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{{Short description|Municipality and largest city in China}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{use American English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shanghai
| native_name = 上海市
<!-- | other_name = Huangpu (Whangpoo) -->| native_name_lang = zh
| settlement_type = [[Direct-administered municipality|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Huangpu Park 20124-Shanghai (32208802494).jpg
| caption1 = [[Lujiazui]] from Zhapulu Bridge with the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] (left) and [[Shanghai Tower]] (right)
| image2 = 2024-Apr Shanghai Yu Yuan Garden 豫园 - img 20.jpg
| caption2 = [[Yu Garden]]
| image3 = 2024-Apr Shanghai East Nanjing Road morning 01.jpg
| caption3 = [[Nanjing Road]]
| image4 = 上海展览中心·上海.jpg
| caption4 = [[Shanghai Exhibition Centre]]
| image5 = Old City of Shanghai, China (December 2015) - 13.JPG
| caption5 = [[Old City of Shanghai]]
| image6 = 上海外滩汇丰银行大楼2021.jpg
| caption6 = [[HSBC Building, the Bund|HSBC Building]] at [[The Bund]]
| image7 = Jing'an Temple Shanghai 6.jpg
| caption7 = [[Jing'an Temple]]
}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7|frame-lat=31.22|frame-long=122.1}}
| image_map1 = Shanghai in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| map_caption1 = Location of Shanghai Municipality in China
| coor_pinpoint = [[People's Square]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|13|43|N|121|28|29|E|type:adm1st_region:CN-31|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = China<!-- Per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG -->
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region of China|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East China]]
| seat_type = Municipal seat
| seat = [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]
| established_title = Establishment of<br /> - Qinglong Town
| established_date = <br />746<ref name="kaogu" />
| established_title2 = - {{ill|Huating County (Tang)|lt=Huating County|zh|华亭县 (唐朝)}}
| established_date2 = 751<ref>''New Book of Tang'', vol. 41: "Huating County, a greater county, established in the tenth year of Tianbao (751), which splits the Jiaxing Prefecture"</ref>
| established_title3 = - [[Shanghai County]]
| established_date3 = 1292<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641941&type=-1 |publisher = Government of Shanghai |title = 行政区划 (in Chinese) |access-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092811/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1%2A |archive-date = 5 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| established_title4 = - Municipality
| established_date4 = 7 July 1927
| parts_type = Divisions<br /> - [[County-level division|County-level]]<br /> - [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township-<br />level]]
| parts = {{ubl|[[List of administrative divisions of Shanghai|16 districts]]|210 towns and subdistricts}}
| government_type = [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title = [[Party Secretary of Shanghai|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Chen Jining]]
| leader_title1 = [[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairwoman
| leader_name1 = [[Huang Lixin]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Gong Zheng]]
| leader_title3 = [[Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Municipal CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3 = [[Hu Wenrong]]
| leader_title4 = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4 = 57 deputies
| total_type = Municipality
| area_footnotes = <ref name="mofcom">{{cite web |title = Doing Business in China – Survey |url = http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher = [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date = 5 August 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date = 26 May 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="landarea">{{cite web |url = http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36484.html |title = 地域 (in Chinese) |publisher = Government of Shanghai |access-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508135319/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1 |archive-date = 8 May 2024 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641942&type=-1 |publisher = Government of Shanghai |title = 水文 (in Chinese) |access-date = 4 January 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508141431/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641942&type=-1 |archive-date = 8 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 6341
| area_water_km2 = 653
| area_metro_km2 = 14922.7
| area_urban_footnotes = (2018)<ref name="demog14">{{cite book |url = http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title = Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition |last = Cox |first = W. |publisher = Demographia |year = 2018 |___location = St. Louis |page = 22 |access-date = 15 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date = 3 May 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="topo" />
| elevation_m = 4
| elevation_max_m = 118
| elevation_max_point = [[Sheshan Hill]]
| population_total = 24874500
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 March 2024|title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html|access-date=14 July 2024|publisher=[[Shanghai Statistics Bureau]]|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of cities in China by urban population|1st in China]]
| population_demonym = [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]]
| demographics_type2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal) {{normal|(2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}} see also {{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}} see also {{cite web|url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html|title=zh: 2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=shanghai.gov.cn|date=March 21, 2024|access-date=June 13, 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html|url-status=live}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release| url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development| publisher=China NBS| date=February 29, 2024| access-date=June 22, 2024| archive-date=5 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305035331/https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Municipality
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 5,393 billion ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th]])
<br />[[US$]] 757 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 216,791 ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|2nd]])
<br /> US$ 30,448
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code = '''2000'''00–'''2021'''00
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in China|21]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SH]]
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.shanghai.gov.cn|shanghai.gov.cn}}|{{URL|https://english.shanghai.gov.cn|en.shanghai.gov.cn}}}}
| etymology = {{lang|zh|上海浦}} ({{Transliteration|zh|Shànghǎi pǔ}}) {{nwr|The original name of the [[Huangpu River]]}}
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|CST]]
| utc_offset = +08:00
| blank3_name_sec1 = GDP Growth
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 5%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank4_info_sec1 = 0.895<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|2nd]]) – {{color|green|very high}}
| blank5_name = [[Licence plates of the People's Republic of China|License plate]] prefixes
| blank5_info = {{ubl|{{lang|zh|沪A, B, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N}}|{{lang|zh|沪C}} (outer suburbs only)}}
| blank6_name = Abbreviation
| blank6_info = SH{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|沪}} ({{zhi|p=Hù}})
| blank1_name_sec2 = City flower
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Yulan magnolia]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Languages
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{ubl|[[Shanghainese]]|[[Standard Mandarin]]}}
| official_name = Shanghai Municipality
| flag_link = Draft:Flag of Shanghai
| image_seal = Shanghai Municipal seal.png
| seal_link =
| flag_size = 150px
}}
'''Shanghai'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|æ|ŋ|ˈ|h|aɪ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929230659/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shanghai |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2020 |title=Shanghai |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|上海}}|p=Shànghǎi}}, <small>[[Shanghainese]]</small>: {{Transliteration|wuu|zaon<sup>6</sup> he<sup>5</sup>}} {{IPA|wuu|zɑ̃˩ hɛ˦||audio=zh-wuu-2-上海.ogg}}, <small>[[Standard Chinese]] pronunciation</small>: {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Zh-Shanghai.ogg|sh|ang|4|.|h|ai|3}}}} is a [[direct-administered municipality]] and the most populous urban area in [[China]]. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern [[estuary]] of the [[Yangtze River]], with the [[Huangpu River]] flowing through it. The population of the city proper is the [[List of largest cities|second largest in the world]] after [[Chongqing]], with around 24.87 million inhabitants in 2023, while the urban area is the [[List of cities in China by population|most populous in China]], with 29.87 million residents. As of 2022, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area was estimated to produce a [[gross metropolitan product]] ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]) of nearly 13 trillion [[Renminbi|RMB]] ($1.9 trillion).<ref name="GDP2022" /> Shanghai is one of the world's major centers for finance, [[#Economy|business and economics]], research, science and technology, manufacturing, transportation, [[List of tourist attractions in Shanghai|tourism]], and [[Culture of Shanghai|culture]]. The [[Port of Shanghai]] is the [[world's busiest container port]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/features/busiest-ports-world-container/?cf-view|title=The ten busiest ports in the world by container traffic|website=Investment Monitor|publisher=GlobalData plc|first1=Richard|last1=Gardham|date=17 September 2021|access-date=31 July 2024|quote=Located on the Yangtze Delta, the port of Shanghai is the busiest in the world, a position it has held since 2010.}}</ref>
Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai grew to global prominence in the 19th century due to both domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port ___location. The city was one of five [[treaty ports]] forced to open to trade with the [[Europeans]] after the [[First Opium War]]. The [[Shanghai International Settlement]] and the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]] were subsequently established. The city then flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of [[Asia]] in the 1930s. During the [[Second World War]], the city was the site of the major [[Battle of Shanghai]]. After the war, the Communist revolution soon resumed with the [[Shanghai Campaign|Communists taking over the city]] and most of the mainland. From the 1950s to the 1970s, trade was mostly limited to other socialist countries in the [[Eastern Bloc]], causing the city's global influence to decline during the [[Cold War]].
Major changes of fortune for the city would occur when [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] initiated by paramount leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] during the 1980s resulted in an intense redevelopment and revitalization of the city by the 1990s, especially the [[Pudong]] New Area, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment. The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance. It is the home of the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]], [[List of major stock exchanges|the largest stock exchange in the Asia-Pacific]] by market capitalization and the [[Shanghai Free-Trade Zone]], the first [[free-trade zone]] in mainland China. It is ranked 4th on the [[Global Financial Centres Index]]. Shanghai has been classified as an Alpha+ ([[Global city|global first-tier]]) city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. As of 2024, it is home to 13 companies of the [[Fortune Global 500#Fortune Global 500 of 2021|''Fortune'' Global 500]]—the fourth-highest number of any city.<ref name="FG" /> The city is also a major global center for [[List of cities by scientific output|research and development]] and home to numerous [[Double First-Class Construction|Double First-Class Universities]], including [[Fudan University]] and [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]. The [[Shanghai Metro]], first opened in 1993, is the [[List of metro systems|largest metro network]] in the world by route length.
Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the [[economy of China]] and it is one of the ten biggest economic hubs in the world. Featuring several architectural styles such as [[Art Deco]] and [[shikumen]], the city is renowned for its [[Lujiazui]] skyline, museums and historic buildings, including the [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]], [[Yu Garden]], the [[China Pavilion]] and buildings along [[the Bund]]. The [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] can be seen from the Bund. Shanghai is known for its [[Shanghai cuisine|cuisine]], [[Shanghainese|local language]], and cosmopolitan culture. It ranks sixth in the [[list of cities with the most skyscrapers]].
==Etymology==
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Shanghai_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Shanghai" in [[kaishu|regular]] Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|上海}}
| l = "Upon the Sea"
| p = Shànghǎi
| psp = Shanghai
| w = Shang<sup>4</sup>-hai<sup>3</sup>
| bpmf = ㄕㄤˋ ㄏㄞˇ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Shanghai pron.ogg|sh|ang|4|.|h|ai|3}}
| gr = Shanqhae
| wuu = {{Audio|zh-wuu-2-上海.ogg|Zaon<sup>22</sup> he<sup>44</sup>|help=no}}
| lmz = Zånhae
| j = soeng6 hoi2
| y = Seuhnghói
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|oeng|6|-|h|oi|2}}
| poj = Siōng-hái
| buc = Siông-hāi
| h = Sông-hói
| showflag = pwuu
| tp = Shànghǎi
}} The two [[Chinese character]]s in the city's name are {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|上}} |labels=no}} ({{transliteration|zh|shàng}}/''zaon'', "upon") and {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|海}} |labels=no}} ({{transliteration|zh|hǎi}}/''hé'', "sea"), together meaning "On the Sea". The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th-century [[Song dynasty]], when there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. Others contend that the city is referenced in historical records dating back 2150 years, and that its ancient name, "Hu", suggests it was previously a fishing village. In 1280 it was renamed "Shanghai", which translates to "Above the Sea".<ref>{{cite book|last=Choy Chong |first=Li|year=1998|title=Business Environment and Opportunities in China: Shanghai and its Surrounding Region|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|page=4|isbn=978-3824404131}}</ref> How the name should be understood has been disputed, but Chinese historians concluded that during the [[Tang dynasty]], the area of modern-day Shanghai was under sea level, so the land appeared to be literally "on the sea".<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, pp.8-9">Danielson, Eric N., ''Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta'', 2004, pp. 8–9.</ref>
Shanghai is officially abbreviated {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|沪}} |labels=no}}{{efn|Traditional Chinese: {{lang|zh-hant|滬}}<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=zh:教育部重編國語辭典修訂本|url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=jhLPR1&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=1-1|access-date=29 September 2019|author=National Academy for Educational Research|work=dict.revised.moe.edu.tw|language=zh|author-link=National Academy for Educational Research|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093159/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=jhLPR1&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=1-1|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hù}}/''wu'') in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], a contraction of {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|沪渎}} |labels=no}}{{efn|Traditional Chinese: {{lang|zh-hant|滬瀆}}<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:滬瀆詞語解釋 / 滬瀆是什麽意思|url=http://www.chinesewords.org/dict/178009-179.html|access-date=29 September 2019|website=chinesewords.org |language=zh-Hant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929063643/http://www.chinesewords.org/dict/178009-179.html|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hù Dú}}/''wu-doq'', "[[Harpoon]] Ditch"), a 4th- or {{nowrap|5th-century}} [[Jin Dynasty (265–420)|Jin]] name for the mouth of [[Suzhou Creek]] when it was the main conduit into the ocean.<ref name="Shenhu Origin">{{cite web |title=Geography |script-title= |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133729/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023 |publisher=International Services Shanghai |language=English}}</ref> This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgs.gzjd.gov.cn/nsyycms/u/cms/www/201310/141301475hqv.pdf|script-title=zh:中华人民共和国机动车号牌|trans-title=License plate of motor vehicle of the People's Republic of China|date=28 September 2007|access-date=29 September 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China]]|language=zh-cn|page=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503024552/http://www.gzjd.gov.cn/nsyycms/u/cms/www/201310/141301475hqv.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Alternative names ===
{{lang-zh|c={{linktext|申}} |labels=no}} (''Shēn''/''sén'') or {{lang-zh|c={{linktext|申|城}} |labels=no}} (''Shēnchéng''/''sén-zen'', "Shen City") was an early name originating from [[Lord Chunshen]], a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the [[Chu (state)|state of Chu]], whose [[fief]] included modern Shanghai.<ref name="Shenhu Origin" /> {{lang-zh|s={{linktext|华|亭}} |labels=no}}{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=華亭}}|name=|group=}} (''Huátíng''/''gho-din'') was another early name for Shanghai. In AD 751 during the mid-Tang dynasty, Huating County was established by [[Zhao Juzhen]], the governor of [[Wu Commandery]], at modern-day Songjiang, the first [[County (China)|county-level administration]] within modern-day Shanghai.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=zh:华亭宾馆和零的突破|url =http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ygb/201309/t20130905_1517067.html|work=[[Xinmin Evening News]]|date =5 September 2013|access-date =12 January 2014|language=zh-cn|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130905221558/http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ygb/201309/t20130905_1517067.html|archive-date =5 September 2013}}</ref>
{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|魔|都}} |labels=no}} (''Módū''/''mó-tu'', "monster/fiend/magical city"),{{efn|The first Chinese character "魔" has three meanings according to The Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese: (1) Devil. (2) Metaphor for something that harms people or evil forces. (3) Magical; unpredictable.}} is a contemporary nickname for Shanghai.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Modu' Shanghai but why people call it 'Modu'?|url=https://shanghaifact.weebly.com/|website =shanghaifact.weebly.com |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002030902/https://shanghaifact.weebly.com/ |archive-date=2 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The name was first mentioned in Japanese novelist [[Shōfu Muramatsu]]'s 1924 novel ''Mato''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lippet|first=Seiji|year=2002|title=Topographies of Japanese Modernism|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=84|isbn=0231500688}}</ref> The city has various nicknames in English, including the "[[New York City|New York]] of China", in reference to its status as a cosmopolitan [[New York metropolitan area|megalopolis]] and [[financial hub]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm|title=Shanghai and New York—Similar, But Different|publisher=China.org|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131170537/http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the "Pearl of the Orient", and the "Paris of the East".<ref name="paris of the east">{{cite news |last=Moraski |first=Brittney |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |url=http://www.dailypress.net/page/content.detail/id/531416/Shanghai-brings-a-touch-of-home.html?nav=5097 |title=Shanghai brings a touch of home |newspaper=Daily Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204603/http://www.dailypress.net/page/content.detail/id/531416/Shanghai-brings-a-touch-of-home.html?nav=5097 |archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meetingsfocus.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/162/ArticleID/10276/Default.aspx |title=Shanghai: Pearl of the Orient |publisher=Meetingsfocus.com |date=7 April 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830214236/http://www.meetingsfocus.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/162/ArticleID/10276/Default.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Shanghai}}
{{For timeline}}
===Antiquity===
The western part of modern-day Shanghai was inhabited 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museum.shqp.gov.cn/gb/content/2009-03/03/content_238558.htm|title=The Shanghainese of 6000 Years Ago – the Majiabang Culture|publisher=Shanghai Qingpu Museum|access-date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104183445/http://museum.shqp.gov.cn/gb/content/2009-03/03/content_238558.htm|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (approximately 771 to 476 BC), it belonged to the [[Wu (state)|Kingdom of Wu]], which was conquered by the [[Yue (state)|Kingdom of Yue]], which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.<ref name="ancient">{{cite web |title=Ancient History |url = http://shanghai.cultural-china.com/html/History-of-Shanghai/History/Brief-History/200810/16-218.html |website=cultural-china.com |access-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616022620/http://shanghai.cultural-china.com/html/History-of-Shanghai/History/Brief-History/200810/16-218.html |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> During the [[Warring States period]] (475 BC), Shanghai was part of the fief of [[Lord Chunshen]] of Chu, one of the [[Four Lords of the Warring States]]. He ordered the excavation of the [[Huangpu River]]. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of "Shēn".<ref name="ancient" /> Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called the ''hù'', which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of the [[Old City of Shanghai|Old City]] and became a common nickname and [[Chinese abbreviations|abbreviation]] for the city.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:"申"、"沪"的由来 |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3768/u1aw12.html |website=shanghai.gov.cn |access-date=1 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001111540/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3768/u1aw12.html |archive-date=1 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Imperial era===
==== Tang, Song, Yuan dynasties ====
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town ({{lang|zh-Hans|青龙镇}}{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=青龍鎮}}|name=|group=}}) in modern [[Qingpu District]] was a major trading port. Established in 746 (the fifth year of the Tang [[Tianbao era]]), it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast", with thirteen temples and seven pagodas. [[Mi Fu]], a scholar and artist of the Song dynasty, served as its mayor. The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along the [[Yangtze]] and the Chinese coast, as well as with foreign countries such as Japan and [[Silla]].<ref name="kaogu">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |script-title=zh:上海青浦青龙镇遗址 |trans-title=Ruins of Qinglong Town in Qingpu, Shanghai |publisher=[[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221826/http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the [[Song dynasty]], the center of trading had moved downstream of the [[Wusong River]] to Shanghai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |script-title=zh:青龙镇考古：上海首个贸易港，为何人称"小杭州" |publisher=Thepaper.cn |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071123/http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the [[Yangzi Delta]], 2004, p.9.</ref> From the [[Yuan dynasty]] in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a [[municipality]] in 1927, central Shanghai was administered as a county under Songjiang Prefecture, which had its seat in the present-day [[Songjiang District]].<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9, pp.11–12, p.34.</ref>
==== Ming dynasty ====
[[File:Map of the Old City of Shanghai.jpg|thumb|Seventeenth century map of the Old City of Shanghai]]
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's developments in the [[Ming dynasty]]. A [[city wall]] was built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids by [[Wokou|Japanese pirates]]. It measured {{convert|10|m|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|5|km|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} in circumference.<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, p.10">Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.10.</ref> A [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]] was built in 1602 during the [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] reign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a mere county seat such as Shanghai. Scholars have theorized that this likely reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, p.10" />
==== Qing dynasty ====
During the [[Qing dynasty]], Shanghai became one of the most important seaports in the [[Yangtze Delta]] region as a result of two important central government policy changes: in 1684, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] reversed the Ming dynasty prohibition on oceangoing vessels—a ban that had been in force since 1525; and in 1732, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] moved the customs office for [[Jiangsu]] province ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|江|海|关}};{{Efn|{{lang-zh|t=江海關}}|name=|group=}} see [[Customs House, Shanghai]]) from the prefectural capital of [[Songjiang, Shanghai|Songjiang]] to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions, Shanghai became the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze region by 1735, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta, 2004, pp.10–11.</ref>
<gallery widths="155">
File:%E6%96%B9%E5%A1%942.JPG|[[Songjiang Square Pagoda]], built in the 11th century
File:Zhenrusi Dadian.JPG|The [[Mahavira Hall]] at [[Zhenru Temple (Shanghai)|Zhenru Temple]], built in 1320
File:Old City of Shanghai will walls and seafront.jpg|The walled [[Old City of Shanghai]] in the 17th century
</gallery>[[File:Shanghai 1884.jpg|thumb|right|A map of Shanghai in 1884; Chinese area are in yellow, French in red, British in blue, American in orange.|alt=]]
In the 19th century, international attention to Shanghai grew due to [[Europe]] and recognition of its economic and trade potential at the [[Yangtze]]. During the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842), British forces occupied the city.<ref>Rait, Robert S. (1903). ''[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407043230/https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up |date=7 April 2016}}''. Volume 1. p. 267–268</ref> The war ended in 1842 with the [[Treaty of Nanking]], which opened Shanghai as one of the five [[treaty ports]] for international trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began|title=The Opium war (or how Hong Kong began)|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 July 2011 |access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506094130/http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Treaty of the Bogue]], the [[Treaty of Wanghia]], and the [[Treaty of Whampoa]] (signed in 1843, 1844, and 1844, respectively) forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain, France, and the [[United States]] all established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai, which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.<ref name="SHChronicles">{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海通志 总述 |trans-title = General History of Shanghai – Overview |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |date = 1 July 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181125124109/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |archive-date = 25 November 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>
The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the [[Small Swords Society]] in 1853, but control of the city was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.<ref>Scarne, John. ''[https://archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich Twelve years in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728114957/http://www.archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich |date=28 July 2014}}.'' Edinburgh: Constable, 1860: 187–209.</ref> In 1854, the [[Shanghai Municipal Council]] was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862, the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]] [[Battle of Shanghai (1861)|twice attacked]] Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.<ref name="WellWilli">Williams, S. Wells. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002013393773 The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants]'', Vol. 1, p. 107. Scribner (New York), 1904.</ref> In 1863, the British settlement to the south of [[Suzhou Creek]] (northern [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]) and the American settlement to the north (southern [[Hongkou District]]) joined in order to form the [[Shanghai International Settlement]]. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained [[Shanghai French Concession|its own concession]] at the city's south and southwest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |title=Shanghai International Settlement |publisher=Flag of the World |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213116/https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Dismantlement of Old City walls.jpg|thumb|The dismantlement of Old City walls, 1912|alt=]]
The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] concluded with the 1895 [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]], which elevated Japan to become another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which was soon copied by other foreign powers. All this international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great [[Athens]] of China".<ref>Gordon Cumming, C. F. (Constance Frederica), "The inventor of the numeral-type for China by the use of which illiterate Chinese both blind and sighted can very quickly be taught to read and write fluently", London: Downey, 1899, [https://archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt archive.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729170142/http://www.archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt|date=29 July 2014}}</ref>
=== Republic era ===
The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was established in 1912. The same year, the Old City walls were dismantled as they blocked the city's expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=洪智勤 |title=上海市区最后的古城墙在哪里？这些青砖堆砌的故事讲给你听 |url=https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sh.cctv.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 1921, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] was founded in the [[Shanghai French Concession]].<ref name="SHChronicles" /> On 30 May 1925, the [[May Thirtieth Movement]] broke out when a worker in a Japanese-owned [[cotton mill]] was shot and killed by a Japanese foreman.<ref name="Ku">Ku, Hung-Ting [1979] (1979). Urban Mass Movement: The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Modern Asian Studies, Vol.13, No.2. pp.197–216</ref> Workers in the city then launched [[general strikes]] against [[imperialism]], which became nationwide protests that gave rise to [[Chinese nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1509|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32383-6|page=1509}}</ref>
The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated from [[Jiangsu]] on 7 July 1927.<ref name="SHChronicles" /><ref name="GovHistory">{{cite web |script-title=zh:第一卷 建置沿革 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date = 2 July 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2019 |language = zh-cn |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041944/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date = 25 October 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> This new Chinese municipality covered an area of {{convert|494.69|km2|1|sp=us|abbr=on}}, including the modern-day districts of [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan]], [[Yangpu District|Yangpu]], [[Zhabei]], [[Nanshi District, Shanghai|Nanshi]], and [[Pudong]], but excluded the foreign concessions territories.<ref name="GovHistory" /> Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city government's first task—the [[Greater Shanghai Plan]]—was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. The plan included a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall, which were partially constructed before being interrupted by the Japanese invasion.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p. 34.</ref> In the 1920s, ''[[shidaiqu]]'' became a new form of entertainment and was popularised in Shanghai.<ref>{{cite book |last=Liu |first=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXAyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Transforming Tradition |date=2013 |isbn=9780472132478 |edition=2nd Revised |page=225 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |via=Google Books |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813210929/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXAyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The city flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the [[Asia-Pacific]] region in the 1930s.<ref name="1930hub">{{cite web|url=http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf|title=Shanghai: Global financial center? Aspirations and reality, and implications for Hong Kong|author=Scott Tong|date=October 2009|work=Hong Kong Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624000600/http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2011|access-date=17 October 2011}}
</ref> During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work; those who stayed for long periods—some for generations—called themselves "[[Shanghailander]]s".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401164357/http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |title=Shanghai: Paradise for adventurers |date=1 April 2009 |type=Documentary |publisher=CBC - TV |archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 [[White Movement|White Russians]] fled the newly established [[Soviet Union]] to reside in Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |title =Shanghai's White Russians (1937) |publisher =SHANGHAI SOJOURNS |url =http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |date =21 August 2018 |access-date =2 October 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112736/http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |archive-date =24 March 2019 |url-status =live}}</ref> These [[Shanghai Russians]] constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |title=All About Shanghai. Chapter 4 – Population |website=Tales of Old Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520024207/https://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |archive-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> In the 1930s, some 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |title=Shanghai Sanctuary |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |archive-date=14 August 2009 |date=31 July 2008}}</ref>
<gallery widths="155">
File:1937 Shanghai, China VP8.webm|Shanghai, filmed in 1937
File:Shanghai Bund seen from the French Concession.jpg|[[The Bund]] in the late 1920s seen from the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]]
File:Shanghai tram, British section, 1920s, John Rossman's collection.jpg|[[Nanjing Road|Nanking Road]] (modern-day [[East Nanjing Road]]) in the 1930s
File:Shanghai Park Hotel 2007.jpg|alt=Shanghai Park Hotel was the tallest building in Asia for decades|[[Park Hotel Shanghai|Shanghai Park Hotel]] was the tallest building in Asia for decades.
