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{{Short description|English courtier, 1584–1650}}
{{other people||Philip Herbert (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox noble
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honorable]]
|name = The Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|KG|KB|PC}}
|image = Anthony van Dyck - Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke - Google Art Project.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Portrait by [[Anthony van Dyck]]
|birth_date = 10 October 1584
|birth_place = [[Wilton House]], Wiltshire, England
|death_date = 23 January 1650 (aged 65)
|death_place = [[Palace of Whitehall]], London, England
|place of burial = [[Salisbury Cathedral]]
|noble family = [[Herbert family|Herbert]]
|spouse = [[Susan de Vere]]<br>[[Lady Anne Clifford]]
|issue = {{plainlist|
*Lady Anne Sophia Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon
*Sir Charles Herbert
*[[Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke]]
*[[James Herbert (died 1677)|Hon. James Herbert]]
}}
|father = [[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]]
|mother = [[Mary Sidney]]
}}
[[File:Philip Herbert 4th Earl of Pembroke from NPG retouched.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, in the robes of the [[Order of the Garter]] c. 1615. Unknown artist, [[National Portrait Gallery, London]].]]
[[File:Coat of arms Sir Philip Herbert, 1st Earl of Montgomerey, KG.png|thumb|250px|right|Quartered arms Sir Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, KG]]
'''Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke and 1st Earl of Montgomery''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|KG|KB|PC}} (10 October 1584{{snd}}23 January 1650)<ref name="dnb">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Herbert, Philip (1584-1650)}}</ref> was an English [[courtier]], nobleman, and politician active during the reigns of [[James I of England|James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].<ref name="dnb" /><ref>G. E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume III, pages 44 and 295.</ref> He married [[Susan de Vere]], the youngest daughter of [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]], the [[Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship|Oxfordians']] [[William Shakespeare]]. Philip and his older brother [[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|William]] were the 'incomparable pair of brethren' to whom the [[First Folio]] of [[Shakespeare]]'s collected works was dedicated in 1623.
==Early life, 1584–1603==
Born at [[Wilton House]], he was the son of [[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], and his third wife, [[Mary Sidney]], sister of Sir [[Philip Sidney]] the poet, after whom he was named.<ref name="dnb"/>
In 1593, at age 9, Philip was sent to study at [[New College, Oxford]], but left after a few months.
==Favourite of James I, 1603–1625==
In 1600 the 16-year-old Philip made his first appearance at [[Noble court|court]]. On the accession of James I in 1603 he soon caught the king's eye. According to [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon]], and [[John Aubrey]], Philip's major interests at the time were [[hunting]] and [[Falconry|hawking]] and it was in these fields that he first drew the king's attention. In May 1603, James made Philip a gentleman of the [[privy chamber]] and a [[Knight of the Bath]] in July of the same year. Some historians believe that Philip and James had a sexual relationship as well around this time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Capps |first1=Donald |last2=Carlin |first2=Nathan Steven |date=2007-07-19 |title=The Homosexual Tendencies of King James: Should this Matter to Bible Readers Today? |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11089-007-0077-y |journal=Pastoral Psychology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=667–699 |doi=10.1007/s11089-007-0077-y |s2cid=143847163 |issn=0031-2789|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Michael B. |title=James VI and I and the history of homosexuality |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-51489-8 |___location=Basingstoke |oclc=759109777}}</ref>
Philip Herbert and his brother William, performed in ''[[The Masque of Indian and China Knights]]'' at [[Hampton Court]] on 1 January 1604.<ref>Leeds Barroll, ''Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography'' (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 82.</ref> On 27 December 1604, with James I's enthusiastic urging (he played a prominent role in the ceremony and provided generous financial gifts for the bride), Philip married [[Susan de Vere]], the youngest daughter of [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]]. That same year he was elected Member of Parliament for [[Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency)|Glamorgan]].
