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{{Short description|Breed of horse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Other uses|Camargue (disambiguation)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox horse breed
| name = Camargue
| image = Camargue Horse (26645657776).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = a grey horse standing in shallow water
| image_caption =
| image2 = File:2023 Fête des Gardians114.jpg
| image_size2 =
| image_alt2 =
| image_caption2 = Guardians in parade, 2023
| status = {{ubl|[[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|p=139}}|[[DAD-IS]] (2023): not at risk{{r|dad}}}}
| features =
| altname = {{ubl|{{lang|fr|Camarguais|italic=no}}|{{lang|fr|Cheval de Camargue|italic=no}}}}
| country = France
| distribution =
| group1 = Haras Nationaux
| std1 = https://web.archive.org/web/20061128175145/http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19hnreglementation/reglement_camargue_18aout2004.pdf
| use =
| colour = [[grey (horse)|grey]]
| height = 135–150 cm{{r|elise|p=142}}
| male_height =
| female_height =
| weight = 425 kg{{r|dad}}
| male_weight =
| female_weight =
| note =
}}
The '''Camargue''', {{langx|fr|'''Camarguais'''|italic=no}} or {{lang|fr|'''Cheval de Camargue'''|italic=no}}; {{langx|oc|'''Caval de Camarga'''|italic=no}}, is
==History==
Some researchers believe the Camargue are descended from the [[Solutré horse]] hypothesised from [[archeological]] remains found in [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]].<ref name=solutre/>{{Dubious|date=September 2011}} The Camargue horses were appreciated by the [[Celts|Celtic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] invaders who entered the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name=roman/> Their genealogy is closely tied with [[Iberian horse]]s, especially those of the northern part of the peninsula.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Foce del Isonzo horses.jpg|thumb|In full white stage of greying]]
A [[breed society]], the {{lang|fr|Association des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Race Camargue|italic=no}}, was established in 1964.{{r|aecrc}} In 1976, to preserve the standards and purity of the breed, the French government set breed standards and started registering the main breeders of the Camargue horse. In 1978, they set up the breed [[Breed registry|stud book]]. To be registered, foals must be born out of doors and must be seen to suckle from a registered mare as proof of parentage. Foals born inside the defined Camargue region are registered {{lang|fr|sous berceau}}, while those born elsewhere are registered {{lang|fr|hors berceau}} ("outside the cradle" or "birthplace"). They have the heavy, square heads of primitive horses, but the influence of [[Arabian horse|Arabian]], [[Barb (horse)|Barb]] and [[Thoroughbred]] blood can also be seen. The ''gardians'' look after the horses, which are rounded up annually for health inspections, branding, and [[gelding]] of unsuitable stock.
The [[conservation status]] of the Camargue was listed in [[DAD-IS]] in 2023 as 'not at risk', based on a reported population in 2018 in France of just over {{val|14500}} head, including more than {{val|7100}} [[brood-mare]]s and almost {{val|1800}} [[stallion]]s.{{r|dad}} These figures are widely at variance with those provided by the [[Haras Nationaux]], which for 2018 reports {{val|200}} active stallions and {{val|929}} mares [[horse reproduction|mounted]].{{r|haras2}}
The population is concentrated in southern France. Of just over {{val|600}} foals born and registered in 2017, almost {{val|50|u=%}} were in [[Occitanie (administrative region)|Occitanie]] and over {{val|40|u=%}} in [[Provence–Alpes–Côte d'Azur]]; of the remaining {{val|7|u=%}}, about half were born in [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]].{{r|haras2}} Small numbers are also present in Germany,{{r|dad2}} in Sweden{{r|elise|p=142}} and in the United Kingdom.{{r|dad2}}
The Camargue horse was introduced in the 1970s to the [[Po (river)|Po delta]] in Italy, where under the name 'Cavallo del Delta' it is treated as an indigenous breed.<ref name=aia/> In 2011 the registered population numbered 163.<ref name=anag/>
== Characteristics ==
[[File:La Camargue.jpg|thumb|The dark coloured foals will turn grey then white as they age.]]
Camargue horses are always [[grey (horse)|grey]]. This means that they have black skin underlying a white hair coat as adult horses. They are born with a hair coat that is [[Black (horse)|black]] or [[Bay (horse)|dark brown]] in colour, but as they grow to adulthood, their hair coat becomes ever more intermingled with white hairs until it is completely white. They are small horses, generally standing {{Convert|135|–|150|cm|hands|1|lk=out|abbr=off}} at the withers, and weighing {{Convert|350|to|500|kg|lb|abbr=on|comma=off}}.<ref name=haras2/> Despite their small size, they have the strength to carry grown adults. Considered rugged and intelligent, they have a short neck, deep chest, compact body, well-jointed, strong limbs and a full mane and tail.