File:Former Shanghai Library.jpg|Former [[Shanghai Library]]
File:The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House built in 1927.jpg|The [[HSBC Building, the Bund|HSBC Building]], built in 1923, and the [[Custom House, Shanghai|Customs House]], built-in 1927
</gallery>
==== Japanese invasion ====
{{Main|Battle of Shanghai}}
[[File:Shanghai1937city zhabei fire.jpg|thumb|[[Zhabei District]] on fire, 1937|alt=]]
On [[January 28 incident|28 January 1932]], Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai while the Chinese resisted. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings<ref>{{cite book |title=A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932 |author=Board of Directors of the Oriental Library |publisher=Mercury Press |date=1932| page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2024}}</ref> were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:图说上海一二八事变----战争罪行 |website = archives.sh.cn |url = http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204225310/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |archive-date = 4 February 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> In 1937, the [[Battle of Shanghai]] resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city suffered on a daily basis, experiencing hunger, oppression, or death.<ref>Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI</ref> The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945; multiple [[Japanese war crimes|war crimes]] were committed during that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |title=149 comfort women houses discovered in Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080455/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=16 June 2005}}</ref>
A side-effect of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai was the [[Shanghai Ghetto]]. A vice-consul for Japan in Lithuania, [[Chiune Sugihara]], issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees who were escaping the [[Holocaust]]. They traveled from [[Keidan]], Lithuania and across Russia by railroad to [[Vladivostok]] from where they traveled by ship to [[Kobe]], Japan. Their stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees found haven in Shanghai on ships from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District and after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was the [[Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)|Mirrer Yeshiva]], including its students and faculty. On 3 September 1945, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |title=Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past |last=Griffiths |first=James |work=The Atlantic |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014031/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== People's Republic era ===
On 27 May 1949, the [[People's Liberation Army]] took control of Shanghai through the [[Shanghai Campaign]]. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others being [[Beijing]] and [[Tianjin]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-monde2.htm |title=Changhai est tombé sans combat |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928152915/https://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-monde2.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |work=Le Monde |date=27 May 1949}}</ref> Most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to [[Hong Kong]], as part of a foreign [[divestment]] due to the PRC's victory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Thompson |year=1979 |title=China's Nationalization of Foreign Firms: The Politics of Hostage Capitalism, 1949–1957 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56353790.pdf |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |page=16 |isbn=0-942182-26-X |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223100622/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56353790.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:1967-12 1967年 上海市南京路夜景.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Nanjing Road]], 1967, during the [[Cultural Revolution]]]]After the war, Shanghai's economy was restored—from 1949 to 1952, the city's agricultural and industrial output increased by 51.5% and 94.2%, respectively.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers, Shanghai became a center for radical [[Left-wing politics|leftism]] during the 1950s and 1960s. The radical leftist [[Jiang Qing]] and her three allies, together the [[Gang of Four]], were based in the city.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b3MX4eQrl50C&pg=PA66 ''Shanghai: transformation and modernization under China's open policy''. By Yue-man Yeung, Sung Yun-wing, page 66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214639/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3MX4eQrl50C&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=7 September 2024}}, Chinese University Press, 1996</ref> During the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–1976), Shanghai's society was severely damaged. The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of the [[People's Bank of China]] were [[Red Guards]] and they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch.<ref name="Liu-2023">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}} The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai, investigated bank withdrawals, and disrupted regular bank service in the city.<ref name="Liu-2023" />{{Rp|page=38}}The Shanghai People's Commune was established in the city during the [[January Storm]] of 1967. Despite the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai maintained economic production with a positive annual growth rate.<ref name="SHChronicles" />
During the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] campaign to develop basic industry and heavy industry in China's hinterlands in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or the United States, 354,900 Shanghainese were sent to work on Third Front projects.<ref name="Xu-2022">{{Cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Youwei |title=Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964–1988 |last2=Wang |first2=Y. Yvon |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |year=2022 |isbn=9783030996871}}</ref>{{Rp|page=xvi}} The centrepiece of Shanghai's Small Third Front project was the "rear base" in Anhui rear base which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry.<ref name="Xu-2022" />{{Rp|page=xvi}}
In 1990, [[Deng Xiaoping]] permitted Shanghai to initiate economic reforms, which reintroduced foreign capital to the city and developed the Pudong district, resulting in the birth of [[Lujiazui]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/17/c_1123438650.htm|script-title=zh:浦东，改革开放尽显"上海风度"|work=[[Xinhua News]]|date=17 September 2018|access-date=29 September 2019|language=zh-cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929114521/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/17/c_1123438650.htm|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> That year, the China's central government designated Shanghai as the "Dragon Head" of [[Chinese economic reform|economic reform]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hou |first=Li |title=Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State |date=2021 |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]] |isbn=978-0-674-26022-1 |edition= |series=[[Harvard-Yenching Institute]] monograph series |___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=xviii}}</ref> In terms of international connectedness, as of 2024, Shanghai was one of eight cities worldwide that was classified as an "Alpha+" city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cities 2024 |url=https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=GaWC |language=en-US}}</ref>
In early 2022, Shanghai experienced a large outbreak of [[COVID-19]] cases. After localized lockdowns failed to stem the rise in cases, the [[2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak|Chinese government locked down]] the entire city on 5 April. This resulted in widespread food shortages across the city emerged as food-supply chains were severely disrupted by the government's lockdown measures, which were not lifted until 1 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-in-lockdown-struggles-to-feed-itself-11649353336|title=Shanghai, in Lockdown, Struggles to Feed Itself|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=7 April 2022|access-date=3 September 2022|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120154/https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-in-lockdown-struggles-to-feed-itself-11649353336|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Shanghai}}
[[File:Sprawling Shanghai 2016-07-20.jpg|thumb|left|The urban area of Shanghai in 2016, along with [[islands of Shanghai|its major islands]]. From northwest to southeast: [[Chongming Island|Chongming]], [[Changxing Island (Shanghai)|Changxing]], [[Hengsha Island|Hengsha]], and the [[Jiuduansha]] shoals off Pudong. The Yangtze's natural [[Sediment transport|sediment discharge]] can be seen.]]
Shanghai is located on the Yangtze [[Estuary]] of China's east coast, with the Yangtze River to the north and [[Hangzhou Bay]] to the south, with the [[East China Sea]] to the east. The land is formed by the Yangtze's natural [[deposition (geology)|deposition]] and modern [[land reclamation]] projects. As such, it has [[Loam|sandy soil]], and skyscrapers have to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir">{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海通志 第二卷 自然环境 |trans-title = General History of Shanghai – Volume 2. Natural environment |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4563&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date = 4 July 2008 |access-date = 5 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041948/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4563&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date = 25 October 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> The provincial-level [[Municipality of Shanghai]] administers both the estuary and many of its [[islands of Shanghai|surrounding islands]]. It borders the provinces of [[Zhejiang]] to the south and [[Jiangsu]] to the west and north.<ref name="___location">
{{cite web |title=Geography |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133729/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=english.shanghai.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal People's Government}}
</ref> The municipality's northernmost point is on [[Chongming Island]], which is the second-largest [[List of islands of China|island in mainland China]] after its expansion during the 20th century.<ref>[http://zhuanti.shanghai.gov.cn/encyclopedia/en/Default2.aspx#52 "Chongming Island" in the ''Encyclopedia of Shanghai'', p. 52.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302131933/http://zhuanti.shanghai.gov.cn/encyclopedia/en/Default2.aspx |date=2 March 2013}} Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Shanghai), 2010. Hosted by the Municipality of Shanghai.</ref>
Shanghai is located on an [[alluvial plain]]. As such, the vast majority of its {{convert|6340.5|km2|abbr=on}} land area is flat, with an average elevation of {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="topo">{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:地域 (in Chinese). |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092811/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1%2A |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=Government of Shanghai}}
</ref> Tidal flat ecosystems exist around the estuary, however, they have long been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1890/130260 |bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/130260 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215055309/https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/130260 |url-status=dead | issn = 1540-9295}}</ref> The city's few hills, such as [[Sheshan Hill|She Shan]], lie to the southwest, and its highest point is the peak of [[Dajinshan Island]] ({{convert|103|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in Hangzhou Bay.<ref name="topo" /> Shanghai has many rivers, canals, streams, and lakes, and it is known for its rich water resources as part of the [[Lake Tai]] [[drainage basin]].<ref name="waterresources">
{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36486.html|title=Water Resources|work=Basic Facts|publisher=Shanghai Municipal People's Government|access-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003033713/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36486.html|archive-date=3 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{climate chart
| Shanghai
|3|9|72
|4|11|65
|8|15|97
|13|21|84
|18|26|91
|22|29|225
|26|33|163
|26|33|226
|23|29|132
|17|24|70
|11|18|61
|5|11|50
|float=right
|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/global-summary-of-the-month/ The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)]
}}
Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River, a man-made [[tributary]] of the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period.<ref name="ancient" /> The historic center of the city was located on the west bank of the Huangpu ([[Puxi]]), near the mouth of Suzhou Creek, connecting it with Lake Tai and the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]]. The central financial district, Lujiazui, has been established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). Along Shanghai's eastern shore, the destruction of local [[wetlands]] due to the construction of [[Pudong International Airport]] has been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal, [[Jiuduansha]], as a nature preserve.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm "Fourth Island Wetland Emerging", pp. 1–2.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042546/http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm |date=24 September 2015}} ''[[Shanghai Daily]]''. 8 December 2009. Hosted at China.org.</ref>
===Climate===
Shanghai has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), with an average annual temperature of {{convert|17.5|°C}} for downtown areas and {{convert|16.2–17.2|°C}} for suburbs.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir" /> The city experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds from [[Siberia]] can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. Each year, there are an average of 4.7 days with snowfall and 1.6 days with snow cover.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir" /> Summers are hot and humid, and occasional downpours or [[thunderstorms]] can be expected. On average, 14.5 days exceed {{convert|35|°C}} annually. In summer and the beginning of autumn, the city is susceptible to [[typhoon]]s.<ref name="wiphatelegraph">
{{cite news|title = 1.6m flee Shanghai typhoon|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtyphoon119.xml|work = The Daily Telegraph|___location = UK|date = 19 September 2008|access-date = 20 March 2008|first = Richard|last = Spencer|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183032/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fwtyphoon119.xml|archive-date = 13 October 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref>
The most pleasant seasons are generally spring, although changeable and often rainy, and autumn, which is usually sunny and dry. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in June to 46% in August, the city receives 1,754 hours of bright sunshine annually. (All the mean values mentioned in this paragraph are data observed in Baoshan District） According to China's seasonal division standard, from 2001 to 2025, Shanghai enters spring on 9 March, summer on 15 May, autumn on 5 October, and winter on 4 December. The average temperature for the three weeks from 19 July to 8 August is above {{convert|30|°C|1}}. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−10.1|°C|1}} on 31 January 1977 (unofficial record of {{convert|−12.1|°C|1}} was set on 19 January 1893) to {{convert|40.9|°C|1}} on 21 July 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hottest day ever in Shanghai as heat wave bakes China |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-07-hottest-day-shanghai-china.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902055903/https://phys.org/news/2017-07-hottest-day-shanghai-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and 13 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temperature in Shanghai hits record high - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/0714/c90000-10122935.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=en.people.cn |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902061414/http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/0714/c90000-10122935.html |url-status=live}}</ref> at a [[weather station]] in [[Xujiahui]]. It also has {{convert|32.2|°C|1}} as the highest ever daily minimum temperature at Xujiahui on 10 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |url=https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.mherrera.org |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115040834/https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sina Visitor System |url=https://passport.weibo.com/visitor/visitor?entry=miniblog&a=enter&url=https%3A%2F%2Fweibo.com%2F1920136013%2FPF8eEFftp&___domain=weibo.com&ua=Mozilla%2F5.0%20%28Macintosh%3B%20Intel%20Mac%20OS%20X%2010_15_7%29%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20%28KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko%29%20Chrome%2F110.0.0.0%20Safari%2F537.36%20Citoid%2FWMF%20%28mailto%3Anoc%40wikimedia.org%29&_rand=1754822507687&sudaref= |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=passport.weibo.com}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| ___location = Shanghai ([[Xujiahui]]), elevation {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan record high C = 21.6
| Feb record high C = 27.0
| Mar record high C = 31.1
| Apr record high C = 33.9
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 38.5
| Jul record high C = 40.9
| Aug record high C = 40.8
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 36.0
| Nov record high C = 28.5
| Dec record high C = 23.4
| Jan record low C = -10.1
| Feb record low C = -7.9
| Mar record low C = -5.4
| Apr record low C = -0.5
| May record low C = 6.9
| Jun record low C = 12.3
| Jul record low C = 16.3
| Aug record low C = 18.8
| Sep record low C = 10.8
| Oct record low C = 1.7
| Nov record low C = -4.2
| Dec record low C = -8.5
| Jan high C = 8.7
| Feb high C = 10.7
| Mar high C = 14.9
| Apr high C = 20.9
| May high C = 25.8
| Jun high C = 28.6
| Jul high C = 33.2
| Aug high C = 32.6
| Sep high C = 28.7
| Oct high C = 23.5
| Nov high C = 17.8
| Dec high C = 11.3
| Jan mean C = 5.4
| Feb mean C = 7.0
| Mar mean C = 10.7
| Apr mean C = 16.1
| May mean C = 21.3
| Jun mean C = 24.7
| Jul mean C = 29.1
| Aug mean C = 28.8
| Sep mean C = 25.1
| Oct mean C = 19.9
| Nov mean C = 14.3
| Dec mean C = 7.9
| Jan low C = 2.9
| Feb low C = 4.1
| Mar low C = 7.6
| Apr low C = 12.6
| May low C = 17.9
| Jun low C = 22.0
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 26.2
| Sep low C = 22.5
| Oct low C = 17.1
| Nov low C = 11.4
| Dec low C = 5.3
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 72.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 65.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 97.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 84.2
| May precipitation mm = 91.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 224.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 163.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 225.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 131.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 69.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 61.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 50.4
| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 71
| Mar humidity = 70
| Apr humidity = 69
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 79
| Jul humidity = 76
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 70
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 69
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.6
| Feb precipitation days = 10.4
| Mar precipitation days = 12.7
| Apr precipitation days = 11.3
| May precipitation days = 11.2
| Jun precipitation days = 14.3
| Jul precipitation days = 12.2
| Aug precipitation days = 12.7
| Sep precipitation days = 10.1
| Oct precipitation days = 7.5
| Nov precipitation days = 9.2
| Dec precipitation days = 8.5
| year precipitation days = 130.7
| Jan sun = 114.3
| Feb sun = 119.9
| Mar sun = 128.5
| Apr sun = 148.5
| May sun = 169.8
| Jun sun = 130.9
| Jul sun = 190.8
| Aug sun = 185.7
| Sep sun = 167.5
| Oct sun = 161.4
| Nov sun = 131.1
| Dec sun = 127.4
| year sun = 1775.8
| Jan snow days = 2.1
| Feb snow days = 1.8
| Mar snow days = 0.5
| Apr snow days = 0.0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.9
| year snow days = 5.4
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="experience.arcgis.com">{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 October 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref><ref name = CMA2 >
{{cite web|url = http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title = 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集|publisher = [[China Meteorological Administration]]
|language = Chinese| accessdate = 2014-06-11}}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera>{{cite web|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World|access-date= 2024-09-22}}</ref>
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| ___location = [[Minhang, Shanghai|Minhang District]], elevation {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C = 24.0
| Feb record high C = 27.2
| Mar record high C = 31.5
| Apr record high C = 33.3
| May record high C = 37.5
| Jun record high C = 37.9
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 40.9
| Sep record high C = 37.4
| Oct record high C = 35.4
| Nov record high C = 29.7
| Dec record high C = 23.9
| Jan record low C = -11.0
| Feb record low C = -8.5
| Mar record low C = -5.2
| Apr record low C = -0.6
| May record low C = 6.0
| Jun record low C = 12.4
| Jul record low C = 16.6
| Aug record low C = 18.5
| Sep record low C = 10.3
| Oct record low C = 2.3
| Nov record low C = -4.7
| Dec record low C = -8.8
| Jan high C = 8.7
| Feb high C = 10.7
| Mar high C = 14.8
| Apr high C = 20.6
| May high C = 25.5
| Jun high C = 28.3
| Jul high C = 32.8
| Aug high C = 32.3
| Sep high C = 28.5
| Oct high C = 23.6
| Nov high C = 17.9
| Dec high C = 11.5
| Jan mean C = 4.9
| Feb mean C = 6.6
| Mar mean C = 10.4
| Apr mean C = 15.8
| May mean C = 20.9
| Jun mean C = 24.4
| Jul mean C = 28.8
| Aug mean C = 28.5
| Sep mean C = 24.7
| Oct mean C = 19.5
| Nov mean C = 13.7
| Dec mean C = 7.3
| Jan low C = 1.9
| Feb low C = 3.3
| Mar low C = 6.8
| Apr low C = 11.9
| May low C = 17.2
| Jun low C = 21.5
| Jul low C = 25.8
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 21.6
| Oct low C = 15.9
| Nov low C = 10.1
| Dec low C = 3.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 70.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 65.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 95.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 82.5
| May precipitation mm = 93.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 207.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 148.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 187.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 118.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 68.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 59.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 50.3
| Jan humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 71
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 72
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.9
| Feb precipitation days = 10.2
| Mar precipitation days = 12.9
| Apr precipitation days = 11.3
| May precipitation days = 11.2
| Jun precipitation days = 14.5
| Jul precipitation days = 11.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.4
| Sep precipitation days = 9.8
| Oct precipitation days = 7.4
| Nov precipitation days = 9.1
| Dec precipitation days = 8.3
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 114.8
| Feb sun = 117.9
| Mar sun = 143.8
| Apr sun = 168.1
| May sun = 176.8
| Jun sun = 131.2
| Jul sun = 209.4
| Aug sun = 202.3
| Sep sun = 163.7
| Oct sun = 162.1
| Nov sun = 131.1
| Dec sun = 129.7
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 36
| Feb percentsun = 37
| Mar percentsun = 39
| Apr percentsun = 43
| May percentsun = 41
| Jun percentsun = 31
| Jul percentsun = 49
| Aug percentsun = 50
| Sep percentsun = 45
| Oct percentsun = 46
| Nov percentsun = 42
| Dec percentsun = 41
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 1.8
| Feb snow days = 1.4
| Mar snow days = 0.4
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.7
| year snow days =
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =26 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
| source =
}}
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| ___location = [[Baoshan, Shanghai|Baoshan District]], elevation {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan record high C = 23.0
| Feb record high C = 27.0
| Mar record high C = 33.1
| Apr record high C = 34.3
| May record high C = 36.4
| Jun record high C = 37.5
| Jul record high C = 39.7
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 36.7
| Nov record high C = 29.2
| Dec record high C = 24.4
| Jan record low C = -10.1
| Feb record low C = -7.9
