Volpe a nove code: differenze tra le versioni

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{{F|mitologia giapponese|arg2=mitologia cinese|data=ottobre 2013}}

[[File:NineTailsFox.JPG|thumb|right|Volpe a nove code; dall'edizione Qing dello ''[[Shan Hai Jing]]'']]

La '''volpe a nove code''' è una [[creatura leggendaria]] che appare nei racconti orali di varie zone dell'[[Asia]], soprattutto in [[Giapponeorientale]], sottopiù il nome di {{nihongo|'''''Kyūbi no Kitsune'''''|九尾の狐||o semplicemente '''kyūbi'''}};specificatamente in [[Cina]], dove è chiamata '''''Jiǔwěihú''''' ({{lang|zhcinese|九尾狐}})<ref>Tale forma in Giappone, in cui è però poco usata, è letta ''kyūbiko''</ref>; ed in [[Corea]], dove è detta '''''GumihGumiho''''' o '''''Kumiho''''' ({{Coreano|구미호 o |||九尾狐}}))<ref>{{en}} [http://www.unsolvedmysteries.com/usm290032.html Mitologia Coreana]</ref>; ed in [[Giappone]], sotto il nome di {{nihongo|'''''Kyūbi no Kitsune'''''|九尾の狐||o semplicemente '''kyūbi'''}}. TipologieEsempi di volpi a nove code sono le ''[[kitsune]]'' o le ''[[huli jing]]'', ma a differenza di esse, che. possonoPossono essere anche benevolibenevole, ma, le ''kyūbi'' originali, sono sempredi descrittenatura comemaligna e/o malvagiecattiva.

{{F|mitologia giapponese|ottobre 2013}}

{{T|inglese|mitologia giapponese|ottobre 2013}}

{{S|mitologia giapponese}}

[[File:NineTailsFox.JPG|thumb|right|Volpe a nove code; dall'edizione Qing dello ''[[Shan Hai Jing]]'']]

==Versione cinese==

La '''volpe a nove code''' è una creatura leggendaria che appare nei racconti orali di varie zone dell'[[Asia]], soprattutto in [[Giappone]], sotto il nome di {{nihongo|'''''Kyūbi no Kitsune'''''|九尾の狐||o semplicemente '''kyūbi'''}}; in [[Cina]], dove è chiamata '''''Jiǔwěihú''''' ({{lang|zh|九尾狐}})<ref>Tale forma in Giappone, in cui è però poco usata, è letta ''kyūbiko''</ref>; ed in [[Corea]], dove è detta '''''Gumih''''' o '''''Kumiho''''' (구미호 o 九尾狐)<ref>{{en}} [http://www.unsolvedmysteries.com/usm290032.html Mitologia Coreana]</ref> Tipologie di volpi a nove code sono le ''[[kitsune]]'' o le ''[[huli jing]]'', ma a differenza di esse, che possono essere anche benevoli, le ''kyūbi'' originali sono sempre descritte come malvagie.

*{{Vedi [[anche|Huli jing]]}}

TheLa nine-tailedvolpe foxa isnove acode speciesè ofuna creaturespecie depicteddi increatura theraffigurata nel ''NanshanNánshān jing（jīng'' (山海經）), nel '',Hǎiwàidōng jīng''Haiwaidong jing（(海外東經）) e nel ''Dàhuāngdōng and jīng''Dahuangdong jing（(大荒東經）'') ofdel [[Shan Hai Jing]] as(山海經) havingcome thecon voicela ofvoce adi humanun infantumano infante. ItPuò canessere bemangiata eatendagli by humansuomini, and those whoe eatchi itla willmangia beè protectedprotetto fromdal evilmale.<ref>{{zh}}『山海經』南山經, 又東三百里，曰青丘之山，其陽多玉，其陰多青䨼。有獸焉，其狀如狐而九尾，其音如嬰兒，能食人；食者不蠱。 su [[http://s:zh.wikisource.org/wiki/:山海經/南山經 |wikisource in cinese]]</ref>

