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Line 1: {{for\|the database developed by DEC\|Oracle Rdb}} {{short description\|Proprietary database management system}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox software \| name = Oracle Database \| logo = ~~[[File:~~Oracle logo.svg~~\|250px]]~~ \| screenshot = \| caption = \| developer = [[Oracle Corporation]] \| released = {{Start date and age\|1979}} ~~\| latest_release_version = 11''g'' Release 2 (11.2.0.2)~~ \| latest_release_version = {{Oracle Database version}} ~~\| released =~~ \| latest_release_date = {{Oracle Database version\|releasedate}} ~~\| latest_release_version =~~ \| genre = [[Multi-model database]] ~~\| latest_release_date = {{release date\|df=yes\|2009\|09\|01}}~~ \| programming language = [[Assembly language]], [[C (programming language)\|C]], [[C++]]<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html \|title= The Programming Languages Beacon, v16 \|last= Lextrait \|first= Vincent \|date= March 2016 \|access-date= 15 December 2016 \|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html \|archive-date= 30 May 2012 \|url-status= dead }}</ref> ~~\| latest_preview_version =~~ \| license = [[Proprietary software\|Proprietary]]<ref>{{Citation \| publisher = Oracle \| work = Technical network \| url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/licenses/standard-license-152015.html \| title = OTN Standard License}}</ref> ~~\| latest_preview_date =~~ \| website = {{URL \|https://www.oracle.com/database/}} ~~\| release_location = Equitable Auditorium, 787 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10019~~ ~~\| genre = [[Object-relational database management system\|ORDBMS]]~~ ~~\| status = Active~~ ~~\| programming language = [[Assembly language]], [[C (programming language)\|C]], [[C++]]<ref>{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html~~ ~~\| title = The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0~~ ~~\| first = Vincent~~ ~~\| last = Lextrait~~ ~~\|date=January 2010~~ ~~\| accessdate = 14 March 2010~~ ~~}}</ref>~~ ~~\| language = Multilingual~~ ~~\| Platform = [[Cross-platform]]~~ ~~\| license = [[Proprietary software\|Proprietary]]~~ ~~\| website = [http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/overview/index.html Oracle RDBMS]~~ }} '''Oracle Database''' (commonly referred to as '''Oracle ~~RDBMS~~DBMS''', '''Oracle Autonomous Database''', or simply as '''Oracle''') is ana proprietary [[~~object~~multi-~~relational~~model database ~~management system~~\|multi-model]] <ref>{{cite web \|publisher= Oracle \|url= http://download.oracle.com/~~docs~~otndocs/cdproducts/~~E11882_01~~spatial/~~appdev.112~~pdf/~~e11822~~12c/~~whatsnew~~Multimodel_Database_with_Oracle_Database_12c_Release_2.~~htm#i969790~~pdf \|title= ~~What's~~Multimodel Database with Oracle Database 12c Release 2 ~~New~~\|~~author~~access-date= 1 March 2017 \|~~work~~archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170414083210/http://download.oracle.com/otndocs/products/spatial/pdf/12c/Multimodel_Database_with_Oracle_Database_12c_Release_2.pdf \|~~publisher~~archive-date= 14 April 2017 \|~~accessdate~~url-status=29 ~~November~~live ~~2010~~}}</ref> [[database management system]] produced and marketed by [[Oracle Corporation]]. It is a database commonly used for running [[online transaction processing]] (OLTP), [[data warehouse\|data warehousing]] (DW) and mixed (OLTP & DW) database workloads. Oracle Database is available by several service providers [[On-premises software\|on-premises]], [[cloud computing\|on-cloud]], or as a hybrid cloud installation. It may be run on third party servers as well as on Oracle hardware ([[Oracle Exadata\|Exadata]] on-premises, on [[Oracle Cloud]] or at Cloud at Customer).<ref>{{Citation \|title=Exadata \|url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/exadata/exacm-ds-3409774.pdf \|work=Technical network \|publisher=Oracle}}</ref> [[Larry Ellison]] and two friends and former co-workers, [[Bob Miner]] and [[Ed Oates]], started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name ''Oracle'' comes from the code-name of a [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]]-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by [[Ampex]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html \|title=Welcome to Larryland \|publisher=Guardian \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> Oracle Database uses [[SQL]] for database updating and retrieval.<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Roeser \|first1=Mary Beth \|last2=Adams \|first2=Drew \|last3=Ashdown \|first3=Lance \|last4=Baby \|first4=Thomas \|last5=Baer \|first5=Hermann \|last6=Baskan \|first6=Yasin \|last7=Bayliss \|first7=Nigel \|last8=Chen \|first8=Shuo \|last9=Belden \|first9=Eric \|title=Oracle and Standard SQL \|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/sqlrf/Oracle-and-Standard-SQL.html \|access-date=2023-06-09 \|website=Oracle Help Center \|language=en-US}}</ref> ~~==Physical and logical structures==~~ == History == An Oracle database system—identified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/install.111/b32077/glossary.htm?type=popup#BABEBJAG \| title = Glossary \| accessdate = 2008-11-17 \| author = \| last = Bhakthavatsalam \| first = Namrata \| authorlink = \|date= August 2008 \| work = Oracle Database Client quote = The SID automatically defaults to the database name portion of the global database name (sales in the example sales.us.example.com) until you reach eight characters or enter a period. You can accept or change the default value. }}</ref>—comprises at least one [[Database\|instance]] of the application, along with data storage. An instance—identified persistently by an instantiation number (or activation id: SYS.V_$DATABASE.ACTIVATION#)—comprises a set of operating-system [[process (computing)\|processes]] and [[Computer data storage\|memory]]-structures that interact with the [[Computer data storage\|storage]]. (Typical processes include PMON (the process monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).) Oracle documentation can refer to an active database instance as a "shared memory realm".<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = McLaughlin~~ ~~\| first = Michael~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database 11g & MySQL 5.6 Developer Handbook~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uaMYNWuckBMC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2012-06-04~~ ~~\| series = Osborne Oracle Press~~ ~~\| year = 2011~~ ~~\| publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780071768856~~ ~~\| page = 11~~ \| quote = The set of programs also lets you start a database instance. They allocate a shared memory realm where other programs process SQL statements. This shared memory realm is the active database instance. }} ~~</ref>~~ [[Larry Ellison]] and his two friends and former co-workers, [[Bob Miner]] and [[Ed Oates]], started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977, later [[Oracle Corporation]]. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name ''Oracle'' comes from the code-name of a [[Central Intelligence Agency\|CIA]]-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by [[Ampex]];<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html\|title=Welcome to Larryland\|work=The Guardian\|access-date=2009-12-19\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825232818/https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html\|archive-date=25 August 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> CIA was Oracle's first customer, and allowed the company to use the code name for the new product.<ref name="rdbmsoracle20070612">{{Cite interview \|interviewer=Luanne Johnson \|title=RDBMS Workshop: Oracle \|type=PDF \|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102746581 \|access-date=2025-06-01 \|publisher=Computer History Museum \|date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Users of Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global Area). The SGA typically holds [[cache (computing)\|cache]] information such as data-buffers, [[SQL]] commands, and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online [[redo log]]s (or logs), which hold [[Database transaction\|transactional]] history. Processes can in turn [[archive]] the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for [[data recovery]] and for the physical-standby forms of [[replication (computer science)\|data replication]] using [[Oracle Data Guard]]. Ellison wanted his database to be compatible with [[IBM System R]], but that company's [[Don Chamberlin]] declined to release its error codes.{{r\|rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612}} By 1985 Oracle advertised, however, that "Programs written for [[SQL/DS]] or [[DB2]] will run unmodified" on the many non-IBM mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers its database supported "Because all versions of ORACLE ''are'' identical".<ref name="oracle19850520">{{Cite magazine \|date=1985-05-20 \|title=Oracle announces portable version of IBM SQL/DS and DB2 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=true \|access-date=2025-06-07 \|magazine=Computerworld \|page=47 \|type=Advertisement \|volume=XIX \|issue=20}}</ref> If the Oracle [[database administrator]] has implemented [[Oracle RAC]] (Real Application Clusters), then multiple instances, usually on different [[server (computing)\|servers]], attach to a central [[Disk array\|storage array]]. This scenario offers advantages such as better performance, scalability and redundancy. However, support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10''g'', [[grid computing]] introduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example) [[central processing unit\|CPU]] resources from another node (computer) in the grid. === Releases and versions === The Oracle DBMS can store and execute [[stored procedure]]s and [[subroutine\|functions]] within itself. [[PL/SQL]] (Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to [[SQL]]), or the object-oriented language [[Java (programming language)\|Java]] can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them. Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "ai" in the current release, Oracle Database 23ai, stands for "Artificial Intelligence". Previous releases (e.g. Oracle Database 19c, 10g, and Oracle9i Database) have used suffixes of "c", "g", and "i" which stand for "Cloud", "Grid", and "Internet" respectively. Prior to the release of Oracle8i Database, no suffixes featured in Oracle Database naming conventions. There was no v1 of Oracle Database, as Ellison "knew no one would want to buy version 1".<ref>{{cite web ~~=== Storage ===~~ \| title= Larry Ellison Is A Billionaire Today Thanks to the CIA \| author= Julie Bort \| website= [[Business Insider]] \| date= 29 September 2014 \| url= http://www.businessinsider.com/the-cia-made-larry-ellison-a-billionaire-2014-9?international=true&r=US&IR=T \| access-date= 13 January 2017 \| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170116143330/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-cia-made-larry-ellison-a-billionaire-2014-9?international=true&r=US&IR=T \| archive-date= 16 January 2017 \| url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612">{{Cite interview \|interviewer=Burton Grad \|title=RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702562-05-01-acc.pdf \|pages=33,35 \|access-date=2025-05-30 \|publisher=Computer History Museum \|date=2007-06-12}}</ref> For some database releases, Oracle also provides an Express Edition (XE) that is free to use.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Free Oracle Database for Everyone \|url=https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/appdev/xe.html \|website=[[Oracle Corporation\|Oracle]] \|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>{{r\|rdbmslateryears20070612}} Oracle Database release numbering has used the following codes: ~~'''The Oracle RDBMS''' [[data storage device\|stores data logically]] in the form of [[tablespace]]s and physically in the form of data [[Computer file\|files]] ("[[datafile]]s").<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\|last= Alapati~~ ~~\|first= Sam R.~~ ~~\|authorlink=~~ ~~\|title= Expert Oracle Database 11g Administration~~ ~~\|url= http://books.google.com/?id=tdRes4IdLiIC~~ ~~\|accessdate= 2010-07-07~~ ~~\|series= The expert's voice in Oracle~~ ~~\|year= 2008~~ ~~\|publisher= [[Apress]]~~ ~~\|isbn= 978-1-4302-1015-3~~ ~~\|page= 170~~ ~~\|quote= Oracle databases are logically divided into one or more tablespaces. An Oracle tablespace is a logical entity that contains the physical datafiles.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ Tablespaces can contain various types of [[memory segmentation\|memory segments]], such as Data Segments, Index Segments, etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more [[extent (file systems)\|extents]]. Extents comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage. <!-- Template:Version - for version & release history. Documentation and examples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Version --> ~~A DBA can impose maximum quotas on storage per user within each tablespace.<ref>~~ {\| class="wikitable" ~~{{cite web~~ \|- ~~\|url = http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e25789/logical.htm#i8531~~ \| colspan="6" \| <small>{{Version \|l \|show=111100}} '''LTR''' = ''Long-Term Release'', '''IR''' = ''Innovation Release''</small> ~~\|title = Oracle Database Concepts: 11g Release 2 (11.2)~~ \|- ~~\|last1 = Ashdown~~ ! Oracle <br /> Database <br /> Version ~~\|first1 = Lance~~ ! Initial <br /> Release <br /> Version ~~\|last2 = Kyte~~ ! Initial <br /> Release <br /> Date ~~\|first2 = Tom~~ ! Terminal <br />Version ~~\|year = 2011~~ ! Marquee <br /> Features ~~\|publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ \|- ~~\|accessdate = 2013-07-12~~ \|{{Version \|c \|Oracle Database 23ai (LTR)}} ~~\|quote = You can use tablespaces to achieve the following goals: [...] Assign a quota (space allowance or limit) to a database user [...]~~ \|23.4.0 }} \|On May 2, 2024, Oracle Database 23ai<ref>{{cite web\|title=Announcing Oracle Database 23ai: General Availability\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-23ai-now-generally-available\|access-date=2024-05-02\|website=Oracle Corporation\|language=en}}</ref> was released on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) as cloud services, including OCI Exadata Database Service, OCI Exadata Database Cloud@Customer, and OCI Base Database Service. It is also available in Always Free Autonomous Database. Oracle Database 23c (previously released in 2023) was renamed to Oracle Database 23ai (23.4) due to the significant additional engineering effort to add features that bring AI capabilities to the data in Oracle Database. ~~</ref>~~ Oracle Database 23c (23.2 and 23.3) was released in 2023: ~~==== Partitioning====~~ April 2023 (Linux) Oracle Database Free - Developer Release<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release\|url=https://www.oracle.com/database/free\|access-date=2023-04-03\|website=Oracle Corporation\|language=en}}</ref> Newer versions of the database can also include a [[Partition (database)\|partitioning]] feature: this allows the partitioning of tables based on different set of keys. Specific partitions can then be easily added or dropped to help manage large data sets. September 2023 Oracle Database on Base Database Service<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oracle Database 23c on OCI Base Database Service\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-database-23c-the-next-long-term-support-release\|access-date=2023-09-19\|website=Oracle Corporation\|language=en}}</ref> \| \|AI Vector Search<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of AI Vector Search in Oracle Database 23ai\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-announces-general-availability-of-ai-vector-search-in-oracle-database-23ai\|access-date=2024-05-02\|website=Oracle Corporation\|language=en}}</ref> (includes new Vector data type, Vector indexes, and Vector SQL operators/functions), JSON Relational Duality,<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of JSON Relational Duality in Oracle Database 23ai\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-announces-general-availability-of-json-relational-duality-in-oracle-database-23ai\|access-date=2024-05-02\|website=Oracle Corporation\|language=en}}</ref> JSON Schema Validation, Transactional Microservices Support, OKafka, Operational Property Graphs, Support for [[SQL/PGQ]], Schema Privileges, Developer Role, In-database SQL Firewall, TLS 1.3 Support, Integration with Azure Active Directory OAuth2, True Cache for mid-tier caching, Readable Per-PDB Standby, Globally Distributed Database with active-active