| Mar record low C = -5.4
| Apr record low C = -0.5
| May record low C = 6.9
| Jun record low C = 12.3
| Jul record low C = 16.3
| Aug record low C = 18.3
| Sep record low C = 10.8
| Oct record low C = 1.7
| Nov record low C = -4.2
| Dec record low C = -8.5
| Jan high C = 8.2
| Feb high C = 10.1
| Mar high C = 14.3
| Apr high C = 20.1
| May high C = 25.1
| Jun high C = 27.8
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 27.9
| Oct high C = 22.9
| Nov high C = 17.5
| Dec high C = 11.0
| Jan mean C = 4.9
| Feb mean C = 6.5
| Mar mean C = 10.3
| Apr mean C = 15.7
| May mean C = 20.9
| Jun mean C = 24.4
| Jul mean C = 28.8
| Aug mean C = 28.5
| Sep mean C = 24.7
| Oct mean C = 19.7
| Nov mean C = 13.9
| Dec mean C = 7.5
| Jan low C = 2.2
| Feb low C = 3.6
| Mar low C = 6.9
| Apr low C = 12.0
| May low C = 17.5
| Jun low C = 21.7
| Jul low C = 25.9
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 22.2
| Oct low C = 16.7
| Nov low C = 10.7
| Dec low C = 4.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 69.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 64.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 86.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 77.1
| May precipitation mm = 90.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 196.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 146.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 210.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 116.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 71.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 57.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 49.3
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 73
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 79
| Jul humidity = 76
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 71
| Nov humidity = 72
| Dec humidity = 71
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.0
| Feb precipitation days = 9.7
| Mar precipitation days = 12.2
| Apr precipitation days = 10.6
| May precipitation days = 10.8
| Jun precipitation days = 13.7
| Jul precipitation days = 11.9
| Aug precipitation days = 12.5
| Sep precipitation days = 9.9
| Oct precipitation days = 7.0
| Nov precipitation days = 8.6
| Dec precipitation days = 8.1
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 110.4
| Feb sun = 115.4
| Mar sun = 136.6
| Apr sun = 157.0
| May sun = 169.7
| Jun sun = 120.7
| Jul sun = 184.7
| Aug sun = 186.5
| Sep sun = 161.2
| Oct sun = 157.6
| Nov sun = 127.1
| Dec sun = 127.1
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 34
| Feb percentsun = 37
| Mar percentsun = 37
| Apr percentsun = 40
| May percentsun = 40
| Jun percentsun = 28
| Jul percentsun = 43
| Aug percentsun = 46
| Sep percentsun = 44
| Oct percentsun = 45
| Nov percentsun = 40
| Dec percentsun = 41
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 1.9
| Feb snow days = 1.4
| Mar snow days = 0.4
| Apr snow days = 0.1
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.7
| year snow days =
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical" /><ref name="experience.arcgis.com"/>
}}
==Cityscape==
<gallery mode="packed">
20045-Shanghai-Pano.jpg|View of [[Lujiazui]] from The Bund during the day
Shanghai (41106376245).jpg|View of Pudong from [[Hongkou, Shanghai|Hongkou District]]
Pudong Shanghai November 2017 HDR panorama.jpg|Night view of [[Lujiazui]] in [[Pudong]]
</gallery>
[[The Bund]], located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[HSBC Building, Shanghai|HSBC Building]] to the [[Art Deco]] Sassoon House (now part of the [[Peace Hotel]]). Many areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved, the most notable being the French Concession.<ref name="art deco">{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |title=An art deco journey through Shanghai's belle époque |last1=Loh |first1=Juliana |date=16 February 2016 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007082034/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai is also home to many architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings, including the [[Shanghai Museum]], the [[Shanghai Grand Theatre]], the [[Oriental Art Center]], and the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]]. Despite rampant redevelopment, the Old City still retains some traditional architecture and designs, such as the [[Yu Garden]], an elaborate [[Jiangnan]] style garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |title=Shanghai Architectural History |website=shanghaiguide.org |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023003942/http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
As a result of its construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai has among the most Art Deco buildings in the world.<ref name="art deco" /> One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai was [[László Hudec]], a [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian-Slovak]] who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |title=The man who changed Shanghai |at=Who is L.E.Hudec |last1=Kabos |first1=Ladislav |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504041550/http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> His most notable Art Deco buildings include the [[Park Hotel Shanghai|Park Hotel]], the [[Grand Cinema (Shanghai)|Grand Cinema]], and the [[Paramount (Shanghai)|Paramount]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |script-title=zh:一个外国建筑设计师的上海传奇----邬达克和他设计的经典老房子 |publisher=Shanghai Archives Bureau |last=Jin |first=Zhihao |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=7 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007120214/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other prominent architects who contributed to the Art Deco style are [[P&T Group|Clement Palmer and Arthur Turner]], who together designed the Peace Hotel, the [[Metropole Hotel (Shanghai)|Metropole Hotel]], and the [[Broadway Mansions]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |title=FAIRMONT PEACE HOTEL – A HISTORY |work=[[Accor]] |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115202/https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Austrian architect [[C. H. Gonda|C.H. Gonda]], who designed the [[Capitol Theater (Shanghai)|Capitol Theatre]]. The Bund has been revitalized several times. The first was in 1986, with a new [[Esplanade|promenade]] by the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/|title=Strolling Shanghai's Bund (Part 2)|work=EVERETT POTTER'S TRAVEL REPORT|date=13 August 2018|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The second was before the [[Expo 2010|2010 Expo]], which includes restoration of the century-old [[Waibaidu Bridge]] and reconfiguration of traffic flow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534|title=Bigger and better: The Shanghai Bund is back – CNN Travel|website=cnngo.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093739/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534|archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref>
[[File:The Bund 1.jpg|left|thumb|[[The Bund]]]]
One distinctive cultural element is the [[shikumen]] ({{lang|zh|石库门}}, "stone storage door") residence, typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.<ref name="radical quaintness">{{cite magazine|last= Goldberger|first= Paul|url= http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline|title= Shanghai Surprise: The radical quaintness of the Xintiandi district.|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]|date= 26 December 2005|access-date= 7 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000836/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline|archive-date= 2 November 2012|url-status= live}}</ref> Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as [[longtang]]{{efn|[[Shanghainese]] romanization: longdhang; {{IPA|wuu|lòŋdɑ̃́|pronunciation:}}<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Qian | first1 = Nairong | year = 2007 |script-title=zh:上海话大词典 | publisher =[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |author-link1=Qian Nairong | isbn = 9787532622481}}</ref>}} ({{lang|zh|弄堂}}). The house is similar to western-style [[terrace house]]s or [[townhouse]]s, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall and archway in front of each house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/shikumen.htm|title=Shikumen Residence|website=travelchinaguide.com|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/shikumen.htm|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Jiangnan Chinese architecture and social behavior.<ref name="radical quaintness" /> Like almost all traditional Chinese dwellings, it has a [[courtyard]], which reduces outside noise. Vegetation can be grown in the courtyard, and it can also allow for sunlight and ventilation in the rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pinglun.eastday.com/p/20100118/u1a4959441.html|script-title=zh:文汇报:从石库门走入上海城市文化|newspaper=[[Wenhui Bao]]|last=Mo|first=Yan|date=18 January 2010|access-date=7 October 2019|language=zh-cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727215836/http://pinglun.eastday.com/p/20100118/u1a4959441.html|archive-date=27 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Tower pudong shanghai jinmao tower and swfc.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Shanghai World Financial Center]] (left) and [[Jin Mao Tower]] (right)]]
Some of Shanghai's buildings feature [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] neoclassical architecture or [[Stalinist architecture]], though the city has fewer such structures than Beijing. These buildings were mostly erected between the founding of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic]] in 1949 and the [[Sino-Soviet Split]] in the late 1960s. During this time period, large numbers of Soviet experts, including architects, poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the modern-day [[Shanghai Exhibition Center]].<ref name="Lonely Planet - undated - Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Center">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre|title=Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Centre|work=[[Lonely Planet]]|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113175246/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shanghai—Lujiazui in particular—has [[List of skyscrapers in Shanghai|numerous skyscrapers]], making it the fifth [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|city in the world with the most skyscrapers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150|title=Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings – The Skyscraper Center|website=Skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202102726/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the most prominent examples are the {{convert|421|m|abbr=on}} high [[Jin Mao Tower]], the {{convert|492|m|abbr=on}} high [[Shanghai World Financial Center]], and the {{convert|632|m|abbr=on}} high [[Shanghai Tower]], which is the tallest building in China and the [[List of tallest buildings|third tallest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710|title=Shanghai Tower: Asia's new tallest skyscraper presents a future vision of 'vertical cities'|author=Alfred Joyner|work=International Business Times UK|date=24 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140923/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Completed in 2015, the tower takes the form of nine twisted sections stacked atop each other, totaling 128 floors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shanghai Tower News Release|url=http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/pr_081128_Shanghai_Tower_11_24_2008.pdf|publisher=Gensler|date=28 November 2008|access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315053529/http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/pr_081128_Shanghai_Tower_11_24_2008.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is featured in its [[double-skin facade]] design, which eliminates the need for either layer to be opaqued for reflectivity as the double-layer structure has already reduced the heat absorption.<ref name="matternetwork">{{cite web|url=http://www.matternetwork.com/2010/3/shanghai-tower-beginnings-green-revolution.cfm|date=25 March 2010|author=CleanTechies|title=The Shanghai Tower: The Beginnings of a Green Revolution in China|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703152505/http://www.matternetwork.com/2010/3/shanghai-tower-beginnings-green-revolution.cfm|archive-date=3 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The futuristic-looking Oriental Pearl Tower, at {{convert|468|m|abbr=on}}, is located nearby at the northern tip of Lujiazui.<ref>{{skyscraperpage|25}}</ref>
<gallery widths="155">
File:·˙·ChinaUli2010·.· Shanghai - panoramio (231).jpg|The [[Shanghai Museum]]
File:Shanghaigrandtheatre.jpg|The [[Shanghai Grand Theater]]
File:The Sino-Soviet Friendship Mansion.JPG|The [[Shanghai Exhibition Center]], an example of [[Stalinist architecture]]
File:The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower at night.jpg|The [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] at night
File:Shanghai - Shanghai Tower - 0003.jpg|[[Shanghai Tower]]
</gallery>
==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Shanghai|Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Shanghai Municipal People's Government}}
===Structure===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|+ Current leaders of the Shanghai Municipal Government
|-
!
! style="width:25%" |[[File:Danghui.svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg|25px]]
! style="width:25%" |[[File:Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo.svg|25px]]
|-
! Title
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Party Secretary of Shanghai|CCP Committee Secretary]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Shanghai Municipal People's Congress|SMPC]] Chairwoman'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Shanghai [[CPPCC]] Chairman'''
|-
! Name
| [[Chen Jining]]
| [[Huang Lixin]]
| [[Gong Zheng]]
| [[Hu Wenrong]]
|-
! [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|Ancestral home]]
| [[Lishu County|Lishu]], [[Jilin]]|| [[Suqian]], [[Jiangsu]]|| [[Suzhou, Jiangsu]] || [[Putian]], [[Fujian]]
|-
! Born
| {{Birth year and age|1964|02}}|| {{Birth year and age|1962|08}}|| {{Birth year and age|1960|03}} || {{Birth year and age|1964|07}}
|
! Assumed office
| October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=CPC reshuffles Shanghai Party chief-Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/20221028/cd72233d5f004d17896195dd8c0a7d4d/c.html |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028025233/https://english.news.cn/20221028/cd72233d5f004d17896195dd8c0a7d4d/c.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| January 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= |script-title=zh:黄莉新当选上海市人大常委会主任 |trans-title=Huang Lixin was elected chairwoman of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee |url=http://www.news.cn/politics/20240124/fd33d8cccb1c44e894d6c0525db66603/c.html%BB%E3%80%82 |access-date=26 February 2024 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh-cn}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| March 2020<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/story20200324-1039566|script-title=zh:龚正正式出任上海代市长|publisher=[[Lianhe Zaobao]]|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020|language=zh-cn|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324072716/https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/story20200324-1039566|url-status=live}}</ref>
| January 2023<ref name="Dong Yunhu">{{cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title= |script-title=zh:胡文容当选上海市政协主席 |trans-title=Hu Wenrong has been elected chairman of Shanghai CPPCC |url=http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-01/14/c_1129284688.htm |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=zh-CN |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114182654/http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-01/14/c_1129284688.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
[[File:Shanghai Government Building.jpg|thumb|Shanghai Municipal Government building]]
Like all [[Politics of China|governing institutions in mainland China]], Shanghai has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf|title=Understanding China's Political System|last1=Lawrence|first1=Susan|last2=Martin|first2=Michael|date=20 March 2013|website=Federation of American Scientists|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2012|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> in which the [[Party Secretary of Shanghai|CCP Committee Secretary]], officially termed the [[Chinese Communist Party]] Shanghai Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|Mayor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？|trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have?|date=23 January 2007|script-work=zh:人民论坛|publisher=[[People's Daily]] Press|language=zh-cn|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP committee]] acts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary), and has control over the [[Shanghai Municipal People's Government]].<ref>{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:中国共产党上海市委员会 |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425132615/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=shtong.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市委常委名单+简历|publisher=经济日报-中国经济网|date=4 September 2019|access-date=14 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501050811/http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Political power in Shanghai has frequently been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since [[Jiang Zemin]] became the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] in June 1989, all former Shanghai party secretaries but one were elevated to the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]], the ''de facto'' highest decision-making body in China,<ref name="PoliticalSystem" /> including Jiang himself (Party General Secretary),<ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: Jiang Zemin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1832448.stm |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=13 September 2011 |date=19 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119135557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1832448.stm |archive-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zhu Rongji]] (Premier),<ref>{{cite news |title=The Former Premier Who Ended China's 'Splendid Isolation' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/world/the-former-premier-who-ended-china-s-splendid-isolation.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 March 2003 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Joseph |last=Kahn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126122757/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/world/the-former-premier-who-ended-china-s-splendid-isolation.html |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wu Bangguo]] (NPC Chairman),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Wu Bangguo |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/20 |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122041621/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/20 |archive-date=22 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Huang Ju]] (Vice Premier),<ref>{{cite news |title=Huang Ju, Powerful Chinese Official, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/world/asia/02huang.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 2007 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Jim |last=Yardley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717152632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/world/asia/02huang.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Xi Jinping]] (current General Secretary),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Xi Jinping |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Xi_Jinping |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020753/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Xi_Jinping |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yu Zhengsheng]] (CPPCC Chairman),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Yu Zhengsheng |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Yu_Zhengsheng |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020754/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Yu_Zhengsheng |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Han Zheng]] (Vice Premier and Vice President),<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Han Zheng |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Han_Zheng |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020755/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Han_Zheng |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Li Qiang]] (Premier). [[Zeng Qinghong]], a former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Graft Inquiry, Chinese See a Shake-Up Coming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/world/asia/04corrupt.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Joseph |last=Kahn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218084726/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/world/asia/04corrupt.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Li Xi (politician)|Li Xi]], another former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, has become the Politburo Standing Committee and Secretary of [[Central Commission for Discipline Inspection|CCDI]] member in 2022. The only exception is [[Chen Liangyu]], who was fired in 2006 and later convicted of [[Corruption in China|corruption]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Former Shanghai Party chief gets 18-year term for bribery |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/11/content_7959627.htm |work = [[Xinhua News]] |date = 11 April 2008 |access-date = 13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091206061210/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/11/content_7959627.htm |archive-date = 6 December 2009}}</ref>
Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the [[Shanghai Clique]], which has often been viewed as competing against the rival [[Youth League Faction]] over personnel appointments and policy decisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Factions Help Drive Modern China History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Ted |last=Plafker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012200255/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Xi Jinping, successor to [[Hu Jintao]] as General Secretary and [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]], was largely an independent leader and took [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|anti-corruption campaigns]] on both factions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Xi Jinping has no need of factions in the Communist Party |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/1999155/why-xi-jinping-has-no-need-factions-communist-party |newspaper=This Week in Asia |last=Wang |first=Xiangwei |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020753/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/1999155/why-xi-jinping-has-no-need-factions-communist-party |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|List of administrative divisions of Shanghai|List of township-level divisions of Shanghai}}
Shanghai is one of the four [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|municipalities]] under the direct administration of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|Central People's Government]],<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2009 |script-title=zh:中国的行政区划——省级行政单位 |trans-title=Administrative divisions in China – Provincial-level administrative divisions |url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-04/17/content_1288035.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715231343/http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-04/17/content_1288035.htm |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=31 August 2019 |publisher=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> and is divided into 16 [[District of China|districts]]. These are further divided to 108 [[Subdistrict (China)|subdistricts]], 106 [[Town (China)|towns]] and 2 [[Township (China)|townships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=上海市行政区划情况统计表（截至2024年7月31日） |url=https://mzj.sh.gov.cn/MZ_zhuzhan34_0-2-6/20200519/MZ_zhuzhan34_43817.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau}}</ref>
At the time of the founding of the [[Shanghai Municipal People's Government]] in 1949, the land area governed was {{Convert|663.5|km2|sqmi}}, largely located within the present-day [[Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway|Outer Ring Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Chang |first=Qing |year=2009 |title=旧改中的上海建筑及其都市历史语境 |journal=Architectural Journal |language=zh |issue=10 |pages=23–28}}</ref> In 1958, ten [[Counties of China|counties]] were reassigned under Shanghai from [[Jiangsu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=JFDaily |date=2011-01-07 |title=江苏10县是怎样并入上海的 |trans-title=How did 10 counties in Jiangsu become part of Shanghai? |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqpl/zggc/2011-01-07/content_1532243_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191417/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqpl/zggc/2011-01-07/content_1532243_2.html |archive-date=2017-09-12 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=China Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1958-12-06 |title=國務院關於行政區劃變更的決定 |url=http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1958/gwyb195834.pdf |url-status=live |journal=State Council Gazette |issue=34 |page=717 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201105901/http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1958/gwyb195834.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-01 |access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> District reorganizations saw several counties in the suburbs become districts between 1988 and 2015, and Chongming was the last county to be retitled as a district in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-09 |title=上海崇明撤县设区 全国4个直辖市3个已进入"无县时代" |url=http://leaders.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0809/c58278-28621914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121031428/http://leaders.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0809/c58278-28621914.html |archive-date=2020-11-21 |accessdate=2016-12-23 |work=People's Daily}}</ref>
