

::* ''[[Nepenthes edwardsiana|N. edwardsiana]]'' Low ''ex'' Hook.f. (1859)

::* ''[[Nepenthes villosa|N. villosa]]'' Hook.f. (1852)

<p>

::* ''[[Nepenthes treubiana|N. treubiana]]'' Warburg (1891)

::* ''[[Nepenthes globosa|N. globosa]]'' Kurata (2006)

::* ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'' Jack (1835)

::* ''[[Nepenthes sumatrana|N. sumatrana]]'' G.Beck (1895)

::* ''[[Nepenthes longifolia|N. longifolia]]'' Nerz & Wistuba (1994)

::* ''[[Nepenthes beccariana|N. beccariana]]'' Macf. (1908)

''[[Incertae sedis]]:''

* ''[[Nepenthes adnata|N. adnata]]'' Tamin & Hotta (1986)

* ''[[Nepenthes argentii|N. argentii]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1997)

* ''[[Nepenthes campanulata|N. campanulata]]'' Kurata (1973)

* ''[[Nepenthes glabrata|N. glabrata]]'' Turnb. & Middl. (1984)

* ''[[Nepenthes lamii|N. lamii]]'' Jebb & Cheek (1997)

* ''[[Nepenthes platychila|N. platychila]]'' C.C.Lee (2002)

{{Nepenthes}}

[[Category:Nepenthes| **01]]

[[Category:Lists of plants|Nepenthes01]]

[[Category:Taxonomic lists (species)|Nepenthes01]]