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{{Short description|British writer (born 1950)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Graham Hancock
| image = Graham-Hancock.jpg
| caption = Hancock in 2010
| birth_name = Graham Bruce Hancock
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|08|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Durham University]]
| occupation = [[Journalism|Journalist]]
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[The Sign and the Seal]]'' (1992)|''[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]'' (1995)|''[[Magicians of the Gods]]'' (2015)}}
| television = ''[[Ancient Apocalypse]]'' (2022)
| spouse = Santha Faiia
| website = {{URL|grahamhancock.com}}
}}
'''Graham Bruce Hancock''' (born 2 August 1950)<ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2022 |title=Netflix series Ancient Apocalypse: All you need to know about presenter Graham Hancock |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/netflix-series-ancient-apocalypse-all-you-need-to-know-about-presenter-graham-hancock/articleshow/95458963.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=21 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times |publisher=India Times |edition=English}}</ref> is a British author who promotes <!--This is NPOV. Do not change it to softer words (e.g., unconventional) or it will be reverted.-->[[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]]{{Sfn|Fagan|2006|pp=xvi, 27-28}}{{sfn|Defant|2017}} ideas about ancient civilizations and hypothetical [[lost lands]].<ref name="synop">{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Atlantis Reborn Again {programme synopsis} |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisrebornagain.shtml |access-date=1 September 2009 |work=Science & Nature: Horizon |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Hancock proposes that an advanced civilization with spiritual technology existed during the [[Last Glacial Period|last Ice Age]] until it was destroyed following [[Younger Dryas impact hypothesis|comet impacts]] around 12,900 years ago at the onset of the [[Younger Dryas]]. He speculates that survivors of this cataclysm passed on their knowledge to primitive [[hunter-gatherer]]s around the world, giving rise to all the [[Cradle of civilization|earliest known civilizations]] (such as [[ancient Egypt]], [[Sumer]], and [[Mesoamerica]]).
Born in [[Edinburgh]], Hancock studied [[sociology]] at [[Durham University]] before working as a journalist, writing for a number of British newspapers and magazines. His first three books dealt with [[international development]], including ''Lords of Poverty'' (1989), a well-received critique of corruption in the [[Aid|aid system]]. Beginning with ''[[The Sign and the Seal]]'' in 1992, he shifted focus to speculative accounts of human [[prehistory]] and ancient civilizations, on which he has written a dozen books, most notably ''[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]'' and ''[[Magicians of the Gods]]''.
Experts have described Hancock's investigations of archaeological evidence, myths and historical documents as superficially resembling investigative journalism but lacking in accuracy, consistency, and impartiality.{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|p=87-91|2024}} They define his work as [[pseudoarchaeology]]{{Sfn|Fagan|2006|pp=xvi}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costopoulos |first=André |date=8 December 2022 |title=Consider This: Taking a closer look at pseudoarchaeology |url=https://www.ualberta.ca/the-quad/2022/12/consider-this-taking-a-closer-look-at-pseudoarchaeology.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214174813/https://www.ualberta.ca/the-quad/2022/12/consider-this-taking-a-closer-look-at-pseudoarchaeology.html |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=University of Alberta}}</ref> and [[pseudohistory]]{{sfn|Fritze|2009|pp=214–218}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodge |first=Hugo |date=6 December 2022 |title=Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse series uses 'racist ideologies' to rewrite Indo-Pacific history, experts say |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/experts-say-ancient-apocalypse-netflix-series-is-racist-untrue/101728298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105074845/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/experts-say-ancient-apocalypse-netflix-series-is-racist-untrue/101728298 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=ABC News}}</ref> because they consider it to be [[Confirmation bias|biased towards preconceived conclusions]] by ignoring context, misrepresenting sources, [[cherry picking]], and withholding critical counter-evidence.{{Sfn|Fagan|2006|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|Fritze|2009|pp=218}} [[Anthropologist]] Jeb Card has described Hancock's writings as being [[paranormal]] in nature and his idea of an Ice Age civilization as a modern [[Mythology|mythological narrative]] that, due to its emphasis on alleged secret and spiritual knowledge (including [[psychic]] abilities and communing with souls and "powerful nonphysical beings" via the use of [[psychedelics]]), is incompatible with the archaeological [[scientific method]].<ref name=":1" /> Hancock portrays himself as a culture hero who fights the "dogmatism" of academics, presenting his work as more valid than professional archaeology{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=79}} and as "a path to truly understanding reality and the spiritual elements denied by [[Materialism|materialist]] science",<ref name=":1" /> though he often cites science in support of his ideas.{{sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=91}} He has not submitted his writings for [[scholarly peer review]], and they have not been published in [[Academic journal|academic journals]].{{Sfn|Regal|2009}}
He has also written two [[fantasy]] novels and in 2013 delivered a controversial [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] talk promoting the use of the psychoactive drink [[ayahuasca]]. His ideas have been the subject of several films as well as the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Ancient Apocalypse]]'' (2022). Hancock makes regular appearances on the podcast ''[[The Joe Rogan Experience]]'' to promote his claims.