In addition, Shanghai administers several [[enclaves]] in Jiangsu and [[Anhui]] provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-05-23 |title=他们出生在江苏，却生来就有上海户口 |url=https://www.huxiu.com/article/4381954.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Huxiu |language=en}}</ref> Local residents hold Shanghai ''[[Hukou|household registration]]'' and enjoy benefits identical to Shanghai residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=关于印发《上海市常住户口管理规定》的通知 |url=https://gaj.sh.gov.cn/shga/wzXxfbGj/detail?pa=110ef360e4374a41a9bee739534e6c5c54d01a372ab513b4df6374b968980fd4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082924/https://gaj.sh.gov.cn/shga/wzXxfbGj/detail?pa=110ef360e4374a41a9bee739534e6c5c54d01a372ab513b4df6374b968980fd4 |archive-date=2022-05-16 |access-date=2022-02-26 |work=Shanghai Public Security Bureau}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Administrative divisions of Shanghai
|-
|colspan="8" |<div class="center" style="position: relative">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Shanghai.png|width=600|link=}}
{{Image label|x=1260|y=1610|scale=600/2600|text=[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|{{small|'''Huangpu'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1160|y=1740|scale=600/2600|text=[[Xuhui District|'''Xuhui''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1020|y=1650|scale=600/2600|text=[[Changning District|{{small|'''Changning'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1150|y=1440|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jing'an District|{{small|'''Jing'an'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1110|y=1530|scale=600/2600|text=[[Putuo District, Shanghai|'''Putuo''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1300|y=1500|scale=600/2600|text=[[Hongkou District|{{small|'''Hongkou'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=1360|y=1420|scale=600/2600|text={{small|[[Yangpu District|'''Yangpu''']]}}}}
{{Image label|x=1210|y=1970|scale=600/2600|text=[[Minhang District|'''Minhang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1130|y=1210|scale=600/2600|text=[[Baoshan District, Shanghai|'''Baoshan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=790|y=1280|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jiading District|'''Jiading''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1700|y=1890|scale=600/2600|text='''[[Pudong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=810|y=2580|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jinshan District|'''Jinshan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=730|y=2100|scale=600/2600|text=[[Songjiang District|'''Songjiang''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=1810|scale=600/2600|text=[[Qingpu District, Shanghai|'''Qingpu''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1450|y=2370|scale=600/2600|text=[[Fengxian District|'''Fengxian''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1300|y=610|scale=600/2600|text=[[Chongming District|'''Chongming''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=560|scale=600/2600|text=[[Jing'an District|''' ''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=640|scale=600/2600|text=[[Hongkou District|''' ''']]}}
{{Image label end}}</div>
|-
!! scope="col" |[[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/index.html |script-title=zh:国家统计局统计用区划代码 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |language = zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405092331/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/index.html |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref>
!! scope="col" |Division
!! scope="col" |Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.2">{{cite web |title=Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2023 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nj23.htm?d1=2023tjnj/C0202.htm |publisher=Shanghai Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
!! scope="col" |Total population 2022<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.2" />
!! scope="col" |Seat
!! scope="col" |Postal code
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 310000 !! Shanghai
|6,340.50 ||24,758,900 ||[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu]] ||200000
|-
! 310101 !! [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu]]
|20.46 ||507,800 ||Waitan Subdistrict ||200001
|-
! 310104 !! [[Xuhui District|Xuhui]]
|54.76 ||1,098,500 ||Xujiahui Subdistrict ||200030
|-
! 310105 !! [[Changning District|Changning]]
|38.30 ||684,600 ||[[Jiangsu Road Subdistrict, Shanghai|Jiangsu Road Subdistrict]] ||200050
|-
! 310106 !! [[Jing'an District|Jing'an]]
|36.88 ||940,500 ||Jiangning Road Subdistrict ||200040
|-
! 310107 !! [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]]
|54.83 ||1,242,900 ||Zhenru Town Subdistrict ||200333
|-
! 310109 !! [[Hongkou District|Hongkou]]
|23.48 ||681,900 ||Jiaxing Road Subdistrict ||200080
|-
! 310110 !! [[Yangpu District|Yangpu]]
|60.73 ||1,199,200 ||Pingliang Road Subdistrict ||200082
|-
! 310112 !! [[Minhang District|Minhang]]
|370.75 ||2,688,800 ||[[Xinzhuang, Shanghai|Xinzhuang town]] ||201100
|-
! 310113 !! [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan]]
|270.99 ||2,271,900 ||Youyi Road Subdistrict ||201900
|-
! 310114 !! [[Jiading District|Jiading]]
|464.20 ||1,893,400 ||Xincheng Road Subdistrict ||201800
|-
! 310115 !! [[Pudong New Area|Pudong]]
|1,210.41 ||5,782,000 ||Huamu Subdistrict ||200135
|-
! 310116 !! [[Jinshan District|Jinshan]]
|586.05 ||823,700 ||Shanyang town ||201500
|-
! 310117 !! [[Songjiang District|Songjiang]]
|605.64 ||1,954,500 ||Fangsong Subdistrict ||201600
|-
! 310118 !! [[Qingpu District, Shanghai|Qingpu]]
|670.14 ||1,265,600 ||Xiayang Subdistrict ||201700
|-
! 310120 !! [[Fengxian District|Fengxian]]
|687.39 ||1,126,300 ||Nanqiao town ||201400
|-
! 310151 !! [[Chongming District|Chongming]]
|1,185.49 ||597,400 ||Chengqiao town ||202100
|}
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" |Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English
! Chinese
! Pinyin
! Shanghainese Romanization
|-
! Shanghai Municipality
|{{lang|zh-hans|上海市}}
|Shànghǎi Shì
|zaon he zy
|-
! [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|黄浦区}}
|Huángpǔ Qū
|waon phu chiu
|-
! [[Xuhui District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|徐汇区}}
|Xúhuì Qū
|zi we chiu
|-
! [[Changning District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|长宁区}}
|Chángníng Qū
|zan nyin chiu
|-
! [[Jing'an District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|静安区}}
|Jìng'ān Qū
|zin oe chiu
|-
! [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|普陀区}}
|Pǔtuó Qū
|phu du chiu
|-
! [[Hongkou District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|虹口区}}
|Hóngkǒu Qū
|ghon kheu chiu
|-
! [[Yangpu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|杨浦区}}
|Yángpǔ Qū
|yan phu chiu
|-
! [[Minhang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|闵行区}}
|Mǐnháng Qū
|min ghaon chiu
|-
! [[Baoshan District, Shanghai|Baoshan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|宝山区}}
|Bǎoshān Qū
|pau sae chiu
|-
! [[Jiading District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|嘉定区}}
|Jiādìng Qū
|ka din chiu
|-
! [[Pudong|Pudong New Area]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|浦东新区}}
|Pǔdōng Xīnqū
|phu ton sin chiu
|-
! [[Jinshan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|金山区}}
|Jīnshān Qū
|cin se chiu
|-
! [[Songjiang District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|松江区}}
|Sōngjiāng Qū
|son kaon chiu
|-
! [[Qingpu District, Shanghai|Qingpu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|青浦区}}
|Qīngpǔ Qū
|tsin phu chiu
|-
! [[Fengxian District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|奉贤区}}
|Fèngxián Qū
|von yi chiu
|-
! [[Chongming District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|崇明区}}
|Chóngmíng Qū
|dzon min chiu
|}
==Economy==
{{hatnote|Main article on Chinese Wikipedia: {{lang|zh|[[:zh:上海经济|上海经济]]}}}}
[[File:大上海都市圈.jpg|thumb|Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area<ref>{{citation|title=上海大都市圈协同规划：把零散的蓝图拼成一张贯通的愿景图|url=https://ghzyj.sh.gov.cn/gzdt/20201009/3e74e232eb4f4436a3972b63e1f8adf1.html|website=ghzyj.sh.gov.cn|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117181510/https://ghzyj.sh.gov.cn/gzdt/20201009/3e74e232eb4f4436a3972b63e1f8adf1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=重磅规划公布！一文看懂上海大都市圈十大特质，江浙各有四个城市被纳入，到底有多牛？！|url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/569267442|website=zhuanlan.zhihu.com|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214748/https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/569267442|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
! City
! Area km<sup>2</sup>
! [[2020 Chinese census|Population (2020)]]
! GDP (CN¥)<ref name="GDP2022">The GDP figures are from the statistical bulletin on 2022 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of relevant cities, see {{cite web|title=2022年GDP100强城市榜：江苏13市均超4000亿，10强有变化|url=https://yicai.com/news/101703850.html|publisher=yicai.com|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131014728/https://www.yicai.com/news/101703850.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! GDP (US$)
|-
| Shanghai || 6,341 || 26,875,500 || CN¥ 4,465 billion || US$663.9 billion
|-
| [[Suzhou]] || 8,488 || 12,748,252 || CN¥ 2,396 billion || US$356.0 billion
|-
| [[Ningbo]] || 9,816 || 9,618,000 || CN¥ 1,570 billion || US$233.5 billion
|-
| [[Wuxi]] || 4,628 || 7,462,135 || CN¥ 1,485 billion || US$221.0 billion
|-
| [[Nantong]] || 8,544 || 7,726,635 || CN¥ 1,138 billion || US$169.2 billion
|-
| [[Changzhou]] || 4,385 || 5,278,121 || CN¥ 955 billion || US$142.0 billion
|-
| [[Jiaxing]] || 4,009 || 5,400,868 || CN¥ 551 billion || US$73.6 billion
|-
| [[Huzhou]] || 5,818 || 3,367,579 || CN¥ 272 billion || US$40.7 billion
|-
| [[Zhoushan]] || 1,378 || 1,157,817 || CN¥ 151 billion || US$20.0 billion
|-
|- style="background:#feb;"
| '''Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area''' || '''53,407''' || '''79,634,907''' || '''CN¥ 12.983 trillion''' || ''' US$1.927 trillion'''
|-
|}
Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming [[economy of China]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7373394.stm|title=Shanghai: China's capitalist showpiece|last=Hunt|first=Katie|date=21 May 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806011156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7373394.stm|archive-date=6 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700170300.htm|title=Of Shanghai... and Suzhou|date=27 January 2003|newspaper=Business Line|access-date=20 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050819054503/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700170300.htm|archive-date=19 August 2005}}</ref> The city is a global center for [[finance]] and [[Science and technology in China|innovation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 26|date=September 2019|website=[[Z/Yen]]|pages=17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003083940/https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2019|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://technode.com/2017/03/07/shanghai-tops-next-global-innovation-hub-ranking|title=Shanghai tops next global innovation hub ranking|last=Yu|first=Sheila|date=7 March 2017|access-date=31 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831070105/https://technode.com/2017/03/07/shanghai-tops-next-global-innovation-hub-ranking/|archive-date=31 August 2019|website=TechNode}}</ref> and a national center for commerce, trade, and transportation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/07/03/Document/485318/485318.htm|script-title=zh:上海简介|date=4 December 2009|access-date=4 September 2019|publisher=国务院新闻办公室|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904090216/http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/07/03/Document/485318/485318.htm|archive-date=4 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with the world's busiest container port—the [[Port of Shanghai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports/|title=Top 50 World Container Ports|website=World Shipping Council|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704184751/http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports|archive-date=4 July 2012|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> As of 2018, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area, which includes [[Suzhou]], [[Wuxi]], [[Nantong]], [[Ningbo]], [[Jiaxing]], [[Zhoushan]], and [[Huzhou]], was estimated to produce a [[gross metropolitan product]] of nearly 9.1 trillion [[Renminbi|RMB]] ($1.33 trillion in [[GDP (nominal)|nominal]] or $2.08 trillion in [[GDP PPP|PPP]]), exceeding that of [[Mexico]] with GDP (nominal) of $1.22 trillion, the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th largest]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 GDP (current US$): Mexico, Indonesia and Spain |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2021&locations=MX-ID-ES&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2018&view=bar&year_high_desc=true |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828100501/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2021&locations=MX-ID-ES&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2018&view=bar&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=于小明 |title=Shanghai metro area most promising region in China |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/20/WS5d0b3dc8a3103dbf14329593.html |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119125525/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/20/WS5d0b3dc8a3103dbf14329593.html |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the economy of Shanghai was estimated to be $1 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), ranking the most productive metro area of China and among the top ten [[List of cities by GDP|largest metropolitan economies]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=22 January 2022|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020135357/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai's six largest industries—[[retail]], finance, [[IT]], [[real estate]], [[machine industry|machine manufacturing]], and [[automotive manufacturing]]—comprise about half the city's GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201103/84307.html |script-title=zh:主要年份六大支柱产业增加值|publisher =Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|language =zh|access-date =20 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140304223405/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201103/84307.html|archive-date =4 March 2014}}</ref>
{{As of|2024||df=US}}, Shanghai had a GDP of {{CNY|5.39 trillion|link=yes}} ($757 billion in nominal; $1.52 trillion in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) that makes up 4% of China's GDP, and a [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]] of {{CNY|216,791}} ({{US$|30,448}} in nominal; {{US$|61,068}} in PPP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=四大直辖市GDP数据出炉！上海总量第一，北京人均领先！ |url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1822726190325995337&wfr=spider&for=pc |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implied PPP conversion rate 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO//CHN |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=World Economic Outlook (IMF)}}</ref> In 2022, the average annual [[disposable income]] of Shanghai's residents was {{CNY|79,610}} ({{US$|11,836}}) per capita, while the average annual salary of people employed in urban units in Shanghai was {{CNY|212,476}} ({{US$|31,589}}),<ref name="data2022" /> making it one of the wealthiest cities in China,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zhejiang eclipsed only by Shanghai, Beijing in per capita disposable income|url=https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/2022-01/21/c_700519.htm|access-date=13 February 2022|website=subsites.chinadaily.com.cn|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035300/https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/2022-01/21/c_700519.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but also the most expensive city in [[mainland China]] to live in according to a 2023 study by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=These are the world's most expensive cities |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/29/these-are-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902010115/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/29/these-are-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2023, the city's imports and exports reached CN¥7.73 trillion (US$1.07 trillion), accounting for 18.5% of the national total.<ref>{{Cite web|title=上海国际服务门户英文网International Economic Center|url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/b95bf84b575b48999583d3513e997985.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231223210/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/b95bf84b575b48999583d3513e997985.html|url-status=live|archive-date=31 December 2023|access-date=3 June 2024|website=International Service Shanghai}}</ref>
According to Julius Baer's Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report, Shanghai was the most expensive city in the world for living a luxurious lifestyle in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=For the Rich, Living in Asia Is Costlier Than Anywhere Else|author-first1=Yoojung|author-last1=Lee|author-first2=Denise|author-last2=Wee|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/for-the-rich-living-in-asia-is-costlier-than-anywhere-else|access-date=13 February 2022|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=9 April 2021|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413222837/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/for-the-rich-living-in-asia-is-costlier-than-anywhere-else|url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai was the 5th wealthiest city in the world, with a total wealth amounts to $1.8 trillion,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wealth|first=New World|title=The Wealthiest Cities in the World 2021|url=https://newworldwealth.com/reports/f/the-wealthiest-cities-in-the-world-2021|access-date=22 January 2022|website=New World Wealth|language=en-ZA|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122050955/https://newworldwealth.com/reports/f/the-wealthiest-cities-in-the-world-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Shanghai was ranked [[List of cities by number of billionaires|fifth-highest]] in the number of billionaires by Forbes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=Where The Richest Live: The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/05/where-the-richest-live-the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2022/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909022520/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/05/where-the-richest-live-the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2022/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai's [[nominal GDP]] was projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China), making it one of the world's Top 5 major cities in terms of [[Gross regional product|GRP]] according to a study by Oxford Economics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=These will be the most important cities by 2035|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|access-date=3 November 2020|website=World Economic Forum|date=31 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103162218/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 2024, Shanghai ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in China (after Beijing) by the largest number of the [[Fortune Global 500#Fortune Global 500 of 2021|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies in the world.<ref name="FG">{{Cite web |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822093815/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| style="margin:0 auto 0 auto; border:1px solid #999; background:#fff;font-size:80%;" border="0" cellpadding="3"
|+ Economy of Shanghai since the [[Chinese economic reform]]
|- style="text-align: center; background: #ccc;"
! Year
! 1978
! 1980
! 1983
! 1986
! 1990
! 1993
! 1996
! 2000
! 2003
! 2006
! 2010
! 2013
! 2016
! 2017
! 2018<ref name="SHECO2018">{{cite web |script-title = zh:2018年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |trans-title = Statistical Communiqué of Shanghai on the 2018 National Economic and Social Development |website = tjj.sh.gov.cn |publisher = Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau |date = 1 March 2019 |language = zh |access-date = 1 September 2019 |url = http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/html/sjfb/201903/1003219.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183918/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/html/sjfb/201903/1003219.html |archive-date = 2 May 2019 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
! 2019<ref name="SHECO2019">{{Cite web |last= |date=21 March 2024 |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163249/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|GDP <small>(¥T)</small><ref name="SHSTAT2018:4.1">{{cite web|url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje/E0405.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014915/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0405.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2020|title=4.5 PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (1978～2017)|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau}}</ref>}}
|0.027
|0.031
|0.035
|0.049
|0.078
|0.152
|0.298
|0.481
|0.676
|1.072
|1.744
|2.226
|2.818
|3.063
|3.268
|3.816
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|GDP per capita <small>(¥K)</small><ref name="SHSTAT2018:4.1" />}}
|2.85
|2.73
|2.95
|3.96
|5.91
|11.06
|20.81
|30.31
|38.88
|55.62
|77.28
|92.85
|116.58
|126.63
|134.83
|157.14
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|Average disposable income<br />(urban) <small>(¥K)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1013.htm|title=10.13 DISPOSABLE INCOME AND ITS COMPOSITION OF URBAN RESIDENTS (2015～2017)|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014939/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1013.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SHSTAT2018:10.25">{{cite web|url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1025.htm|title=10.25 PER CAPITA INCOME AND CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE OF URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN MAIN YEARS|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|language=zh|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014824/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1025.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1027.htm|title=10.27 PER CAPITA DISPOSABLE INCOME OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN MAIN YEARS|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|language=zh|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014932/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1027.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|
|0.64
|
|
|2.18
|4.28
|8.16
|11.72
|14.87
|20.67
|31.84
|43.85
|57.69
|62.60
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|64.18<br />(total)
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|69.44<br />(total)
|- align=right
|{{nowrap|Average disposable income<br />(rural) <small>(¥K)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1014.htm|title=10.14 DISPOSABLE INCOME AND ITS COMPOSITION OF RURAL RESIDENTS (2015～2017)|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324014923/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE1014.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SHSTAT2018:10.25" />}}
|
|0.40
|
|
|1.67
|
|4.85
|5.57
|6.66
|9.21
|13.75
|19.21
|25.52
|27.82
|
|}
Shanghai was the largest and most prosperous city in [[East Asia]] during the 1930s, and its rapid redevelopment began in the 1990s.<ref name="1930hub" /> In the last two decades, Shanghai has been one of the fastest-developing cities in the world; it has recorded double-digit GDP growth in almost every year between 1992 and 2008, before the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje/E0109.htm |title=Growth rate of major national economic indicators over preceding year (1978～2010) |publisher=Stats-sh.gov.cn |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111042716/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje%2FE0109.htm |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
===Finance===
[[File:Shanghai Stock Exchange 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization.]]
