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{{Short description|Colombian drug lord (1949–1993)}}
{{About|the Colombian drug lord}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{family name hatnote|Escobar|Gaviria|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Pablo Escobar
| image = Pablo Escobar Mug.jpg
| caption = Escobar in a 1976 mugshot
| birth_name = Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|12|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rionegro]], Colombia
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|12|02|1949|12|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Medellín]], Colombia
| death_cause = [[Death of Pablo Escobar|Gunshot wound]] to the head
| spouse = {{marriage|Maria Victoria Henao|1976}}
| children = 2, including [[Sebastián Marroquín|Juan]]
| module = {{Infobox criminal|child=yes
| organization = [[Medellín cartel]]
| conviction = [[Illegal drug trade]], assassinations, bombing, bribery, [[racketeering]], murder
| alias = {{ubl|El Patrón (The Boss)|Don Pablo (Sir Pablo)|El Padrino (The Godfather)|El Diablo (The Devil)||[[Paisa (region)|Paisa]] Robin Hood}}
| conviction_penalty = Five years' imprisonment
}}
| signature = Pablo Escobar signature.svg
| resting_place = Monte Sacro Cemetery
}}
'''Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|s|k|ə|b|ɑr}}; {{IPA|es|ˈpaβlo eskoˈβaɾ|lang}}; 1 December 1949{{spaced ndash}}2 December 1993) was a [[Colombian drug lord]], [[narcoterrorist]], and [[politician]] who was the founder and sole leader of the [[Medellín Cartel]]. Dubbed the "'''King of Cocaine'''", Escobar was one of the wealthiest criminals in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of US$30 billion by the time of his death—equivalent to ~$80 billion as of 2025—while his [[drug cartel]] monopolized the [[cocaine]] trade into the [[United States]] in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="Macias">{{cite web |last1=Macias |first1=Amanda |title=10 facts reveal the absurdity of Pablo Escobar's wealth |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/10-facts-that-prove-the-absurdity-of-pablo-escobars-wealth-2015-9?r=US&IR=T |website=businessinsider.com |publisher=Insider Inc. |access-date=28 July 2018 |date=21 September 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195915/https://www.businessinsider.com/10-facts-that-prove-the-absurdity-of-pablo-escobars-wealth-2015-9?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unilad.co.uk/film/heres-how-rich-pablo-escobar-would-be-if-he-was-alive-today/|title=Here's How Rich Pablo Escobar Would Be If He Was Alive Today|date=13 September 2016|work=UNILAD|access-date=28 July 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013104/https://www.unilad.co.uk/film/heres-how-rich-pablo-escobar-would-be-if-he-was-alive-today/|archive-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>
Born in [[Rionegro]] and raised in [[Medellín]], Escobar studied briefly at [[Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana]] of Medellín but left without graduating; he instead began engaging in criminal activity, selling illegal cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, as well as participating in [[motor vehicle theft]]. In the early 1970s, he began to work for various drug smugglers, often [[kidnapping]] and holding people for [[ransom]].
In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellín Cartel, which distributed powder cocaine, and established the first smuggling routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through Colombia and eventually into the United States. He also established connections with the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinista]] government in [[Nicaragua]] and hired the [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|National Liberation Army]] (ELN) to carry out bombings and assassinations against government officials.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inabinett |first=Dallas |title=Burning a Nation: Pablo Escobar, Colombia, and the Cold War}}</ref> He was also allegedly helped by [[Cuba]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peñaloza |first=General Carlos |title=El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F |isbn=978-1505750331 |pages=195 |quote=Arnaldo Ochoa knew that Fidel secretly exchanged weapons with the Medellin Cartel for money and drugs. And this turbulent partnership included the authorization s for the landing of planes in Cuba and loaded with cocaine to be transferred then and speedboats to the US. Fidel had appealed to this source of income to compensate for the reduction of the Soviet subsidy. And illegal trade, Castro delivered Kalashnikov rifles, ammunition and other supplies brought as loot of war from Africa.}}</ref>
Escobar's infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine and by the 1980s it was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments of 70 to 80 tons of cocaine into the country from [[Colombia]]. As a result, he quickly became one of the richest people in the world,<ref name="Macias" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Escobar |first1=Juan Pablo |author1-link=Sebastián Marroquín |title=Pablo Escobar, My Father |date=2014 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |___location=New York |page=469}}</ref> but constantly battled rival cartels domestically and abroad, leading to massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and prominent politicians.<ref name="colombialink.com">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108191638/http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/narcotrafico/escobar_gaviria_pablo_ing.html|archive-date=8 November 2006|url=http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/narcotrafico/escobar_gaviria_pablo_ing.html |title=Pablo Escobar Gaviria – English Biography – Articles and Notes |publisher=ColombiaLink.com |access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref>
In the [[1982 Colombian parliamentary election]], Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] as part of the [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal Party]]. Through this, he was responsible for community projects such as the construction of houses and football fields, which gained him popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented; however, Escobar's political ambitions were thwarted by the Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely [[Search Bloc|pushed for his arrest]], with Escobar widely believed to have orchestrated the [[Avianca Flight 203]] and [[DAS Building bombing|DAS Building]] bombings in retaliation.
