Common emerald dove: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:24, 23 June 2006

Latest revision as of 18:12, 16 August 2025

(205 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Bird species}}

{{Taxobox

{{Redirect|Emerald dove|other species and the emerald dove genus|Chalcophaps}}

| color = pink

{{Speciesbox

| name = Emerald Dove

| name = Common emerald dove

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| image = Emerald_Dove.JPG

| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Chalcophaps indica'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22725538A94895385 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725538A94895385.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

| image_width = 200px

| nameimage = Asian Emerald Dove 0A2A7379.jpg

| regnum = [[Animal]]ia

| image_caption =

| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]

| genus = '' [[Chalcophaps]]''

| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]

| species = '''''C. indica'''''

| ordo = [[Columbiformes]]

| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])

| familia = [[Columbidae]]

| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

| genus = '' [[Chalcophaps]]''

| subdivision = See text

| species = '''''C. indica'''''

| binomialsynonyms = ''ChalcophapsColumba indica'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}

| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)

}}

The '''Emeraldemerald Dovedove''' or '''common emerald dove''' ('''''Chalcophaps indica'''''), isalso acalled [[Dove|pigeon]]'''Asian whichemerald dove''' and '''grey-capped emerald dove''', is a widespread resident breeding bird in tropical southern [[AsiaColumbidae|pigeon]] fromnative [[India]]to the tropical and [[Srisubtropical Lanka]]parts eastof tothe [[IndonesiaIndian Subcontinent]] and northern and eastern [[AustraliaSoutheast Asia]]. The dove is also known by the names of Green'''green Dovedove''' and Green'''green-winged pigeon'''. ItThe hascommon aemerald numberdove ofis [[subspecies]],the withstate twobird existing in Australia, beingof the ''longirostris''Indian (fromstate [[Kimberley_region_of_Western_Australia|Kimberly]],of [[WesternTamil AustraliaNadu]]. toThe [[CapePacific Yorkemerald Peninsuladove]]) and ''chrysochlora'' (from [[CapeStephan's Yorkemerald Peninsuladove]] towere southernboth [[New South Wales]] as well asconsidered [[Norfolk Islandconspecific]] and [[Lord Howe Island]]).

==Taxonomy==

This is a common species in rainforest and similar dense wet woodlands, farms, gardens, mangroves and coastal heaths. It builds a scant stick nest in a tree up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s. Breeding tends to occur in Australia spring or early summer in southeastern Australia and late in the [[dry season]] in northern Australia.

In 1743, the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included a picture and a description of the common emerald dove in his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "Green Wing'd Dove". His drawing was made from a live bird at the home a merchant in [[Rotherhithe]] near London. Edwards was told that the dove had come from the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1743 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | volume=Part I & II | place=London | publisher=Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians | page=14, Plate 14 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240534 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the common emerald dove with all the other pigeons in the [[genus]] ''[[Columba (genus)|Columba]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Columba indica'' and cited Edwards's work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume= 1 | edition=10th | page=164 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727071 }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''indica'' is Latin for "Indian" and is used by Linnaeus to denote the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | ___location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=204 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''[[Chalcophaps]]'' that was introduced by the English ornithologist [[John Gould]] in 1843.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1843 | title=The Birds of Australia | publisher=self published | place=London | volume= 5 | at=Plate 62 and text | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48401179 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Pigeons | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pigeons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref>

Six [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>

Its flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the [[wing]]s which are characteristic of pigeons in general. It often flies low between the patches of dense forest it prefers, but when disturbed will frequently walk away rather than fly. They are particularly good weavers when flying through forests. When flying they expose a buff underwing and a chestnut colour of their flight [[feather]]s.

* ''C. i. indica'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – India to south China, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesian and west Papuan islands

* ''C. i. robinsoni'' [[E. C. Stuart Baker|Baker, ECS]], 1928 – Sri Lanka

Emerald Dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically 23 to 28 centimetres in length. The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight [[feather]]s and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink (in ''chrysochlora'', more brown in ''longirostris''), fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous.