RAFT-based replication, Real-time SQL Plan Management, Priority Transactions, SQL Syntax Simplification, Schema Annotations, Data Use Case Domains, Column Value Lock-free Reservations \|- \|{{Version \|co \|Oracle Database 21c (IR)}} \|21.1.0 \|December 2020 (cloud)<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oracle Database 21c\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/index.html\|access-date=2020-12-09\|website=Oracle Help Center\|language=en}}</ref> August 2021 (Linux)<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Hardie \|first=William \|date=23 September 2021 \|title=Oracle Database 21c Now Available On Linux \|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-database-21c-available-now-on-linux \|access-date=17 December 2023 \|website=Oracle Database Insider}}</ref> \| \|Blockchain Tables, Multilingual Engine - JavaScript Execution in the Database, Binary JSON Data Type, Per-PDB Data Guard Physical Standby (aka Multitenant Data Guard), Per-PDB GoldenGate Change Capture, Self-Managing In-Memory, In-Memory Hybrid Columnar Scan, In-Memory Vector Joins with SIMD, Sharding Advisor Tool, Property Graph Visualization Studio, Automatic Materialized Views, Automatic Zone Maps, SQL Macros, Gradual Password Rollover \|- \| {{Version \|co \|Oracle Database 19c (LTR)}} \| 19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3 \| February 2019 (Exadata)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-oracle-exadata \|access-date=2021-04-27 \|title=Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Oracle Exadata\|date=2019-02-13\|first1=Dominic\|last1=Giles\|website=Oracle Database Insider }}</ref> April 2019 (Linux)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-linux \|access-date=2021-04-27\|date=2019-04-25\|title=Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Linux\|first1=William\|last1=Hardie\|website=Oracle Database Insider \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240405033115/https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-linux \|archive-date= 5 Apr 2024 }}</ref> <br />June 2019 (cloud) \| \| Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, Hybrid Partitioned Tables, Automatic SQL Plan Management, SQL Quarantine, Zero-Downtime Grid Infrastructure Patching, Finer-Granularity Supplemental Logging, Automated PDB Relocation \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 18c (IR)}} \| 18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2 \| February 2018 (cloud, Exadata)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-18c-:-now-available-on-the-oracle-cloud-and-oracle-engineered-systems \|access-date=2021-04-28 \|date=2018-02-16 \|title=Oracle Database 18c : Now available on the Oracle Cloud and Oracle Engineered Systems \|website=Oracle Database Insider }}</ref> July 2018 (other)<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://community.oracle.com/community/support/support-blogs/database-support-blog/blog/2018/07/23/oracle-database-18c-now-available-for-on-premises \|title=Oracle Database 18c Now Available For On-Premises \|website=Oracle Community \|access-date=16 January 2020 \|archive-date=8 August 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808182223/https://community.oracle.com/community/support/support-blogs/database-support-blog/blog/2018/07/23/oracle-database-18c-now-available-for-on-premises \|url-status=dead \|date=2018-07-23\|first1=Adriana \|last1=Zagar}}</ref> \| 18.17.0<br />January 2022 \| Polymorphic Table Functions, Active Directory Integration, Transparent Application Continuity, Approximate Top-N Query Processing, PDB Snapshot Carousel, Online Merging of Partitions and Subpartitions \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 12''c'' Release 2}} \| 12.2.0.1<br />March 2017 \| August 2016 (cloud) March 2017 (on-premises) \| 12.2.0.1<br />March 2017 \| Native Sharding, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud at Customer \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 12''c'' Release 1}} \| 12.1.0.1 \| July 2013<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380 \|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud \|website=Oracle \|access-date=9 September 2013 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909145438/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380 \|archive-date=9 September 2013 \|url-status=dead\| date=2013-07-01}}</ref> \| 12.1.0.2<br />July 2014 \| Multitenant architecture, In-Memory [[Column-oriented DBMS\|Column Store]], Native [[JSON]], SQL Pattern Matching, Database Cloud Service \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 11''g'' Release 2}} \| 11.2.0.1 \| September 2009<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/032365 \|access-date=4 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405030158/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/032365 \|website=Oracle \|archive-date=5 April 2018 \|url-status=dead \|title=Oracle® Database 11g Release 2 is Now Available\|date=2009-09-01 }}</ref> \| 11.2.0.4<br />August 2013 \| Edition-Based Redefinition, Data Redaction, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Cluster File System, Golden Gate Replication, [[Oracle Database Appliance\|Database Appliance]] \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 11''g'' Release 1}} \| 11.1.0.6 \| September 2007 \| 11.1.0.7<br />September 2008 \| [[Active Data Guard]], Secure Files, [[Oracle Exadata\|Exadata]] \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 2}} \| 10.2.0.1 \| July 2005<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/017324_EN \|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle® Database 10g Release 2 \|website=Oracle \|access-date=4 April 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025608/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/017324_EN \|archive-date=5 April 2018 \|url-status=dead \|date=2005-07-11}}</ref> \| 10.2.0.5<br />April 2010 \| Real Application Testing, Database Vault, Online Indexing, Advanced Compression, Data Guard Fast-Start Failover, Transparent Data Encryption \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 1}} \| 10.1.0.2 \| 2003 \| 10.1.0.5<br />February 2006 \| Automated Database Management, Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, Grid infrastructure, Oracle ASM, Flashback Database \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle9''i'' Database Release 2}} \| 9.2.0.1 \| 2002 \| 9.2.0.8<br />April 2007 \| Advanced Queuing, [[Oracle Data Mining\|Data Mining]], Streams, Logical Standby \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle9''i'' Database}} \| 9.0.1.0 \| 2001 \| 9.0.1.5<br />December 2003 \| [[Oracle RAC\|Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)]], Oracle XML DB \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle8''i'' Database}} \| 8.1.5.0 \| 1998 \| 8.1.7.4<br />August 2000 \| Native internet protocols and Java, [[Virtual private database\|Virtual Private Database]] \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle8 Database}} \| 8.0.3 \| June 1997 \| 8.0.6 \| Recovery Manager, Partitioning. First version available for Linux.<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Biggs \|first=Maggie \|date=1998-10-05 \|title=Oracle8 on Linux shows promise \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA129 \|magazine=[[InfoWorld]] \|access-date=2019-09-07 }}</ref> \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle 7.3}} \| 7.3.0 \| February 1996 \| 7.3.4 \| Object-relational database \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle 7.2}} \| 7.2.0 \| May 1995 \| \| Shared Server, XA Transactions, Transparent Application Failover \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle 7.1}} \| 7.1.0 \| May 1994 \| \| Parallel SQL Execution. First version available for [[Windows NT]].<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Nash \|first=Kim \|date=1994-10-03 \|title=Oracle users ponder product overload \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrCYpCv7YXsC&pg=PA7 \|magazine=Infoworld \|publisher=IDG Enterprise \|access-date=2020-07-30 }}</ref> \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle7}} \| 7.0.12 \| June 1992 \| \| Distributed 2-phase commit,{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} PL/SQL stored procedures, triggers, shared cursors, cost-based optimizer \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle 6.2}} \| 6.2.0 \| \| \| Oracle Parallel Server \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle v6}} \| 6.0.17 \| 1988 \| 6.0.37 \| Row-level locking, [[symmetric multiprocessor\|SMP]] scalability / performance, storing of undo in database,{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} online backup and recovery, BTree indexes, [[PL/SQL]] executed from compiled programs (C etc.). First version available for [[NetWare#NetWare 3.x\|Novell Netware 386]].<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=O'Brien \|first=Timothy \|date=1991-04-29 \|title=Oracle8 on Linux shows promise \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2 \|magazine=[[InfoWorld]] \|access-date=2019-09-07 }}</ref> \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle v5}} \| 5.0.22 (5.1.17) \| 1985 \| 5.1.22 \| C2 security certification. Support for [[distributed database\|distributed database systems]]{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} and [[Client-server computing\|client/server computing]]. First version available for [[OS/2]]. Correlated sub-queries.<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Mace \|first=Scott \|date=1989-01-30 \|title=DOS Version of Professional Oracle 5.1B Adds SQL Report Writer \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 \|magazine=[[InfoWorld]] \|access-date=2019-09-07 }}</ref> DOS version supports [[extended memory]].{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle v4}} \| 4.1.4.0 \| 1984 \| 4.1.4.4 \| Multiversion read consistency. [[Halloween Problem]] solved. Improved concurrency.{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} First version available for [[MS-DOS]]<ref>{{cite magazine \|last=Webster \|first=Robin \|date=1984-11-13 \|title=PC Relational Database? New Answer is Oracle \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ukz6hjZEA4C&pg=PA57 \|magazine=[[PC Magazine]] \|access-date=2019-07-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://technology.amis.nl/2006/04/04/back-to-the-future-oracle-41-vm-appliance/ \|title=Back to the future (Oracle 4.1 VM appliance) \|last=Gralike \|first=Marco \|date=2006-04-04 \|website=amis.nl \|access-date=2019-07-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701142355/https://technology.amis.nl/2006/04/04/back-to-the-future-oracle-41-vm-appliance/ \|archive-date=1 July 2019 \|url-status=live }}</ref> and [[IBM mainframe]].{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle v3}} \| 3.1.3 \| 1983 \| \| [[Concurrency control]], data distribution, and [[scalability]]. Re-written in C for portability to other operating systems, including [[UNIX]].<ref>{{cite book \|date=1983 \|title=Data Processing Digest Volumes 29-30 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eygmAQAAIAAJ&q=oracle+unix \|publisher=[[Roger Sisson\|Data Processing Digest]] \|page=2}}</ref>{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} \|- \| {{Version \|o \|Oracle v2}} \| 2.3 \| 1979 \| \| First commercially available SQL [[Relational database\|RDBMS]]. Basic SQL queries, simple joins<ref name="VEI-Kuni-OraR2">{{cite web\|url=http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=403\|title=Oracle V2\|website=Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics\|publisher=University of Klagenfurt\|author=Departments of Informatics\|access-date=30 September 2019\|url-status=live\|archive-date=30 September 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930122821/http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=403}}</ref> and <code>CONNECT BY</code> joins. Atomic role-level SQL statements. Rudimentary [[concurrency control]] and [[database integrity]]. No [[query optimizer]]. Written in [[assembly language]] for the [[PDP-11]]{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} to run in 128KB of [[Random-access memory\|RAM]].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Maheshwari \|first=Sharad \|date=2007 \|title=Introduction to SQL and PL/SQL \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1eMhnTq2BYC&pg=PA12 \|publisher=Firewall Media \|page=12 \|isbn=9788131800386}}</ref> Ran on PDP-11 and [[VAX]]/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode.{{r\|rdbmsoracle20070612}} \|- \| colspan="6" \| <small>{{Version \|l \|show=111100}} '''LTR''' = ''Long-Term Release'', '''IR''' = ''Innovation Release''</small> \|} The [https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/cncpt/introduction-to-oracle-database.html#GUID-43F9DD5C-8D8C-4E61-A2B4-5C05907D3CEC Introduction to Oracle Database] includes a brief history on some of the key innovations introduced with each major release of Oracle Database. ~~====Monitoring====~~ Oracle database management tracks its [[computer data storage]] with the help of information stored in the <code>SYSTEM</code> tablespace. The <code>SYSTEM</code> tablespace contains the [[data dictionary]]—and often (by default) [[index (database)\|indexes]] and [[cluster (computing)\|clusters]]. A data dictionary consists of a special collection of [[table (database)\|tables]] that contains information about all user-[[object (computer science)\|objects]] in the database. Since version 8''i'', the Oracle RDBMS also supports "locally managed" tablespaces that store space management information in bitmaps in their own [[header (computing)\|headers]] rather than in the <code>SYSTEM</code> tablespace (as happens with the default "dictionary-managed" tablespaces). Version 10''g'' and later introduced the <code>SYSAUX</code> tablespace, which contains some of the tables formerly stored in the <code>SYSTEM</code> tablespace, along with objects for other tools such as [[Oracle Enterprise Manager\|OEM]], which previously required its own tablespace.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Alapati\|first=Sam R.\|title=OCP Oracle Database 10g: New Features for Administrators Exam Guide\|year=2004\|publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne\|isbn=0-07-225862-4\|page=18\|page=287}}</ref> See My Oracle Support (MOS) note ''[https://support.oracle.com/knowledge/Oracle%20Database%20Products/742060_1.html Release Schedule of Current Database Releases (Doc ID 742060.1)]'' for the current Oracle Database releases and their patching end dates. ~~==== Disk files ====~~ ~~{{Expand section\|date=September 2009}}~~ === Patch updates and security alerts === ~~Disk files primarily represent one of the following structures:~~ Prior to Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation released Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Patch Updates (SPUs)<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnx9_MkBimcC\|title=Oracle Data Guard 11gR2 Administration Beginner's Guide\|last1=Baransel\|first1=Emre\|publisher=Packt Publishing Ltd\|isbn=9781849687911\|date=2013\|quote=You should not get confused between Critical Patch Update (CPU) and Security Patch Update (SPU) as CPU terminology has been changed to SPU from October 2012.\|access-date=2014-01-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123144706/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnx9_MkBimcC\|archive-date=23 November 2016\|url-status=live}}</ref> and Security Alerts to close security vulnerabilities. These releases are issued quarterly; some of these releases have updates issued prior to the next quarterly release. Data and index files: These files provide the physical storage of data, which can consist of the data-dictionary data (associated to the tablespace SYSTEM), user data, or index data. These files can be managed manually or managed by Oracle itself ("Oracle-managed files"). Note that a datafile has to belong to exactly one tablespace, whereas a tablespace can consist of multiple datafiles. * Redo log files, consisting of all changes to the database, used to recover from an instance failure. Note that often a database will store these files multiple times, for extra security in case of disk failure. The identical redo log files are said to belong to the same group. * Undo files: These special datafiles, which can only contain undo information, aid in recovery, rollbacks, and read-consistency. * Archive log files: These files, copies of the redo log files, are usually stored at different locations. They are necessary (for example) when applying changes to a standby database, or when performing recovery after a media failure. It is possible to archive to multiple locations. * Tempfiles: These special datafiles serve exclusively for temporary storage data (used for example for large sorts or for global temporary tables) * Control file, necessary for database startup. "A binary file that records the physical structure of a database and contains the names and locations of redo log files, the time stamp of the database creation, the current log sequence number, checkpoint information, and so on."