James continued bestowing favours throughout 1605, first making Philip a [[gentleman of the bedchamber]] and then creating him [[Baron Herbert of Shurland]] and [[Earl of Montgomery]]. In addition, James had Montgomery created [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] during a visit of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. In addition to hunting and hawking, Montgomery regularly participated in this period in [[Tournament (medieval)|tournaments]] and [[court masques]]. He also took an interest in [[gambling]] and amassed large debts, which James paid off for him in 1606/1607. In 1608, James made him a [[Knight of the Garter]]. He had him appointed [[High Steward (academia)|high steward]] of Oxford in 1615.
When Montgomery had a noted quarrel with [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton]], after a game of [[tennis]] between the two in 1610, James stepped in to effect a reconciliation. Montgomery had a second violent quarrel, this time with [[Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk|Lord Howard de Walden]], in 1617. He was to become notorious for his violent assaults, which were usually unprovoked, but he was invariably forgiven by the King.
Montgomery took a keen interest in English colonial ventures, which were just taking off at this time, and was involved with several [[Joint stock company|joint stock companies]]: he became a member of the council of the [[Virginia Company]] in 1612; was one of the original incorporators of the Northwest Passage Company in 1612; and became a member of the [[Honourable East India Company]] in 1614.
Honours continued throughout the remainder of James' reign: Montgomery became keeper of the [[Palace of Westminster]] and [[St. James's Park]] in 1617; [[Lord Lieutenant of Kent]] in 1624; and finally, in December 1624, a member of the [[Privy Council of England|privy council]].
==Continued favour under Charles I==
After Charles I's accession to the throne in 1625, Montgomery continued to receive royal favour. He was appointed to the embassy which accompanied [[Henrietta Maria]] from Paris to England and went on to hold the [[spur]]s at Charles' [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation]] in 1626, before succeeding his older brother as [[Lord Chamberlain]]. He was made [[Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire]] in 1628. (Montgomery was a friend of [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], serving as [[Godparent|godfather]] of Buckingham's son Lord Charles Herbert, and in 1626 agreeing to a betrothal between his 4-year-old daughter and Lord Charles Herbert.)
Montgomery continued to be interested in colonial ventures under Charles I. He was an incorporator of the Guiana Company in 1626. In 1628, he received a grant of the islands of [[Trinidad]], [[Tobago]] and [[Barbados]].
Montgomery's first wife died in early 1629, and in 1630 he remarried, to [[Lady Anne Clifford]], daughter of [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland]], and widow of [[Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset]].
Montgomery's older brother died in 1630, and he succeeded to the title of [[Earl of Pembroke]] and to several of his brother's other titles, including [[Lord Lieutenant of Somerset]] and [[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]]. He was soon appointed to his brother's former positions of high steward of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] and [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]].
Pembroke maintained a large household of 80 at his home in London, and an even larger staff of over 150 at [[Wilton House]], his family's ancestral seat in [[Wiltshire]]. Through the 1630s, Pembroke entertained Charles I at Wilton House for a hunting expedition every year. He encouraged Pembroke to rebuild Wilton House in the [[Palladian]] style, recommending [[Inigo Jones]] for the job ([[Salomon de Caus]] performed the work when Jones proved to be unavailable, while his brother, [[Isaac de Caus]], designed a variety of formal and informal gardens for the property).
[[File:Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, with his Family.jpg|thumb|500px|left|''The Pembroke family'' – Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, seated with his second wife [[Lady Anne Clifford]] (in black), surrounded by his family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicolson |first=Adam |title=A world on the verge of collapse – Tate Etc |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-15-spring-2009/world-on-verge-collapse |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> He holds the [[Staff of office|white staff]] of his office of Lord Chamberlain and reaches forward to [[Mary Stewart, Duchess of Richmond|Lady Mary Villers]] (in white), the daughter of [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], gesturing towards the heart of the young woman who is about to marry his son, Charles Lord Herbert (in scarlet) aside [[Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke|Philip Herbert]] (in orange). At the left the three young Herbert boys, William, [[James Herbert (died 1677)|James]] and John with books, framed by their dogs. At the right daughter Anne Sophia and her husband [[Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon]]. The three young Herberts who died as infants above as [[Putto|putti]] in the clouds throwing roses, painted 1634-35 by [[Anthony van Dyck]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1866-1114-570 |title=Museum number 1866,1114.570 |website=britishmuseum.org/}}</ref>]]
===Patron of culture===
Pembroke was a fan of painting and a member of [[the Whitehall group]]. He amassed a large art collection and was a patron of [[Anthony van Dyck]]. This love of painting was shared with Charles I: in 1637, when [[Pope Urban VIII]] sent Charles a large shipment of paintings, Pembroke was one of a select group invited by Charles to join him in opening the cases (the group also included [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]], [[Inigo Jones]], and [[Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland]]). Pembroke promoted the artistic career of his page, [[Richard Gibson (painter)|Richard Gibson]], who became a successful portrait miniaturist.