The head has many similarities to the [[Barb horse]]. It is often heavy, square and expressive, with bright, wide-set eyes, a straight profile, flat forehead and well-chiseled cheek bones. The ears are small, short, and set well apart. The [[forelock]] is full. The breed has a neck of medium length with an abundant [[mane (horse)|mane]]The chest is deep and wide, and the shoulder is powerful and muscular. The [[withers]] must be defined but not exaggerated. The Camargue horse has a medium length [[back (horse)|back]], well-supported, and a slightly sloping full [[rump (animal)|croup]], well-muscled hindquarters, and a low set, full [[tail (horse)|tail]]. The Camargue horse has long legs which are well proportioned, strong and resistant, with large knees and hocks. Their [[horse hoof|hooves]] are hard and tough, with soles that are large and wide, suited to its original marshy habitat.
===Registration===
Since 2003, three registration categories exist to identify Camargue horses:
;Camargue: Horses registered in the [[breed registry|stud book]], [[foal]]ed and identified in Camargue area, branded before weaning, and from a [[manade]] (a small, semi-feral herd structure). The ''berceau'' or cradle of the breed is strictly defined, and consists of 45 [[Communes of France|communes]] in the [[Departments of France|départements]] of [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], [[Gard]] and [[Hérault]].<ref name=haras/>
;Camargue hors manade: Horses registered in the [[breed registry|stud book]], [[foal]]ed and identified in Camargue area, and not from a manade.<ref name=haras/>
;Camargue hors berceau: Horses registered in the [[breed registry|stud book]], [[foal]]ed and identified outside of the Camargue area.<ref name=haras/>
There exists a strong sense of [[regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] in Camargue area, so registration for the horses is treated similarly to an [[Appellation d'origine contrôlée]].<ref name=bonnet/>
===Terminology===
[[File:BH5U0977 chevaux de Camargue dans les flots près des Saintes Maries de la Mer.jpg|thumb|Gardian and horses near [[Saintes Maries de la Mer]].]]
[[File:Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze - Camargue horses - 04.jpg|thumb|A group of Camargue horses in [[Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze]].]]
There is a specific terminology in the [[Provençal dialect]] that is used when discussing Camargue horses:<ref name=macaire/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! English term || Term in [[Provençal dialect]]
|-
| Camargue stallion || ''Grignon'' or ''grignoun''
|-
| [[Feral horse]] || ''Rosso''
|-
| [[Yearling (horse)|Yearling]] || ''Court''
|-
| Horse or bull aged 2 years || ''Doublen''
|-
| Horse or bull aged 3 years || ''Ternen''
|-
| Horse or bull aged 4 years || ''Quatren''
|-
| Horse breeding in Camargue area||''Cavalot''
|-
|[[Livestock branding]] in Camargue area|| ''Ferrade''
|-
|Herder || ''[[Gardian]]'', and ''gardianou'' for young apprentices
|-
| Semi-feral herd of cows and / or Camargue horses || Manade
|}
== Use ==
[[File:Tenue de gardian.jpg|thumb|A [[gardian]] in the early twentieth century]]
[[File:Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze - Camargue horses - 02.jpg|thumb|A [[gardian]] mounting a Camargue horse in 2025.]]
The Camargue horse is the traditional mount of the [[gardian]]. It is used for livestock management, particularly of [[Camargue cattle]], and also in competitive [[Camargue equitation]], in traditional activities such as the ''abrivado'' preceding the ''[[Bullfighting#French|course camarguaise]]'', and in many gardian games.
Their calm temperament, agility, intelligence and stamina has resulted in these horses being used for [[Horse#Show Sports|equestrian games]], [[dressage]], and long-distance riding, which is growing in popularity in France.