<ref>Oracle Corporation, Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1 (11.2), http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e25789/glossary.htm#CHDDFGEC, 2011</ref> Starting with Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation releases Release Updates (RUs) and Release Update Revisions (RURs).<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/dbptc/patch-delivery-methods-for-oracle-database-12c-release-2-12-2-0-1-and-later-versions-243888991.html \|title=Patch Delivery Methods for Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2.0.1) and Later Versions \|publisher=Docs.oracle.com \|date= \|accessdate=2022-03-16}}</ref> RUs usually contain security, regression (bug), optimizer, and functional fixes which may include feature extensions as well. RURs include all fixes from their corresponding RU but only add new security and regression fixes. However, no new optimizer or functional fixes are included. ~~At the physical level, [[data file]]s comprise one or more [[block (data storage)\|data blocks]], where the [[block (data storage)\|block size]] can vary between data files.~~ === Competition === ~~Data files can occupy pre-allocated space in the file system of a computer server, utilize raw disk directly, or exist within [[Automatic Storage Management\|ASM]] logical volumes.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite web \| first = Bob \| last = Watkins \| authorlink = \| title = Look inside ASM disk groups with Oracle 10''g''R2's ASMCMD~~ \| url = http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6154262.html \| archiveurl = \| work = techrepublic.com \| publisher = ZDNet \| ___location = \| doi = \| date = 30 January 2007 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-07-30 \| quote = In 10''g'', Oracle introduced a new kind of storage for its database product. Automatic Storage Management (ASM) is a logical volume manager that takes physical disk partitions and manages their contents [...] Until ASM, there were only two choices: file system storage and raw disk storage. }} ~~</ref>~~ In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as [[IBM Db2]] and [[Microsoft SQL Server]].<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview \|interviewer=Burton Grad \|title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf \|access-date=2025-05-30 \|publisher=Computer History Museum \|date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on [[Microsoft Windows]] platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: [[WebSphere]], [[PeopleSoft]], and [[Siebel Systems]] [[Customer relationship management\|CRM]]), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely{{Citation needed\|date= February 2010}} with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, [[Linux on IBM Z]]). Niche commercial competitors include [[Teradata]] (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's [[ADABAS]], [[Sybase]], and IBM's [[Informix]], among many others. ~~===Database schema===~~ In the cloud, Oracle Database competes against the database services of AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform. Most Oracle database installations traditionally came with a default [[schema]] called <code>SCOTT</code>. After the installation process sets up sample tables, the user can log into the database with the username <code>scott</code> and the password <code>tiger</code>. The name of the <code>SCOTT</code> schema originated with Bruce Scott, one of the first employees at Oracle (then Software Development Laboratories), who had a cat named Tiger.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080116210119/http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#SCOTT Oracle FAQ]</ref> Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against [[open-source software]] relational and non-relational database systems such as [[PostgreSQL]], [[MongoDB]], [[Couchbase]], [[Neo4j]], [[ArangoDB]] and others. Oracle acquired [[Innobase]], supplier of the [[InnoDB]] codebase to [[MySQL]], in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired [[Sun Microsystems]], owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the [[Open Source Definition]], free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees. Oracle Corporation now de-emphasizes the <code>SCOTT</code> schema, as it uses few features of more recent Oracle releases. Most {{As of \| 2009 \| alt = recent}} examples supplied by Oracle Corporation reference the default HR or OE schemas. ==Reception== Other default schemas<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/misc/known_schemas.html \|title=Known schemas in Oracle \|publisher=Adp-gmbh.ch \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://abcdba.com/abcdbaserver11gdefaultschema \|title=11g Default Schema \|publisher=ABCdba.com \|accessdate=2010-10-26}}</ref> include: The ''[[Rosen Electronics Letter]]'' in February 1983 stated that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter especially approved of the user interface, noting the "simplicity of setting up 'programs'—queries, data manipulation, updates—without actually programming".<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news \|date=1983-02-22 \|title=DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close \|url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf \|access-date=2025-06-05 \|work=[[The Rosen Electronics Letter]] \|pages=3-5}}</ref> * <code>SYS</code> (essential core database structures and utilities) * <code>SYSTEM</code> (additional core database structures and utilities, and privileged account) * <code>OUTLN</code> (utilized to store metadata for stored outlines for stable query-optimizer execution plans.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/tuning/cbo/plan_stability.html \|title=Optimizer plan stability definition \|publisher=Adp-gmbh.ch \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref>) * <code>BI</code>, <code>IX</code>, <code>HR</code>, <code>OE</code>, <code>PM</code>, and <code>SH</code> (expanded sample schemas<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/misc/sample_schemas.html \|title=Oracle's sample schemas \|publisher=Adp-gmbh.ch \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> containing more data and structures than the older <code>SCOTT</code> schema). == See also == ~~===={{Anchor\|BUFFER-POOL}}System Global Area====~~ ~~{{Main\|System Global Area}}~~ {{Portal\|Companies}} Each Oracle instance uses a [[System Global Area]] or SGA—a [[shared memory\|shared-memory]] area—to store its data and control-information.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp \|title=Oracle Architecture, System Global Area \|publisher=World-class-programme.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}} ~~</ref>~~ Each Oracle instance allocates itself an SGA when it starts and de-allocates it at shut-down time. The information in the SGA consists of the following elements, each of which has a fixed size, established at instance startup: Datafiles Every Oracle database has one or more physical datafiles, which contain all the database data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and indexes, is physically stored in the datafiles allocated for a database. ~~Datafiles have the following characteristics:~~ One or more datafiles form a logical unit of database storage called a tablespace. * A datafile can be associated with only one tablespace. * Datafiles can be defined to extend automatically when they are full. Data in a datafile is read, as needed, during normal database operation and stored in the memory cache of Oracle Database. For example, if a user wants to access some data in a table of a database, and if the requested information is not already in the memory cache for the database, then it is read from the appropriate datafiles and stored in memory. Modified or new data is not necessarily written to a datafile immediately. To reduce the amount of disk access and to increase performance, data is pooled in memory and written to the appropriate datafiles all at once * the redo log buffer: this stores redo entries—a log of changes made to the database. The instance writes redo log buffers to the redo log as quickly and efficiently as possible. The redo log aids in instance recovery in the event of a system failure. * the shared pool: this area of the SGA stores shared-memory structures such as shared SQL areas in the library cache and internal information in the data dictionary. An insufficient amount of memory allocated to the shared pool can cause performance degradation. the Large pool Optional area that provides large memory allocations for certain large processes, such as Oracle backup and recovery operations, and I/O server processes Database buffer cache: Caches blocks of data retrieved from the database KEEP ''buffer pool'': A specialized type of database buffer cache that is tuned to retain blocks of data in memory for long periods of time RECYCLE buffer pool: A specialized type of database buffer cache that is tuned to recycle or remove block from memory quickly nK buffer cache: One of several specialized database buffer caches designed to hold block sizes different from the default database block size Java pool:Used for all session-specific Java code and data in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Streams pool: Used by Oracle Streams to store information required by capture and apply When you start the instance by using Enterprise Manager or SQLPlus, the amount of memory allocated for the SGA is displayed.<ref>Karlsson André. [http://blog.protractus.se/?page_id=34 "Oracle DB Architecture - The Basics"],</ref> ~~====Library cache====~~ The library cache<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp \|title=Oracle architecture, the library cache section \|publisher=World-class-programme.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> stores shared SQL, caching the parse tree and the execution plan for every unique SQL statement. If multiple applications issue the same SQL statement, each application can access the shared SQL area. This reduces the amount of memory needed and reduces the processing-time used for parsing and execution planning. ~~====Data dictionary cache====~~ ~~The [[data dictionary]] comprises a set of tables and [[view (database)\|views]] that map the structure of the database.~~ ~~Oracle databases store information here about the logical and physical structure of the database. The data dictionary contains information such as:~~ * user information, such as user privileges * integrity constraints defined for tables in the database * names and datatypes of all columns in database tables * information on space allocated and used for schema objects The Oracle instance frequently accesses the data dictionary to [[parsing\|parse]] SQL statements. Oracle operation depends on ready access to the data dictionary—performance bottlenecks in the data dictionary affect all Oracle users. Because of this, database administrators must make sure that the data dictionary cache<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp \|title=Oracle Architecture, data dictionary cache \|publisher=World-class-programme.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> has sufficient capacity to cache this data. Without enough memory for the data-dictionary cache, users see a severe performance degradation. Allocating sufficient memory to the shared pool where the data dictionary cache resides precludes these particular performance problem. ~~====Program Global Area====~~ The Program Global Area<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.world-class-programme.com/Oracle-Architecture-2.asp \|title=Oracle architecture, Program Global Area section \|publisher=World-class-programme.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}} ~~</ref><ref>~~ ~~[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/mix.102/b14388/gloss-p.htm#index-PGA PGA Definition], Oracle Database Master Glossary~~ ~~</ref> or PGA memory-area of an Oracle instance contains data and control-information for Oracle's server-processes.~~ ~~The size and content of the PGA depends on the Oracle-server options installed. This area consists of the following components:~~ * stack-space: the memory that holds the session's variables, arrays, and so on * session-information: unless using the multithreaded server, the instance stores its session-information in the PGA. In a multithreaded server, the session-information goes in the SGA.) * private SQL-area: an area that holds information such as bind-variables and runtime-buffers * sorting area: an area in the PGA that holds information on sorts, hash-joins, etc. ~~DBAs can monitor PGA usage via the <code>V$SESSTA(T</code> system view.~~ ~~====Dynamic performance views====~~ ~~The dynamic performance views (also known as "fixed views") within an Oracle database present information from virtual tables (X$ tables)<ref>~~ ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://nyoug.org/Presentations/2002/vviews.PDF~~ ~~\| title = V$ views - don't leave $HOME without them~~ ~~\| first = Mike~~ ~~\| last = Bell~~ ~~\| year = 2002~~ ~~\| publisher = New York Oracle users Group~~ ~~\| ___location =~~ ~~\| pages = 9–10~~ ~~\| format = PDF~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-03-09~~ ~~\| quote = X$ tables are fixed tables created in memory at database startup [...] V$ views are created on one or more X$ tables~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~built on the basis of database memory.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e10820.pdf~~ ~~\| title = Overview of the Dynamic Performance Views~~ ~~\| first = Morales~~ ~~\| last = Tony~~ ~~\| authorlink =~~ ~~\| coauthors = et al.~~ ~~\|date=October 2009~~ ~~\| work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2)~~ ~~\| publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]]~~ ~~\| ___location =~~ ~~\| pages = 8-1~~ ~~\| format = PDF~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-03-09~~ ~~\| quote = V$INDEXED_FIXED_COLUMN displays the columns in dynamic performance tables that are indexed (X$ tables).~~ ~~}} {{Dead link\|date=September 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}~~ ~~</ref>~~ ~~Database users can access the V$ views (named after the prefix of their synonyms) to obtain information on database structures and performance.~~ ~~===Process architectures===~~ ~~====Oracle processes====~~ The Oracle RDBMS typically relies on a group of processes running simultaneously in the [[background process\|background]] and interacting to monitor and expedite database operations. Typical operating environments might include - temporarily or permanently - some of the following individual processes (shown along with their abbreviated nomenclature):<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/process.htm#i16977 \|title=Oracle Process architecture concepts \|publisher=Download.oracle.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> * [[Oracle Advanced Queuing\|advanced queueing]] processes (Qnnn)<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Antognini~~ ~~\| first = Christian~~ ~~\| title = Troubleshooting Oracle Performance~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=b3DIkYO2gBQC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-05-05~~ ~~\| series = Apress Series~~ ~~\| year = 2008~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-1-59059-917-4~~ ~~\| page = 71~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * archiver processes (ARCn) ~~* checkpoint process (CKPT) REQUIRED~~ * coordinator-of-job-queues process (CJQn): dynamically spawns slave processes for job-queues ~~* database writer processes (DBWn) REQUIRED~~ * dispatcher processes (Dnnn): multiplex server-processes on behalf of users * main Data Guard Broker monitor process (DMON)<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Carpenter~~ ~~\| first = Larry~~ ~~\| others = ''et al.''~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Data Guard 11g Handbook~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2012-09-20~~ ~~\| year = 2009~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Press~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-0-07-162111-3~~ ~~\| page = 173~~ \| quote = Data Guard Monitor (DMON)[:] This Broker-controller process is the main Broker process and is responsible for coordinating all Broker actions as well as maintaining the Broker configuration files. }} ~~</ref>~~ * job-queue slave processes (Jnnn)<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Debes~~ ~~\| first = Norbert~~ ~~\| title = Secrets of the Oracle Database~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=g1R96D2uO7kC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-05-02~~ ~~\| series = Apress series~~ ~~\| year = 2009~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-1-4302-1952-1~~ ~~\| page = 173~~ ~~\| chapterurl =~~ ~~\| quote = The job queue is handled by the job queue coordinator process CJQ0 and job queue slave processes (JNNN).