==Early life and journalism==
Graham Bruce Hancock was born in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland in 1950.<ref name="Observer1998">{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Anthony|title=Riddler of the Sands|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=27 September 1998|page=18|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer-graham-hancock-mummies-boy/87422990/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He moved to India with his parents at the age of three, where his father worked as a surgeon. Having returned to the UK, he graduated from [[Durham University]] with a degree in sociology in 1973.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://grahamhancock.com/bio/ | title=Biography | access-date=12 Feb 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Durham University gazette, XX |url=http://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=bookreader/DU_Gazettes/DUGazette20_3/dg203METS.xml#page/22/mode/2up |website=reed.dur.ac.uk |access-date=7 November 2018 }}</ref>
As a journalist, Hancock worked for many British papers, such as ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', ''[[The Independent]]'', and ''[[The Guardian]]''. He co-edited ''[[New Internationalist]]'' magazine from 1976 to 1979 and was the East Africa correspondent of ''[[The Economist]]'' from 1981 to 1983.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth147gale |title=Contemporary Authors |date=2006 |publisher=[[Gale Research]] |series=New Revision Series |volume=147 |pages=179–183 |chapter=Hancock, Graham}}</ref>{{sfn|Exum|2005|pp=236-239}} Before 1990, his works dealt mainly with problems of economic and social development. His 1989 book ''Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business'' was based on his experience writing about [[international aid]] for ''The Economist''. In the book, Hancock critiques the international aid system, stating in the book: "aid is not bad ... because it is sometimes misused, corrupt or crass; rather, it is inherently bad, bad to the bone, and utterly beyond reform". Critics agreed that Hancock's work was a powerful critique of the international aid system, though a number disagreed with Hancock's thesis that aid was inherently bad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Eugene |date=May 1991 |title=Hancock, Graham. Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business . New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989, 234 pp., $@@-@@17.95 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1242750 |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=542–544 |doi=10.2307/1242750 |issn=0002-9092 |jstor=1242750|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Charles David |date=1994 |title=Review of Lords of Poverty; The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43158024 |journal=Labour, Capital and Society / Travail, capital et société |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=140–142 |issn=0706-1706 |jstor=43158024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hood |first=Howard A. |date=1990 |title=Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business. By Graham Hancock. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989. Pp. xvi, 234. US$17.95 (hardbound). |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0731126500026287/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Legal Information |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=72–73 |doi=10.1017/S0731126500026287 |issn=0731-1265|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
During his time as a journalist, he was criticized for being on what he described as "friendly personal terms" with dictator [[Siad Barre]] of [[Somalia]] (according to ''The Independent'', "he set up a company to publish government-approved coffee table books about Somalia as a multi-racial paradise").<ref name="indy" /> He was additionally criticized for having links to then dictator of Ethiopia [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], which caused controversy when Hancock wrote a favourable profile of Barre for ''The Independent'', as, by his own admission, "various aspects of my trip were facilitated by the [Barre] regime". He admitted that he "definitely made a mistake" by establishing links to Mengistu.<ref name="indy">{{cite news |last=Beckett |first=Andy |date=29 July 1995 |title=The writer who found supermen in Antarctica |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-writer-who-found-supermen-in-antarctica-1593897.html |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=The Independent |___location=London}}</ref>
==Later writing==
Since 1990, Hancock's works have focused mainly on speculative connections he makes between various archaeological, historical, and cross-cultural phenomena.{{citation needed|date= November 2022}} He has stated that from about 1987 he was "pretty much permanently stoned ... and I felt that it helped me with my work as a writer, and perhaps at some point it did",<ref name="stoned">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0c5nIvJH7w&t=390s | title=Graham Hancock - the War on Consciousness BANNED TED TALK | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 March 2013 }}</ref> while an article published in ''The Independent'' in 1995 claims that in 1989 he shifted from working for Barre to investigating the [[Ark of the Covenant]] (on which he wasn't able to enter due to being blocked by Ethiopian guards), which resulted in his 1992 book, ''[[The Sign and the Seal]]''.<ref name="indy" /> Other books include ''[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]'', ''[[Keeper of Genesis]]'',{{efn|''[[Keeper of Genesis]]'' was released in the US as ''Message of the Sphinx''.}} ''The Mars Mystery'', ''Heaven's Mirror'' (with wife Santha Faiia), ''Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization'', and ''Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith'' (with co-author [[Robert Bauval]]).
In his 1997 book ''The Mars Mystery'', Hancock speculated based on the low-resolution [[Viking lander|''Viking'' lander]] images that the [[Face on Mars|supposed face on the Cydonia region of Mars]], along with a purported "five sided pyramid", may have been the work of an advanced civilization on Mars that was later destroyed by a cataclysm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winstead |first=Bob |date=11 August 1998 |title=The Mars Mystery |url=http://edition.cnn.com/books/reviews/9808/11/mars.mystery.cnn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519061235/http://edition.cnn.com/books/reviews/9808/11/mars.mystery.cnn/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website= |publisher=[[CNN]] |type=book review}}</ref> In Hancock's book ''Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith'',<ref>London: Michael Joseph, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7181-4315-9}}</ref> co-authored with Robert Bauval, the two put forward what sociologist of religion [[David V. Barrett]] called "a version of the old Jewish-Masonic plot so beloved by ultra-right-wing conspiracy theorists."