Pembroke was an active patron of literature, receiving the dedication of over forty books during his lifetime, beginning with the dedication of the English edition of ''[[Amadis de Gaula]]'' in 1619. His most famous dedication was that of Shakespeare's first folio, which was dedicated to Philip and his elder brother. Pembroke was also notably the patron of [[Philip Massinger]] and of Pembroke's relative [[George Herbert]] (in 1630 he intervened with Charles to have George Herbert appointed to a [[rectory]] in Wiltshire).
==Break with Charles I, 1639–1642==
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Earl of Pembroke (State 2).jpg|thumb|right|A 1642 engraving of Pembroke by [[Wenceslas Hollar]] after a 1634 painting of [[Anthony van Dyck]]]]
Although Pembroke and Charles bonded over their shared interest in art and architecture, they did not agree on the question of religion. Pembroke was inclined to favour "godly Protestantism" and sympathetic to [[Puritan]]ism. This led him into conflict with Charles' queen, Henrietta Maria, who was a [[Roman Catholic]]. Pembroke was also opposed to the ascent of [[William Laud]], who was narrowly elected to Pembroke's older brother's old office of [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford]] in 1630 and became [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1633.
Given his religious inclination, Pembroke was sympathetic to the [[Covenanters]] during the [[Bishops' Wars]] and strongly favoured peace. Pembroke served as Charles' commissioner during the negotiations with the Scots at [[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]] and [[Ripon]], where several of the Scots, notably the [[John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes|Earl of Rothes]], believed that Pembroke was secretly in favour of the Scottish position. Pembroke, however, continued to profess his loyalty to Charles, though, along with [[Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland]] and [[William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury]], he urged the king to accept the Scots' terms. The king, however, ordered Pembroke to return to London to begin raising funds for further war with the Scots.
Pembroke's extensive land holdings gained him much influence during the elections to the [[Short Parliament|Short]] and [[Long Parliament|Long]] [[Parliament of England|Parliaments]], with approximately a dozen [[Member of Parliament|members]] of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] owing their elections to his patronage. These men did not seem to constitute a Pembroke faction in the Commons, though there were signs that he patronized men known to be opponents of Charles' policy of [[Thorough]].
In 1641, Pembroke voted in favour of the [[bill of attainder]] against [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford]]. During this period, Charles became especially angry when Pembroke gave encouraging words to an anti-Strafford crowd. Upon the queen's urging, Charles determined to remove Pembroke from his post as Lord Chamberlain. The pretext came when Pembroke had yet another of his violent altercations, this time striking [[Henry Howard, 22nd Earl of Arundel|Henry Howard, Lord Maltravers]] with a cane during a committee meeting of the [[House of Lords]]. Charles demanded Pembroke's resignation, replacing him with [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex]]. This marked Pembroke's final break with Charles.
==Role in the English Civil War, 1642–1648==
[[File:Philip Herbert (1584–1650) (gcf02737).jpg|thumb|Philip Herbert]]
With the coming of the [[First English Civil War]], Pembroke sided with the [[Roundhead|parliamentarians]], although he was always one of the most moderate of them.