Shanghai is a global [[financial center]], ranking first in the whole of Asia & Oceania region and third globally (after New York and London) in the 28th edition of the [[Global Financial Centres Index]],<ref name="GFCI2">{{Cite web|title=GFCI 28 Rank|url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-28-explore-data/gfci-28-rank/|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Long Finance|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104141441/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-28-explore-data/gfci-28-rank/|url-status=live}}</ref> published in September 2020 by [[Z/Yen]] and [[China Development Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2020|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf|access-date=27 September 2020|website=[[Z/Yen]]|pages=1, 2|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104905/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai is also a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2021, the city was ranked as the 2nd [[Fintech]] powerhouse in the world after New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Global Financial Centres Index 29|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.2.pdf|access-date=4 October 2021|website=Z/Yen Group|page=3|quote=New York continues to lead the FinTech ranking, followed by Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, and London|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718204719/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{As of|2019||df=}}, the [[Shanghai Stock Exchange]] had a [[market capitalization]] of {{US$|4.02 trillion}}, making it the largest [[stock exchange]] in China and the [[List of stock exchanges|fourth-largest stock exchange]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/|title=Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges In The World By Market Capitalization|last=Shukla|first=Vikas|date=19 February 2019|website=ValueWalk|language=en-US|access-date=20 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In 2009, the trading volume of six key commodities—including rubber, copper, and zinc—on the [[Shanghai Futures Exchange]] all ranked first globally.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://english.cntv.cn/english/special/news/20110119/109180.shtml |title = The rise of Lujiazui Financial City in Shanghai |publisher = CCTV News – CNTV English |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118232503/http://english.cntv.cn/english/special/news/20110119/109180.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By the end of 2017, Shanghai had 1,491 financial institutions, of which 251 were foreign-invested.<ref name="hktdc.com">{{cite web|url=http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/SHANGHAI-MUNICIPALITY/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X06BVOR.htm|title=Shanghai: Market Profile|date=29 March 2019|website=HKTDC Research|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020060040/http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/SHANGHAI-MUNICIPALITY/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X06BVOR.htm|archive-date=20 October 2019|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>
In September 2013, with the backing of Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]], the city launched the [[Shanghai Free-Trade Zone]]—the first [[free-trade zone]] in mainland China. The zone introduced a number of pilot reforms designed to incentivize foreign investment. In April 2014, ''[[The Banker]]'' reported that Shanghai "has attracted the highest volumes of financial sector [[foreign direct investment]] in the Asia-Pacific region in the 12 months to the end of January 2014."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/International-Financial-Centres/Shanghai-top-for-FDI-into-Asia-Pacific |title=Shanghai top for FDI into Asia-Pacific |publisher=The Banker |date=1 April 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709152447/http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/International-Financial-Centres/Shanghai-top-for-FDI-into-Asia-Pacific |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2014, ''[[fDi magazine]]'' named Shanghai the "Chinese Province of the Future 2014/15" due to "particularly impressive performances in the Business Friendliness and Connectivity categories, as well as placing second in the Economic Potential and Human Capital and Lifestyle categories."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Chinese-Provinces-of-the-Future-2014-15 |title=Chinese Provinces of the Future 2014/15 |publisher=[[FDi magazine]] |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206080117/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Chinese-Provinces-of-the-Future-2014-15 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Manufacturing===
[[File:F-22P PNS Zulfiquar.JPG|thumb|left|The [[F-22P]] frigate built by [[Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding|Hudong-Zhonghua]] for the [[Pakistan Navy]]]]
As one of the main industrial centers of China, Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing and [[heavy industry]]. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai's [[secondary sector]]. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmaker [[Baosteel Group]], China's largest [[shipbuilding]] base [[Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding|Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group]], and one of China's oldest shipbuilders, the [[Jiangnan Shipyard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/2009-11/30/content_9074353.htm |title=Shipping industry woes |work=China Daily |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606062813/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/2009-11/30/content_9074353.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67333.html |title=China's Largest Shipbuilding Industry Based in Shanghai |work=People's Daily |date=10 April 2001 |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116115328/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67333.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Auto manufacturing is another important industry. The Shanghai-based [[SAIC Motor]] is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships with [[Volkswagen]] and [[General Motors]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saicgroup.com/English/sqjt/gsjs/index.shtml |script-title=zh:上海汽车工业（集团）总公司|上汽集团 |publisher=Saicgroup |date=18 August 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529020940/https://www.saicgroup.com/English/sqjt/gsjs/index.shtml |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAIC Motor ranks 84th on Fortune Global 500 list|url=https://www.saicmotor.com/english/latest_news/saic_motor/58869.shtml|date=7 August 2023|access-date=3 June 2024|website=SAIC Motor|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603144409/https://www.saicmotor.com/english/latest_news/saic_motor/58869.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
During the [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|Mao era]], Shanghai's economy primarily focused on light industry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hirata |first=Koji |title=Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-38227-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series |___location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=1–2}}
=== Tourism ===
{{Main list|List of tourist attractions in Shanghai}}
[[File:East Nanjing Road at night, Shanghai.jpg|alt=The Nanjing Pedestrian Street at night. This is a popular commercial center in Shanghai.|thumb|right|[[Nanjing Road]] near The Bund at night. This is a popular commercial center in Shanghai.]]
Tourism is a major industry of Shanghai. In 2017, the number of domestic tourists increased by 7.5% to 318 million, while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million.<ref name="hktdc.com" /> In 2017, Shanghai was the highest earning tourist city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Töre |first=Özgür |title=WTTC reveals the world's best performing tourism cities |url=https://ftnnews.com/other-news/35281-wttc-reveals-the-world-s-best-performing-tourism-cities |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=ftnnews.com |date=22 October 2018 |language=en-gb |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807052628/https://ftnnews.com/other-news/35281-wttc-reveals-the-world-s-best-performing-tourism-cities |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Shanghai had 57 [[five star hotel|five-star hotel]]s, 52 [[four star hotel]]s, 1,942 [[travel agencies]], 144 [[Tourist Attraction Rating Categories of China|rated tourist attractions]], and 34 [[Red tourism|red tourist]] attractions.<ref name="SHECO2019" />
In 2023, Shanghai's tourism industry generated an added value of CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion), marking a remarkable 98.5% increase compared to the previous year. The city welcomed a total of 3.64 million tourists, a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million with a 5.2-fold increase.<ref name="SHECO2019" />
The conference and meeting sector is also growing. According to the [[International Congress and Convention Association]], Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 ICCA Statistics Report Country & City Rankings Public Abstract|url=http://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2321|publisher=[[International Congress and Convention Association]]|page=28|date=June 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021015554/https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2321|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2017 ICCA Statistics Report Country & City Rankings Public Abstract|url=https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2241|publisher=[[International Congress and Convention Association]]|page=25|date=June 2018|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329021310/https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2241|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Free-trade zone===
{{main|Shanghai Free-Trade Zone}}
Shanghai is home to China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/26/content_5424636.htm |script-title=zh:再添6个！18个自贸试验区构筑开放新版图|date=26 August 2019|access-date=26 September 2019|work=[[Xinhua News]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827050831/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/26/content_5424636.htm|archive-date=27 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|October 2019}}, it is also the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behind {{ill|Hainan Free Trade Zone|lt=|zh|中国（海南）自由贸易试验区}}, which covers the whole [[Hainan]] province<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node83902/node83904/userobject1ai121430.html |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |script-title = zh:中国最大自贸区 奏响奋进序曲 |date = 8 December 2018 |access-date = 20 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192548/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node83902/node83904/userobject1ai121430.html |archive-date = 5 March 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>) by covering an area of {{convert|240.22|km2|abbr=on}} and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24322313|title=Shanghai free-trade zone launched|date=29 September 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24322313|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=State Council |script-title=zh:国务院关于同意设立中国（上海）自由贸易试验区临港新片区的批复（国函〔2019〕68号） |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/06/content_5419153.htm |website=gov.cn |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=27 July 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806104150/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/06/content_5419153.htm |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The industrial chain of port logistics has shaped the future development direction of the free-trade zone in Shanghai. Currently, two port chain centers have been approved for construction in Waigaoqiao and Yangshan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Wence |last2=Chen |first2=Hao |last3=Yang |first3=Liqiang |date=2019-01-01 |title=Planning and Layout of Shanghai Yangshan Bonded Port Area Based on the Perspective of a Free Trade Zone |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-03-2019-B0002 |journal=Open House International |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1108/OHI-03-2019-B0002 |bibcode=2019OHIng..44....5Y |s2cid=240723511 |issn=0168-2601 |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214643/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OHI-03-2019-B0002/full/html |url-status=live}}</ref> Several preferential policies have been implemented to attract foreign investment in various industries to the zone. Commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone-2013-9?r=US&IR=T|title=China Is About To Open A New 'Free Trade Zone' And People Are Excited That It Could Lift The Economy|date=14 September 2013|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=20 October 2019|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328033143/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-is-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone-2013-9?r=US&IR=T|url-status=live|author-first1=Mamta|author-last1=Badkar}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Shanghai}}
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census in China]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=China County Map with 2000-201o Population Census Data |url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |website=dataverse.harvard.edu |date=2020 |doi=10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |access-date=6 January 2024 |author1=China Data Lab |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106191117/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[1953 Chinese census|1953]] | 5258210
|[[1964 Chinese census|1964]] | 6423017
|[[1982 Chinese census|1982]] | 6320829
|[[1990 Chinese census|1990]] | 8348299
|[[2000 Chinese census|2000]] | 14489919
|[[2010 Chinese census|2010]] | 20555098
|[[2020 Chinese census|2020]] | 22209380
|align = right
}}
{{As of|2023||df=US}}, Shanghai had a total population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) [[hukou]] holders (registered locally).<ref name="SHECO2019" /> {{As of|2022||df=US}}, 89.3% of Shanghai's population live in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.<ref name="data2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind [[Chongqing]], but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.<ref name="chan_paper">{{cite journal |last = Chan |first = Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url = http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383|s2cid = 153676671}} p. 395</ref> According to the [[OECD]], Shanghai's [[metropolitan area]] has an estimated population of 34 million.<ref name="OECD">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises|last1=Justina|first1=Crabtree|date=20 September 2016|publisher=CNBC|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans and 20,800 Koreans.<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.11">{{cite web|url = http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm|title = 2.11 RESIDENT FOREIGNERS IN SHANGHAI IN MAIN YEARS|website = stats-sh.gov.cn|publisher = Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|access-date = 1 September 2019|archive-date = 22 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185612/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.<ref>{{cite web |title = Shanghai Population 2015 – World Population Review |url = http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |website = worldpopulationreview.com |access-date = 23 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124061733/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |archive-date = 24 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.<ref name="SHECO2019" />
Shanghai has a [[life expectancy]] of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm|script-title=zh:上海户籍人口人均期望寿命83.63岁，女性超86岁|work=[[Xinhua News]]|language=zh-cn|date=14 February 2019|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822020543/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm|archive-date=22 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> the highest life expectancy of [[List of cities in China by life expectancy|all cities in mainland China]]. This has also caused the city to [[Aging of China|experience population aging]]—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai|title=China's radical plan to limit the populations of Beijing and Shanghai|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=19 March 2018|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171520/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai|archive-date=9 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{hatnote|Main article on Chinese Wikipedia: {{lang|zh|[[:zh:上海宗教|上海宗教]]}}}}
{{see also|Religion in China}}
[[File:Shanghai, China (Unsplash 8T9p4FDu590).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Bird's-eye view of the golden [[pagoda]] of [[Jing'an Temple]]]]
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including [[Buddhists]] with 10.4%, [[Protestants]] with 1.9%, [[Catholics]] with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either [[atheist]]s or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities and ancestors]] or [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]].<ref name="CFPS2012">{{cite web |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |trans-title=China Family Panel Studies 2012 |script-title=zh:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |page=13 |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Shanghai (2012):
|label1 = Chinese folk religion, or atheist
|value1 = 87.46
|color1 = #C00000
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 10.30
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 1.88
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 0.36
|color4 = Green
}}
Buddhism, in its [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese varieties]], has had a presence in Shanghai since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, during which the [[Longhua Temple]]—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the [[Jing'an Temple]] were founded.<ref name="Buddhism">{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|script-title=zh:上海市佛教概况|trans-title=An overview of Buddhism in Shanghai|date=29 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 [[Clergy#Buddhism|clergical staff]], and 453,300 registered followers.<ref name="Buddhism" /> The religion also has its own college, the {{ill|Shanghai Buddhist College|lt=|zh|上海佛学院}}, and its own press, {{ill|Shanghai Buddhological Press|lt=|zh|上海佛学书局}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041826/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海宗教简介|trans-title=Brief introduction to the religions in Shanghai|date=25 December 2014|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}</ref>
[[File:Photo of St. Ignatius Cathedral, Shanghai 圣依纳爵主教座堂.jpg|thumb|170px|The [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]]]]
Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary [[Lazzaro Cattaneo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|script-title=zh:上海天主教概况|trans-title=An overview of Catholicism in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041853/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Apostolic Vicariate]] of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|Diocese of Shanghai]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|script-title=zh:天主教上海教区|trans-title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]] in Xujiahui is the largest Catholic church in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|script-title=zh:徐家汇天主教堂|trans-title=Xujiahui Catholic Church|date=6 May 2018|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=[[Xuhui District]] People's Government|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001015/http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other forms of [[Christianity in Shanghai]] include [[Eastern Orthodox]] minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant [[All Saints Church, Shanghai|All Saints Church]] in [[Huangpu, Shanghai|Huangpu]] was built in 1925 and features a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Neo-Romanesque]] tower. Shanghai has long had the highest concentration of urban [[Catholic Church in China|Catholics in China]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Paul P. |date=2016 |title=The Four Catholic Bishops of Shanghai: "Underground" and "Patriotic" Church Competition and Sino–Vatican Relations in Reform-Era China |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489 |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.1093/jcs/csu078 |jstor=24708489 |issn=0021-969X}}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}}
Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After the [[Treaty of Nanking]] ended the [[First Opium War]] in 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families, such as the [[Sassoon family|Sassoon]]s who funded several iconic buildings in the city, and the [[Hardoon|Hardoons]] who financed buildings along [[Nanjing Road]] in the [[International Settlement at Shanghai|International Settlement]].<ref name="ShanghaiJews">{{cite web |last=Parker |first=Rupert |date=15 December 2019 |title=The Jews of Shanghai |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125801/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=The JC}}</ref>
During [[World War II]], thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to flee [[Nazi Germany]]. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now the [[Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|title=Jewish Refugees Museum : Ohel Moishe Synagogue Shanghai|work=Visions of Travel|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195934/http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1939, Horace [[Kadoorie]], the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |title=Harry Fiedler and other students wave Zionist flags during a celebration at the Kadoorie School. |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070458/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Islam]] came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, [[Songjiang Mosque]], was built during the Zhizheng ({{lang|zh|至正}}) era under [[Toghon Temür|Emperor Huizong]] (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's [[Muslim]] population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the [[Xiaotaoyuan Mosque]], the [[Huxi Mosque]], and the [[Pudong Mosque]]—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海市伊斯兰教概|trans-title=An overview of Islam in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}</ref> According to the sixth [[Census in China|census of China]] in 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim in Shanghai: Muslim Population, Market, Restaurant, Mosques |url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.topchinatravel.com |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103010301/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the [[Dajing Ge Pavilion]] dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general [[Guan Yu]], the [[Confucian Temple of Shanghai]], and a major Taoist center {{ill|Shanghai White Cloud Temple|lt=|zh|海上白云观}} where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|script-title=zh:海上道教名观：白云观|trans-title=Shanghai's famous taoism temple: Shanghai White Cloud Temple|date=27 October 2009|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204742/http://shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Language===
{{main|Shanghainese}}
{{bar box
| float = right
| title = Ability to speak the following dialects/languages in Shanghai (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html|script-title=zh:上海市民语言应用能力调查. |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics|date=7 February 2014|access-date=5 May 2024|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505100756/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html|archive-date=5 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
| left1 = Languages
| right1 = %
| right2 = Can Speak
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]|#CC2222|97.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Shanghainese]]|Gold|81.4}}
{{bar percent|[[English language|English]]|Yellow|47.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Varieties of Chinese|Other Chinese]]|YellowGreen|29.7}}
{{bar percent|Other foreign languages|CadetBlue|7.8}}
| caption = <small>[[Survey sampling|Sampled]] among residents ≥ 13 years old.</small>
}}
The [[vernacular]] language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the [[Taihu Wu]] subgroup of the [[Wu Chinese]] language family. This is different from the national language, [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages|title=Chinese languages|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025100/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably [[Suzhou dialect|Suzhounese]], and [[Ningbo dialect|Ningbonese]]<ref name="CZMShanghainese">{{cite web|url=http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc|script-title=zh:上海市区话语音一百多年来的演变|trans-title=Changes in the downtown Shanghainese pronunciations in the past one hundred years|page=1|last=Chen|first=Zhongmin|access-date=24 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820235310/http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc|archive-date=20 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
Prior to its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around [[Jiaxing]] and later [[Suzhou]],<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> and was known as "the local tongue" ({{lang|zh-Hans|本地閑話}}), a name which is now used in suburbs only.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722|script-title=zh:“上海闲话”和“本地闲话”为何差别这么大?|work=Shanghai Observer|last=You|first=Rujie|date=16 October 2018|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210922/https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese ({{lang|zh-Hans|市區閑話}} or simply {{lang|zh-Hans|上海閑話}}) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as the [[prestige dialect]] of the [[Yangtze River Delta]] region. At the time, most of the immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) has also had a great impact on Shanghainese as a result of being rigorously promoted by the government.<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region have come to Shanghai for education and jobs. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a [[lingua franca]]. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is Shanghai's local dialect, and culture, in crisis?|author=Zat Liu|url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262|newspaper=CNN GO|date=20 August 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903072555/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262|archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stopping the local dialect becoming derelict|author=Jia Feishang|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml|newspaper=[[Shanghai Daily]]|date=13 May 2011|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091106/http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Shanghai|Education in China|Higher education in China}}
{{Main list|List of universities and colleges in Shanghai}}{{See also|Rankings of universities in China|List of universities in China|Double First-Class Construction|label 1=}}[[File:Xuhui Liberary Scene 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] Library|upright]]
Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2024, it was ranked [[List of cities by scientific output|second globally]] (after [[Beijing]]) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2024 {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> It is also a major center of [[higher education in China]]. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in [[East China]] region as a city with most higher education institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 – 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The city government's education agency is the [[Shanghai Municipal Education Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=上海市教育委员会 |url=https://edu.sh.gov.cn/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=Shanghai Municipal Education Commission}}</ref>
Shanghai has many highly ranked educational institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=All 30 Universities in Shanghai {{!}} Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.universityguru.com/universities-shanghai |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=UniversityGuru |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411205632/https://www.universityguru.com/universities-shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="U.S. News & World Report-2021">{{cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=US News Best Global Universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/china?city=shanghai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214651/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/china?city=shanghai |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> with 15 universities listed in [[Double First-Class Construction|147 Double First-Class Universities]] ranking second nationwide among all cities in China (after Beijing). According to the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking|U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]] for 2025–26, Shanghai had the third highest concentration of universities among all major cities in the world included in the ranking, totaling 22, with three in the top 125 and six in the global top 500.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2025 |title=2025-26 US News Best Global Universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=shanghai |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=US News}}</ref> In the 2025 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], Shanghai had two in the top 40, three in the top 150 and nine in the top 500.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref> Some of these universities were selected as "[[Project 985|985 universities]]" or "[[Project 211|211 universities]]" since the 90s by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai 985 Project Universities list |url=https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028062423/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=China's University and College Admission System}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shanghai 211 Project Universities {{!}} Study in China {{!}} CUCAS |url=https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193701/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=cucas.cn}}</ref>[[File:Fudan-guanghualou2.jpg|thumb|[[Fudan University]]]]
Shanghai is a seat of two members ([[Fudan University]] and [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]) of the [[C9 League]], an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152504/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |url-status=live}}</ref> and these two universities are ranked consistently in the Asia top 10,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Asia University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042657/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2023 – Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173427/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in the global top 100 [[Research university|research comprehensive universities]] according to the most influential university rankings in the world such as [[QS Rankings]], [[Shanghai rankings|Shanghai Rankings]], [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education Rankings]] and [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking|''U.S. News & World Report'' Best Global Universities Ranking]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=Shanghai |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/shanghai |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812081546/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Best universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-shanghai |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Student |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203001007/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-shanghai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = World University Rankings – 2020 {{!}} China Universities in Top 1000 universities {{!}} Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2020 {{!}} Shanghai Ranking – 2020 |url = http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2020/China.html |access-date = 26 February 2021 |website = Shanghairanking.com |archive-date = 15 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020645/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2020/China.html |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="U.S. News & World Report-2021" /> Fudan University established a joint [[Executive MBA|EMBA]] program with [[Washington University in St. Louis]] in 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business school rankings from the Financial Times |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/executive-mba-ranking-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318014233/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/executive-mba-ranking-2019 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Executive MBA in Shanghai {{!}} WashU Olin Business School |url=https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/executive-programs/executive-mba-shanghai/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=olin.wustl.edu |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318005044/https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/executive-programs/executive-mba-shanghai/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>
The other two members of the "[[Project 985]]", [[Tongji University]] and [[East China Normal University]], are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they are regarded as one of the most reputable [[Chinese universities]] by the ''[[Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings]]'' where they ranked 150–175th globally.<ref>{{cite web |date = 25 October 2021 |title = World Reputation Rankings |url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/reputation-ranking |access-date = 29 October 2021 |website = Times Higher Education (THE) |language = en |archive-date = 28 October 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028135916/https://lax1-ib.adnxs.com/vevent?an_audit=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2021%2Freputation-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&e=wqT_3QKADfBVgAYAAAMA1gAFAQip2eqLBhCbronj6pzyw1wYqPze65mVyu0aKjYJHgnVb6xV9z8Rr-sXHY-Z9D8ZAAAAgOtREkAhq8_VVuwv9T8pAAAAAAAA-D8xAAABG7joPzCJg_cJOEpAnAVIAlCKg_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_EQGwAaoFJDJDOTIyOEFELTA2QzEtNDdCRS05RjdCLTIzRjc4NTkzM0ZEMcAFAMkFAU8YAADwP9IFCQVbAQFw2AUB4AUB8AXbkEH6BQQIABAAkAYAmAYAuAYAwQYBIQExINAG1gHaBhYKEAkRGQFcEAAYAOAGAfIGAggAgAcBiAcAoAcBugcLAUg4GAA40h5AAcgH1M4F0gcNFXIBNAjaBwYJIzDgBwDqBwIIAPAHAPoHCfEBAQHxBQEEgghKFQA.&s=d4c207765a527a56423179720763c81ed7546d6f&type=nv&nvt=5&jm=1003&px=691&py=1825&bw=300&bh=600&sid=4266722271880150286&vd=ct~0%7Crr~0&sv=220&tv=view7-1js&ua=chrome52&pl=linux&x=v&tag_id=20824457&cid=3&cr=nv&sw=1600&sh=1000&pw=1025&ph=11392&ww=1025&wh=11392&ft=2 |url-status = live}}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Shanghai University of Sport]], which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking of Chinese Sport Science Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718023021/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2024, Shanghai University of Sport ranks #1 in Asia and #29 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments" released by [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai Ranking]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/grsssd/2024 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref>
The city has many {{ill|Chinese–foreign joint education institutes|zh|中外合作办学}}, such as the [[Shanghai University]]–[[University of Technology Sydney]] Business School since 1994, the [[University of Michigan]]–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and [[New York University Shanghai]]—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html |title=Program offers global degrees – Chinadaily.com.cn |last=He|first=Qi|date=13 June 2018|website=China Daily|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024074949/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html|script-title=zh:上海中外合作办学走过25年 已在各区遍地开花 |work=[[Xinmin Evening News]] |last1=Wang|first1=Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Zihua|date=30 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024115730/http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=24 October 2019|language=zh}}</ref> In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] founded the [[ShanghaiTech University]] in the [[Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park]] in Pudong.<ref>Rouhi, Maureen (19 January 2015). [http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html "ShanghaiTech Aims To Raise The Bar For Higher Education In China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119203749/http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html |date=19 November 2015}}. ''Chemical & Engineering News''. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</ref> The city is also a seat of the [[Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences]], China's oldest [[think tank]] for the [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]]. It is the largest one outside the capital of Beijing after the [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=上海社会科学院 |url=http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910071056/http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>
By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 68 institutions for higher education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In Shanghai, the nine years of [[compulsory education]]—including five years of [[primary education]] and four years of [[Education in China#Junior secondary|junior secondary]] education—are free, with a [[gross enrollment ratio]] of over 99.9%.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> The city's compulsory education system is among the best in the world: in 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in the [[Program for International Student Assessment]], a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dillon |first=Sam |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |title=In PISA Test, Top Scores From Shanghai Stun Experts |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512225939/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |title=How China is winning the school race |publisher=BBC |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181102134543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The consecutive three-year [[senior secondary education]] is priced and uses the [[Senior High School Entrance Examination]] (''Zhongkao'') as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf|script-title=zh:上海市教育改革和发展“十三五暠规划|page=7|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070130/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|access-date=2019-10-26|language=zh}}</ref> Among all senior high schools, the four with the best teaching quality—[[Shanghai High School]], [[No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University]], [[High School Affiliated to Fudan University]], and [[High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]—are termed "The Four Schools" ({{lang|zh|"四校"}}) of Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |script-title=zh:新中考名额分配补充说明发布 “四校”65%招生计划数参与名额分配 |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022539/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |archive-date = 26 October 2019 |access-date = 26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN}}</ref> {{as of|October 2019}}, the city's [[National College Entrance Examination]] (''Gaokao'') is structured under the "3+3" system, in which all general senior high school students study three compulsory subjects (Chinese, English, and math) and three subjects chosen from six options (physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics).<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/201409/t20140919_516469262.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市公布深化高校考试招生制度综合改革试点方案 |website = CNR.cn |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022541/http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/201409/t20140919_516469262.shtml |archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Shanghai}}
===Public===
[[File:20140820上海地铁11号线AC16列车进入南翔站.jpg|thumb|A train running Shanghai Metro's [[Line 11 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 11]], the longest line in [[List of metro systems|the longest metro system in the world]].]]
Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, all of which can be accessed using a [[Shanghai Public Transport Card]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sptcc.com/Load_yongkafanwei.html |script-title=zh:上海公共交通卡 用卡范围 | publisher=Shanghai Public Transport Card | language=zh | access-date=21 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121818/http://www.sptcc.com/Load_yongkafanwei.html | archive-date=7 April 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref>
Shanghai's rapid transit system, the [[Shanghai Metro]], incorporates both subway and light metro lines and extends to every core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. {{As of|2025}}, there are 19 metro lines (excluding the [[Shanghai maglev train]] and [[Jinshan railway]]), 508 [[List of Shanghai Metro stations|stations]], and {{convert|808|km|0|abbr=on}} of lines in operation, making it the [[List of metro systems|longest network in the world]].<ref name="SHECO2019" /> On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.<ref name="ridership record">{{cite web | url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KOD05sMk2b_fe_qXZb7KpQ | script-title=zh:3月8日上海地铁客流创历史新高 | website=[[WeChat]] | publisher=Shanghai Metro | date=9 March 2019 | language=zh | access-date=9 September 2019 | archive-date=19 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219060732/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KOD05sMk2b_fe_qXZb7KpQ | url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|left|A maglev train leaving [[Pudong International Airport]]]]
Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speed [[maglev]] in the world, with a maximum operation speed of {{Convert|430|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Hugh|title=How we can make super-fast hyperloop travel a reality|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|access-date=19 January 2017|publisher=Independent|date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005348/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The train can complete the {{Convert|30|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} journey between [[Longyang Road station]] and Pudong International Airport in 7 minutes 20 seconds,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/2006-04/26/content_266848.htm|script-title=zh:上海磁悬浮列车示范运营线通过验收|website=gov.cn|date=26 April 2006|access-date=2 September 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902035358/http://www.gov.cn/2006-04/26/content_266848.htm|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> comparing to 32 minutes by [[Line 2 (Shanghai Metro)|Metro Line 2]]<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:沪地铁2号线19日起末班车时间延后 部分列车直通浦东机场|url=http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-04/17/c_137983412.htm|access-date=2 September 2019|work=[[Xinhua News]]|date=17 April 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902035358/http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-04/17/c_137983412.htm|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 30 minutes by car.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://google.com/maps/dir/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA/%E9%BE%99%E9%98%B3%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E7%AB%99+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD|title=Google Maps|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323113302/https://www.google.com/maps/dir/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA/%E9%BE%99%E9%98%B3%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E7%AB%99+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD|url-status=live}}</ref>
With the first tram line been in service in 1908, trams were once popular [[Trams in Shanghai (1908–1975)|in Shanghai]] in the early 20th century. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,<ref>{{cite book|last=Warr|first=Anne|year=2007|title=Shanghai Architecture|publisher=The Watermark Press|isbn=978-0-949284-76-1}}</ref> all of which were [[nationalized]] after the PRC's victory in 1949. Since the 1960s, many tram lines were either dismantled or replaced by [[trolleybus]] or [[motorbus]] lines;<ref>{{cite web |script-title = zh:第三节 公共交通 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node64620/node64630/node64705/node64711/userobject1ai58515.html |date = 5 September 2003 |access-date = 7 November 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160627182759/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node64620/node64630/node64705/node64711/userobject1ai58515.html |archive-date = 27 June 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref> the last tram line was demolished in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |script-title = zh:第三节 轨线 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node4516/node55031/node55112/node55128/userobject1ai42410.html |date = 30 December 2002 |access-date = 7 November 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427214528/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node4516/node55031/node55112/node55128/userobject1ai42410.html |archive-date = 27 April 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref> Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010 with the opening of the [[Rubber-tyred tram|rubber-tyred]] [[Zhangjiang Tram]].<ref>{{cite news|date=1 January 2010|script-title=zh:上海首条现代化有轨电车新年正式载客运营|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/01/content_1501507.htm|work=Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|access-date=12 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812081051/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/01/content_1501507.htm|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the steel wheeled [[Songjiang Tram]] started operating in Songjiang District.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Barrow |first=Keith |date=26 December 2018 |title=Shanghai Songjiang Tramway opens |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/shanghai-songjiang-tramway-opens/ |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co. |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011917/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/shanghai-songjiang-tramway-opens/ |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additional tram lines are under planning in [[Hongqiao Subdistrict, Shanghai|Hongqiao Subdistrict]] and Jiading District {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news|script-title = zh:西虹桥要建有轨电车 “8”字形南北两条环线 |script-work=zh:东方网 |url = http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n5/u1ai352745_t22.html |date = 29 August 2014 |access-date = 17 November 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191117002957/http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n5/u1ai352745_t22.html |archive-date = 17 November 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:沪A57050D 20.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Shanghai Trolleybus network is currently the oldest in the world.]]
Shanghai also has the world's most extensive [[Buses in Shanghai|bus network]], including the world's oldest continuously operating [[Trolleybuses in Shanghai|trolleybus system]], with 1,575 lines covering a total length of {{convert|8,997|km|0|abbr=on}} by 2019.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> The system is operated by multiple companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/zsk/20181205/27281.html|script-title=zh:公交行业概况|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Transportation Commission|date=18 July 2018|access-date=3 November 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103020721/http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/zsk/20181205/27281.html|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
As of 2024, a total of 30,900 taxis were in operation in Shanghai, which carried 134 million passengers throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20250324/a7fe18c6d5c24d66bfca89c5bb4cdcfb.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=tjj.sh.gov.cn}}</ref> [[Taxicab]]s and [[Ride-hailing|ride-hailing vehicles]] by companies such as [[DiDi]] play major roles in urban transportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sohu.com/n/443244619|script-title=zh:打车软件大比拼——上海篇|access-date=2 September 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902080909/http://m.sohu.com/n/443244619/|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live|website=[[Sohu]]}}</ref>
===Roads and expressways===
{{See also|Expressways of Shanghai}}
[[File:Yan'an East Road Interchange, Shanghai, China (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|left|[[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] between [[Yan'an Elevated Road]] and [[North–South Elevated Road (Shanghai)|North–South Elevated Road]]]]
Shanghai is a major hub of [[Expressways of China|China's expressway network]]. Many national expressways (prefixed with the letter G) pass through or end in Shanghai, including [[G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway|Jinghu Expressway]] (overlaps with [[G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway|Hurong Expressway]]), [[G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway|Shenhai Expressway]], [[G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway|Hushaan Expressway]], [[G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway|Huyu Expressway]], [[G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway|Hukun Expressway]] (overlaps with [[G92 Hangzhou Bay Ring Expressway|Hangzhou Bay Ring Expressway]]), and [[G1503 Shanghai Ring Expressway|Shanghai Ring Expressway]].<ref name="expresswayshanghai">{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3826/nw23313/u1aw478.html|script-title=zh:高速公路网|website=shanghai.gov.cn|access-date=28 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828085045/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3826/nw23313/u1aw478.html|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with the letter S.<ref name="expresswayshanghai" /> Of these, the [[S5 Shanghai–Jiading Expressway]] is the first expressway built in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=中国大陆第一条高速公路是哪条？亲历者忆三十多年前建设往事 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/kuaibao_detail.jsp?contid=2520271&from=kuaibao |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The Paper |language=zh-cn}}</ref> As of 2019, Shanghai has a total of 12 bridges and 14 tunnels crossing the Huangpu River.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2017-12-07/detail-ifyppemf5760887.shtml|date=7 December 2017|script-title=zh:上海人飞跃黄浦江历史:建14条隧道12座大桥8条轨交|access-date=28 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828051031/http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2017-12-07/detail-ifyppemf5760887.shtml|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=96784|date=18 July 2018|script-title=zh:黄浦江上第13座大桥开始主塔施工，除了可以"走"，还有哪里与众不同？|access-date=28 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718033241/https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=96784|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Shared bikes on Hongqiao Road.jpg|thumb|Bicycle-sharing systems, such as Mobike (yellow), Hello (blue), and DiDi Bike (lime), are common in Shanghai.]]
Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, on some main roads, including all expressways, bicycles and motorcycles are banned. In recent years, cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity due to the emergence of a large number of dockless app-based [[bicycle-sharing system]]s, such as [[Mobike]], [[Hello (Chinese company)|Hello]], and {{ill|DiDi Bike|zh|滴滴青桔}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatsonweibo.com/ofo-mobike-bluegogo-chinas-messy-bikeshare-market/ |title=Ofo, Mobike, BlueGogo: China's Messy Bikeshare Market |website=What's on Weibo |date=28 April 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806025220/http://www.whatsonweibo.com/ofo-mobike-bluegogo-chinas-messy-bikeshare-market/ |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Hai Guide] Everything you need to know about those shared bikes |url=https://www.citynewsservice.cn/service/%5BHai-Guide%5D-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-those-shared-bikes-qyjar4kb0vmxp63w |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.citynewsservice.cn |language=en}}</ref> {{as of|2018|12}}, bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=128912 |title = zh:共享单车最新调查 上海共享单车一年时间缩水一大半，"共享经济"是伪命题吗？ |work=Shanghai Observer |date=23 January 2019 |language=zh | trans-title=The latest survey of shared bicycles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117003939/https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do%3Fid%3D128912 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> New private cars cannot be driven without a [[license plate]], which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price is about {{CNY|89,600}} ({{US$|12,739}}) in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=184394 |script-title=zh:10月沪牌拍卖结果出炉：中标率6.1%，最低成交价8.93万元 |work = Shanghai Observer |date = 26 October 2019 |access-date = 27 November 2019 |language = zh}}</ref> According to the city's vehicle regulations introduced in June 2016, only locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years are eligible to be in the auction. The purpose of this policy is to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw32419/nw32422/nw32426/nw32487/u21aw1139737.html |script-title=zh:沪牌拍卖规定修订完善调整申请人资格条件 名下已有沪牌额度的不可再参拍 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |date=19 June 2016 |access-date=27 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807171929/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw32419/nw32422/nw32426/nw32487/u21aw1139737.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Public transport, biking infrastructure, walkability, generally permits to live in the city without a car.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Mike |title=China's public transit system continues to set world records — here's what the U.S. could learn |url=https://news.yahoo.com/china-public-transit-system-continues-093000914.html |access-date=5 May 2024 |agency=Yahoo |date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092853/https://news.yahoo.com/china-public-transit-system-continues-093000914.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Living in Shanghai Guide |url=https://www.maxviewrealty.com/Car_and_Driving.html |website=Maxview realty |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505133019/https://www.maxviewrealty.com/Car_and_Driving.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Getting around in Shanghai |url=https://www.expatarrivals.com/asia-pacific/china/shanghai/getting-around-shanghai |website=Expat Arrivals |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>
License plates for fully electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles are free.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=David Daokui |title=China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict |date=2024 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0393292398 |___location=New York, NY |author-link=David Daokui Li}}</ref>{{Rp|page=168}}
===Railways===
[[File:Shanghai Railway Station 4.jpg|left|thumb|[[Shanghai railway station]]]]
Shanghai has four major railway stations: [[Shanghai railway station]], [[Shanghai South railway station]], [[Shanghai West railway station]], and [[Shanghai Hongqiao railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mafengwo.cn/travel-news/220572.html|script-title=zh:上海有哪几个火车站，上海站是哪个站，上海有几个火车站|access-date=1 September 2019|date=2 April 2019|website=mafengwo.cn|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901053008/http://www.mafengwo.cn/travel-news/220572.html|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Built in 1876, the [[Woosung Road|Woosung railway]] was the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in China<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node82288/node82292/node82361/userobject1ai111346.html|title=Songhu Railway|access-date=1 September 2019|publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919022647/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node82288/node82292/node82361/userobject1ai111346.html|archive-date=19 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1909, [[Shanghai–Nanjing railway]] and [[Shanghai–Hangzhou railway]] were in service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn/szbook/slsz/tlp/default.htm|script-title=zh:第一节 沪宁线|access-date=19 January 2019|script-work=zh:江苏交通志·铁路篇 |publisher=Jiangsu People's Government |language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232421/http://jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn/szbook/slsz/tlp/default.htm|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node2245/node68716/node68721/node68756/node68828/userobject1ai66529.html|date=25 December 2003|script-title=zh:第一节 修建|access-date=1 September 2019|publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427144741/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node68716/node68721/node68756/node68828/userobject1ai66529.html|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019|10}}, the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China: [[Beijing–Shanghai railway]] and [[Shanghai–Kunming railway]], respectively.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=zh:《辞海》（1989年版） |page=2353|publisher=[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |year=1989 |editor=辞海编辑委员会}}</ref>
Shanghai has four high-speed railways (HSRs): [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway|Beijing–Shanghai HSR]] (overlaps with [[Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway]]), [[Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway]], [[Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway|Shanghai–Kunming HSR]], and [[Shanghai–Nantong railway]]. One HSR is under construction: [[Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou high-speed railway|Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-12/2012122419242969.htm |script-title=zh:沪通铁路2013年正式开建 南通到上海仅需一小时| trans-title=Construction work on the Hu-Tong Railway will officially start in 2013. It will take just an hour to travel from Nantong to Shanghai| date=24 December 2012| language=zh| access-date=12 August 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515191925/http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-12/2012122419242969.htm| archive-date=15 May 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hz.fccs.com/news/5531232.html|date=15 July 2019 |script-title=zh:最新进展！沪苏湖高铁今年10月底前开工建设|trans-title=Latest progress! Construction of the Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou high-speed railway will begin before the end of October this year.|access-date=12 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812082854/http://hz.fccs.com/news/5531232.html|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shanghai also has four [[Shanghai Metropolitan Area Intercity Railway|commuter railways]]: [[Pudong railway]] (passenger service is currently suspended) and [[Jinshan railway]] operated by [[China Railway]], and [[Line 16 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 16]] and [[Line 17 (Shanghai Metro)|Line 17]] operated by Shanghai Metro.<ref name="envir20160218">{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海市轨道交通近期建设规划(2017-2025)环境影响评价公示|script-work=zh:上海环境热线| date = 18 February 2016| url = http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160218458.htm| language = zh| access-date = 28 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055306/http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160218458.htm| archive-date = 5 March 2016| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="envir20160418">{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海市轨道交通近期建设规划(2017-2025)环境影响评价第二次公示|script-work=zh:上海环境热线| date = 18 April 2016| url = http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160418709.htm| language = zh| access-date = 28 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160506185941/http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160418709.htm| archive-date = 6 May 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2022|01}}, four additional lines—[[Chongming line]], [[Jiamin line]], [[Airport Link line (Shanghai)|Airport link line]] and [[Lianggang Express line]]—are under construction.<ref name="envir20160418" /><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海规土局：机场联络线和嘉闵线已明确采用市郊铁路制式 |work=[[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] | date = 10 August 2016| url = http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1511321| language = zh| access-date = 28 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160810070018/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1511321| archive-date = 10 August 2016| url-status = live}}</ref>
===Air and sea===
{{See also|Port of Shanghai}}
[[File:Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport_Interior.jpg|thumb|right|Inside Shanghai Pudong International Airport Terminal 1]]
Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/new-satellite-terminals-to-propel-shanghais-ascent-hold-fri-morn/|title=New satellite terminals to propel Shanghai's ascent|last=Chan|first=KG|date=15 August 2019|website=Asia Times Online|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174057/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/new-satellite-terminals-to-propel-shanghais-ascent-hold-fri-morn/|archive-date=21 August 2019|access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref> The city has two commercial airports: [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport]] and [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.shanghaifocus.com/guide/Shanghai/transportation-index.html|title=Transportation|publisher=Shanghai Focus|access-date=5 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230072918/http://www.shanghaifocus.com/guide/Shanghai/transportation-index.html|archive-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Pudong International Airport is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao International Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.<ref name="aerodata">{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released|title=Preliminary world airport traffic rankings released|date=13 March 2019|website=[[Airports Council International]]|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910062136/https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|archive-date=10 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |title=2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. |year=2020 |___location=United States |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127110141/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.<ref name="aerodata" />
[[File:Yangshan-Port-Balanced.jpg|thumb|Due to [[Yangshan Port]], Shanghai has become the world's busiest container port.]]
Since its opening, the Port of Shanghai has rapidly grown to become the largest port in China.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:上海：一个城市的传奇和梦想|work=[[Sina News]] |date=12 September 2006|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-12/164610990261.shtml|access-date=11 March 2011|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112053622/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-12/164610990261.shtml|archive-date=12 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking large [[container ships]]. The port is connected with the mainland through the {{Convert|32|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} long [[Donghai Bridge]]. Although the port is run by the [[Shanghai International Port Group]] under the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to Shengsi County, Zhejiang.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:2017年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：嵊泗县|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/33/09/330922.html|work=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|access-date=7 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610191432/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/33/09/330922.html|archive-date=10 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Overtaking the [[Port of Singapore]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite news|title=Shanghai overtakes S'pore as world's busiest port|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_621944.html|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=8 January 2011|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815030034/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_621944.html|archive-date=15 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> the Port of Shanghai has become [[List of world's busiest container ports|world's busiest container port]] with an annual [[twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] transportation of 42 million in 2018.<ref name="Lloyd's2019">[https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2019#comment One Hundred Ports 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826231536/https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2019#comment|date=26 August 2019}} Lloyd's List，2019</ref> Besides cargo, the Port of Shanghai handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.<ref name="SHECO2019" />
Shanghai is part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of [[India]] to [[Mombasa]], from there to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of [[Trieste]] with its rail connections to [[Central Europe|Central]] and the [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/china-mediterranean-silk-road/|title=China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative|date=22 July 2018|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129233212/https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/china-mediterranean-silk-road/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. (2017).</ref><ref>Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2019).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maritime Shipping and Export Trade on "Maritime Silk Road"|first1=Bao|last1=Jiang|first2=Jian|last2=Li|first3=Chunxia|last3=Gong|date=1 June 2018|journal=The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics|volume=34|issue=2|pages=83–90|doi=10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.005|s2cid=169732441|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html|title=Neue Seidenstraße: Das Mega-Projekt aus China|website=www.merkur.de|date=12 December 2022|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629064839/https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Shanghai}}
[[File:Shanghai Nights.jpg|thumb|upright|Shanghai [[Citi Bank]] Building operates a light show, shining the phrase "I love Shanghai."]]