<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=David V. |author-link=David V. Barrett |date=19 August 2004 |title=Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/preformtalisman-sacred-cities-secret-faith-by-graham-hancock--robert-bauvalpreform-557110.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812023404/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/talisman-sacred-cities-secret-faith-by-graham-hancock-robert-bauval-557110.html |archive-date=12 August 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |type=book review}}</ref> They suggest a connection between the pillars of [[Solomon's Temple]] and the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]], and between the [[Star of David]] and [[The Pentagon]].<ref name="pseudo-fact hunger">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Damian |date=12 January 2008 |title=How Da Vinci Code tapped pseudo-fact hunger |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1575347/How-Da-Vinci-Code-tapped-pseudo-fact-hunger.html |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> A contemporary review of ''Talisman'' by David V. Barrett for ''The Independent'' pointed to a lack of originality as well as basic factual errors, concluding that it was "a mish-mash of badly-connected, half-argued theories".<ref name=":5" /> In a 2008 piece for ''The Telegraph'' referencing ''Talisman'', journalist [[Damian Thompson]] described Hancock and Bauval as fantasists.<ref name="pseudo-fact hunger" /> Hancock's ''Supernatural: Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind'' was published in the UK in October 2005 and in the US in 2006. In it, Hancock examines [[paleolithic]] [[Cave painting|cave art]] in the light of [[David Lewis-Williams]]' [[Neuropsychology|neuropsychological]] model, exploring its relation to the development of the fully modern human mind.<ref name="Paranormal">{{cite book |last1=Wolfsblume |first1=Jack |url=https://archive.org/details/paranormal0000wolf/page/150/mode/2up?q=%22Meetings+With+the+Ancient+Teachers+of+Mankind%22+Hancock |title=Paranormal |date=2011 |publisher=Waverley Books |isbn=978-1-84934-086-1 |___location=Glasgow |page=150 |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 2015, his book ''[[Magicians of the Gods|Magicians of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth's Lost Civilization]]'' was published by St. Martin's Press.<ref name="MAGICIANS OF THE GODS Kirkus Reviews">{{cite web |title=MAGICIANS OF THE GODS |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/graham-hancock/magicians-of-the-gods/ |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]}}</ref>
In addition to writing, Hancock has been involved in a number of [[television documentaries]] about his pseudoarchaeological theories. 1996, he appeared in ''[[The Mysterious Origins of Man]]''.<ref name="SkepticalOrigins">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Dave |date=March 1996 |title=NBC's Origins Show |url=http://www.csicop.org/sb/9603/origins.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203134301/http://www.csicop.org/sb/9603/origins.html |archive-date=3 February 2007 |access-date=19 February 2007 |publisher=[[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also wrote and presented the documentaries ''Underworld: Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age'' (2002) and ''Quest for the Lost Civilization'' (1998).<ref>{{cite web |title=Quest for the Lost Civilization |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252165/ |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2023}} In 2022, he presented ''[[Ancient Apocalypse]]'', a [[Netflix]] documentary series that was widely viewed but panned by critics and academics.<ref name=":42">{{cite news |last1=Onion |first1=Rebecca |date=18 November 2022 |title=The Ancient Absurdities of Ancient Apocalypse |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-netflix-theory-explained.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012084804/https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-netflix-theory-explained.html |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="Netflix, l'archéologie et l'obscurantisme">{{cite news |last1=Riel-Salvatore |first1=Julien |date=22 November 2022 |title=Netflix, l'archéologie et l'obscurantisme |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/771732/science-netflix-l-archeologie-et-l-obscurantisme |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[Le Devoir]] |language=fr |type=opinion}}</ref><ref name="Ancient Apocalypse is the most dangerous show">{{cite news |last1=Heritage |first1=Stuart |date=23 November 2022 |title=Ancient Apocalypse is the most dangerous show on Netflix |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/nov/23/ancient-apocalypse-is-the-most-dangerous-show-on-netflix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217221919/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/nov/23/ancient-apocalypse-is-the-most-dangerous-show-on-netflix |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
His first novel, ''Entangled: The Eater of Souls'', the first in a [[fantasy]] series, was published in 2010. The novel makes use of Hancock's prior research interests. He has noted: "What was there to lose, I asked myself, when my critics already described my factual books as fiction?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scalzi |first=John |date=15 October 2010 |title=The Big Idea: Graham Hancock |url=https://whatever.scalzi.com/2010/10/15/the-big-idea-graham-hancock/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Whatever |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Pseudoarchaeology==
Experts consider Hancock's [[pseudoarchaeological]] work to be based on [[Cherry picking|cherry picked]] information and strident opposition to "mainstream archaeology". They suggest it superficially resembles investigative journalism, but is neither accurate, consistent, nor impartial. His ideas are built with references to myths, pseudoscience, outdated scientific models, and cutting-edge science depending on what suits his claims.{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|p=87-91|2024}} Hancock aims to erode trust in known facts and archaeological expertise, and he responds to criticism with accusations of censorship. Many of his supporters [[Echo chamber (media)|echo]] his rhetoric and label critics as disinformation agents.{{sfn|Conner|Hannah|MacMurray|2024|p=66-71}}
{{Blockquote|text=[I]t’s not my job to be “balanced” or “objective”. On the contrary, by providing a powerful, persuasive single-minded case for the existence of a lost civilisation, I believe that I am merely restoring a little balance and objectivity to a previously unbalanced situation.... [I]t’s my job—and a real responsibility to be taken seriously—to undermine and cast doubt on the orthodox theory of history in every way that I can and to make the most eloquent and persuasive case that I am capable of making for the existence of a lost civilisation.|author=Graham Hancock{{sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=87}}|source=}}
Pseudoarchaeologists mislead their audience by misrepresenting the current state of knowledge, taking quotes out of contexts, and withholding countervailing data. Historian of Ancient Rome [[Garrett G. Fagan]] pointed out two typical examples in Hancock's book ''[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]'' (1995):{{sfn|Fagan|2006|p=35–36}}