~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~* log-writer process (LGWR) REQUIRED~~ * log-write network-server (LNSn): transmits redo logs in Data Guard environments * logical standby coordinator process (LSP0): controls [[Oracle Data Guard\|Data Guard]] log-application * media-recovery process (MRP): detached recovery-server process * memory-manager process (MMAN): used for internal database tasks such as Automatic Shared Memory Management * memory-monitor process (MMON): process for automatic problem-detection, self-tuning and statistics-gathering<ref> ~~[http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 Safaribooksonline.com]~~ {{cite book \| last= Niemiec \| first= Richard \| authorlink = \| title= Oracle Database 10g Performance Tuning: Tips & Techniques \| url= http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 \| accessdate= 2009-08-12 \| edition = \| series = \| volume = \| date= 25 June 2007 \| origyear = \| publisher= Oracle Press \| ___location = \| isbn= 978-0-07-226305-3 \| oclc = \| doi = \| bibcode = \| id = \| page= 967 \| nopp = \| chapter= 1.30. New Background Processes in 10''g'' \| chapterurl = \| quote= MMON Memory Monitor process is associated with the Automatic Workload Repository new features used for automatic problem detection and self-tuning. MMON writes out the required statistics for AWR on a scheduled basis. \| ref = \| laysummary = \| laydate = \| separator = \| postscript = \| lastauthoramp= }}</ref> * memory-monitor light process (MMNL): gathers and stores Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) data * mmon slaves (Mnnnn—M0000, M0001, etc.): background slaves of the MMON process<ref> [http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 Safaribooksonline.com]{{cite book \| last= Niemiec \| first= Richard \| authorlink = \| title= Oracle Database 10g Performance Tuning: Tips & Techniques \| url= http://my.safaribooksonline.com/9780072263053/new_background_processes_in_10 \| accessdate= 2009-08-12 \| edition = \| series = \| volume = \| date= 25 June 2007 \| origyear = \| publisher= Oracle Press \| ___location = \| isbn= 978-0-07-226305-3 \| oclc = \| doi = \| bibcode = \| id = \| page= 967 \| nopp = \| chapter= 1.30. New Background Processes in 10''g'' \| chapterurl = \| quote= M000 These are MMON background slave (m000) processes. \| ref = \| laysummary = \| laydate = \| separator = \| postscript = \| lastauthoramp= }}</ref> ~~* process-monitor process (PMON) REQUIRED~~ * process-spawner (PSP0): spawns Oracle processes * queue-monitor coordinator process (QMNC): dynamically spawns queue monitor slaves<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Dyke~~ ~~\| first = Julian~~ ~~\| authorlink =~~ ~~\| coauthors = Steve Shaw~~ ~~\| title = Pro Oracle database 10g RAC on Linux: installation, administration, and performance~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GjYTbJTIr54C~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-05-05~~ ~~\| series = Apress Series~~ ~~\| year = 2006~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-1-59059-524-4~~ ~~\| page = 45~~ ~~\| quote = In Oracle 10.1, a queue monitor coordinator (QMNC) process [...] dynamically spawns queue monitor slaves (q000 to q009).~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * queue-monitor processes (QMNn) * recoverer process (RECO) * remote file-server process (RFS) - in Oracle Data Guard, a standby recipient of primary redo-logs<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Vallath~~ ~~\| first1 = Murali~~ ~~\| title = Oracle 10g RAC Grid, Services & Clustering~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=P9H7KRlhx_AC~~ ~~\| publisher = Digital Press~~ ~~\| publication-date = 2006~~ ~~\| page = 467~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780080492032~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2014-04-14~~ \| quote = Redo data transmitted from the primary database is received by the remote file server (RFS) process on the standby system, where the RFS process writes the redo data to archived log files or standby redo log files. }} ~~</ref>~~ * shared server processes (Snnn): serve client-requests ~~* system monitor process (SMON) REQUIRED~~ ~~====User processes, connections and sessions====~~ ~~Oracle Database terminology distinguishes different [[computer science\|computer-science]] terms in describing how end-users interact with the database:~~ * user [[process (computing)\|processes]] involve the invocation of application software<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/process.htm#sthref1481 \| title= Process Architecture \| accessdate= 2008-08-13 \| last= Cyran \| first= Michele \| coauthors= Paul Lane \| year= 2005 \| work= Oracle Database Concepts \| publisher= Oracle Corporation \| quote= When a user runs an application program (such as a ProC program) or an Oracle tool (such as Enterprise Manager or SQLPlus), Oracle creates a user process to run the user's application. }}</ref> * a connection refers to the pathway linking a user process to an Oracle instance<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/process.htm#sthref1481 \| title= Process Architecture \| accessdate= 2008-08-13 \| last= Cyran \| first= Michele \| coauthors= Paul Lane \| year= 2005 \| work= Oracle Database Concepts \| publisher= Oracle Corporation \| quote=A connection is a communication pathway between a user process and an Oracle instance. }}</ref> * [[session (computer science)\|sessions]] consist of specific connections to an Oracle instance.<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/process.htm#sthref1481 \| title= Process Architecture \| accessdate= 2008-08-13 \| last= Cyran \| first= Suraj \| first= Michele \| coauthors= Paul Lane \| year= 2005 \| work= Oracle Database Concepts \| publisher= Oracle Corporation \| quote= A session is a specific connection of a user to an Oracle instance through a user process }}</ref> Each session within an instance has a session identifier or "SID"<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28320/dynviews_3016.htm \| title = V$SESSION \| accessdate = 2008-11-17 \| author = \| last = Morales \| first = Tony \| authorlink = \| year = 2008 \| work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = Oracle \| ___location = \| pages = \| doi = \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| quote = }}</ref> (distinct from the system-identifier SID). ~~===Concurrency and locking===~~ ~~Oracle databases control simultaneous access to data resources with [[lock (computer science)\|locks]] (alternatively documented as "enqueues").<ref>~~ {{cite web \| first = Immanuel \| last = Chan \| title = Glossary \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28274/glossary.htm?type=popup#sthref1649 \| archiveurl = \| work = Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \|date= July 2008 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-04-29 \| quote = enqueue[:] This is another term for a lock. }}</ref> The databases also utilize "latches" - low-level serialization mechanisms to protect shared data structures in the System Global Area.<ref>{{cite web \| first = \| last = \| author = \| authorlink = \| title = Oracle Database Master Glossary: 11''g'' Release 1 (11.1) \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/mix.111/b14388/gloss-l.htm \| archiveurl = \| work = \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| doi = \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-04-24 \| quote = latch[:] A simple, low-level serialization mechanism to protect shared data structures in the System Global Area. }}</ref> ~~===Configuration===~~ Database administrators control many of the tunable variations in an Oracle instance by means of values in a parameter file.<ref>{{cite web \| first = Richard \| last = Strohm \| author = \| authorlink = \| coauthors = et al. \| title = Parameter Files \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/intro.htm#sthref23 \| archiveurl = \| work = Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| page = \| pages = \| doi = \|date= October 2008 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-07-14 \| quote = Parameter files contain a list of configuration parameters for that instance and database.}} ~~</ref>~~ This file in its ASCII default form ("pfile") normally has a name of the format <code>init<SID-name>.ora</code>. The default binary equivalent server parameter file ("spfile") (dynamically reconfigurable to some extent)<ref>{{cite web \| first = Richard \| last = Strohm \| author = \| authorlink = \| coauthors = et al. \| title = Initialization Parameter Files and Server Parameter Files \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/startup.htm#i9633 \| archiveurl = \| work = Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| page = \| pages = \| doi = \|date= October 2008 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-07-14 \| quote = }}</ref> defaults to the format <code>spfile<SID-name>.ora</code>. Within an SQL-based environment, the views <code>V$PARAMETER</code><ref>{{cite web \| first = Tony \| last = Morales \| author = \| authorlink = \| coauthors = et al. \| title = V$PARAMETER \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28320/dynviews_2.htm#insertedID85 \| archiveurl = \| work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| page = \| pages = \| doi = \|date= April 2009 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-07-14 \| quote = V$PARAMETER displays information about the initialization parameters that are currently in effect for the session. }}</ref> and <code>V$SPPARAMETER</code><ref>{{cite web \| first = Tony \| last = Morales \| author = \| authorlink = \| coauthors = et al. \| title = V$SPPARAMETER \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28320/dynviews_3.htm#insertedID41 \| archiveurl = \| work = Oracle Database Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| page = \| pages = \| doi = \|date= April 2009 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-07-14 \| quote = V$SPPARAMETER displays information about the contents of the server parameter file. }}</ref> ~~give access to reading parameter values.~~ ~~== Administration==~~ ~~The "Scheduler" (from Oracle 10g) and the Job subsystem permit the automation of predictable processing.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Bryla~~ ~~\| first1 = Bob~~ ~~\| last2 = Thomas~~ ~~\| first2 = Biju~~ ~~\| authorlink2 =~~ ~~\| title = OCP: Oracle 10g New Features for Administrators Study Guide: Exam 1Z0-040~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XX8qSa1x0G4C~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-10-10~~ ~~\| year = 2006~~ ~~\| publisher = John Wiley & Sons~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780782150858~~ ~~\| page = 95~~ \| quote = Oracle 10g includes a [...] scheduling mechanism to automate routine tasks. [...] It is a collection of procedures and functions in the DBMS_SCHEDULER package. The earlier versions of Oracle included the DBMS_JOB program to schedule jobs; this utility is still available in Oracle 10g. }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~Oracle Resource Manager aims to allocate CPU resources between users and groups of users when such resources become scarce.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Ingram~~ ~~\| first1 = Geoff~~ ~~\| author1-link =~~ ~~\| title = High-Performance Oracle: Proven Methods for Achieving Optimum Performance and Availability~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JD4-pBV6Bf4C~~ ~~\| publisher = John Wiley & Sons~~ ~~\| publication-date = 2002~~ ~~\| pages = 354–355~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780471430346~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2014-01-15~~ ~~\| quote = Oracle Resource Manager is [...] designed to ensure that CPU resources can be allocated fairly between groups of users on a single instance [...]~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ Oracle Corporation stated in product announcements that manageability for DBAs had improved from Oracle9i to 10g. Lungu and Vătuiu (2008) assessed the relative manageability by performing common DBA tasks and measuring timings. ~~<ref>~~ ~~{{cite journal~~ ~~\| last1 = Lungu~~ ~~\| first1 = Ion~~ ~~\| last2 = Vătuiu~~ ~~\| first2 = Teodora~~ ~~\| editor1-last = Bolunduţ~~ ~~\| editor1-first = Ioan-Lucian~~ ~~\| title = Manageability comparison: Oracle Database 10g and Oracle9i Database~~ ~~\| url = http://www.upet.ro/annals/pdf/Annals-2008-Part1.pdf~~ ~~\| journal = Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics~~ ~~\| ___location = Petroşani, Romania~~ ~~\| publisher = Universitas Publishing House~~ ~~\| publication-date = 2008~~ ~~\| volume = 8~~ ~~\| issue = 1~~ ~~\| page = 295-300~~ ~~\| issn = 1582-5949~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2014-03-06~~ \| quote = [...] we performed a basic and common DBA tasks on the two products and measured the time taken and the steps required to complete each task, to assess their relative manageability. }} ~~</ref>~~ They performed their tests on a single Pentium CPU (1.7 GHz) with 512 MB RAM,running Windows Server 2000. From Oracle9i to 10g, installation improved 36%,day-to-day administration 63%, backup and recovery 63%, and performance diagnostics and tuning 74%, for a weighted total improvement of 56%. The researchers concluded that "Oracle10g represents a giant step forward from Oracle9i in making the database easier to use and manage". ~~== Network access ==~~ ~~[[Oracle Net Services]] allow client or remote applications to access Oracle databases via [[computer networking\|network]] [[session (computer science)\|session]]s using various protocols.~~ ~~==Internationalization==~~ Oracle Database software comes in 63 language-versions (including regional variations such as British English and American English). Variations between versions cover the names of days and months, abbreviations, time-symbols (such as A.M. and A.D.), and sorting.<ref name="titleLocale Data"> ~~{{cite web \|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14225/applocaledata.htm#i634428 \|title=Locale Languages \|accessdate=2008-02-26 }}</ref>~~ Oracle Corporation has translated Oracle Database error-messages into Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai and Turkish.<ref name="titleMessages Data">{{cite web \|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14225/applocaledata.htm#i634673 \| title=Error Message Languages \|accessdate=2008-02-26 }}</ref> ~~<!-- could not find list of documentation translations yet-->~~ ~~Oracle Corporation provides database developers with tools and mechanisms for producing internationalized database applications: referred to internally as "Globalization".<ref>~~ {{cite web \| url = http://arjudba.blogspot.com \| title = A complete RMAN shell script backup for Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g, 11g \| accessdate = 2010-11-07 \| author = \| last = Arju \| first = Md. Abdul \| authorlink = \| coauthors = ''et al.'' \|date= November 2010 ~~\| work = A complete RMAN shell script backup for Oracle 8i, 9i, 10g, 11g~~ ~~\| publisher = [[Md.Abdul Arju]] \| dateformat =~~ \| quote = A complete RMAN backup shell script that will work regardless of most used oracle version as well as most used unix operating system. In this script it is assumed that you are using recovery catalog for you rman backup. }} ~~</ref><ref>~~ {{cite web \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28298/ch1overview.htm#sthref8 \| title = Overview of Globalization Support \| accessdate = 2009-02-16 \| author = \| last = Shea \| first = Cathy \| authorlink = \| coauthors = ''et al.'' \|date= September 2007 \| work = Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) \| publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]] \| ___location = \| pages = \| doi = \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| dateformat = \| quote = In the past, Oracle referred to globalization support capabilities as National Language Support (NLS) features. NLS is actually a subset of globalization support. NLS is the ability to choose a national language and store data in a specific character set. Globalization support enables you to develop multilingual applications and software products that can be accessed and run from anywhere in the world simultaneously. }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~==History==~~ ~~===Corporate/technical timeline===~~ * 1977: [[Larry Ellison]] and friends founded Software Development Laboratories (SDL). * 1978: Oracle Version 1, written in assembly language, runs on PDP-11 under RSX, in 128K of memory. Implementation separates Oracle code and user code. Oracle V1 is never officially released.