The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the nearby [[Wuyue culture]] and the "East Meets West" [[Haipai]] culture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from nearby Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—and [[Shanghai cuisine]], which was influenced by [[Jiangsu cuisine]] and [[Zhejiang cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/The-key-ingredients-of-Shanghai-culture/shdaily.shtml|title=The key ingredients of Shanghai culture|work=[[Shanghai Daily]]|date=2 June 2018|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216112246/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/The-key-ingredients-of-Shanghai-culture/shdaily.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with numerous foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/shanghai/shanghai-style-culture.htm|title=Shanghai-style Culture|publisher=Top China Travel|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022084025/https://www.topchinatravel.com/shanghai/shanghai-style-culture.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The culture fuses elements of [[Western cultures]] with the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.<ref name="The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing">{{cite web|last1=Xu|first1=S.L|title=The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing|url=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en/2006-08/28/content_85051_2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216011720/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en/2006-08/28/content_85051_2.htm|archive-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> The term Haipai—originally referring to a painting school in Shanghai—was coined by a group of Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize some Shanghai scholars for admiring [[capitalism]] and Western culture.<ref name="The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yu |first1=Jianhua (俞剑华) |script-title=zh:中国绘画史（下册）|date=1937|publisher=[[The Commercial Press]] |___location=Shanghai |page=196}}</ref> In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for [[cyberpunk]] culture.<ref>Sahr Johnny, "Cybercity – Sahr Johnny's Shanghai Dream" ''[[That's Shanghai]]'', October 2005; quoted online by [http://www.xyberia.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081636/http://www.xyberia.com/|date=14 January 2012}}</ref> The city is also officially recognized by [[UNESCO]] as a "[[Design Cities (UNESCO)|City of Design]]" since February 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanghai |url=https://www.designcities.net/city/shanghai/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Cities of Design Network |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Museums ===
{{see also|List of museums in China#Shanghai}}
[[File:China Art Museum 1.jpg|left|thumb|The China Art Museum, located in [[Pudong]]]]
Cultural curation in Shanghai has seen significant growth since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartshanghai.com/articles/arts/3-new-museums-to-look-out-for-in-2018|title=3 New Museums to Look Out for in 2018|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004339/http://www.smartshanghai.com/articles/arts/3-new-museums-to-look-out-for-in-2018|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city".<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2018 |title=Shanghai releases blueprint for becoming global cosmopolis by 2035 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shanghai-releases-blueprint-for-becoming-global-cosmopolis-by-2035 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115191835/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shanghai-releases-blueprint-for-becoming-global-cosmopolis-by-2035 |archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> As such, Shanghai has several museums of regional and national importance.<ref>{{cite web |title = Museums in Shanghai |url = http://www.shanghaitourmap.com/museums.html |website = shanghaitourmap.com |access-date = 19 October 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101133821/http://www.shanghaitourmap.com/museums.html |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartshanghai.com/listings/arts/museums/|title=Museums in Shanghai – SmartShanghai|website=smartshanghai.com|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120173248/http://www.smartshanghai.com/listings/arts/museums/|archive-date=20 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection of [[ancient Chinese bronze]]s and [[Chinese ceramics|ceramics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20111214-free-art-in-shanghai|title=Free Art in Shanghai|work=BBC|date=18 December 2011|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214702/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20111214-free-art-in-shanghai|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[China Art Museum, Shanghai|China Art Museum]], located in the former [[China pavilion at Expo 2010]], is one of the largest museums in Asia and displays an animated replica of the 12th century painting [[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/art-museum.htm|title=China Art Museum|work=Travel China Guide|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193907/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/art-museum.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Shanghai Natural History Museum]] and the [[Shanghai Science and Technology Museum]] are notable natural history and science museums. In addition, there are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in important archeological and historical sites, such as the [[Songze culture|Songze]] Museum,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/242613645_205643|script-title=zh:【文化】小编带你走进上海崧泽遗址博物馆|work=绿色青浦|date=22 July 2018|access-date=6 August 2020|language=zh|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310195502/https://www.sohu.com/a/242613645_205643|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]], the site of the former [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-09/04/c_1116460870.htm|script-title=zh:朴槿惠在沪为"大韩民国临时政府旧址"展馆更新启用剪彩|work=[[Xinhua News]]|date=22 July 2018|access-date=6 August 2020|language=zh|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194102/http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-09/04/c_1116460870.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum (located in the [[General Post Office Building, Shanghai|General Post Office Building]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mytravels.asia/shanghai-post-office-museum/|title=The Shanghai Post Office Museum|website=www.mytravels.asia|date=23 August 2017|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194141/https://mytravels.asia/shanghai-post-office-museum/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Shanghainese cuisine}}
[[File:Xiao Long Bao at Nanxiang Mantou Dian 1.jpg|thumb|[[Xiaolongbao]] in Shanghai]]
Benbang cuisine ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=本帮菜}})<ref name="kankanews">{{cite web|url=http://shanghai.kankanews.com/c/2014-05-04/0014691475.shtml|script-title=zh:看懂上海：上海本帮菜|script-work=zh:看看新闻 |language=zh-cn |date=4 May 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704135853/http://shanghai.kankanews.com/c/2014-05-04/0014691475.shtml|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially when used in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include [[Xiaolongbao]], [[Red braised pork belly]], and [[Chinese mitten crab|Shanghai hairy crab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-intro-to-shanghai-hu-cuisine|title=A Brief Intro to Shanghai "Hu" Cuisine|website=theculturetrip.com|date=21 December 2017|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828111530/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-intro-to-shanghai-hu-cuisine/|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Haipai cuisine]], on the other hand, is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It absorbed elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them to suit the local taste according to the features of local ingredients.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Junxiang |last2=Duan |first2=Lian |script-title=zh:话说沪商 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ocpibm_gSMYC |year=2007 |publisher=中华工商联合出版社|isbn=9787801934925 |page=136 |script-chapter=zh:顺应上海人口味的海派西餐}}</ref> Famous dishes of Haipai cuisine include Shanghai-style [[borscht]] ({{lang|zh|罗宋汤}}, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, and [[Shanghai salad]] derived from [[Olivier salad]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海故事“吃西菜到红房子”：海派西餐那些事 |url = https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2647089 |work = [[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date = 19 November 2018 |access-date = 18 February 2020 |language = zh |archive-date = 18 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218061602/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2647089 |url-status = live}}</ref> Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine make use of a variety of seafood, including [[freshwater fish]], [[shrimps]], and crabs.<ref>{{cite web |title = Shanghai Food |url = https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/dining/more.htm |work = Travel China Guide |access-date = 6 August 2020 |language = zh |archive-date = 30 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080630165029/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/dining/more.htm |url-status = live}}</ref>
=== Arts ===
[[File:Renxiong wan04s.jpg|thumb|left|upright|{{lang|zh-hans|十万图之四}} (''No. 4 of a Hundred Thousand Scenes'') by [[Ren Xiong]], a pioneer of the Shanghai School of Chinese art, {{Circa|1850}}]]
The Songjiang School ({{lang|zh|淞江派}}), containing the Huating School ({{lang|zh-hans|华亭派}}) founded by [[Gu Zhengyi]],<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:松江画派：价格与地位不符 |author = 崔庆国 |url = https://news.artron.net/20090409/n74083.html |date = 9 April 2009 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |script-newspaper=zh:《鉴宝》 |language = zh-Hans |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234817/https://news.artron.net/20090409/n74083.html |archive-date = 4 September 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海通志>>第三十八卷文化艺术（上）>>第六章美术、书法、摄影>>节 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node2247/node4596/node79720/node79730/userobject1ai102937.html |access-date = 20 April 2012 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150927072850/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4596/node79720/node79730/userobject1ai102937.html |archive-date = 27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> It was represented by [[Dong Qichang]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title = zh:《上海地方志》>>1989年第五期>>"松江画派"源流 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70393/node70403/node72565/node72684/userobject1ai82593.html |access-date = 20 April 2012 |language = zh}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The school was considered an expansion of the [[Wu School]] in Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.<ref>{{cite web |script-title = zh:董其昌與松江畫派 |author = 單國霖 |url = http://www.mam.gov.mo/MAM_WS/ShowFile.ashx?p=mam2013/pdf_theses/635645338411647.pdf |date = May 2005 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |website = mam.gov.mo |language = zh |archive-date = 4 September 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234819/http://www.mam.gov.mo/MAM_WS/ShowFile.ashx?p=mam2013/pdf_theses/635645338411647.pdf |url-status = dead}}</ref> In the mid 19th century, the [[Haipai|Shanghai School]] movement commenced, focusing less on the symbolism emphasized by the [[Ink wash painting|Literati style]] but more on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors. Secular objects like flowers and birds were often selected as themes.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:海上画派的艺术特点及对后世的影响 |url = http://www.sohu.com/a/302172277_741281 |date = 18 March 2019 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |website = sohu.com |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042208/http://www.sohu.com/a/302172277_741281 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> [[Western art]] was introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer ({{lang|zh-hans|范廷佐}}), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside the [[Tushanwan|Tushanwan orphanage]] (土山湾孤儿院).<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:171年前一个西班牙人来到上海，西洋绘画由此传播开来 |url = http://www.sohu.com/a/242151956_786067 |date = 17 July 2018 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |website = sohu.com |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042207/http://www.sohu.com/a/242151956_786067 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> During the Republic of China, many famous artists including [[Zhang Daqian]], [[Liu Haisu]], [[Xu Beihong]], [[Feng Zikai]], and [[Yan Wenliang]] settled in Shanghai, allowing it to gradually become the art center of China. Various art forms—including [[photography]], [[wood carving]], [[sculpture]], [[comics]] ([[Manhua]]), and [[Lianhuanhua]]—thrived. [[Sanmao (comics)|Sanmao]] was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:"三毛"最早诞生于1935年7月28日《晨报》副刊 |work = [[Jiefang Daily]] |date = 29 July 2010 |url = http://news.163.com/10/0729/10/6COKP6R8000146BD.html |access-date = 20 April 2012 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161639/http://news.163.com/10/0729/10/6COKP6R8000146BD.html |archive-date = 23 August 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Today, the most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum. In addition, the Chinese Painting Academy features traditional [[Chinese painting]],<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:上海中国画院 |script-work=zh:今日艺术|url =http://www.artnow.com.cn/CommonPage/ArtOrgDetail.aspx?ChannelID=480&OrganizationId=827|access-date =12 March 2011|language =zh|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101127203633/http://artnow.com.cn/CommonPage/ArtOrgDetail.aspx?ChannelID=480&OrganizationId=827|archive-date =27 November 2010}}</ref> while the [[Power Station of Art]] displays [[contemporary art]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:特稿｜11月的上海，何以成为全球最热的当代艺术地标 |author = 钱雪儿 |url = https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2649287 |work = [[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date = 22 November 2018 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905043259/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2649287 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> The city also has many art galleries, many of which are located in the [[M50 Art District]] and [[Tianzifang]]. First held in 1996, the [[Shanghai Biennale]] has become an important place for Chinese and foreign arts to interact.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:现场｜第12届上海双年展开幕：进退之间，无序或矛盾 |author = 钱雪儿 |url = https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2619003 |work = [[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date = 10 November 2018 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042204/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2619003 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>[[File:Mei Lanfang performing at Tianchan Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mei Lanfang]] performing the [[Peking opera]] "Resisting the Jin Army" at [[Tianchan Theatre]]]]
Traditional [[Chinese opera]] (Xiqu) became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, [[monologue]] and [[burlesque]] in Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. The [[Great World]] opened in 1912 and was a significant stage at the time.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:王无能 |script-work=zh:易文网|date=30 November 2006|url=http://www.ewen.cc/earbook/bkview.asp?bkid=124380&cid=366136|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112080014/http://www.ewen.cc/earbook/bkview.asp?bkid=124380&cid=366136|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2012|access-date =20 April 2012}}</ref> In the 1920s, [[Suzhou Pingtan|Pingtan]] expanded from Suzhou to Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:历史上的今天 3月2日|script-work=zh:中国网|url=http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/data/lssdjt/2009-02/25/content_17334020.htm|access-date=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422114201/http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/data/lssdjt/2009-02/25/content_17334020.htm|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Pingtan art developed rapidly to 103 programs every day by the 1930s because of the abundant commercial radio stations in the city. Around the same time, a Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed. Led by [[Zhou Xinfang]] and {{interlanguage link|Gai Jiaotian|lt=|zh|盖叫天}}, it attracted many Xiqu masters, like [[Mei Lanfang]], to the city.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:梅兰芳的几次出国演出(附图) |publisher=上海档案信息网 |date=27 February 2008|url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/docs/200802/d_158621.html |access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109120331/http://www.archives.sh.cn/docs/200802/d_158621.html |archive-date=9 November 2011}}</ref> A small troupe from Shengxian (now [[Shengzhou]]) also began to promote [[Yue opera]] on the Shanghainese stage.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:怀想当年"越剧十姐妹"绍兴将共演《山河恋》 |work = [[Sohu]] Entertainment |date = 1 February 2007 |url = http://yule.sohu.com/20070201/n247975025.shtml |access-date = 20 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305025651/http://yule.sohu.com/20070201/n247975025.shtml |archive-date = 5 March 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref> A unique style of opera, [[Shanghai opera]], was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Huju: Traditional Opera in modern Shanghai|last=Stock|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford; New York : Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=0197262732}}</ref> As of 2012, prominent troupes in Shanghai include [[Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company]], {{interlanguage link|Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe|lt=|zh|上海昆剧团}}, [[Shanghai Yue Opera House]], and Shanghai Huju Opera House.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:所属院团|publisher=Shanghai Center of Chinese Operas |url=http://www.shchineseoperas.org/Troupe.aspx?pagetype=xsty|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203170823/http://www.shchineseoperas.org/Troupe.aspx?pagetype=xsty|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Drama]] appeared in [[Mission school|missionary schools]] in Shanghai in the late 19th century. At the time, it was mainly performed in English. ''Scandals in Officialdom'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=官场丑史}}), staged in 1899, was one of the earliest-recorded plays.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:剧变沧桑：第1集 舞台西洋风 |script-website=zh:文明网 |date=21 February 2009 |url=http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-02/21/content_12509540_2.htm |access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211044131/http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-02/21/content_12509540_2.htm |archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> In 1907, ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly]]'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=黑奴吁天录}}) was performed at the {{interlanguage link|Lyceum Theatre, Shanghai|lt=Lyceum Theatre|zh|兰心大戏院}}.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:话剧百年 "兰心"之韵 |script-work=zh:城市经济导报 | date = 11 March 2001| url = http://www.ceeh.com.cn/html/news/2007/07/02/200707020235280_0.html | access-date = 17 October 2011 | language = zh | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134944/http://www.ceeh.com.cn/html/news/2007/07/02/200707020235280_0.html | archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref> <!--After the [[New Culture Movement]], drama became a popular way for students and intellectuals to express their views. The city has several major institutes of theater training, including the [[Shanghai Conservatory of Music]], the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Centre, the [[Shanghai Opera House]], and the [[Shanghai Theatre Academy]]. Notable theaters in Shanghai include the Shanghai Grand Theatre, the [[Oriental Art Center]], and the People's Theatre.-->
[[File:Qipao1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|In this Shanghainese soap advertisement from the 1930s, two women are wearing Shanghai-styled ''[[qipao]]'' while playing golf.]]
Shanghai is considered to be the birthplace of [[Cinema of China|Chinese cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/venue/Around_Town-Museums-_Books__Films-Cinemas/12827/Shanghai-Film-Museum.html|title=Shanghai Film Museum|work=timeoutshanghai.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602191309/https://www.timeoutshanghai.com/venue/Around_Town-Museums-_Books__Films-Cinemas/12827/Shanghai-Film-Museum.html|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> China's first short film, ''[[The Difficult Couple]]'' (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, ''[[An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|孤儿救祖记}}, 1923)<ref>{{cite web|date=4 April 2020|script-title=zh:中國電影史｜孤兒救祖記|url=https://vitomag.com/history/fw7zt9|script-work=zh:繪琳美育|access-date=19 April 2020|language=zh|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516170423/https://vitomag.com/history/fw7zt9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> were both produced in Shanghai. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as [[Hu Die]], [[Ruan Lingyu]], [[Zhou Xuan]], [[Jin Yan]], and [[Zhao Dan]]. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame [[Mao Zedong]]. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors as a result of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the [[Communist revolution]] contributed enormously to the development of the [[Hong Kong film industry]].<ref name="SHHKFilm">{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海电影对香港电影的影响 |trans-title = The influence of Shanghai film on Hong Kong film |script-work=zh:香港电影论文 |url = https://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/wentilunwen/xianggangdianyinglunwen/2013/0831/25193.html |date = 31 August 2013 |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191003035140/https://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/wentilunwen/xianggangdianyinglunwen/2013/0831/25193.html |archive-date = 3 October 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref> The movie ''[[In the Mood for Love]]'' directed by [[Wong Kar-wai]], a Shanghai native, depicts a slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/28/movies/film-setting-his-tale-of-love-found-in-a-city-long-lost.html|title=Setting His Tale Of Love Found In a City Long Lost|date=28 January 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215074041/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/28/movies/film-setting-his-tale-of-love-found-in-a-city-long-lost.html|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shanghai's cultural festivals include Shanghai International Television Festival, Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai International Art Festival, Shanghai International Tourism Festival, Shanghai Spring International Music Festival, etc. Shanghai TV Festival is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. It was founded in 1986. The Shanghai International Film Festival was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category. The highest award is the "Golden Goblet Award"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Festivals in Shanghai|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/when-to-go.htm|access-date=29 November 2021|website=www.travelchinaguide.com}}</ref>
=== Fashion ===
Since 2001, Shanghai has held its own [[fashion week]] called [[Shanghai Fashion Week]] twice every year in April and October. The main venue is in [[Fuxing Park]], and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-month [[Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=zh:历届回顾 COLLECTION|url=http://www.shanghaifashionweek.com/?page_id=68293|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> Shanghai Fashion Week is considered to be an event of national significance featuring both international and Chinese designers. The international presence has included many promising young British fashion designers.<ref>{{cite web |author=Leisa Barnett |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/081027-aminaka-wilmont-show-in-shanghai.aspx |title=Aminaka Wilmont to show in Shanghai (Vogue.com UK) |work=Vogue|___location=UK |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018173530/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/081027-aminaka-wilmont-show-in-shanghai.aspx |archive-date=18 October 2010}}</ref> The event is hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government and supported by the People's Republic Ministry of Commerce.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2010/10/21/shanghai-fashion-week-kicks-off/ |title = Photos of Shanghai Fashion Week – Scene Asia – Scene Asia – WSJ |work = The Wall Street Journal |date = 21 October 2010 |access-date = 11 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111216144231/http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2010/10/21/shanghai-fashion-week-kicks-off/ |archive-date = 16 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==
[[File:Shanghai F1 Circui 01.jpg|thumb|F1 Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai]]
Shanghai is home to several [[Association football|football]] teams, including two in the [[Chinese Super League]]: [[Shanghai Shenhua F.C.|Shanghai Shenhua]]<ref name="绿地宣布接手申花 朱骏时代宣告终结">{{cite web|url=http://sports.163.com/14/0131/15/9JU8EDUS00051C89.html |title=绿地宣布接手申花 朱骏时代宣告终结 |publisher=sports.163.com |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202220527/http://sports.163.com/14/0131/15/9JU8EDUS00051C89.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live|language=zh}}</ref> and [[Shanghai Port F.C.|Shanghai Port]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-11-07/doc-ihmutuea7981747.shtml|script-title=zh:新王登基！上港终夺中超冠军 再也不是"千年老二"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111071905/http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-11-07/doc-ihmutuea7981747.shtml|archive-date=11 November 2018|work=Sina Sports|date=7 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018|language=zh|url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai's top-tier [[basketball]] team, the [[Shanghai Sharks]] of the [[Chinese Basketball Association]], developed [[Yao Ming]] before he entered the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaisharks.cn/ |script-title=zh:上海哔哩哔哩篮球俱乐部官方网站 |publisher=Shanghai Sharks |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504202947/http://www.shanghaisharks.cn/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="yao ming">{{Cite news|last=Passa |first=Dennis |url=https://news.yahoo.com/chinese-great-yao-ming-retires-basketball-060633532.html |title=Chinese great Yao Ming retires from basketball |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130114954/http://news.yahoo.com/chinese-great-yao-ming-retires-basketball-060633532.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shanghai's baseball team, the [[Shanghai Golden Eagles]], plays in the [[China Baseball League]].<ref>{{cite book
|title=Baseball America 2007 Almanac: A Comprehensive Review of the 2006 Season
|year=2007
|author= Will Lingo
|isbn=978-1932391138
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik7CkgZIitEC&pg=PA361
|page=361|publisher=Simon and Schuster
}}</ref>
The [[Shanghai Cricket Club]] dates back to 1858 when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of [[Royal Navy|British Naval]] officers and a Shanghai 11. Following a 45-year dormancy after the founding of the PRC in 1949, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members. The [[Shanghai cricket team]] played various international matches between 1866 and 1948. With cricket in the rest of China almost non-existent, for that period they were the de facto [[China national cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shanghaicricket.com/about-us/|title=About the Shanghai Cricket Club|publisher=Shanghai Cricket Club|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411205407/http://shanghaicricket.com/about-us/|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:YaoMingoffense.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Yao Ming was born in Shanghai. He started his career with the Shanghai Sharks.]]