* [[File:Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg|alt=Torn piece of map with Arabic text|thumb|upright|Surviving fragment of the [[Piri Reis map]]]] Hancock wrote that "the best recent evidence suggests that"{{Sfn|Hancock|1995|p=14}} large regions of [[Antarctica]] may have been ice-free until about 6,000 years ago, referring to the [[Piri Reis map]] and [[Charles Hapgood|Hapgood]]'s work from the 1960s. What is left entirely unmentioned are the extensive studies of the Antarctic ice sheet by [[George H. Denton]], published in 1981, which showed the ice to be hundreds of thousands of years old.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Last Great Ice Sheets |publisher=Wiley |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-471-06006-2 |editor-last=Denton |editor-first=George H. |editor-link=George H. Denton |editor-last2=Hughes |editor-first2=Terence J.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Fagan|2006|p=35}}
* When discussing the ancient city of [[Tiwanaku]], Hancock presents it as a "mysterious site about which very little is known"{{sfn|Hancock|Faiia|2001|p=xxii}} at which "minimal archaeology has been done over the years",{{sfn|Hancock|Faiia|2001|p=xxii}} suggesting it dates to 17,000 years ago. Yet in the years prior to these statements, dozens of studies had been published, major excavations were conducted, and the site was [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] by three sets of samples to around 1500 BC.{{Sfn|Fagan|2006|p=35-36}}
=== Lost ice age civilization ===
[[File:Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg|thumb|A map showing the supposed extent of the Atlantean Empire, from [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]]'s [[Atlantis: The Antediluvian World]], 1882{{sfn|Donnelly|1882|p=295}}]]
<!--summary paragraph-->
Hancock's main thesis throughout most of his work is that there was an advanced civilization during the [[Last Glacial Period|last Ice Age]], which was destroyed as a result of a widespread natural disaster, causing the small number of survivors to travel the world, spreading their knowledge and giving rise to the [[Cradle of civilization|earliest known civilizations]]. He does not accept that these civilizations could have arisen independently or that faraway peoples developed the same ideas, arguing that they all came from one advanced ice age civilization. It is a form of [[hyperdiffusionism]]<ref name=":1">Jeb J. Card "[http://onlinedigeditions.com/publication/?i=634462&article_id=3531896&view=articleBrowser America Before as a Paranormal Charter]" ''The SAA Archaeological Record'' NOVEMBER 2019 - Volume 19 Number 5</ref> based on [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]]'s book ''[[Atlantis: The Antediluvian World]]'' (1882), an influence Hancock has cited.<ref name="Conversation">{{cite web |author-link= Flint Dibble |last1=Dibble |first1=Flint |date=18 November 2022 |title=With Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse, Graham Hancock has declared war on archaeologists |url=https://theconversation.com/with-netflixs-ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-has-declared-war-on-archaeologists-194881 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> The idea lacks concrete evidence, is [[Eurocentrism|biased towards western civilization]], and oversimplifies complex cultural developments.{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=92}}
To explain the disappearance of his ice age civilization, Hancock embraces the [[Younger Dryas impact hypothesis]], which has little support in the scientific community.<ref name=":1" /> He argues that the civilization was destroyed around [[10th millennium BC|12,000 years ago]] by sudden climate change during the [[Younger Dryas]] [[Stadial and interstadial|cool period]], which he attributes to an [[impact winter]] caused by a massive meteor bombardment.<ref name="Conversation" />
Hancock claims that the few survivors of the catastrophe arrived in places like [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], and [[Mesoamerica]], where they shared their knowledge and superior technology with primitive [[hunter-gatherer]]s – introducing them to [[Neolithic Revolution|agriculture]], monumental architecture, and astronomy.<ref name="Conversation" /> He believes the monuments they built encode astronomical data to warn future humans.<ref name=":1" /> The narrative assumes that the advanced civilization lacked a writing system that enabled them to leave a less ambiguous message. Hancock does not explain why this warning is not uniform across different cultures and is so hard to decode that generations of researchers missed it.{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=86}}
Hancock believes that these events are preserved in various [[myth]]s, such as [[Plato]]'s story of [[Atlantis]], and that the Atlanteans were remembered as "magicians and gods".<ref name=":1" />
Hancock has accepted the [[Fringe theory|fringe theories]] of other Atlantis proponents regarding several historic sites. For example that of geologist [[Robert M. Schoch]], who contests that the [[Great Sphinx of Giza]] was carved over 11,500 years ago based on claims of the [[Sphinx water erosion hypothesis|Sphinx having been eroded by water]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schoch |first=Robert |title=Origins of the Sphinx: Celestial Guardian of Pre-Pharaonic Civilization |year=2017}}</ref> or that of geologist [[Danny Hilman Natawidjaja]], who believes [[Gunung Padang]] to be a 27,000 year old Atlantean structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-03-18 |title=Retraction: Geo-Archaeological prospecting of Gunung Padang buried prehistoric pyramid in West Java, Indonesia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/arp.1932 |journal=Archaeological Prospection |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=199 |language=en |doi=10.1002/arp.1932 |bibcode=2024ArchP..31..199. |issn=1075-2196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Natawidjaya |first=Danny Hilman |title=Plato tidak bohong Atlantis ada di Indonesia |publisher=Booknesia |year=2013 |isbn=978-6021832929 |___location=Indonesia |language=id |trans-title=Plato Never Lied: Atlantis Is In Indonesia}}</ref>
====Disputes of claim====
Scholars [[Olav Hammer]] and Karen Swartz write that Hancock's works are "based largely on an imaginative reinterpretation of artifacts and myths that divorces them from their immediate cultural and religious contexts."{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|p=81|2024}}
==== Spiritual technology and Ice age civilization as myth ====
{{Blockquote|text=...in my view the science of the lost civilization was primarily focused upon what we now call ''[[Psychic|psi]]'' capacities that deployed the enhanced and focused power of human consciousness to channel energies and to manipulate matter.|author=Graham Hancock|title=America Before (2019)|source=p. 479}}