* ''C. i. maxima'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1931 – [[Andaman Islands]]

* ''C. i. augusta'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1855 – [[Nicobar Islands]]

* ''C. i. natalis'' [[Joseph Jackson Lister (naturalist)|Lister]], 1889 – [[Christmas Island]] (Indian Ocean)

* ''C. i. minima'' Hartert, 1931 – [[Numfor]], [[Biak]] and [[Mios Num]] islands (off north New Guinea)

== Description ==

[[File:Common Emerald Dove.jpg|thumb|Male emerald dove]]

[[File:Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica indica).jpg|thumb|Emerald dove in Sime Forest, Singapore]]

The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically {{cvt|23-27|cm}} in length.<ref name=hbw>{{cite web | last1=Baptista | first1=L.F. | last2=Trail | first2=P.W. | last3=Horblit | first3=H.M. | last4=Kirwan | first4=G.M. | last5=Garcia | first5=E.F.J. | last6=Boesman | first6=P. | year=2020 | title=Grey-capped Emerald Dove (''Chalcophaps indica'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/node/54186 | access-date=18 March 2020 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight [[feather]]s and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink, fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous.

The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage.

== Distribution and habitat ==

Emerald doves usually occur singly, pairs or in small groups. They are quite terrestrial, often searching for fallen [[fruit]] on the ground and spending little time in trees except when roosting. They eat seeds and [[fruit]]s of a wide variety of plants and are generally tame and approachable.

This is a common species in [[tropical forest]]s and similar dense wet [[woodland]]s, [[farm]]s and [[mangrove]]s.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=rasmussen>{{ cite book | last1=Rasmussen | first1=Pamela C. | author1-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last2=Anderton | first2=John C. | year=2012 | title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | volume= 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions | place=Washington D.C. and Barcelona | isbn=978-84-96553-87-3 | pages=211–212 }}</ref> It builds a scant stick [[Bird nest|nest]] in a [[tree]] up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured [[bird egg|egg]]s.

== Behaviour and ecology ==

The call is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos starting quietly and rising. They also call a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during [[courtship]].

Emerald doves usually occur singly, pairs or in small groups.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicolls |first1=Martina |title=Common Emerald Dove |url=https://similarbutdifferentanimals.com/2019/04/27/common-emerald-dove/ |website=SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM |date=27 April 2019}}</ref> They are quite terrestrial, often searching for fallen [[fruit]] on the ground and spending little time in trees except when roosting. They eat seeds[[seed]]s and [[fruit]]s of a wide variety of plants[[plant]]s and are generally tame and approachable. They are usually found foraging in small groups or pairs. If there's a resource-rich area, small groups will maintain a territory.

ItsTheir flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the [[wing]]s which are characteristic of pigeons in general. ItThey often fliesfly low between the patches of dense forest it prefers, but when disturbed, they will frequently walk away rather than [[flight|fly]]. They are particularly good weavers when flying through forests[[forest]]s. When flying, they expose a buff underwing and a chestnut colour of their flight [[feather]]s.

Emerald Dove is the state bird of the Indian State of [[Tamil Nadu]].

[[File:Asian Emerald Dove.jpg|thumb|left|In flight at [[Chitwan National Park]], [[Nepal]].]]

The call is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos, starting quietly and rising. They also call a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during [[courtship display|courtship]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Jennifer Brown (author)|Jennifer Brown]] |title=Husbandry Guidelines For the Emeralld Dove Chalcophaps indica |publisher=[[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]] |date=September 21, 2010 |edition= |language=en |issue=2}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=48765|title=Chalcophaps indica|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

* Grimmett, ''Birds of India'', Inskipp and Inskipp, {{ISBN |0-691-04910-6}}

* Pizzey and Knight, "Field Guide to the Birds of Australia", Angus & Robertson, ISBN 0-207-19691-5

==External links==

* Trounsen and Trounsen, "Australian Birds: A Concise Photographic Field Guide, Cameron House. ISBN 1875999477.

{{Commons category|Chalcophaps indica}}

{{Wikispecies|Chalcophaps indica}}

* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Chalcophaps-indica Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the common emerald dove]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q795565}}

[[Category:Chalcophaps]]

[[Category:Chalcophaps|common emerald dove]]

[[ms:Burung Punai Tanah]]

[[Category:Birds of Indomalaya]]

[[Category:Birds of Taiwan]]

[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common emerald dove]]

[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common emerald dove]]