<ref>http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/profit/p27anniv-timeline-151918.pdf</ref> * 1979: SDL changed its company-name to "Relational Software, Inc." (RSI) and introduced its product Oracle V2 as an early relational database system - often cited{{by whom\|date=September 2013}} as the first commercially sold RDBMS. The version did not support [[database transaction\|transactions]], but implemented the basic [[SQL]] functionality of [[query language\|queries]] and [[join (SQL)\|joins]]. (RSI never released a version 1 - instead calling the first version ''version 2'' as a [[marketing strategy\|marketing gimmick]].)<ref>As Larry Ellison said in an Oracle OpenWorld keynote [http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9814858-7.html presentation] on 11 November 2007: "Who'd buy a version 1.0 from four guys in California?"</ref> * 1982: RSI in its turn changed its name, becoming known as "[[Oracle Corporation]]",<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.oracle.com/oramag/profit/07-may/p27anniv_timeline.pdf Oracle.com]</ref> to align itself more closely with its flagship product. * 1983: The company released Oracle version 3, which it had re-written using the [[C (programming language)\|C programming language]], and which supported <code>[[Commit (data management)\|COMMIT]]</code> and <code>[[Rollback (data management)\|ROLLBACK]]</code> functionality for transactions. Version 3 extended platform support from the existing [[Digital Equipment Corporation\|Digital]] [[VAX/VMS]] systems to include [[Unix]] environments.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * 1984: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 4, which supported [[consistency model\|read-consistency]].<ref>{{cite web ~~\| url = http://oracle.com.edgesuite.net/timeline/oracle/~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Timeline~~ ~~\| quote = Oracle Version 4 is released with a new feature called "read consistency," which assures that a query will have a consistent set of data during execution.~~ ~~\| accessdate = 21 March 2013~~ }}</ref> In October it also released the first Oracle for the [[IBM PC]].<ref name="webster19841113">{{cite news \| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Ukz6hjZEA4C&lpg=PA12&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=true \| title=PC Relational Database? New Answer Is Oracle \| work=PC Magazine \| date=1984-11-13 \| accessdate=25 October 2013 \| author=Webster, Robin \| pages=57}}</ref> * 1985: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 5, which supported the [[client–server model]]—a sign of networks becoming more widely available in the mid-1980s. * 1986: Oracle version 5.1 started supporting [[distributed computing\|distributed]] queries. * 1988: Oracle RDBMS version 6 came out with support for [[PL/SQL]] embedded within [[Oracle Forms]] v3 (version 6 could not store PL/SQL in the database proper), row-level [[lock (computer science)\|locking]] and hot [[backup]]s.<ref>Compare [http://www.oracle.com/oramag/profit/07-may/p27anniv_timeline.pdf Oracle.com]</ref> * 1989: Oracle Corporation entered the [[application software\|application-products]] market and developed its [[Enterprise resource planning\|ERP]] product, (later to become part of the [[Oracle E-Business Suite]]), based on the Oracle relational database. * 1990: the release of [[Oracle Applications]] release 8<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * 1992: Oracle version 7 appeared with support for [[referential integrity]], [[stored procedure]]s and [[database trigger\|triggers]]. * 1997: Oracle Corporation released version 8, which supported [[Object-oriented programming\|object-oriented]] development and [[multimedia]] applications. * 1999: The release of Oracle8''i'' aimed to provide a database inter-operating better with the [[Internet]] (the ''i'' in the name stands for "Internet"). The Oracle8''i'' database incorporated a native [[Java Virtual Machine\|Java virtual machine]] ([[Oracle JVM]], also known as "Aurora").<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Harrison~~ ~~\| first = Guy~~ ~~\| title = Oracle SQL high-performance tuning~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bh6CLbeKQ4QC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-01-20~~ ~~\| edition = 2~~ ~~\| series = Prentice Hall PTR Oracle series~~ ~~\| year = 2001~~ ~~\| publisher = Prentice Hall PTR~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-0-13-012381-7~~ ~~\| page = 590~~ ~~\| page = 630~~ ~~\| quote = Aurora[:] The name of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) incorporated into Oracle8i.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * 2000: Oracle E-Business Suite 11''i'' pioneers integrated enterprise application software<ref name="autogenerated2" /> * 2001: Oracle9''i'' went into release with 400 new features, including the ability to read and write [[XML]] documents. 9''i'' also provided an option for [[Oracle RAC]], or "Real Application Clusters", a [[computer cluster\|computer-cluster]] database, as a replacement for the [[Oracle Parallel Server]] (OPS) option. * 2002: the release of Oracle 9i Database Release 2 (9.2.0)<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Gennick~~ ~~\| first = Jonathan~~ ~~\| authorlink =~~ ~~\| title = Oracle SQLPlus: The Definitive Guide~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aDHKcmoCTPEC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2012-08-03~~ ~~\| edition = 2~~ ~~\| series = Definitive Guides~~ ~~\| year = 2004~~ ~~\| publisher = O'Reilly Media, Inc.~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780596007461~~ ~~\| pages = 9–10~~ ~~\| pages = 592~~ ~~\| quote = ''i''SQLPlus was expanded to most other operating systems in 2002 with the release of Oracle 9i Database Release 2.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * 2003: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 10''g'', which supported [[regular expressions]]. (The ''g'' stands for "grid"; emphasizing a marketing thrust of presenting 10''g'' as "[[grid computing]] ready".) * 2005: Oracle Database 10.2.0.1—also known as Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 2 (10''g''R2)—appeared. * 2006: Oracle Corporation announces [[Unbreakable Linux]]<ref name="autogenerated2" /> and acquires i-flex * 2007: Oracle Database 10''g'' release 2 sets a new [[world record]] TPC-H 3000 GB [[benchmark (computing)\|benchmark]] result<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.itmanagement.com/press-releases/oracle-tpc-h-record-060806/ \|title=Oracle Database 10''g'' Sets New Record for TPC-H Three TB Benchmark \|accessdate=2008-01-31 \|work= }}</ref> * 2007: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 11''g'' for [[Linux]] and for [[Microsoft Windows]]. * 2008: Oracle Corporation acquires [[BEA Systems]]. * 2010: Oracle Corporation acquires [[Sun Microsystems]]. * 2011: Oracle Corporation acquires web [[content management system]] [[FatWire]] Software. * 2011: On October 18, Oracle Corporation acquires [[Endeca Technologies Inc.]] faceted search engine software vendor. * 2013: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 12''c''<ref> ~~{{cite press release~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud~~ ~~\| date = 2013-07-01~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\| ___location = Redwood Shores, California~~ ~~\| url = http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-09-09~~ ~~\| quote = Oracle Database 12c is a next-generation database [...] providing a new multitenant architecture on top of a fast, scalable, reliable, and secure database platform.~~ ~~}}</ref> for [[Linux]], [[Solaris (operating system)\|Solaris]] and [[Microsoft Windows\|Windows]]. (The ''c'' stands for "cloud".)~~ ~~===Patch Updates and Security Alerts===~~ ~~Oracle Corporation releases Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) or Security Patch Updates (SPUs)<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Baransel~~ ~~\| first1 = Emre~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Data Guard 11gR2 Administration Beginner's Guide~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bnx9_MkBimcC~~ ~~\| publisher = Packt Publishing Ltd~~ ~~\| publication-date = 2013~~ ~~\| isbn = 9781849687911~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2014-01-15~~ ~~\| quote = You should not get confused between Critical Patch Update (CPU) and Security Patch Update (SPU) as CPU terminology has been changed to SPU from October 2012.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ and Security Alerts to close security holes that could be used for data theft. [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/alerts-086861.html Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Alerts] come out quarterly on the Tuesday closest to 17th day of the month. * [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/securityemail-090378.html Customers may receive release notification by email]. * White Paper: [http://www.oracle.com/us/support/assurance/leveraging-cpu-wp-164638.pdf?ssSourceSiteId=otnen Critical Patch Update Implementation Best Practices] ~~===Version numbering===~~ Oracle products follow a custom release numbering and naming convention. With the Oracle RDBMS 10''g'' release, Oracle Corporation began using the "10''g''" label in all versions of its major products, although some sources refer to Oracle Applications Release 11''i'' as Oracle 11''i''.{{Clarify\|date=August 2011}} The suffixes "i", "g" and "c" do not actually represent a low-order part of the version number, as letters typically represent in software industry version numbering; that is, there is no predecessor version of Oracle 10''g'' called Oracle 10''f''. Instead, the letters stand for "internet", "grid" and "cloud", respectively.<ref name="theregister.co.uk">theregister.co.uk: [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/20/oracle_openworld_preview_q1_f2012_numbers/ Oracle gears up for infrastructure cloud and 12c database launches • The Register]</ref> Consequently many simply drop the "g" or "i" suffix when referring to specific versions of an Oracle product. ~~Major database-related products and some of their versions include:~~ * [[Oracle Application Server]] 10''g'' (also known as "Oracle AS 10''g''"): a [[Middleware (distributed applications)\|middleware]] product; * [[Oracle Applications]] Release 11''i'' (aka Oracle e-Business Suite, Oracle Financials or Oracle 11i): a [[software suite\|suite]] of [[business]] applications; * [[Oracle Developer Suite]] 10''g'' (9.0.4); * [[JDeveloper\|Oracle JDeveloper]] 10''g'': a [[Java (programming language)\|Java]] [[integrated development environment]]; ~~Since version 2, Oracle's [[Relational database management system\|RDBMS]] release numbering has used the following codes:~~ * Oracle v2 : 2.3 * Oracle v3 : 3.1.3 * Oracle v4 : 4.1.4.0-4.1.4.4 * Oracle v5 : 5.0.22, 5.1.17, 5.1.22 * Oracle v6 : 6.0.17-6.0.36 (no OPS code), 6.0.37 (with OPS) * Oracle7: 7.0.12–7.3.4 * Oracle8 Database: 8.0.3–8.0.6 * Oracle8''i'' Database Release 1: 8.1.5.0–8.1.5.1 * Oracle8''i'' Database Release 2: 8.1.6.0–8.1.6.3 * Oracle8''i'' Database Release 3: 8.1.7.0–8.1.7.4 * Oracle9''i'' Database Release 1: 9.0.1.0–9.0.1.5 ([[patch (computing)\|Patchset]] {{As of\|2003\|alt=as of December 2003}}) * Oracle9''i'' Database Release 2: 9.2.0.1–9.2.0.8 (Patchset {{As of\|2007\|alt=as of April 2007}}) * Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 1: 10.1.0.2–10.1.0.5 (Patchset {{As of\|2006\|alt=as of February 2006}}) * Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 2: 10.2.0.1–10.2.0.5 (Patchset {{As of\|2010\|alt=as of April 2010}}) * Oracle Database 11''g'' Release 1: 11.1.0.6–11.1.0.7 (Patchset {{As of\|2008\|alt=as of September 2008}}) * Oracle Database 11''g'' Release 2: 11.2.0.1–11.2.0.4 (Patchset {{As of\|2013\|alt=as of August 2013}}) * Oracle Database 12''c'' Release 1: 12.1 (Patchset {{As of\|2013\|alt=as of June 2013}}) * Oracle Database 12''c'' Release 1: 12.1.0.1.2 (Patch {{As of\|2013\|alt=as of February 2014}}) ~~The version-numbering syntax within each release follows the pattern: major.maintenance.application-server.component-specific.platform-specific.~~ ~~For example, "10.2.0.1 for 64-bit Solaris" means: 10th major version of Oracle, maintenance level 2, Oracle Application Server (OracleAS) 0, level 1 for Solaris 64-bit.~~ ~~The ''[http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10739/dba.htm#sthref35 Oracle Database Administrator's Guide]'' offers further information on Oracle release numbers.~~ ~~==Marketing editions==~~ Over and above the different versions of the Oracle database management software developed over time, Oracle Corporation subdivides its product into varying "editions" - apparently for marketing and license-tracking reasons. (Do not confuse the marketing "editions" with the internal virtual versioning "editions" introduced with Oracle 11.2).<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/pdf/edition_based_redefinition.pdf~~ ~~\| title = Edition-Based Redefinition~~ ~~\| first = Bryn~~ ~~\| last = Llewellyn~~ ~~\| authorlink =~~ ~~\|date=July 2009~~ ~~\| work =~~ ~~\| publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]]~~ ~~\| ___location = Redwood Shores, California~~ ~~\| page = 6~~ ~~\| page = 45~~ ~~\| format = PDF~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-03-09~~ ~~\| quote = An edition is a [...] nonschema object type, uniquely identified [...] by just its name.~~ }} ~~</ref> In approximate order of decreasing scale:~~ * Enterprise Edition<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/database/enterprise_edition.html Enterprise Edition]</ref> (EE) includes more features than the 'Standard Edition', especially in the areas of performance and security. Oracle Corporation licenses this product on the basis of users or of processors, typically for servers running 4 or more CPUs. EE has no memory limits, and can utilize clustering using [[Oracle RAC]] software. * Standard Edition<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/database/standard_edition.html Standard Edition]</ref> (SE) contains base database functionality. Oracle Corporation licenses this product on the basis of users or of processors, typically for servers running from one to four CPUs. If the number of CPUs exceeds 4 CPUs, the user must convert to an Enterprise license. SE has no memory limits, and can utilize clustering with [[Oracle RAC]] at no additional charge. * Standard Edition One,<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/database/std_one.html Standard Edition One]</ref> (SE1<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12391/1/MPRA_paper_12391.pdf~~ ~~\| title = Technologies solutions and Oracle instruments used in the accomplishment of executive informatics systems (EIS)~~ ~~\| first = Vatuiu~~ ~~\| last = Teodora~~ ~~\| date = 2008-12-27~~ ~~\| work = MPRA: Munich Personal RePEc Archive~~ ~~\| pages = 1555–1559~~ ~~\| format = PDF~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-05-09~~ ~~\| quote = Oracle Database 10g Standard Edition One (SE1) is intended for business mediums with quite a low request of adaptation[...]~~ ~~\| postscript =~~ }} ~~</ref> or SEO) introduced with Oracle 10''g'', has some additional feature-restrictions. Oracle Corporation markets it for use on systems with one or two CPUs. It has no memory limitations.~~ * Express Edition<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/xe/index.html~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database 10''g'' Express Edition~~ ~~\| work = Oracle Technology Network~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Corp.~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-07-25~~ \| quote = Oracle Database 10''g'' Express Edition (Oracle Database XE) is an entry-level, small-footprint database based on the Oracle Database 10''g'' Release 2 code base that's free to develop, deploy, and distribute [...] }} ~~</ref> ("Oracle Database XE")~~ The first Express Edition, introduced in 2005, offered Oracle 10''g'' free to distribute on Windows and Linux platforms. It had a footprint of only 150 MB, had a limitation to a maximum of 4 GB of user data<ref>{{cite web ~~\|url = http://www.georeference.org/doc/oracle_express_edition.htm~~ ~~\|title = Oracle Express Edition~~ ~~\|accessdate = 2013-02-21~~ ~~\|quote = [...] this topic uses Oracle® 10g Express Edition. [...] User data cannot exceed 4 gigabytes in size (in addition to Oracle system data).~~ }}</ref> and could use only a single CPU. Although it could install on a server with any amount of memory, it used a maximum of 1 GB.