Shanghai is home to many prominent Chinese professional athletes, such as basketball player Yao Ming,<ref name="yao ming" /> [[110 metres hurdles]] [[Liu Xiang (hurdler)|Liu Xiang]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/5156040.stm|title=Liu sets new world hurdles record|department=[[BBC Sport]]|work=[[BBC News]]|date=11 July 2006|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> [[table tennis]] player [[Wang Liqin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tabletennista.com/2013/12/wang-liqin-others-also-retire-from-the-nat/|publisher=Table Tennis Master|title=Wang Liqin others also retire from the nat|date=December 2013|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114145120/http://tabletennista.com/2013/12/wang-liqin-others-also-retire-from-the-nat/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[badminton]] player [[Wang Yihan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinanews.com.cn/ty/jdpl/news/2008/09-26/1395184.shtml|script-title=zh:南方都市报：王仪涵是下一站天后?|date=26 September 2008|publisher=China News|language=zh|access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref>
In 2023, athletes from Shanghai collectively won 19 gold medals at world championships and 38 gold medals at the highest-level national competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=tjj.sh.gov.cn}}</ref>
[[File:Tsonga Potro 2008 Tennis Masters.jpg|thumb|Shanghai Masters in [[Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena]]]]
Shanghai is the host of several international sports events. Since 2004, it has hosted the [[Chinese Grand Prix]], a round of the [[Formula One|Formula One World Championship]]. The race is staged annually at the [[Shanghai International Circuit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46457.htm |title=Grand Prix Shanghai Set to Go |publisher=China.org.cn |date=22 October 2002 |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234108/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46457.htm |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> It hosted the [[2019 Chinese Grand Prix|1000th Formula One race]] on 14 April 2019. In 2010, Shanghai became the host city of [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters]], which raced in a street circuit in Pudong. In 2012, Shanghai began hosting [[4 Hours of Shanghai]] as one round from the inaugural season of the [[FIA World Endurance Championship]]. The city also hosts the [[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]] tennis tournament, which is part of [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]], as well as golf tournaments including the [[BMW Masters]] and [[WGC-HSBC Champions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-04/25/content_15132467.htm |title=European Tour, CGA unveil BMW Masters |date=25 April 2012 |work=China Daily |access-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061851/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-04/25/content_15132467.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 21 September 2017, Shanghai hosted a [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) [[ice hockey]] exhibition game in an effort to increase fan interest for the [[2017–18 NHL season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/los-angeles-kings-vancouver-canucks-china-games-recap/c-291286826|title=Kings defeat Canucks in shootout to sweep China Games|publisher=National Hockey League|date=23 September 2017|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901053005/https://www.nhl.com/news/los-angeles-kings-vancouver-canucks-china-games-recap/c-291286826|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Shanghai is solidifying its status as a global hub for premier professional sports events. In 2023, Shanghai hosted a total of 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million).<ref>{{Cite web |title=《2023年上海市体育赛事影响力评估报告》发布-新华网 |url=http://sh.news.cn/20240302/df9a5552b08d41b9aaafdd5184e2a216/c.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=sh.news.cn}}</ref>
In 2024, the city is set to host nearly 175 domestic and international tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanghai is full speed ahead |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SportsEvents/20240403/0e8fbfca77664045a8f8d8d5b26f0768.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn}}</ref> Notable events on the calendar include the Olympic Qualifier Series, the Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix, the 2024 FIA Formula E World Championship (Shanghai), the 2024 Archery World Cup, the WDSF Grand Slam Final, and the ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2024, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports Events |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SportsEvents/index.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn}}</ref>
==Environment==
=== Parks and resorts ===
Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was {{convert|9|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Shanghai Overview 2019">{{cite web |year=2023 |title= |script-title=zh:上海市绿化和市容管理局关于报送《上海市 生态空间建设和市容环境优化“十四五” 规划》中期评估报告的函 |trans-title=Letter from Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau on the Mid-term Evaluation Report of the “14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Space Construction and Amenity Optimization in Shanghai” |url=https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/cmsres/d1/d1597f1c33b24a3d82e4198e5afb3a1c/ce4274ae0477e9ab050eaeac12ec9fed.pdf |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau |page=1 |language=zh}}</ref> The largest park in Shanghai is [[Century Park (Shanghai)|Century Park]] in Pudong.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Yue |title=“公园城市”在魔都：绿意与街区融合，大自然24小时可及 |trans-title="Park City" in Shanghai: Greenery and streetscapes integrate and nature becomes accessible 24/7 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27076690 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502171626/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27076690 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Shanghai - People's Park - 0005.jpg|left|thumb|[[People's Park (Shanghai)|People's Park]]]]
The [[People's Square]] park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is especially well known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/taste/2009176255/|title=Stroll into history along a street full of delights|date=17 September 2020|first=Jing|last=Zhu|access-date=15 November 2020|work=[[Shanghai Daily]]}}</ref>
[[Zhongshan Park (Shanghai)|Zhongshan Park]], in western central Shanghai, is famous for its monument of [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/arts/06iht-chopin.html|title=A Polish 'Nationalist' Whose Music Also Resonates Across China|last=Melvin|first=Sheila|date=5 July 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of [[St. John's University, Shanghai|St. John's University]], Shanghai's first international college; today, the park features [[Cherry blossom|sakura]] and [[peony]] gardens and a 150-year-old [[platanus]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html|script-title=zh:中山公园|trans-title=Zhongshan Park|date=20 August 2019|website=Shanghai Changning Government|language=zh|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015300/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it also serves as an interchange hub in the metro system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_3991_529275.html |script-title=zh:从外商私家花园到24小时向市民开放，这座公园见证上海百年变迁 |date=27 August 2019 |website=Shanghai Changning Government |language=zh |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015301/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_3991_529275.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
One of Shanghai's newer parks is the [[Xujiahui Park]], which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has an artificial lake with a sky bridge running across the park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_138092683.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930181757/http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_138092683.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2019 |script-title=zh:徐家汇公园新添一群黑天鹅宝宝！-新华网|date=27 May 2019|work=[[Xinhua News]]|language=zh-cn |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> [[Shanghai Botanical Garden]] is located {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—[[Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden]]—opened in Songjiang District.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:2011-01-23:亚洲最大温室建成九千种植物齐聚 辰山植物园全面开放|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html|access-date=28 August 2019|agency=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040518/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
Other parks in Shanghai include [[Fuxing Park]], [[Gucun Park]], [[Guilin Park]], [[Jing'an Park]] and [[Lu Xun Park]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Dan |last2=Long |first2=Xuewen |last3=Li |first3=Zhigang |last4=Chuan |first4=Liao |last5=Xie |first5=Changkun |last6=Che |first6=Shengquan |date=2021-12-16 |year= |title=Exploring the Determinants of Urban Green Space UtilizationBased on Microblog Check-In Data in Shanghai, China |url=https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/12/1783 |journal=Forests |volume=12 |issue=12 |page=11}}</ref>
[[File:Shanghai_disneyland_castle.jpg|thumb|right|Enchanted Storybook Castle of [[Shanghai Disneyland]]]]The [[Shanghai Disney Resort]] Project was approved by the government on 4 November 2009<ref name="another major milestone">
{{cite web
|url = http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2009/2009_1103_shanghai.html
|title = The Walt Disney Company Reaches Another Major Milestone on Shanghai Theme Park Project
|publisher = [[Walt Disney Company]]
|date = 3 November 2009
|access-date = 28 January 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127064421/http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2009/2009_1103_shanghai.html
|archive-date = 27 November 2010
|url-status=live
}}
</ref> and opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title = Disneyland Shanghai to open 2016 |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |access-date = 16 December 2011 |newspaper = The Independent |date = 8 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141119155711/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |archive-date = 19 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The $4.4 billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Barboza |first2=Brooks |last2=Barnes |title=Disney to Open Park in Shanghai |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701090014/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 11 million people visited the resort in its first year of operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/shanghai-disney-resort-hosts-spectacular-first-anniversary-celebration/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Hosts a Spectacular First Anniversary Celebration|date=16 June 2017|publisher=The Walt Disney Company|language=en-US|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
===Air pollution===
{{See also|Pollution in China#Air pollution}}
[[File:Shanghai haze in Huangpu Distract 20131206.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]] during the 2013 Eastern China smog]]
[[Air pollution]] in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |title=Shanghai Warns Children to Stay Indoors on Haze, PM2.5 Surge |date=25 December 2013 |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233031/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the December [[2013 Eastern China smog]], air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|title=Flights delayed as air pollution hits record in Shanghai|website=[[Reuters]]|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=6 December 2013|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034759/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liu Chen-yao">{{cite web |url = http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |script-title = zh:中国出现入冬以来最大范围雾霾 局地严重污染 |trans-title = Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013; surrounding areas severely polluted |publisher = China news agency |author = Liu Chenyao |language = zh-hans |access-date = 3 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001427/http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |archive-date = 12 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 December 2013, levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> [[Particulates|particulate matter]] in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref name="Liu Chen-yao" /> Levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |script-title=zh:上海今日PM<sub>2.5</sub>均值超600 高楼在雾霾中若隐若现 |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212111750/http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |script-title=zh:新闻晨报：释疑——重度污染为何不发霾红色预警 |script-work=zh:上视新闻频道-上海早晨栏目 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210232250/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |title=Shanghai grinds to a halt as smog nears top of air pollution scale |work=South China Morning Post |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324174056/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
On 23 January 2014, [[Yang Xiong (politician)|Yang Xiong]], the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|mayor of Shanghai]], announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement">{{cite web |url=http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |script-title=zh:上海将采取三大措施治理空气污染 |trans-title=Three main measures will be taken against Shanghai's air pollution |website=cnstock.com |language=zh-hans |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817112414/http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement" /> On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a {{CNY|10 billion}} ({{US$|1.7 billion}}) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.<ref>[[Jane Qiu|Qiu, Jane]]. ''Fight against smog ramps up'' ([http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 Nature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508205301/http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 |date=8 May 2014}}, 18 February 2014).</ref> The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual [[smoke]], [[nitrogen oxide]], and [[sulfur dioxide]] emission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|script-title=zh:2013年大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data 2013|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=15 October 2014|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065049/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|script-title=zh:2018年上海市大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data of Shanghai 2018|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=21 November 2019|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065028/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
===Environmental protection===
[[File:A residual waste truck and a household food waste truck on Zhonghua Road, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|right|A residual waste truck and a kitchen waste truck on Zhonghua Road]]
Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/nov/26/shanghai-suzhou-creek-clean-up-redevelopment|title=Shanghai's Suzhou Creek cleans up its act|first=Taras|last=Grescoe|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/df/sh/201203/t20120328_217472.html|script-title=zh:沉睡百年的苏州河黑臭底泥首次大规模疏浚完工|trans-title=The first large-scale dredging of the Suzhou River's black, odorous sediment, which has been dormant for a hundred years, has been completed|first=Tianjun|last=Ouyang|work=China Water|date=28 March 2012|access-date=15 November 2020|language=zh}}</ref> Additionally, the government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces.<ref name="airpollution">
{{cite web
|title=Environmental Protection in China's Wealthiest City
|url=http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165307/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm
|archive-date=30 October 2007
|publisher=The American Embassy in China
|date=July 2001
|access-date=11 May 2008}}</ref> Shanghai once promoted the usage of [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) vehicles, such as scooters and taxis, in the early 2000s; however, due to safety risks and lack of refuelling stations, LPG vehicles met limited success in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shi |first=Yanjun |last2=Li |first2=Keda |date=2011-08-23 |title=上海LPG助动车：断气还是求生? |trans-title=Shanghai's LPG mopeds: Running out of gas or surviving? |url=http://auto.ce.cn/xwzx/201108/23/t20110823_21025596.shtml |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=China Economic Net |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts out waste into residual waste, kitchen waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.<ref name="garbageclassification">{{cite web
|title=Shanghai Businesses to Comply with New Waste Management Norms from July 1
|url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/
|archive-date=30 June 2019
|publisher=China-briefing
|date=25 June 2019
|access-date=2 February 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630050942/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to [[incineration]] plants, [[landfill]]s, [[recycling]] centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:垃圾分类新风｜上海分类后的垃圾到底去哪儿了？ |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2432317 |work=[[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
==Media==
{{ill|Media in Shanghai|zh|上海传媒业}} covers newspapers, publisher, broadcast, television, and Internet, with some media having influence over the country. In regard to foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the ''[[Shanghai Jewish Chronicle|Chronicle]]''."<ref>{{cite book |last=Walravens |first=Hartmut |title=Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers presented by the Newspapers at IFLA General Conferences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA95 |year=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-096279-6 |page=95 |chapter=German Influence on the Press in China}}</ref>
{{as of|2020|3}}, newspapers publishing in Shanghai include:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Jiefang Daily]]''
* ''[[Oriental Sports Daily]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Review of Books]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Daily]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Star]]''
* ''[[Xinmin Evening News]]''
* ''[[Wen Hui Bao]]''
* ''[[Wenhui Book Review]]''
{{Div col end}}
Newspapers formerly published in Shanghai include:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Der Ostasiatische Lloyd]]''
* ''[[Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung]]''
* ''[[Gelbe Post]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/gelbepost|title=Gelbe Post : ostasiatische Halbmonatsschrift. (Shanghai, China : 1939–1940.)|work=Internet Archive|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[North China Daily News]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury]]''
* ''[[The Shanghai Gazette]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89049318/|title=The Shanghai gazette|work=Library of Congress|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Shanghai Jewish Chronicle]]''
* ''[[Shanghai Herald]]''
* ''[[The Shanghai Mercury]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89049387/|title=The Shanghai Mercury|work=Library of Congress|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[The Shanghai Post (German-language newspaper)|The Shanghai Post]]''<ref>{{cite book|title=Newspapers in International Librarianship|first1=Hartmut|last1=Walravens|first2=Edmund|last2=King|publisher=[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] Publications|year=2003|isbn=3-598-21837-0|page=94}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Shanghai Times|zh|上海泰晤士报}}''
* ''[[Shen Bao]]''
* ''[[Israel's Messenger]]''
{{Div col end}}
The city's main broadcaster is [[Shanghai Media Group]].
==International relations==
The city is the seat of the [[New Development Bank]], a [[multilateral development bank]] established by the [[BRICS]] [[Sovereign state|states]].
=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Shanghai is [[Sister city|twinned]] with 68 cities from the following 57 countries:<ref>{{cite web|title=市级友好城市|url=http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html|website=sh.gov.cn|publisher=Shanghai|language=zh|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163609/http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*{{flagicon|YEM}} [[Aden]], Yemen (1995)
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Alexandria]], Egypt (1992)
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Antwerp]], Belgium (1984)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]], France (2008)
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand (2016)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain (2001)
*{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Basel-Stadt]], Switzerland (2007)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia (2018)
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava Region]], Slovakia (2003)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary (2013)
*{{flagicon|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1993)
*{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco (1986)
*{{flagicon|DNK}} [[Central Denmark Region]], Denmark (2003)
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand (2000)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chicago]], United States (1985)
*{{flagicon|LKA}} [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka (2003)
*{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Constanța]], Romania (2002)
*{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland (2005)
*{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates (2000)
*{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Dunedin]], New Zealand (1994)
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[East Java]], Indonesia (2006)
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Espoo]], Finland (1998)
*{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Guayaquil]], Ecuador (2001)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel (1993)
*{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Hamburg]], Germany (1986)
*{{flagicon|PRK}} [[Hamhung]], North Korea (1982)
*{{flagicon|VNM}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam (1994)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Houston]], United States (2015)
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey (1989)
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (2020)
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Jalisco]], Mexico (1998)
*{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan (1984)
*{{flagicon|ZAF}} [[KwaZulu-Natal]], South Africa (2001)
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru (2018)
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Liverpool]], United Kingdom (1999)
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom (2009)
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], Mozambique (1999)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France (1987)
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia
*{{flagicon|PHL}} [[Metro Manila]], Philippines (1983)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italy (1979)
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus (2019)
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada (2011)
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India (2014)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Japan (1974)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka Prefecture]], Japan (1980)
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Oslo]], Norway (2001)
*{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia (2008)
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Piraeus]], Greece (1985)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]], Poland (1985)
*{{flagicon|VUT}} [[Port Vila]], Vanuatu (1994)
*{{flagicon|PRT}} [[Porto]], Portugal (1995)
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Queensland]], Australia (1989)
*{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina (1997)
*{{flagicon|NLD}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands (1979)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1988)
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Salzburg]], Austria (2009)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], United States (1979)
*{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Santiago de Cuba]], Cuba (1996)
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], Brazil (1988)
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], Bulgaria (2016)
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tabriz]], Iran (2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tabriz and Shanghai agree to be sister cities|url=https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html|website=tabriz.ir|publisher=Tabriz|date=6 May 2019|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128020427/https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (1994)
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada (1985)
*{{flagicon|CHL}} [[Valparaíso]], Chile (2001)
*{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia (1995)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], Japan (1973)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (1980)
}}
=== Consulates and consulates general ===
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in China}}As of September 2020, Shanghai hosts 71 consulates general and 5 consulates, excluding Hong Kong and Macao trade office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consulates in Shanghai, China|url=https://www.embassypages.com/city/shanghai|access-date=13 October 2020|website=www.embassypages.com|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Russian Consulate General in Shanghai.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai|Russian Consulate General in Shanghai]], located on the banks of the [[Suzhou River]]]]
{|
|
* {{ARG}}
* {{AUS}}
* {{AUT}}
* {{BLR}}
* {{BEL}}
* {{BRA}}
* {{BUL}}
* {{CAM}}
* {{CAN}}
* {{CHI}}
* {{COL}}
* {{CRI}}
* {{CUB}}
* {{CZE}}
* {{DEN}}
* {{ECU}}
* {{EGY}}
* {{ETH}}
* {{FJI}}
| valign="top" |
* {{FIN}}
* {{FRA}}
* {{GER}}
* {{GRE}}
* {{HUN}}
* {{IND}}
* {{INA}}
* {{IRI}}
* {{IRL}}
* {{ISR}}
* {{ITA}}
* {{JPN}}
* {{KAZ}}
* {{LAO}}
* {{LUX}}
* {{MAS}}
* {{MDV}} (Consulate)
* {{MLT}}
* {{MEX}}
| valign="top" |
* {{MCO}} (Consulate)
* {{MGL}}
* {{NEP}} (Consulate)
* {{NED}}
* {{NZL}}
* {{NGR}}
* {{NOR}}
* {{PAK}}
* {{PAN}}
* {{PNG}} (Consulate)
* {{PER}}
* {{PHL}}
* {{POL}}
* {{POR}}
* {{ROU}}
* {{RUS}}
* {{SRB}}
* {{SYC}}
* {{SGP}}
| valign="top" |
* {{SVK}}
* {{SVN}} (Consulate)
* {{RSA}}
* {{KOR}}
* {{ESP}}
* {{SRI}}
* {{SWE}}
* {{SUI}}
* {{THA}}
* {{TUR}}
* {{UKR}}
* {{UAE}}
* {{GBR}}
* {{USA}}
* {{URY}}
* {{UZB}}
* {{VAN}}
* {{VEN}}
* {{VIE}}
|}
== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Asia}}
* [[List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai]]
* [[List of administrative divisions of Shanghai]]
* [[List of fiction set in Shanghai]]
* [[
* [[List of people from Shanghai]]
* [[Shanghai
* [[Shanghai International Football Tournament]]
* [[Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers]]
* [[Shuping Scholarship]]
* [[Urban planning in Shanghai]]
==
{{Notelist}}
==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Discover Shanghai |___location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2010}}
* {{cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta |___location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions |year=2004 |isbn=978-981-232-597-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaiyangzide0001unse}}
* {{cite book |author=Elvin, Mark |chapter=Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai from 1480 to 1910 |title=The City in Late Imperial China |editor1-first=G. William |editor1-last=Skinner |___location=Stanford, Cal. |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8047-0892-0 |oclc=2883862 |pages=441–474 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cZuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA441 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cZuaAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author1=Erh, Deke |author2=Johnston, Tess |title=Shanghai Art Deco |___location=Hong Kong |publisher=Old China Hand Press |year=2007}}
* Haarmann, Anke. ''Shanghai (Urban Public) Space'' (Berlin: Jovis, 2009). 192 pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020630/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39796 online review]
* {{cite book |author=Horesh, Niv |title=Shanghai's Bund and Beyond |___location=New Haven |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2009}}
* {{cite book |author=Johnson, Linda Cooke |title=Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port |___location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |author=Johnson, Linda Cooke |title=Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China |___location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1424-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Scheen, Lena |title = Shanghai Literary Imaginings: A City in Transformation |___location=Amsterdam |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-8964-587-6}}
* Scheen, Lena (2022). "History of Shanghai." ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History'' 18 [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.689 online]
* Yan Jin. "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field" ''History Compass'' (October 2018) e12496 Historiography of recent scholarship. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190606020020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12496 online]
== External links ==
{{Sister project links
|wikt = Shanghai
|commons = 上海
|species = no
|n = Category:Shanghai
|q = Shanghai
|voy = Shanghai
|d = Q8686
}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Shanghai}}
* [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn Official website] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625064719/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/ |date=25 June 2008}})
* [http://www.ICShanghai.com ''ShanghaiEye''] – English news website of SMG
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=31.224252&lon=121.472397&z=11&m=b WikiSatellite view of Shanghai] at [[WikiMapia]]
* {{OSM relation|913067|Shanghai}}
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{{Shanghai |state = expanded}}
{{Geographic ___location
|Center = Shanghai
|North = [[Nantong]], Jiangsu
|Northeast = ''East China Sea''
|East = ''[[East China Sea]]''
|Southeast = ''East China Sea''
|South = ''[[Hangzhou Bay]]''
|Southwest = [[Jiaxing]], Zhejiang
|West = [[Suzhou]], Jiangsu
|Northwest = Suzhou or Nantong
}}
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{{Major cities along the Yangtze River}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
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