Parliament regularly employed Pembroke and the [[Earl of Holland]] during its negotiations with Charles. Initially, Pembroke maintained contacts with [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]] and professed continued loyalty to Charles. However, he became one of five peers to sit on the [[English Committee of Safety]], established in July 1642, and in August 1642 accepted the office of [[Governor of the Isle of Wight]] from Parliament. In 1645, Parliament named Pembroke [[Lord Lieutenant of Somerset]] and voted to raise him to the status of [[duke]].
Pembroke represented Parliament during the negotiations with the king at [[Oxford]] in January 1643, and was present during the [[Treaty of Uxbridge]] in 1645.
As a supporter of the godly cause, Pembroke was appointed to the [[Westminster Assembly]] in 1643 as a lay assessor. Pembroke supported the moderate [[Episcopal polity|episcopalian]] faction in the Assembly (most associated with [[James Ussher]], [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Armagh]]), and remained fiercely opposed to the [[Presbyterian polity|presbyterian]] and [[Independent (religion)|Independent]] parties in the Assembly. [[George Morley (bishop)|George Morley]], future [[Bishop of Winchester]] served as Pembroke's domestic [[chaplain]], and Pembroke was a member of [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]], where he worshipped regularly. As such, in the House of Lords, Pembroke voted in favour of the bill of attainder against Archbishop Laud in 1645, but in 1646 voted to reject a petition in favour of presbyterianism submitted by the [[City of London]].
During the politics of the 1640s, Pembroke was initially linked with the group of lords headed by [[William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele]] and [[Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland]], which supported the [[Self-denying Ordinance]] and the creation of the [[New Model Army]] in 1645. By mid-1646, however, Pembroke was distancing himself from the group and became one of the outspoken opponents of the New Model Army, favouring its immediate disbandment. After the anti-New Model Army riots in London in July 1647, Pembroke refused to join the Saye-Northumberland group, who left the capital and joined the army at this time. Pembroke quickly changed his tune in August, however, when the New Model Army marched into London: he then claimed that he had previously been acting under duress and that he had always been a supporter of the New Model Army.
After Laud's arrest in 1641, the University of Oxford elected Pembroke to replace him as chancellor. (Pembroke, who was at the time allied with Saye, nominated Saye to replace him as high steward when he left the post to take up the chancellorship.) When royalist forces took Oxford, they removed Pembroke, installing [[William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset|the marquess of Hertford]] in his place, but, after Parliament took Oxford, it had Pembroke re-installed as chancellor in 1647 and ordered him to reform the university. The [[visitor]]s of the university began this work under the direction of a committee of both houses chaired by Pembroke. They ordered all university officers to take the [[Solemn League and Covenant]], and when the heads of [[House system|houses]] complained, Pembroke summoned them to the committee and berated them. In February 1648, he installed a new vice-chancellor and replaced many heads of houses. Then in March, Parliament ordered him to take up office in person. So he travelled to Oxford and presided over the [[Convocation]], putting an end to resistance to the reforms. Yet Pembroke, though a patron of literature, was far from a [[man of letters]] himself and became the subject of bitter [[satires]] written by [[Cavalier|royalists]] during the period.
==Role in the crisis of 1648–1649==
Pembroke believed the king was crucial to any settlement of hostilities between king and Parliament. He vehemently opposed the [[Vote of No Addresses]] in 1647–1648, refusing to leave Wilton House (where he was attending to rebuilding in the wake of a 1647 fire) to attend the debate in the House of Lords. In July 1648, Pembroke voted that [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton]] be declared a [[traitor]] for leading Scottish forces into England and sought to have royalists who aided Hamilton declared traitors. In July 1648, Pembroke again negotiated with the king, this time pursuant to the [[Treaty of Newport]].
These negotiations ended abruptly with [[Pride's Purge]] of December 1648, after which Pembroke and several other parliamentary commissioners negotiating at Newport sent a deputation to [[Thomas Fairfax]], assuring him they continued to support the army. However, they continued to seek a deal with the king. In late December 1648, Pembroke joined a deputation led by [[Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh]], putting to the [[Army Council (1647)|Army Council]] to accept a deal whereby Charles would lose his [[Veto|negative voice]] and agree to not attempt to restore episcopal lands which had been alienated by Parliament.