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/xe/pdf/dbxe_faq.pdf \|title=Oracle Data Sheet \|format=PDF \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> Support for this version came exclusively through on-line forums and not through Oracle support. Oracle 11g Express Edition, released by Oracle Corporation on 24 September 2011,<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Niemiec~~ ~~\| first = Richard~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database 11g Release 2 Performance Tuning Tips & Techniques~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=9gZ2eze4190C~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-02-20~~ ~~\| series = Osborne [[Oracle Press]]~~ ~~\| year = 2012~~ ~~\| publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Professional]]~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780071780261~~ ~~\| page = 47~~ ~~\| quote = [...] Oracle 11g Express Edition Released (September 24, 2011).~~ }} ~~</ref> can support 11 GB of user data.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite news~~ ~~\| title = Oracle releases beta for Express Edition of 11g database~~ ~~\| first = Chris~~ ~~\| last = Kanaracus~~ ~~\| authorlink =~~ ~~\| url = http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215470/Oracle_releases_beta_for_Express_Edition_of_11g_database~~ ~~\| newspaper = Computerworld~~ ~~\| publisher = Computerworld Inc.~~ ~~\| date = 2011-04-04~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-02-21~~ ~~\| quote = [...] no more than 11 GB of user data can be placed in an XE database, and it can use no more than 1 GB of RAM [...]~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * Oracle Database Lite,<ref>{{cite web \| first = \| last = \| author = \| authorlink = \| title = Oracle Database Lite 10''g'' \| url = http://www.oracle.com/database/lite_edition.html \| archiveurl = \| work = oracle.com \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| page = \| pages = \| doi = \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-06-23 \| quote = [...] for developing, deploying and managing applications for mobile and embedded environments. }}</ref> intended for running on [[mobile device]]s. The embedded<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\|first1= Rick~~ ~~\|last1= Greenwald~~ ~~\|author1-link=~~ ~~\|first2= Robert~~ ~~\|last2= Stackowiak~~ ~~\|author2-link=~~ ~~\|first3= Jonathan~~ ~~\|last3= Stern~~ ~~\|author3-link=~~ ~~\|title= Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 11g~~ ~~\|url= http://books.google.com/?id=EmvWP1vgTsYC~~ ~~\|accessdate= 2010-06-08~~ ~~\|edition= 4~~ ~~\|series= Essential Series~~ ~~\|year= 2007~~ ~~\|publisher= O'Reilly Media~~ ~~\|___location=~~ ~~\|isbn= 978-0-596-51454-9~~ ~~\|page= 31~~ ~~\|page= 386~~ ~~\|quote= Today, Oracle offers other embedded databases including TimesTen, Berkeley DB, and Oracle Database Lite.~~ }} </ref> [[mobile database]] located on the mobile device can synchronize with a server-based installation. Includes support for Win32, Windows CE, Palm OS, and EPOC database clients, integration with Oracle's Advanced Queuing (AQ) mechanism, and data and application synchronization software (to enterprise Oracle databases). Supports 100% [[Java (programming language)\|Java]] development (through [[JDBC driver]]s and the database's native support for embedded SQLJ and [[Java stored procedure]]s). ~~==Host platforms==~~ Prior to releasing Oracle 9''i'' in 2001, Oracle Corporation ported its database product to a wide variety of platforms. Subsequently Oracle Corporation consolidated on a smaller range of operating-system platforms. {{As of\|2011\|11}}, Oracle Corporation supported the following operating systems and hardware platforms for Oracle Database 11''g'' (11.2.0.2.0):<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/portal.portal_db?selected=11 Oracle Database Online Documentation 11g Release 2 (11.2)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * [[zLinux]]64 * [[Microsoft Windows]] (32-bit) * [[Microsoft Windows]] (x64) * [[Linux]] [[x86]] * [[Linux]] [[x86-64]] * [[Solaris (operating system)\|Solaris]] ([[SPARC]]) * [[Solaris (operating system)\|Solaris]] ([[x86-64]]) * [[HP-UX]] [[Itanium]] * [[HP-UX]] [[PA-RISC]] (64-bit) * [[AIX]] ([[PPC64]]) * [[OpenVMS]] ([[IA64]]) <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://de.openvms.org/TUD2012/Oracle_Database_on_VMS_and_Rdb_Product_Update-Public.pdf \| title = Oracle Rdb and Oracle Database on OpenVMS Product Update \| publisher = Kevin Duffy, Senior Director of Software Development, Oracle Corporation \| accessdate = November 2012 }}</ref> In 2011, Oracle Corporation announced the availability of Oracle Database Appliance, a pre-built, pre-tuned, highly available clustered database server built using two SunFire X86 servers and direct attached storage. ~~Some Oracle Enterprise edition databases running on certain Oracle-supplied hardware can utilize~~ ~~Hybrid Columnar Compression for more efficient storage.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\|url = http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/storage/nas/hybrid-columnar-compression-ds-1405370.pdf~~ ~~\|title = Hybrid Columnar Compression And Oracle Storage~~ ~~\|last1 = Martin~~ ~~\|first1 = Christopher~~ ~~\|year = 2011~~ ~~\|publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\|page = 1~~ ~~\|format = PDF~~ ~~\|accessdate = 2013-02-07~~ \|quote = Oracle Database Hybrid Columnar Compression is included at no extra cost with the Sun ZFS Storage Appliance and Pillar Axiom Storage System [...] Oracle's Hybrid Columnar Compression technology [...] utilizes a combination of both row and columnar methods for storing data. This approach [...] achieves the compression benefits of columnar storage, while avoiding the performance shortfalls of a pure columnar format. }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~==Related software==~~ ~~=== Oracle products ===~~ * Oracle Database Firewall<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://www.oracle.com/secerno/index.html~~ ~~\| title = Oracle and Secerno~~ ~~\| year = 2010~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-10-18~~ ~~\| quote = Secerno product[:] Oracle Database Firewall~~ }} ~~</ref> analyzes database traffic on a network to prevent threats such as [[SQL injection]].<ref>~~ ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-firewall/overview/index.html~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database Fiorewall: Frequently Asked Questions~~ ~~\| work = Oracle Technology Network~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-03-28~~ ~~\| quote = It is designed to prevent SQL Injection attacks [...] It is [...] deployed on the network to monitor and secures database traffic coming through the network.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~===Database options===~~ Oracle Corporation refers to some extensions to the core functionality of the Oracle database as "database options".<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/options/index.html Oracle database options]</ref> ~~{{As of\|2013}} such options include:~~ * [http://www.oracle.com/database/active-data-guard.html Active Data Guard] (extends [[Oracle Data Guard]] physical standby functionality in 11''g'') * Advanced Compression (compresses tables, backups and redo-data)<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Alapati~~ ~~\| first = Sam R.~~ ~~\| coauthors = Charles Kim~~ ~~\| title = Oracle database 11g: new features for DBAs and developers~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=14ZH0eZV6G8C~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-05-10~~ ~~\| series = Expert's voice in Oracle~~ ~~\| year = 2007~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-1-59059-910-5~~ ~~\| page = 153~~ ~~\| page = 602~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * [http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/options/advanced-security/index.html Advanced Security] (adds data encryption methods for both data at rest and on the network) * [http://www.oracle.com/database/contentdb.html Content database] (provides a centralized repository for unstructured information) * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/bi/odm/index.html Data Mining] ( [[Oracle Data Mining\|ODM]]) (mines for patterns in existing data) * [http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/options/database-vault/index.html Database Vault] (enforces extra security on data access) * [http://www.oracle.com/database/in-memory-database-cache.html In-Memory Database Cache] (utilizes [[TimesTen]] technology) * [http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/options/label-security/index.html Label Security] (enforces row-level security) * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oem/extensions/index.html Management Packs] (various). For example: ** Oracle Database Change Management Pack<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Adkoli~~ ~~\| first = Anand~~ ~~\| coauthors = Rama Velpuri~~ ~~\| title = Oracle9i for Windows handbook~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=L8K5BAt7kzcC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-01-26~~ ~~\| edition = 2~~ ~~\| series = Oracle Press Series~~ ~~\| year = 2002~~ ~~\| publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-0-07-219092-2~~ ~~\| page = 375~~ ~~\| page = 528~~ \| quote = Oracle Change Management Pack[:] A new feature available on Oracle9i allows you to track and make changes to database object definitions. You can compare two objects in different schemas or different databases. }} ~~</ref><ref>~~ ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B14099_19/manage.1012/b16241/Management_Pack_Access.htm~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database Change Management Pack~~ ~~\| first = Phil~~ ~~\| last = Choi~~ ~~\| year = 2005~~ ~~\| work = Oracle Enterprise Manager Concepts, 10g Release 2 (10.2)~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-01-26~~ \| quote = This pack gives database administrators the ability to evaluate, plan for, and implement database schema changes to support new application requirements without error and data loss while minimizing downtime. }} ~~</ref> (tracks and manages schema changes)~~ * [http://www.oracle.com/appserver/business-intelligence/standard-edition-one.html Oracle Answers] (for ''ad-hoc'' analysis and reporting) * [[Oracle Application Express]], a no-cost environment for database-oriented software-development<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\|url = http://apex.oracle.com/i/index.html~~ ~~\|title = Oracle Application Express 4.1~~ ~~\|work = apex.oracle.com~~ ~~\|publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\|accessdate = 2012-01-09~~ ~~\|quote = Oracle Application Express is a no-cost option of the Oracle database.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * [http://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/data-integration/goldengate/index.html Oracle GoldenGate 11''g''] (distributed real-time data acquisition) * Oracle Multitenant - a container database holding pluggable databases (PDBs) (from 12c)<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\|url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/multitenant/overview/index.html~~ ~~\|title = Oracle Multitenant~~ ~~\|publisher = [[Oracle Corporation]]~~ ~~\|accessdate = 2013-10-23~~ ~~\|quote = A new option for Oracle Database 12c, Oracle Multitenant [...] is supported by a new architecture that allows a multitenant container database to hold many pluggable databases.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * [http://www.oracle.com/solutions/business_intelligence/olap.html Oracle OLAP] (adds [[Online analytical processing\|analytical processing]]) * Oracle Programmer (provides programmatic access to Oracle databases via [[precompiler]]s, interfaces and [[language binding\|bindings]])<ref>See download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/options.htm#CIHBDGAD</ref> * [[Oracle Real Application Testing]] (new at version 11''g'')—including Database Replay (for testing workloads) and SQL Performance Analyzer (SPA) (for preserving SQL efficiency in changing environments)<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/manageability/database/pdf/wp07/owp_real_application_testing_11g.pdf \| title= Real Application Testing Overview \| accessdate= 2008-05-19 \|date=August 2007 \| publisher= Oracle Corporation }}</ref> * [[Oracle Spatial]] and Graph (includes 2D,3D and Raster geospatial data types, indexes, and spatial analytics and data models used in business applications and [[geographic information systems]] (GIS)) as well as World Wide Web Consortium [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF) graph management and analysis * [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/enterprise-edition/index-098492.html Oracle Text] (standard SQL to index, search, and analyze text and documents stored in the Oracle database) <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://shaharear.blogspot.com \| title = installation of Oracle Text on 10g \| accessdate = 2011-12-08 \| author = \| last = Shaharear \| first = Mohammad Hasan \| authorlink = \| coauthors = ''et al.'' \|date= December 2008 \| work = installation of Oracle Text on 10g ~~\| publisher = [[Mohammad Hasan Shaharear]] \| ___location = \| pages = \| doi = \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| dateformat = \| quote = installation of Oracle Text on 10g }}</ref>~~ * [http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/xmldb/index.html Oracle XML DB], a no-cost component in each edition of the database that provides high-performance technology for storing and retrieving native XML * [[Oracle Warehouse Builder]] (in various forms and sub-options) * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oracle9i/datasheets/partitioning.html Partitioning] (granularizes tables and indexes for efficiency) * [[Oracle RAC\|Real Application Clusters]] (RAC) (coordinates multiple database servers, together accessing the same database) * [http://www.oracle.com/database/recordsdb.html Records database]<!-- inaccessible as of 2008-07-10 Compare http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/templates/t997.html --> (a [[records management]] application) * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oracle9i/datasheets/gateways/gateway_rel2_ds.html Transparent Gateway] for connecting to non-Oracle systems. Offers optimized solution, with more functionality and better performance than Oracle Generic Connectivity. * [http://www.oracle.com/database/total-recall.html Total Recall] (optimizes long-term storage of historical data) ~~{{Expand list\|date=August 2008}}~~ In most cases, using these options entails extra licensing costs.<ref>See "Term licenses" at http://oraclestore.oracle.com/ for various markets/countries.</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=The Licensing Of Oracle Technology Products\|url=http://omtco.eu/references/oracle/the-licensing-of-oracle-technology-products-compliance-metrics-licensing-restrictions/\|publisher=OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH\|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> ~~===Suites===~~ In addition to its [[Relational database management system\|RDBMS]], Oracle Corporation has released several related suites of tools and applications relating to implementations of Oracle databases. For example: * [[Oracle Application Server]], a J2EE-based [[application server]], aids in developing and deploying applications that use [[Internet]] technologies and a browser. * [[Oracle Collaboration Suite]] contains messaging, groupware and collaboration applications. * [[Oracle Developer Suite]] contains software development tools, including [[JDeveloper]]. * [[Oracle E-Business Suite]] collects together applications for [[enterprise resource planning]] (including [[Oracle Financials]]), [[customer relationship management]] and [[human resources]] management ([[Oracle HR]]). * [[Oracle Enterprise Manager]] (OEM) used by [[database administrator]]s (DBAs) to manage the DBMS, and {{As of\|2007\|alt= recently}} in version 10''g'', a web-based rewrite of OEM called "Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control". Oracle Corporation has dubbed the super-Enterprise-Manager used to manage a grid of multiple DBMS and Application Servers "Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control". * Oracle Programmer/2000, a bundling of interfaces for [[Third-generation programming language\|3GL programming languages]], marketed with Oracle7 and Oracle8.