Più tardi, in libri di storia come il ''[[Libro di Zhou]]'' (周書) ed in raccolte di narrazioni come il ''[[Taiping Guangji]]'' (太平廣記), la ''huli jing'' fu rappresentata come una bestia portatrice di fortuna. Inviata dal Cielo, la volpe a nove code era vista come un segno di fortuna e pace. Nella [[dinastia Han]], essa era la protettrice del sangue reale. Tuttavia, poteva anche indicare un presagio di [[rivoluzione]] quando l'Imperatore non stava bene.

<!-- ==Chinese version==

The nine-tailed fox is a species of creature depicted in the ''Nanshan jing（山海經）'', ''Haiwaidong jing（海外東經）'' and ''Dahuangdong jing（大荒東經）'' of [[Shan Hai Jing]] as having the voice of a human infant. It can be eaten by humans, and those who eat it will be protected from evil.<ref>『山海經』南山經, 又東三百里，曰青丘之山，其陽多玉，其陰多青䨼。有獸焉，其狀如狐而九尾，其音如嬰兒，能食人；食者不蠱。[http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/山海經/南山經 wikisource]</ref>

Si dice che abbia posseduto Mò Xǐ ({{cinese|妺喜}}), stregato [[Xia Jie|Jie degli Xia]], e causato la caduta della [[dinastia Xia]]. Questa storia, che apparve dopo il racconto di [[Daji]] (妲己), però, fu molto simile a quella di Daji.

Later in history books like [[Book of Zhou]] and story collections like [[Extensive Records of the Taiping Era]], the nine-tailed fox was depicted as a beast of fortune. Sent by the heavens, the nine-tailed fox was seen as a sign of fortune, peace and luck. In the [[Han dynasty]], it is the protector of royal blood. However, it can also represent an omen of revolution when the Emperor is not good.

In altri racconti, una volpe a nove code fu accusata di far cadere la [[Dinastia Zhou occidentale]], costringendo il sovrano a spostare la sua capitale più ad est e stabilendo il periodo della [[Dinastia Zhou orientale]].

It was said to have possessed Mo Xi ({{zh|c=妺喜|}}), bewitched [[Jie of Xia]], and caused the downfall of the [[Xia dynasty]]. This story, which appeared after the story of [[Daji]], however, was very similar in nature to the story of Daji. Therefore, the story received criticisms stating the later writers only plagiarized earlier folklore, or that the telling of the stories was modified to discredit a different dynasty. The torture and creations of Mei Xi were very similar to those of the [[creations of Daji]] but were first used in [[Zhou dynasty]] with little historical evidence dating those back to Xia.

==Versione coreana==

The nine-tailed fox appeared in the epic fantasy novel ''[[Fengshen Bang]]'' as a [[Yaojing]], or spirit, controlled by the deity [[Nüwa]] and was ordered to bewitch [[King Zhou of Shang]] in the 11th century BC. The fox possessed the body of [[Daji]] and did her bidding. Daji was eventually killed by [[Jiang Ziya]] and the fox was condemned by Nüwa due to the fox's cruelty and disobeying its original order of ''bewitch King Zhou but do not harm others'' towards the end of ''Fengshen Bang''.

{{Vedi anche|Kumiho}}

Nella cultura coreana la volpe a nove code (o ''kumiho'') è un essere prevalentemente maligno. Una volpe che ha vissuto per 1000 anni diventa una ''kumiho'', e spesso assume le sembianze di una bella giovane per sedurre uomini per poter mangiare la loro carne: di solito il [[fegato]] o talvolta il [[cuore]]. Alcune storie narrano che in determinate circostanze una ''kumiho'' possa divenire umana, tali situazioni possono variare dal mangiare 1000 fegati d'uomo all'astenersi dall'uccidere e divorare uomini per 1000 giorni (a seconda del racconto). La ''kumiho'' ha origine negli antichi miti cinesi e quindi condivide molte somiglianze con la ''[[huli jing]]'' e la ''[[kitsune]]''. Tuttavia, i racconti in cui le volpi sono delle perfidi mangiatrici di carne sono più comunemente solo coreane, anche se si possono trovare in certe narrazioni delle ''kumiho'' gentili.