==Film portrayal==
The 1953 children's film ''Crin-Blanc'', English title ''[[White Mane]]'', portrayed the horses and the region. A short black-and-white film directed by [[Albert Lamorisse]], director of ''[[Le ballon rouge]]'' (1956), ''Crin-blanc'' won the 1953 [[Prix Jean Vigo]] and the short film Grand Prix at the 1953 [[Cannes Film Festival]], as well as awards at Warsaw and Rome.<ref name=wakeman/> In 1960 Denys Colomb Daunant, writer and actor for ''Crin-blanc'', made the documentary ''Le Songe des Chevaux Sauvages'', "[[Dream of the Wild Horses]]". It featured Camargue horses and [[slow motion]] photography, and won the [[Small Golden Berlin Bear]] at the 1960 [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name=ufa/>
== See also ==
* [[List of French horse breeds]]
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=aecrc>[https://aecrc.com/page/101-origine-de-lassociation Origine de l'association] (in French). Association des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Race Camargue. Accessed December 2023.</ref>
<ref name=aia>[http://www.aia.it/CMSContent/Aia%20Website/norme%20tecniche.pdf Norme tecniche del Registro Anagrafico delle razze equine ed asinine a limitata diffusione] Associazione Italiana Allevatori (in Italian). Accessed September 2011.</ref>
<ref name=anag>[http://www.anagrafeequidi.it/index.php?id=217 Anagrafe equidi: Equidi per regione] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910173731/http://www.anagrafeequidi.it/index.php?id=217 |date=2011-09-10 }} Anagrafe degli equidi (in Italian) Accessed September 2011.</ref>
<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>
<!---ref name=bchs>[http://www.valleyfarmonline.co.uk/index.php?categoryid=65 British Camargue Horse Society] Valley Farm, 2009. Accessed September 2011.</ref--->
<ref name=bonnet>Jocelyne Bonnet, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030325105238/http://alor.univ-montp3.fr/eurides/articles/camargue.pdf ''La fabrication des mythes: Une approche ethno-historique du cheval camarguais''] (ethnology thesis) Université Montpellier III (in French) "The fabrication of myths: an ethno-historic approach to the Camargue horse"</ref>
<ref name=dad>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=FRA&specie=Horse&breed=Camargue&external=1&lang=en Breed data sheet: Camargue / France (Horse)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2023.</ref>
<ref name=dad2>[https://dadis-transboundary-ext-ws.web.app/?species=Horse&transboundary=Camargue Transboundary breed: Camargue]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2023.</ref>
<ref name=davis>Caroline Davis (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=IWRWAAAAYAAJ ''The kingdom of the horse: a comprehensive guide to the horse and the major breeds'']. New York: Howell Book House. {{isbn|9780876050378}} p.65</ref>
<ref name=elise>Élise Rousseau, Yann Le Bris, Teresa Lavender Fagan (2017). [https://archive.org/details/horsesofworld0000rous/page/n1/mode/1up ''Horses of the World'']. Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{isbn|9780691167206}}.</ref>
<ref name=haras>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19hnreglementation/reglement_camargue_18aout2004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128175145/http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/portail/uploads/tx_vm19hnreglementation/reglement_camargue_18aout2004.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2006 |title=Règlement du stud-book du Cheval Camargue |language=fr |trans-title=Rules of the Camargue Horse Stud-book |website=[[Haras Nationaux]] }}</ref>
<ref name=haras2>[Association des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Race Camargue] (2010). [http://www.haras-nationaux.fr/information/accueil-equipaedia/races-dequides/chevaux-de-sang/camargue.html Le Camargue] (in French). Les Haras Nationaux. Accessed August 2011.</ref>
<ref name=macaire>Pierre Macaire ([2003]). ''Saint-Gilles, Aigues-Mortes, Le Grau-du-Roi et la Camargue'' (in French). Series title: 'Au cours du Vidourle'. [Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes]: Le plein des sens. {{isbn|9788790493738}} pp.56-57</ref>
<ref name=roman>Bonnie L. Hendricks ([2007]). ''International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds''. University of Oklahoma Press. {{isbn|9780806138848}} p. 96.</ref>
<ref name=solutre>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103325/http://www.solutre.com/document.php?pagendx=54 Le Musée: "Solutré, Musée Départemental de Préhistoire"] (in French). Solutre.com, archived 16 July 2011.</ref>
<ref name=ufa>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5aEsAAAAMAAJ ''Journal of the University Film Association''], Volumes 22-25. University Film Association 1970 p.67.</ref>
<ref name=wakeman>John Wakeman (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8aEYAAAAIAAJ ''World Film Directors: 1945-1985'']. New York: H.W. Wilson {{isbn|9780824207571}} p.553.</ref>
}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrZk9NwF-Vk |title=Band of Rebels: White Horses of Camargue |people=Doggett, Drew (director) |via=YouTube |date=September 23, 2016}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BINytFeNx8Q |title=White Angels of Camargue - Europe's Last Cowboys |people=Schmelz, Dennis (camera edit) |via=YouTube |date=October 10, 2019}}
{{Horse breeds of France}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in France]]
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Camargue]]
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