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.alise.lv/ALISE/mrktinfo.nsf/6022a43db1063796c22566de00392130/420e0389f8672386c225645e00344ecb/$FILE/Oracle%20Programmer%202000%20data%20sheet%20Feb97.pdf \| title = Oracle Programmer/2000 \| accessdate = 2009-02-25 \| author = \| last = \| first = \| authorlink = \| format = PDF \| work = \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| pages = \| doi = \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| dateformat = \| quote = Oracle Programmer/2000 is a suite of programmatic interfaces that allows you to access and manipulate Oracle7 data and schemas. Programmer/2000 provides a rich set of interfaces and supports many programming languages, allowing the programmer to use the programming language and the programming paradigm of choice. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/A58617_01/server.804/a53717/ch1.htm#index0015 \| title = Other Ways of Working with Oracle \| accessdate = 2009-02-25 \| author = \| last = \| first = \| authorlink = \| work = \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| doi = \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| dateformat = \| quote = Programmer/2000[:] a set of 3GL programming language interfaces }} ~~</ref>~~ * [[Oracle WebCenter]] Suite<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Desbiens~~ ~~\| first = Frédéric~~ ~~\| coauthors = Peter Moskovits, Philipp Weckerle~~ ~~\| title = Oracle WebCenter 11g Handbook: Build Rich, Customizable Enterprise 2.0 Applications~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=mjiiLhfQ4s8C~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-05-09~~ ~~\| series = Osborne ORACLE Press Series~~ ~~\| year = 2009~~ ~~\| publisher = McGraw Hill Professional~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-0-07-162932-4~~ ~~\| page = 189~~ ~~\| nopp = 498~~ ~~\| quote = Oracle WebCenter Suite includes Content Server [...]~~ ~~\| postscript =~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~===Database "features"===~~ Apart from the clearly defined database options, Oracle databases may include many semi-autonomous software sub-systems, which Oracle Corporation sometimes refers to as "features" in a sense subtly different from the normal usage of the word. For example, [[Oracle Data Guard]] counts officially as a "feature", but the command-stack within SQLPlus, though a usability feature, does not appear in the list of "features" in [http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/license.102/b14199/editions.htm#CJACGHEB Oracle's list].{{Or\|date=December 2009}} Such "features" may include (for example): Active Session History (ASH), the collection of data for immediate monitoring of very recent database activity.<ref>{{cite book \| last= Alapati \| first= Sam R. \| authorlink = \| title= Expert Oracle database 10g administration \| url= http://books.google.com/?id=xxx0KAwY_ZMC&pg=PA845&lpg=PA845&dq=ASH++Active+Session+History \| accessdate= 2009-05-25 \| edition = \| series = \| volume = \| origyear = \| year= 2005 \| publisher= Apress \| ___location = \| language = \| isbn= 978-1-59059-451-3 \| oclc = \| doi = \| bibcode = \| id = \| page= 845 \| nopp = \| chapter = \| chapterurl = \| quote= ... ASH records very recent session activity (within the last five or ten minutes). \| ref = \| laysummary = \| laydate = \| separator = \| postscript = \| lastauthoramp= }}</ref> * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/10gdba/week6_10gdba.html Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)], providing monitoring services to Oracle database installations from Oracle version 10. Prior to the release of Oracle version 10, the Statspack facility<ref> ~~{{cite journal~~ ~~\| last =~~ ~~\| first =~~ ~~\| author = Sai Peck lee~~ ~~\| coauthors = Džemal Zildžić~~ ~~\| year = 2006~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database Workload Performance Measurement and Tuning Toolkit~~ ~~\| journal = Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology~~ ~~\| volume = 3~~ ~~\| pages = 371–381~~ ~~\| url = http://google.com/scholar?q=cache:uPdNes3VcSAJ:scholar.google.com/~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-02-05~~ \| quote = Statspack utility consists of a set of Programming Language/Structured Query Language (PL/SQL) scripts, executed against the database to gather, store data and metrics, and generate reports database activity reports }} ~~</ref> provided similar functionality.~~ * Clusterware * [http://www.oracle.com/solutions/business_intelligence/warehouse-builder.html Data Aggregation and Consolidation] * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/DataGuardOverview.html Data Guard] for [[high availability]] * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/oracle9i/datasheets/gateways/gateway_rel2_ds.html Generic Connectivity] for connecting to non-Oracle systems. * Data Pump utilities, which aid in importing and exporting data and metadata between databases<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28319/dp_overview.htm#SUTIL100 \|title=Overview of Oracle Data Pump \|publisher=Download.oracle.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> * SQLLoader, utility that facilitates high performance data loading. Database Resource Manager (DRM), which controls the use of computing resources.<ref>{{cite book \| last= Greenwald \| first= Rick \| authorlink = \| coauthors=Robert Stackowiak, Jonathan Stern \| editor = \| others = \| title=Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 11g \| origyear = \| origmonth = \| url = \| accessdate = \| edition = \| series = \| volume = \|date= November 2007 \| publisher= O'Reilly \| ___location = \| language = \| isbn= 978-0-596-51454-9 \| oclc = \| doi = \| id = \| page= 184 \| chapter = \| chapterurl = \| quote= The Database Resource Manager (DRM) was first introduced in Oracle 8''i'' [...] to place limits on the amount of computer resources that can be used [...] \| ref= }}</ref> * Fast-start parallel rollback<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| first1 = Mike~~ ~~\| last1 = Ault~~ ~~\| author1-link = Mike Ault~~ ~~\| first2 = Daniel~~ ~~\| last2 = Liu~~ ~~\| first3 = Madhu~~ ~~\| last3 = Tumma~~ ~~\| editor = Don Burleson~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database 10g New Features: Oracle 10g Reference for Advanced Tuning & Administration~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ufz5-hXw2_UC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-11-16~~ ~~\| series = Oracle In-Focus series~~ ~~\| year = 2003~~ ~~\| publisher = Rampant TechPress~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-0-9740716-0-2~~ ~~\| page = 51~~ ~~\| page = 544~~ \| quote = In the fast-start parallel rollback method, the background process SMON [...] rolls back a set of transactions in parallel [...] This feature is particularly useful when a system has transactions that run a long time before committing [...] }} ~~</ref>~~ * Fine-grained auditing (FGA) (in Oracle Enterprise Edition)<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/editions.htm#CJACGHEB \| title= Feature Availability by Edition \| accessdate= 2008-08-19 \| author = \| last = \| first = \| authorlink = \|date= May 2008 \| work= Oracle Database Licensing Information 11g Release 1 (11.1) Part Number B28287-08 \| publisher= Oracle Corporation \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| quote= }}</ref> supplements standard security-auditing features<ref>{{cite web \| url= http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/10gdba/week10_10gdba.html \| title= Auditing Tells All \| accessdate= 2008-08-19 \| last= Nanda \| first= Arup \| authorlink = \| work= Oracle Database 10g: The Top 20 Features for DBAs \| publisher= Oracle Corporation \| archiveurl = \| archivedate = \| quote= ...the standard audit (available in all versions) and the fine-grained audit (available in Oracle 9''i'' and up ... }}</ref> * [[Oracle Flashback\|Flashback]] for selective data recovery and reconstruction<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/Flashback_Overview.htm Oracle.com]</ref> * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/sql_plus/index.html iSQLPlus], a web-browser-based [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) for Oracle database [[Data Manipulation Language\|data-manipulation]] (compare SQLPlus) * Oracle Data Access Components (ODAC), tools that consist of:<ref> {{cite web \| title = Oracle Product Accessibility Status: Database Server Enterprise Edition \| url = http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/templates/t1286.html \| archiveurl = \| work = \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| page = \| pages = \| doi = \| date = 2 June 2008 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-04-14 }} ~~</ref>~~ Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET)<ref>{{cite web \| title = Oracle Data Provider for .NET \| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/windows/odpnet/index.html \| archiveurl = \| work = \| publisher = Oracle Corporation \| ___location = \| doi = \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-05-07 \| quote = The Oracle Data Provider for .NET (ODP.NET) features optimized [[ADO.NET]] data access to the Oracle database. }}</ref> Oracle Developer Tools (ODT) for Visual Studio Oracle Providers for ASP.NET Oracle Database Extensions for .NET Oracle Provider for OLE DB Oracle Objects for OLE ** Oracle Services for Microsoft Transaction Server * [http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/omf.htm#i1007206 Oracle-managed files] (OMF) -- a feature allowing automated naming, creation and deletion of datafiles at the operating-system level. * [[Oracle Multimedia]] (known as "Oracle ''inter''Media" before Oracle 11g) for storing and integrating multimedia data within a database<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\|url = http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/multimedia/overview/index.html~~ ~~\|title = Oracle Multimedia~~ ~~\|website = www.oracle.com~~ ~~\|publisher = Oracle Technology Network~~ ~~\|accessdate = 2013-12-12~~ ~~\|quote = Oracle Multimedia is a feature that enables Oracle Database to store, manage, and retrieve multimedia data in an integrated manner with other enterprise information.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ * [[Oracle Spatial and Graph]] * [http://web.archive.org/web/20051208092120/http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/rman_overview.htm Recovery Manager] (rman) for [[database dump\|database backup]], [[Data restoration\|restoration]] and [[data recovery\|recovery]] * [[SQLPlus]], a program that allows users to interact with Oracle database(s) via [[SQL]] and [[PL/SQL]] commands on a [[command line interface\|command-line]]. Compare iSQLPlus. * Universal Connection Pool (UCP), a [[connection pool]] based on Java and supporting [[JDBC]], LDAP, and [[Java EE Connector Architecture\|JCA]]<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| first1 = Rick~~ ~~\| last1 = Greenwald~~ ~~\| first2 = Robert~~ ~~\| last2 = Stackowiak~~ ~~\| first3 = Maqsood~~ ~~\| last3 = Alam~~ ~~\| first4 = Mans~~ ~~\| last4 = Bhuller~~ ~~\| title = Achieving Extreme Performance with Oracle Exadata~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HFJzNfWonPQC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-10-12~~ ~~\| series = Osborne ORACLE Press Series~~ ~~\| year = 2011~~ ~~\| publisher = McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-0-07-175259-6~~ ~~\| page = 328~~ ~~\| page = 432~~ \| quote = The UCP is a Java-basd connection pool that supports JDBC, the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and Java EE Connector Architecture (JCA) connection types from any middle tier. }} ~~</ref>~~ * [[Virtual private database\|Virtual Private Database]]<ref> ~~"Virtual Private Database" appears listed as a feature available as part of Oracle Enterprise Edition in:~~ ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\| url = http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/license.112/e10594/editions.htm~~ ~~\| title = Feature Availability by Edition~~ ~~\| author = Manmeet Ahluwalia~~ ~~\| coauthors = et al.~~ ~~\|date=October 2009~~ ~~\| work = Oracle Database Licensing Information 11g Release 2 (11.2)~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle Corporation~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-02-09~~ }} ~~</ref> (VPD), an implementation of fine-grained access control.<ref>~~ ~~{{Cite journal~~ ~~\| last = Kate~~ ~~\| first = Aniket~~ ~~\| author-link =~~ ~~\| last2 = Menezes~~ ~~\| first2 = Bernard~~ ~~\| author2-link =~~ ~~\| last3 = Singh~~ ~~\| first3 = Ashish~~ ~~\| author3-link =~~ ~~\| publication-date = December 2005~~ ~~\| contribution = Security/Privacy Issues in Providing Database as a Service~~ ~~\| title = Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on E-Governance, ICEG 2005~~ ~~\| pages = 156–159~~ ~~\| publication-place = Lahore~~ ~~\| publisher = Lahore University of Management Sciences~~ ~~\| url = http://www.iceg.net/2006/download/E-Governance.pdf~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2010-02-09~~ \| quote = Oracle's Virtual Private Database (VPD) [...] is a practically implemented model for fine-grained access control wherein one or more security policies are attached to each table and view in the database. These polices are sets of functions coded in PL/SQL, C or Java. A user query that accesses a table or view having a security policy, is dynamically and transparently modified by appending a predicate. This predicate is returned by the policy function for the relation/view and is a function of the user who has fired the query. A secure application context is created for each user at log in. ~~\| postscript = <!--None-->~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~{{Expand list\|date=August 2008}}~~ ~~=== Tools ===~~ ~~Users can develop their own [[application software\|applications]] in [[Java (programming language)\|Java]] and [[PL/SQL]] using tools such as:~~ * [[Oracle Forms]] * [[Oracle JDeveloper]] * [[Oracle Reports]] {{As of \| 2007}} Oracle Corporation had started{{Clarify\|date=April 2008}} a drive toward "wizard"-driven environments with a view to enabling non-programmers to produce simple [[data-driven]] applications.<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Evdoridis~~ ~~\| first = Theodoros~~ ~~\| last2 = Tzouramanis~~ ~~\| first2 = Theodoros~~ ~~\| editor-last = St. Amant~~ ~~\| editor-first = Kirk~~ ~~\| editor2-last = Still~~ ~~\| editor2-first = Brian~~ ~~\| title = Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=75KT6GdcWbYC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-02-20~~ ~~\| series = IGI Global research collection~~ ~~\| year = 2007~~ ~~\| publisher = [[IGI Global\|Idea Group Inc (IGI)]]~~ ~~\| isbn = 9781591408925~~ ~~\| pages = 294–308~~ ~~\| chapter = A Generalized Comparison of Open Source and Commercial Database management Systems~~ ~~\| quote = Oracle Corporation has started a drive toward wizard-driven environments with a view to enabling non-programmers to produce simple data-driven applications.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~The '''Database Upgrade Assistant''' ('''DBUA''')<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Shaw~~ ~~\| first1 = John~~ ~~\| last2 = Dyke~~ ~~\| first2 = Julian~~ ~~\| title = Pro Oracle Database 10g RAC on Linux: Installation, Administration, and Performance~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1iidwz4m2uwC~~ ~~\| series = Expert's Voice in Oracle~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| publication-date = 2006~~ ~~\| page = 54~~ ~~\| isbn = 9781430202141~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2012-01-22~~ ~~\| quote = The Database Upgrade Assistant (DBUA) is a GUI tool that guides you through the various steps in the upgrade process and configures the database for the target release.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~provides a GUI for the upgrading of an Oracle database.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Freeman~~ ~~\| first1 = Robert~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database 10g New Features~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Ev1MKZo8Wq0C~~ ~~\| series = Osborne ORACLE Press Series~~ ~~\| publisher = McGraw Hill Professional~~ ~~\| publication-date = 2004~~ ~~\| page = 4~~ ~~\| isbn = 9780072229479~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2014-01-22~~ ~~\| quote = The DBUA is a GUI that is designed for upgrading your Oracle database [...]~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~'''JAccelerator (NCOMP)''' - a native-compilation Java "accelerator", integrates hardware-optimized [[Java (programming language)\|Java code]] into an Oracle 10g database.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last = Iyer~~ ~~\| first = Venkatasubramaniam~~ ~~\| others = ''et al.''