{{S|mitologia==Versione giapponese}}==

In later stories, a nine-tailed fox was blamed for possessing [[Baosi]] like Daji and caused the downfall of [[Zhou Dynasty#Western and Eastern Zhou|Western Zhou]], forcing the dynasty moving its capital and establish the Eastern Zhou period.

[[File:Hokusai Sangoku Yoko-den.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Una Kyūbi che fugge sotto forma di {{nihongo|Lady Wah-yeung|華陽夫人}} nel {{nihongo|''Sangoku Yōko-den''|三国妖狐伝}}. di [[Katsushika Hokusai]].|alt=Una Kyūbi che fugge sotto forma di Lady Wah-yeung (華陽夫人?) nel Sangoku Yōko-den (三国妖狐伝?). di Katsushika Hokusai.]]{{Vedi anche|Kitsune}}

In Giappone c'è la presenza maggiore di volpi a nove code (chiamata ''Kyūbi no [[Kitsune]]'') nel [[folclore giapponese|folclore]]. Tra varie rappresentazioni hanno grande importanza le storie di [[Tamamo no Mae]], che furono scritte e raccolte nell'[[Otogizōshi]] del [[Periodo Muromachi]], e furono pure menzionate da [[Toriyama Sekien]] nel [[Konjaku hyakki shūi]]. In Giappone le ''kitsune'' possono essere sia buone e magnanime che cattive e maliziose; ad esse sono correlati numerosi poteri, come il ''[[kitsunetsuki]]'', lo ''Hoshi no Tama'' o l'abilità [[mutaforma]]. Sono anche protagoniste di numerosi [[anime]] e [[manga]], ma anche di spettacoli del [[teatro giapponese]].

==Japanese versionNote ==

Stories of [[Tamamo-no-Mae]] were written and collected in the [[Otogizōshi]] of the [[Muromachi period]], and were also mentioned by [[Toriyama Sekien]] in [[Konjaku Hyakki Shūi]]. ''Tamamo-no-Mae'' was a courtesan under the Japanese [[Emperor Konoe]]. She was said to be a most beautiful and intelligent woman. She caused the Emperor to be extremely ill and was chased away by [[Abe no Yasuchika]], who had been called to diagnose the cause of the Emperor's poor health. Abe no Yasuchika discovered the true nature of Tamamo-no-mae. A few years later, in the area of [[Nasu, Tochigi|Nasu]], the nine-tailed fox was seen killing and eating women and travelers. Emperor Konoe thus sent Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke along with 80,000 troops to kill the fox. In the plains of Nasu, it was finally killed and became a stone called the ''[[Sessho-seki|sesshoseki]]''. The stone continually released poisonous gas, killing everything that touched it. The stone was said to have been destroyed in the [[Nanboku-chō period]] by Gennoh Shinshou, and the pieces flew away to different parts of Japan.

===Hokusai's depiction===

[[File:Hokusai_Sangoku_Yoko-den.jpg|thumb|300px|Fleeing Kyūbi as Lady Wah-yeung (華陽夫人) depicted in Hokusai's ''Sangoku Yōko-den'' (三国妖狐伝)]]

In the story told by [[Hokusai]], formed in the [[Edo]] period, the nine-tail fox which possessed Daji was not killed, but instead fled to [[Magadha]] of [[Tianzhu]] (ancient [[India]]). There, it became the concubine of a prince, causing him to cut off the heads of 1000 men. It was then defeated again, and fled the country.