Hancock believes that the technology his lost Ice Age civilization possessed was primarily spiritual.{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=90}} According to anthropologist Jeb Card, in ''America Before'' (2019) Hancock describes his advanced Ice Age civilization as a "global-sea based society comparable with the late pre-industrial British Empire" with knowledge "that would seem like magic even today", with this knowledge suggested by Hancock to include [[psychic]] capabilities. Hancock suggests that the teachings of Atlanteans to later civilizations were "geometric, astronomical and spiritual" in nature, which were facilitated by the use of [[Psychoactive drug|psychotropic]] plants, such as [[ayahuasca]] and [[peyote]], used to access the Otherworld, allowing them to commune with souls and "powerful nonphysical beings".<ref name=":1" />
He also proposed that they were able to move and shape large stones with the help of meditation and psychoactive plants,{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=90}} and asserted that granite blocks of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] were moved by "priests chanting", suggesting a form of [[acoustic levitation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wengrow |first=David |date=2022-12-22 |title=Apocalypse No! Pseudo-Archaeology, Ancient Tech-Lords, and Ordinary People. |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378}}</ref>
Archaeologist John Hoopes has described Hancock's claims as effectively religious in nature and rooted in [[New Age]] beliefs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Onion |first=Rebecca |date=2022-11-19 |title=The Ancient Absurdities of Ancient Apocalypse |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-netflix-theory-explained.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Jeb Card stated that attempts to critique Hancock's work "using the criteria of professional archaeology is doomed to failure, as his goals are outside the goals of the [[Materialism|materialist]] practice of scientific archaeology", describing Hancock as part of the [[paranormal]] milieu, and the idea of the ice age civilization as a [[Myth|mythic narrative]] rooted in opposition to materialism, describing Hancock as "not a failed version of an archaeologist" but a "successful mythographer of a post-science age".<ref name=":1" /> Olav Hammer and Karen Swartz, both primarily scholars of [[new religious movement]]s, have also concurred with interpretation of Hancock as a creator of myths, describing him as a "[[Bricolage|bricoleur]] who creates a myth from a motley selection of cultural elements".{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|p=abstract|2024}}
==== Racist implications ====
Archaeologists and the author [[Jason Colavito]] have criticised Hancock for the origins of some of his claims being drawn from racist sources. For instance, Hancock draws from the work of Donnelly, a proponent of the racist "[[Mound Builders#Pseudoarchaeology|mound builder myth]]", with Donnelly suggesting that the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] were not capable of creating sophisticated structures, attributing their creation instead to white Atlanteans.<ref name="Conversation" /><ref name=":2">[[Jason Colavito]] [http://onlinedigeditions.com/publication/?m=16146&i=634462&view=articleBrowser&article_id=3531894&ver=html5 Whitewashing American Prehistory] ''The SAA Archaeological Record'' NOVEMBER 2019 - Volume 19 Number 5</ref> Hancock has distanced himself from this claim, yet failed to explain how a fully competent local population could serve as evidence for a lost civilization that transferred superior science and technology to them.{{Sfn|Hammer|Swartz|2024|p=85, 89-90}}
Although Hancock has identified the Atlanteans as indigenous Americans,<ref name=":2" /> he stated in ''Fingerprints of the Gods'' that Atlanteans were "white [and] auburn-haired".<ref name="Conversation" /> Hancock has based some of his work on outdated [[Scientific racism|race science]] and has argued for the presence of indigenous "[[Caucasian race|Caucasoids]]" and "[[Negroid]]s" in the Americas prior to 1492, which he claims are depicted in indigenous American art and mythology.<ref name="Conversation" />
The [[Maya civilization|Maya]] were described by Hancock as only "semi-civilized" and their achievements as "generally unremarkable" to support the thesis that they inherited their calendar from a much older, far more advanced civilization.{{Sfn|Feder|2008|p=256}}
Hancock has denied that he is racist, and he has expressed support for native rights.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Strange and Dangerous Right-Wing Freakout Over Ancient Apocalypse |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/169282/right-wing-graham-hancock-netflix-atlantis |access-date=2024-04-26 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583}}</ref>
=== Orion correlation theory ===
{{main|Orion correlation theory}}
[[File:Orion Correlation 10,500 BC.png|thumb|Representation of the central tenet of the [[Orion correlation theory]] – the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over the stars in Orion's Belt. This alleged match has been rejected by astronomers.]]
One of the many recurring themes in several of Hancock's works has been an exposition on [[Robert Bauval]]'s Orion correlation theory (OCT). OCT posits that the relative locations of the three largest [[pyramid]]s of the [[Giza pyramid complex]] were chosen by the builders to reflect the three stars of [[Orion's Belt]] of the [[Orion (constellation)|constellation Orion]]. The pyramids are aligned to the cardinal direction within a fraction of a degree,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Glen |date=2012 |title=New Angles on the Great Pyramid |url=https://aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/aeragram13_2.pdf |journal=Aeragram |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=10–19}}</ref> however they are mismatched with Orion's Belt exceeding five degrees, according to astronomer [[Anthony Patrick Fairall|Tony Fairall]].{{Sfn|Fagan|2006|p=252-256}}
Hancock and Bauval's OCT was the subject of ''Atlantis Reborn'', an episode of the [[BBC]] documentary series ''[[Horizon (British TV series)|Horizon]]'' broadcast in 1999. The programme was critical of the theory, demonstrating that the constellation [[Leo (constellation)|Leo]] could be found amongst famous landmarks in New York and alleging that Hancock had selectively moved or ignored the locations of temples to support his argument.<ref name="synop"/> It concluded: "as long as you have enough points and you don't need to make every point fit, you can find virtually any pattern you want."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisrebornagain_transcript.shtml |title=Atlantis Reborn Again |work=BBC |date=14 December 2000 |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