The Army Council rejected the proposal but wished to continue to have good relations with Pembroke. It soon agreed to let the [[Rump Parliament]] name Pembroke [[Constable of Windsor Castle]] (the House of Lords had been trying to appoint Pembroke to the position since July but had not yet received the support of the House of Commons), making him essentially the king's jailer. Pembroke appointed [[Bulstrode Whitelocke]] as his deputy. In January 1649, Pembroke was appointed to the [[High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I|High Court of Justice]] established by the Rump Parliament to try Charles I on charges of [[high treason]]. Pembroke refused to take part, though he agreed not to speak out against executing the king.
In February, after the [[Regicide#Execution of Charles I of England|execution of the king]], the Rump appointed Pembroke to the [[English Council of State]]. Since the House of Lords had been abolished in the wake of Charles' execution, Pembroke had to stand for election to Parliament: he was returned as member for [[Berkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Berkshire]] in April 1649.
===Death===
In May 1649, Pembroke fell ill and spent the rest of 1649 bedridden. He died in his chambers in Whitehall, [[Westminster]] on 23 January 1650.<ref name="dnb" />
Pembroke's body was embalmed and transported to [[Salisbury]] to be buried in [[Salisbury Cathedral]].<ref name="dnb" /> The English Council of State ordered all members of [[Barebone's Parliament]] to accompany his cortège for two or three miles on its journey out of London.
==Issue==
Herbert married first [[Susan de Vere|Lady Susan de Vere]] (26 May 1587 – 1628/1629), daughter of [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]]. They had seven sons and three daughters, including:<ref name="dnb"/>
*Lady Anne Sophia Herbert married [[Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon]], and had issue.
*Sir Charles Herbert, Lord Herbert of Shurland (c. 1619–1635), married [[Mary Stewart, Duchess of Richmond|Lady Mary Villiers]], daughter of [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]], and had no issue.
*[[Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke]] (c. 1621–1669)
*Hon. [[James Herbert (died 1677)|James Herbert]] (c. 1623–1677), of Kingsey, Buckinghamshire
*Hon. Henry Herbert (died young)
Philip Herbert married secondly [[Lady Anne Clifford|Lady Anne Clifford, de jure Baroness de Clifford]] (30 January 1590 – 22 March 1676), daughter of [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland]] and widow of [[Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset]], on 1 June 1630. They had no issue.<ref name="dnb" />
His grandson [[Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke]], was a homicidal maniac; it has been suggested that his mental instability was inherited from his grandfather, who was also prone to making sudden and violent assaults.<ref>J. P. Kenyon, ''The Popish Plot'' Phoenix Press reissue 2000.</ref>
<gallery>
File:Susan de Vere.jpg|Lady Susan effigy at [[Westminster Abbey]] on the tomb of her mother [[Anne Cecil]], Countess of Oxford and grand-mother [[Mildred Cooke]], Baroness Burghley.
File:William Larkin Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset.jpg|Lady Anne Clifford, portrait by [[William Larkin (painter)|William Larkin]], [[National Portrait Gallery, London]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/oct/03/national-portrait-gallery-lost-lady-anne-clifford-painting-larkin Profile], theguardian.com, 3 October 2013; accessed 24 March 2014</ref>
File:Philip, 7th Earl of Pembroke (1652-1683) by John Michael Wright (1617-1694).jpg|Philip, 7th Earl of Pembroke
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Pembroke, Earls of|display=Pembroke, Earls of s.v.|volume=21|page=80}}
*{{cite book |title=The Official Baronage of England: showing the succession, dignities, and offices of every peer from 1066 to 1885, Vol. III |first=James William Edmund |last=Doyle |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |place=London |year=1886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DO8IAAAAIAAJ |access-date=2007-01-25}}
==External links==
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[[Category:
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[[Category:Knights of the Bath]]
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[[Category:Earls of Pembroke (1551 creation)|4]]
[[Category:Earls of Montgomery|Philip]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Kent]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Somerset]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales|Herbert, Philip]]
[[Category:Lay members of the Westminster Assembly]]
[[Category:Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
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