Around 780 BC, the same fox was said to have possessed Baosi (the concubine) and again chased away by human military forces.

The fox stayed quiet for some period. In AD 753, the fox took the form of a 16-year-old girl named Wakamo, who fooled [[Kibi Makibi]], [[Abe no Nakamaro]], and [[Jianzhen]]; and boarded the ship of the 10th [[Japanese missions to Tang China]] when it was about to return to Japan.

In 1113, Sakabe Yukitsuna (坂部行綱), a samurai with no family, picked up an abandoned baby girl ''Mizukume'' (藻女, girl of algae) which was actually the nine-tailed fox transformed, and raised her for 17 years. At the age of 18 she changed her name to ''Tamamo-no-Mae'', entered the palace, and bewitched [[Emperor Konoe]] (see [[Nine-tailed fox#Japanese version|above]]).

==Korean version==

In Korean culture the nine-tailed fox (or the ''[[kumiho]]'') is a predominantly malevolent being. A fox that lives for one thousand years can become a ''kumiho'', and it often takes the form of a beautiful young woman to seduce men in order to eat their flesh: usually the [[liver]], although the [[heart]] is also a target at times. Some tales say that under certain circumstances a ''kumiho'' can become human, and the circumstances can vary from eating 1000 men's livers to refraining from killing and eating humans for 1000 days (depending on the tale). The ''kumiho'' originates from the ancient Chinese myths and therefore shares many similarities to the Chinese ''[[huli jing]]'' and the Japanese ''[[kitsune]]''. However, the tales of the malicious, flesh-eating foxes are more common for the Korean counterpart, although there are a few tales telling of kindly ''kumiho''.

==In popular culture==

{{incomplete|section|date=April 2013}}

In the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise, Ninetales is a Pokémon which takes the appearance of a fox with sleek, cream-coloured fur and nine tails.{{cn|date=July 2013}}

In the manga and anime franchise ''[[Naruto]]'', the nine-tailed fox is one of nine tailed beasts which play an important role in the series' overall plot. The nine tailed fox is sealed inside the main character Naruto.

In ''[[Ga-rei]]'', the "spirit devourer" Byakuei is a derivation from the Nine-Tailed Fox's power, housing a ''sesshouseki'' inside it. In the second story arc, Kagura, the protagonist who can summon Byakuei, uses the ''sesshouseki'' to gain the power to save Kensuke's life, but at the cost of becoming the core of the resurrected Nine-Tailed Fox.

In the multiplayer online battle arena video game,'' [[League of Legends]]'', the playable champion Ahri is a magical nine-tailed fox, in a "cat-girl" form.

In the Anime XXXholic, Watanukis 'Pipe fox', in its full form, is a nine tailed fox.

In South Korean romantic comedy series, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girlfriend_Is_a_Nine-Tailed_Fox My girlfriend is a gumiho], where the legendary fox is accidentally released from a painting.

In the game Scp Containment Breach the MTF guards are referred to as Nine-Tailed fox.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==See also==

* [[Huli jing]]

* [[Kitsune]]

* [[Kumiho]]

* [[Ninetales]]

* [[Succubus]]

==External links==

{{portal|China|Japan|Korea}}

* Nine-tailed fox stories at [[Aozora Bunko]]

** [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000082/card480.html ''Tamamo-no-mae''], [[Kido Okamoto]] {{ja}}

** [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000329/card18385.html ''Sesshōseki''], [[:ja:楠山正雄|Masao Kusuyama]] {{ja}}

-->== Note ==

<references/>

== Altri progetti ==

{{interprogetto}}

{{Portale|Mitologia|Asia|Mitologia}}

[[Categoria:Volpi mitologiche]]

[[Categoria:MitologiaCreature della mitologia cinese]]

[[Categoria:Tradizioni popolari giapponesi]]

[[Categoria:MitologiaCreature della mitologia giapponese]]

[[Categoria:Mitologia coreana]]