Following the broadcast, Hancock and Bauval complained to the [[Broadcasting Standards Commission]], but the commission found that "the programme makers acted in good faith in their examination of the theories".<ref>{{cite journal |date=30 November 2000 |title=Fairness Complaints |url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/bsc/pdfs/bulletin/bulletin37.pdf |format=PDF online reproduction |journal=The Bulletin |___location=London |publisher=[[Broadcasting Standards Commission]] |volume=37 |pages=1–3 |author=Broadcasting Standards Commission |access-date=1 September 2009}}</ref> One complaint was upheld: that the programme unfairly omitted one of their arguments in rebuttal of astronomer [[Edwin Krupp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisreborn_bsc_synopsis.shtml|title=Broadcasting Standards Commission - Synopsis of adjudication. Horizon: Atlantis Reborn (November 4th 1999)|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2022-11-16}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |year=2000 |title=''Horizon: Atlantis Reborn'' and the Broadcasting Standards Commission |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisreborn_bsc.shtml |access-date=1 September 2009 |work=Science & Nature: Horizon |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The following year the BBC broadcast a revised version of the episode, ''Atlantis Reborn Again'', in which Hancock and Bauval provided further rebuttals to Krupp.<ref name="synop" /><ref name=":0" />
===''The Message of the Sphinx'' (1996)===
''The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind'', a.k.a. ''Keeper of Genesis'' in the United Kingdom, is a [[pseudoarchaeology]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Derricourt |first1=Robin M. |title=Antiquity Imagined: The Remarkable Legacy of Egypt and the Ancient Near East |date=2015 |publisher=[[IB. Tauris]] |___location=London |isbn=9780857726995 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Henty |first1=Liz |title=Exploring Archaeoastronomy: A History of its Relationship with Archaeology and Esotericism |date=2022 |publisher=[[Oxbow Books]] |isbn=9781789257885 |pages=159–160}}</ref> book written by Hancock and Robert Bauval in 1996 which argues that the creation of the [[Great Sphinx of Giza|Sphinx]] and [[Giza pyramid complex|Pyramids]] occurred as far back as [[Paleolithic|10,500 BC]] using [[Astronomy|astronomical]] data. Working from the premise that the [[Giza pyramid complex]] encodes a message, the book begins with the fringe [[Sphinx water erosion hypothesis]], evidence that the authors believe suggests that deep erosion patterns on the flanks of the Sphinx were caused by thousands of years of heavy rain. The authors go on to suggest, using computer simulations of the sky, that the pyramids — representing the three stars of [[Orion's Belt]] — along with associated causeways and alignments, [[Orion correlation theory|constitute a record in stone]] of the celestial array at the vernal equinox in 10,500 BC. This moment, they contend, represents [[Zep Tepi]], the "First Time", often referred to in the hieroglyphic record. They state that the initiation rites of the Egyptian pharaohs replicate on Earth the Sun's journey through the stars in this remote era, and they suggest that the "Hall of Records" of a lost civilization may be located by treating the [[Giza Plateau]] as a template of these same ancient skies.<ref name="The Message of the Sphinx">{{cite book |title=The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind |date=1996 |publisher=Crown Publishers | ___location=New York | first1=Graham |last1=Hancock |first2=Robert |last2=Bauval |author1-link=Graham Hancock |author2-link=Robert Bauval |oclc=34887732 |isbn=9780614968170}}</ref>
=== ''Ancient Apocalypse'' (2022) ===
{{Main|Ancient Apocalypse}}
Hancock's theories are the basis of ''Ancient Apocalypse'', a 2022 documentary series produced by [[Netflix]], where Hancock's son Sean is "senior manager of unscripted originals".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Kasey |date=2022-10-17 |title=Ancient Apocalypse: Graham Hancock to Present Netflix Original Docuseries |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-to-present-netflix-original-docuseries/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=What's on Netflix }}</ref> In the series, Hancock outlines his long-held belief that there was an advanced civilization during the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]], that it was destroyed following [[Younger Dryas impact hypothesis|comet impacts]] around 12,000 years ago, and that its survivors [[Neolithic Revolution|introduced agriculture]], monumental architecture, and astronomy to [[hunter-gatherer]]s around the world.<ref name="Conversation"/> He attempts to show how several ancient monuments and natural features are evidence of this, and he repeatedly claims that archaeologists are ignoring or covering up this alleged evidence.<ref name="Slate">{{cite web |last1=Onion |first1=Rebecca |title=The Ancient Absurdities of Ancient Apocalypse |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/ancient-apocalypse-graham-hancock-netflix-theory-explained.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first =Leslie Evans |last =Ogden |title=Hot Theory About Cool Event |url=https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/samplings/173475/hot-theory-about-cool-event/ |date=1 April 2018 |work=Natural History |access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref>
Archaeologists and other experts say that the series presents pseudoscientific claims that lack evidence, [[Cherry picking|cherry picks]], and fails to present counter-evidence.<ref name="Conversation"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Riel-Salvatore|first1=Julien |title=Netflix, l'archéologie et l'obscurantisme |page=A7 |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/771732/science-netflix-l-archeologie-et-l-obscurantisme |work=[[Le Devoir]] |date=22 November 2022 |___location= Montréal|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> Other commentators criticized the series for unfounded accusations that "mainstream archaeology" conspires against Hancock's ideas.<ref name="Slate"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/netflix-a-l-aube-de-notre-histoire-faut-il-croire-ce-que-raconte-graham-hancock) |title=Netflix. "À l'aube de notre histoire" : faut-il croire ce que raconte Graham Hancock ? |language=French |work=Courrier International |date=16 November 2022 |accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> Archaeologists linked Hancock's claims to "[[white supremacist]]" ideologies from the 19th century, which they say are insulting to the ancestors of indigenous peoples who built the monuments.<ref>Hodge, Hugo (7 December 2022) [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/experts-say-ancient-apocalypse-netflix-series-is-racist-untrue/101728298 Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse series uses 'racist ideologies' to rewrite Indo-Pacific history, experts say] ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', Retrieved 7 December 2022.</ref> A Maltese archaeologist who appeared in an episode said her interview had been manipulated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arena |first1=Jessica |title=Maltese archaeologists push back against Netflix show's temple claims |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-archaeologists-push-back-netflix-show-s-temple-claims.995910 |work=[[Times of Malta]] |date=20 November 2022 |accessdate=20 November 2022}}</ref> The [[Society for American Archaeology]] (SAA) objected to the classification of the series as a documentary and requested that Netflix reclassify it as [[science fiction]]. The SAA also stated:
{{Blockquote|text=the series repeatedly and vigorously dismisses archaeologists and the practice of archaeology with aggressive rhetoric, willfully seeking to cause harm to our membership and our profession in the public eye; ... the theory it presents has a long-standing association with racist, white supremacist ideologies; does injustice to Indigenous peoples; and emboldens extremists. ... After more than a century of professional archaeological investigations, we find no archaeological evidence to support the existence of an 'advanced, global Ice Age civilization'.<ref name="SAA_Dear_Bajaria_Corp">{{cite web | last1=Sandweiss | first1=Daniel H. | title=Dear Ms. Bajaria and Ms. Corp | date=2022-11-30 |website=Society for American Archaeology | url=https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-governmentaffairs/saa-letter-ancient-apocalypse.pdf |access-date= 2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202174326/https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-governmentaffairs/saa-letter-ancient-apocalypse.pdf |archive-date= 2022-12-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Benzine |first1=Vittoria |title=Archaeologists Ask Netflix to Reclassify Graham Hancock's 'Unfounded' Netflix Docuseries 'Ancient Apocalypse' as Fiction |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/archaeologists-graham-hancocks-ancient-apocalypse-fiction-2222060 |work=[[Artnet News]] |date=2 December 2022}}</ref>}}
== Other media appearances ==
Hancock gave a [[TEDx]] lecture titled "The War on Consciousness", in which he described his use of [[ayahuasca]], an Amazonian brew containing a hallucinogenic compound [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and argued that adults should be allowed to responsibly use it for self-improvement and spiritual growth. He stated that for 24 years he was "pretty much permanently stoned" on cannabis, and that in 2011, six years after his first use of ayahuasca, it enabled him to stop using cannabis.<ref name="stoned"/> At the recommendation of TED's Science Board, the lecture was removed from the TEDx YouTube channel and moved to TED's main website where it "can be framed to highlight both [Hancock's] provocative ideas and the factual problems with [his] arguments".<ref>{{citation|url=http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/14/open-for-discussion-graham-hancock-and-rupert-sheldrake|title=News TEDx – Open for discussion: Graham Hancock and Rupert Sheldrake from TEDx Whitechapel|date=14 March 2013|website=TED Blog|access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
Hancock has appeared on ''[[The Joe Rogan Experience]]'' podcast several times. In April 2024 (episode #2136) Hancock debated [[Flint Dibble]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Fallon |first1=Richard |last2=Guimont |first2=Edward |date=2024 |title=Introduction: Conceptualising heterodox palaeoscience |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=313 |doi=10.1177/03080188241275300|bibcode=2024ISRv...49..307F |doi-access=free }}</ref> a professor of archeology at [[Cardiff University]],<ref name=":3" /> who strongly rebutted Hancock's unfounded ideas, leading even many of Hancock's backers to see Dibble – and orthodox science – as the victor.<ref name=":3" /> Both Hancock and Dibble agreed that continuing archeological research would be a great benefit to humanity.
===In popular culture===
In 2009, [[Roland Emmerich]] released his blockbuster disaster movie ''[[2012 (film)|2012]]'', citing ''[[Fingerprints of the Gods]]'' in the credits as an inspiration for the film,<ref name="2012-credit-list">{{cite web|url=http://chicagoscifi.com/movies/0011/presskit_pages/credits.pdf|title=2012 (2009) – Credit List|access-date=25 November 2009|publisher=chicagoscifi.com|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301092053/http://chicagoscifi.com/movies/0011/presskit_pages/credits.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> stating: "I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie, but I never felt I had the hook. I first read about the Earth's Crust Displacement Theory in Graham Hancock's ''Fingerprints of the Gods''."<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/9039/roland-emmerichs-guide-to-disaster-movies.html | title=Roland Emmerich's guide to disaster movies | author=Jenkins, David | journal=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] | access-date=25 November 2009 | date=16 November 2009 | archive-date=16 November 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116122546/http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/9039/roland-emmerichs-guide-to-disaster-movies.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Works==
===Books===
* {{cite book |last=Hancock |first=Graham |title=Ethiopia: The Challenge of Hunger |publisher=[[V. Gollancz]] |___location=London |year=1985 |isbn=0-575-03680-X |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham |author2=Enver Carim | title = AIDS: The Deadly Epidemic | publisher = V. Gollancz | ___location = London | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-575-03837-3 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business | publisher = [[Atlantic Monthly Press]] | ___location = Boston | year = 1989 | isbn = 0-87113-253-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = [[The Sign and the Seal|The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant]] | publisher = Crown | ___location = New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-517-57813-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = [[Fingerprints of the Gods|Fingerprints of the Gods: The Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization]] | publisher = Crown Publishers | ___location = New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-517-59348-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham |author2=Robert Bauval |author2-link=Robert Bauval | title = [[The Message of the Sphinx|The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind]] | publisher = Crown Publishers | ___location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-517-70503-6 |ref=none}} Published in the United Kingdom as {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | author2 = Robert Bauval | title = Keeper of Genesis: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind | publisher = Heinemann | ___location = London | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-434-00302-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/keeperofgenesisq0000bauv |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = The Mars Mystery: A Tale of the End of Two Worlds | publisher = Michael Joseph | ___location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7181-4314-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham |author2=Santha Faiia | title = Heaven's Mirror: Quest for the Lost Civilization | publisher = Crown Publishers | ___location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-517-70811-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hancock | first1 = Graham |first2=Santha |last2=Faiia | title = Fingerprints of the Gods: The Quest Continues | publisher = Crown Century | ___location = New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7126-7906-5 | edition = New Updated }}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization | publisher = Crown | ___location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 1-4000-4612-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham |author2=Robert Bauval | title = Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith | publisher = Element Books | ___location = Tisbury | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-00-719036-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = Supernatural: Meeting with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind | publisher = Century | ___location = London | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-84413-681-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = Entangled: The Eater of Souls | publisher = The Disinformation Company | ___location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-934708-56-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = War God: Nights of the Witch| publisher = Coronet | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-444734-37-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = [[Magicians of the Gods|Magicians of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth's Lost Civilisation]] | publisher = Coronet | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781444779677 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Hancock | first = Graham | title = America Before: The Key to Earth's Lost Civilization | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 2019 | isbn = 9781250243737 |ref=none}}
===Video===
* ''[[Pole to Pole with Michael Palin]]'' — Crossing the Line (EP 5) (1992)
* ''Quest for the Lost Civilization'' — Acorn Media (1998)
* ''Atlantis Reborn Again'' — BBC Horizon (2000)
* ''Earth Pilgrims'' — Earth Pilgrims Inc. (2010)
* "The War on Consciousness" — [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDx]] (2013)
* [[Ancient Apocalypse]] (2022)
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |last1=Conner |first1=Christopher T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoYIEQAAQBAJ |title=Conspiracy Theories and Extremism in New Times |last2=Hannah |first2=Matthew N. |last3=MacMurray |first3=Nicholas J. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-6669-3309-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Defant |first=Marc J. | title=Conjuring Up a Lost Civilization: An Analysis of the Claims Made by Graham Hancock in ''Magicians of the Gods'' |journal=Skeptic |volume=22 |number=3 |year=2017 |url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/defant-analysis-of-hancock-claims-in-magicians-of-the-gods/ |access-date=2022-11-14}}
*{{cite book |last=Donnelly| first=Ignatius L.|author-link=Ignatius L. Donnelly |year=1882|title=Atlantis: The Antediluvian World |___location=New York |publisher=Harper & Bros |url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4032 |page=295}}
*{{Cite book |last=Exum |first=Kaitlen J. |url=http://archive.org/details/currentbiography0000unse_u0t8 |title=Current Biography Yearbook, 2005 |date=2005 |publisher=The H.W. Wilson Company |isbn=978-0-8242-1056-4 |editor-last=Thompson |editor-first=Clifford |___location=New York |pages=236–239 |chapter=Hancock, Graham}}
* {{cite book |last=Fagan |first=Garrett G. |year=2006 |isbn=9780415305921 |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalfa0000unse_e5v3 |title=Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public |author-link=Garrett G. Fagan |publisher=Psychology Press}}
* {{Cite book |last=Feder |first=Kenneth |url=https://archive.org/details/fraudsmythsmyste0000fede_a0k0_6thed |title=Frauds, myths, and mysteries : science and pseudoscience in archaeology |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |year=2008 |isbn=9780073405292 |edition=6th |author-link=Kenneth Feder}}
* {{cite book |last=Fritze |first=Ronald H. |authorlink=Ronald H. Fritze |year=2009 |title=Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions |___location=London |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Olav |last2=Swartz |first2=Karen |date=2024 |title=Graham Hancock, Prometheus for a New Age: Alternative Archaeology as Modern Mythmaking |journal=[[Nova Religio]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1353/nvr.2024.a929280}}
* {{Cite book |last=Regal |first=Brian |title=Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood |year=2009 |isbn=978-0313355073 |author-link=Brian Regal |url=https://archive.org/details/Pseudoscience_A_Critical_Encyclopedia_by_Brian_Regal}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.antiquityofman.com/hancock.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504102244/http://www.antiquityofman.com/hancock.html |archive-date=4 May 2006 |title=An analysis of the quality of Graham Hancock's "science" |website=The Antiquity of Man}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brass |first=Michael |date=2002 |url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/tracing_graham_hancockrsquos_shifting_cataclysm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426114404/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/tracing_graham_hancockrsquos_shifting_cataclysm |archive-date=2010-04-26 |title=Tracing Graham Hancock's Shifting Cataclysm |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=26 |number=4 |pages=45–49}}
* {{cite web |last=Carroll |first=R. T. |year=2009 |url=http://skepdic.com/atlantis.html |title=Atlantis |website=[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]] |access-date=2022-11-14}}
* {{cite web |last=Fagan |first=Garrett |url=http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=18 |title=An Answer to Graham Hancock |website=In the Hall of Ma'at |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419180218/http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=18 |archive-date=2005-04-19}}
* {{cite web |last=Fagan |first=Garrett |url=http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=19 |title=Analysis of Hancock's Position Statement on C-14 Dating |website=In the Hall of Ma'at |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327190646/http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=19 |archive-date=2005-03-27}}
* {{cite web |last=Flemming |first=Nic |url=http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=36 |title=Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age |website=In the Hall of Ma'at |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327190949/http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=36 |archive-date=2005-03-27}}
* {{Cite web |last=Shermer |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Shermer |date=1 June 2017 |title=No, There Wasn't an Advanced Civilization 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/no-there-wasnt-an-advanced-civilization-12-000-years-ago/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808033822/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/no-there-wasnt-an-advanced-civilization-12-000-years-ago/ |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=[[Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Springer Nature]]}}
==External links==
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* {{IMDb name|359368}}
{{Pseudoscience}}
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