~~ ~~\| title = Oracle Database Java Developer's Guide: 10g Release 2 (10.2)~~ ~~\| url = http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/java.102/b14187/chten.htm~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-07-29~~ ~~\|date=August 2006~~ ~~\| publisher = Oracle USA, Inc~~ ~~\| ___location = [[Redwood City]]~~ ~~\| chapter = 9 Oracle Database Java Application Performance~~ ~~\| quote = Native compilation provides a speed increase ranging from two to ten times the speed of the bytecode interpretation.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ [[Oracle SQL Developer]], a free graphical tool for database development, allows developers to browse database objects, run SQL statements and SQL scripts, and edit and debug PL/SQL statements. It incorporates standard and customized reporting. ~~Oracle's '''OPatch''' provides [[Patch (computing)\|patch]] management for Oracle databases.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| first1 = Darl~~ ~~\| last1 = Kuhn~~ ~~\| first2 = Charles~~ ~~\| last2 = Kim~~ ~~\| first3 = Bernard~~ ~~\| last3 = Lopuz~~ ~~\| title = Linux Recipes for Oracle DBAs~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oqmW4BwSteoC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2011-12-05~~ ~~\| series = Apress Series~~ ~~\| year = 2008~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| isbn = 978-1-4302-1575-2~~ ~~\| page = 275~~ ~~\| page = 501~~ ~~\| quote = OPatch is a collection of Perl scripts and Java classes providing the capability to apply and roll back interim (one-off) patches to an Oracle database environment.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~The '''SQLTXPLAIN''' tool (or '''SQLT''') provides tuning assistance for Oracle [[SQL]] queries.<ref>~~ ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\| last1 = Charalambides~~ ~~\| first1 = Stelios~~ ~~\| title = Oracle SQL Tuning with Oracle SQLTXPLAIN~~ ~~\| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1t_xdN6qivEC~~ ~~\| accessdate = 2013-06-17~~ ~~\| year = 2013~~ ~~\| publisher = Apress~~ ~~\| isbn = 9781430248101~~ ~~\| page = 1~~ ~~\| quote = [...] fast Oracle SQL tuning with SQLTXPLAIN, or SQLT as it is typically called [...]~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~===Other databases marketed by Oracle Corporation===~~ ~~By acquiring other technology in the database field, Oracle Corporation can also offer:~~ * [[TimesTen]], a memory-resident database that can cache transactions and synchronize data with a centralized Oracle database server. It functions as a [[real-time computing\|real-time]] infrastructure software product intended for the management of low-[[lag\|latency]], high-volume data, of events and of transactions. * [[BerkeleyDB]], a simple, high-performance, [[Embedded Database\|embedded database]] * [[Oracle Rdb]], a legacy relational database for the [[OpenVMS]] operating-system * [[MySQL]] a relational database purchased as part of Oracle Corporation's takeover of its immediate previous owner, [[Sun Microsystems]] * Oracle NoSQL Database, a scalable, distributed key-value [[NoSQL]] database<ref> ~~{{cite web~~ ~~\|url = http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Oracle-to-Boost-Data-Management-With-Endeca-Buy-517167/~~ ~~\|title = Oracle to Boost Data Management With Endeca Buy~~ ~~\|first = Darryl K~~ ~~\|last = Taft~~ ~~\|date = 2011-10-18~~ ~~\|work = [[eWeek]]~~ ~~\|publisher = [[Ziff Davis]]~~ ~~\|accessdate = 2011-11-03~~ ~~\|quote = Oracle also announced the Oracle NoSQL Database, a distributed, highly scalable, key-value database.~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ~~==Use==~~ The Oracle RDBMS has had a reputation among novice users as difficult to install on Linux systems.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2008}} Oracle Corporation has packaged {{As of\|2006\|alt=recent}} versions for several popular Linux distributions in an attempt to minimize installation challenges beyond the level of technical expertise required to install a database server.{{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}} ~~===Official support===~~ Users who have Oracle support contracts can use Oracle's "My Oracle Support" web site. The "My Oracle Support" site was known as MetaLink until a re-branding exercise completed in October 2010. The support site provides users of Oracle Corporation products with a repository of reported problems, diagnostic scripts and solutions. It also integrates with the provision of support tools, patches and upgrades. The ''Remote Diagnostic Agent'' or ''RDA''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oracle.com/global/tr/support/051006_ADVANCEDMETALINK_CUSTOMER.pdf \|title=Advanced MetaLink \|format=PDF \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> can operate as a command-line diagnostic tool executing a script. The data captured provides an overview of the Oracle Database environment intended for diagnostic and trouble-shooting. Within RDA, the ''HCVE'' (Health Check Validation Engine)<ref>{{cite web \| first = Stephen \| last = Rea \| author = \| authorlink = \| title = Upgrading Oracle 9.2.0.6 to 10.2.0.3 on AIX 5.2 \| url = http://www.uaex.edu/srea/10gR2_upgrade.txt \| archiveurl = \| work = \| publisher = University of Arkansas \| ___location = \| doi = \| date = 16 September 2008 \| archivedate = \| accessdate = 2009-08-11 \| quote = Run the PreInstall checklist for Oracle 10.2.0 (Metalink Note 250262.1: RDA 4 - Health Check / Validation Engine Guide): The Health Check Validation Engine (HCVE) rule set for Oracle Database 10''g'' R2 (10.2.0) PreInstall (AIX) is described in: [https://metalink.oracle.com/metalink/plsql/docs/HCVE_A201DB10R2_aix.htm Oracle.com] }}</ref> can verify and isolate host system environmental issues that may affect the performance of Oracle software. ~~===Database-related guidelines===~~ ~~Oracle Corporation also endorses certain practices and conventions as enhancing the use of its database products. These include:~~ * Oracle Maximum Availability Architecture (MAA)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Oracle+Maximum+Availability+Architecture.html \|title=oracle maximum availability architecture News and Other Resources \| TechRepublic \|publisher=Search.techrepublic.com.com \|accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref> guidelines on developing high-availability systems * [[Optimal Flexible Architecture]] (OFA), blueprints for mapping Oracle-database objects to file-systems ~~===Oracle Certification Program===~~ ~~{{Main\|Oracle Certification Program}}~~ ~~The [[Oracle Certification Program]], a [[professional certification]] program, includes the administration of Oracle Databases as one of its main certification paths. It contains three levels:~~ ~~# Oracle Certified Associate (OCA)~~ ~~# Oracle Certified Professional (OCP)~~ ~~# Oracle Certified Master (OCM)~~ ~~===User groups===~~ ~~A variety of official (Oracle-sponsored) and unofficial [[Oracle User Group]]s has grown up of users and developers of Oracle databases. They include:~~ * Geographical/regional user groups<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.morganslibrary.org/usergrps.html \|title=Oracle Users Group Groups \|publisher=Morganslibrary.org \|accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref> * [[Independent Oracle Users Group]] * Industry-centric user groups * [[Oracle Technology Network]] * [http://www.ohsug.org Oracle Health Sciences User Group] * Product-centric user groups * The [[OakTable Network]] * [[Usenet newsgroup]]s ~~==Market position==~~ ~~===Competition===~~ In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as IBM's [[IBM DB2\|DB2]] UDB and [[Microsoft SQL Server]]. Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on UNIX and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on [[Microsoft Windows]] platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: [[WebSphere]], [[PeopleSoft]], and [[Siebel Systems]] [[Customer relationship management\|CRM]]), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely{{Citation needed\|date=February 2010}} with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, [[Linux on zSeries]]). The two companies have a relationship perhaps{{Or\|date=February 2010}} best described as "[[coopetition]]". Niche commercial competitors include [[Teradata]] (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's [[ADABAS]], [[Sybase]], and IBM's [[Informix]], among many others. ~~In 2007, competition with [[SAP AG]] occasioned litigation from Oracle Corporation.<ref>[http://hirek.prim.hu/cikk/61917/ About the case] in Hungarian</ref>~~ Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against such [[open-source software]] relational database systems as [[PostgreSQL]], [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird]], and [[MySQL]]. Oracle acquired [[Innobase]], supplier of the [[InnoDB]] codebase to MySQL, in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired [[Sun Microsystems]], owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open source are, by the legal terms of the [[Open Source Definition]], free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees. ~~===Pricing===~~ Oracle Corporation offers term licensing for all Oracle products. It bases the list price for a term-license on a specific percentage of the perpetual license price. Prospective purchasers can obtain licenses based either on the number of processors in their target machines or on the [[Per-seat license\|number of potential seats]] ("named users").<ref> ~~{{cite book~~ ~~\|last= Kreines~~ ~~\|first= David C.~~ ~~\|title= Oracle DBA Pocket Guide~~ ~~\|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=4FB1pZetQ-IC~~ ~~\|accessdate= 2010-08-10~~ ~~\|series= Pocket References Series~~ ~~\|year= 2005~~ ~~\|publisher= O'Reilly Media, Inc.~~ ~~\|isbn= 978-0-596-10049-0~~ ~~\|page= 16~~ ~~\|page= 145~~ ~~\|quote= Oracle products are currently licensed using two different licensing models: ''Per Named User''. [...] ''Per Processor'' [...]~~ }} ~~</ref>~~ ; Enterprise Edition (DB EE): {{As of\|2010\|alt=As of July 2010}}, the database that costs the most per machine-processor among Oracle database editions, at $47,500 per processor. The term "per processor" for Enterprise Edition is defined with respect to physical cores and a processor core multiplier (common processors = 0.5cores). e.g. An 8-processor, 32-core server using Intel Xeon 56XX CPUs would require 16 processor licenses.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Oracle Technology Global Price List\|url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/pricing/technology-price-list.pdf\|publisher=Oracle Corporation \|date=2010-06-14 \|accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Processor Core Factor Table\|url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/contracts/processor-core-factor-table-070634.pdf\|accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> ; Standard Edition (DB SE): Cheaper: it can run on up to four processors but has fewer features than Enterprise Edition—it lacks proper parallelization,<ref>Oracle Database Licensing Information [http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/editions.htm#BABDJGGI Database Editions]</ref> etc.; but remains quite suitable for running medium-sized applications. There are not additional cost for Oracle RAC on the latest Oracle 11g R2 standard edition release. ; Standard ONE (DB SE1 or DB SEO): Sells even more cheaply, but remains limited to two CPUs. Standard Edition ONE sells on a per-seat basis with a five-user minimum. Oracle Corporation usually sells the licenses with an extra 22% cost for support and upgrades (access to My Oracle Support—Oracle Corporation's support site), which customers must renew annually. ; Oracle Express Edition (DB XE) <ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/express-edition/overview/index.html \|title=overview \|publisher=Oracle.com \|accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref> (Oracle XE): An addition to the Oracle database product family ([[development stage#Beta\|beta]] version released in 2005, production version released in February 2006), offers a free version of the Oracle RDBMS, but one limited to 11 GB of user data and to 1 GB of memory used by the database (SGA+PGA).<ref>[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E17781_01/install.112/e18802/toc.htm#BABIECJA Licensing Restrictions]</ref> XE will use no more than one CPU and lacks an internal [[Java Virtual Machine\|JVM]]. XE runs only on 32-bit Windows and 64-bit Linux, but not on AIX, Solaris, HP-UX and the other operating systems available for other editions. Support is via a free [https://forums.oracle.com/forums/forum.jspa?forumID=251&start=0 Oracle Discussion Forum] only. As computers running Oracle often have many [[multi-core processor]]s (resulting in many cores, all to be licensed), the software price can rise into the hundreds of thousands of dollars. The [[total cost of ownership]] often exceeds this, as large Oracle installations usually require experienced and trained [[database administrator]]s to do the set-up properly. Furthermore, further components must be licensed and paid for, for instance the Enterprise Options used with the databases. Many licensing pitfalls let even rise the costs of ownership.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Top 60 Licensing Pitfalls for Oracle Databases and Oracle Technology Products\|url=http://omtco.eu/references/oracle/top-60-licensing-pitfalls-for-oracle-databases-and-oracle-technology-products/\|publisher=OMTCO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH\|accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> Because of the product's large installed base and available training courses, Oracle specialists in some areas have become a more abundant resource than those for more exotic databases. Oracle frequently provides special training offers for database-administrators. On Linux, Oracle's ''certified configurations'' include Oracle's own [[Oracle Linux]] and other commercial [[Linux distributions]] ([[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] 3, 4 and 5, [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server\|SuSE SLES]] 8, 9, 10 and 11, [[Asianux]]), which can cost in a range from a few hundred to a few thousand USD per year (depending on processor architecture and the support package purchased). The Oracle database system can also install and run on freely available Linux distributions such as the Red Hat-based CentOS,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://wiki.oracle.com/page/Installing+Oracle+on+CentOS \|title=Installation centos; official Oracle Wiki \|publisher=Wiki.oracle.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> or Debian-based systems.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://wiki.oracle.com/page/Installing+Oracle+on+Debian+%2F+Kubuntu+%2F+Ubuntu \|title=Installation on Debian-based systems; official Oracle Wiki \|publisher=Wiki.oracle.com \|accessdate=2009-12-19}}</ref> ~~== See also ==~~ ~~{{Portal\|IT\|Software\|Companies}}~~ [[Comparison of relational database management systems]] * [[Comparison of ~~object-relational~~object–relational database management systems]] * [[Database management system]] * [[List of ERP software packages]] * [[List of relational database management systems]] * [[~~Oracle~~List ~~Rdb]]~~of ~~for~~databases ~~[[OpenVMS~~using MVCC]] * [[~~Run~~Oracle ~~Book~~SQL ~~Automation~~Developer]] * [[Oracle Real Application Testing]] == References == {{reflist\|30em}} ~~==References==~~ ~~{{Reflist\|3}}~~ == External links == ~~==Bibliography==~~ ~~{{refbegin}}~~ * {{Cite journal \| first = Kevin \| last = Loney \| date = 17 December 2008 \| title = Oracle Database 11g The Complete Reference \| edition = 1st \| publisher = [[McGraw-Hill]] \| page = 1368 \| isbn = 0-07-159875-8 \| url = http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=0071598758 \| accessdate = 2009-09-05 \| postscript = <!--None--> }} ~~{{refend}}~~ {{Commons category\|Oracle Database}} ~~==External links==~~ ~~{{Commons category\|Oracle (database)}}~~ {{wikibooks\|Oracle database}} {{Wikiversity\|Oracle Database}} * [http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/products/database/oracle10g/ Overview provided by Oracle Corporation]. * [https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/cncpt/introduction-to-oracle-database.html Overview provided by Oracle Corporation]. * [http://omtco.eu/references/oracle/ Oracle Licensing Knowledge Net]. {{Databases}} {{Oracle}} ~~{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2011}}~~ [[Category:Oracle Database\| ]] [[Category:Client-server database management systems]] [[Category:Relational database management systems]] [[Category:Proprietary database management systems]] [[Category:~~Oracle~~Database ~~software~~engines]] [[Category:~~Cross-platform~~Relational database management software for Linux]] [[Category:~~ORDBMS~~Cloud ~~software for Linux~~infrastructure]] [[Category:Oracle Cloud Services]] [[Category:Database management systems]]