In 1991, Escobar surrendered to authorities, and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment on a host of charges, but struck a deal of no [[extradition]] with Colombian President [[César Gaviria]], with the ability of being housed in his own, self-built prison, [[La Catedral]]. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when authorities attempted to move him to a more standard holding facility, leading to a nationwide manhunt.<ref name="DeathPablo">{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/2006-11-08/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3317670.html|title=Familiares exhumaron cadáver de Pablo Escobar para verificar plenamente su identidad|work=El Tiempo}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As a result, the Medellín Cartel crumbled, and in 1993, Escobar was killed in his hometown by the [[Colombian National Police]], a day after his 44th birthday.<ref name="DEA">{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/history/1990-1994.html|title=Decline of the Medellín Cartel and the Rise of the Cali Mafia|publisher=U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration|access-date=13 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118010530/http://www.dea.gov/pubs/history/1990-1994.html|archive-date=18 January 2006}}</ref>
Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes, he was seen as a "[[Robin Hood]]-like" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many amenities to the poor. His killing was mourned and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/pablo-escobar|title=Pablo Escobar: Biography|publisher=Biography.com|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630075036/https://www.biography.com/crime/pablo-escobar|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, his private estate, [[Hacienda Nápoles]], has been transformed into a theme park.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medellinliving.com/hacienda-napoles-pablo-escobar/|title=Escobar's Former Mansion Will Now Be A Theme Park|publisher=Medellín Living|access-date=17 July 2019|date=13 January 2014|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195914/https://medellinliving.com/hacienda-napoles-pablo-escobar/|url-status=live}}</ref> His life has also served as inspiration for or has been dramatized widely in film, television, and in music.
== Early life ==
[[File:Panoramica Centro De Medellin.jpg|thumb|The city of [[Medellín]], where Escobar grew up and began his criminal career]]
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on 1 December 1949 in [[Rionegro]], [[Antioquia Department]]. He belonged to the [[Paisa (region)|Paisa]] ethnic subgroup. His family was of [[Spaniards|Spanish]] origin, specifically from the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], and also had [[Italy|Italian]] roots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=cuatro.com |date=2018-04-19 |title=Roberto, hermano de Pablo Escobar: "Mi familia tiene raíces españolas, del País Vasco" |url=https://www.cuatro.com/viajeroscuatro/familia-pablo-escobar-raices-espanolas_18_2548905220.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cuatro |language=es}}</ref> He was the third of seven children and grew up in [[poverty]], in the neighboring city of Medellín. His father was a small farmer and his mother was a teacher. Escobar left high school in 1966 just before his 17th birthday, before returning two years later with his cousin Gustavo Gaviria. At this time, the hard life on the streets of Medellín had polished them into gangster bullies in the eyes of teachers. The two dropped out of school after more than a year, but Escobar did not give up. Having forged a high school diploma, he studied briefly in college with the goal of becoming a criminal lawyer, a politician, and eventually the president but had to give up because of lack of money.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyhit.com/pablo-escobar-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-king-of-cocaine/|title=Pablo Escobar: The Rise and Fall of the 'King of Cocaine'|access-date=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215204515/https://www.historyhit.com/pablo-escobar-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-king-of-cocaine/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-pablo-escobar-1465149.html| title = Obituary: Pablo Escobar| author = Deas, Malcolm| work = Independent| date = 1993-12-04| access-date = 2016-07-29| language = en| archive-date = 18 August 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818022357/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-pablo-escobar-1465149.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="about">{{cite web| url = http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/20thcenturylatinamerica/a/bioescobar.htm| title = Biography of Pablo Escobar| author = Minster, Christopher| work = About.com| date = 8 July 2016| publisher = About, Inc| access-date = 2016-07-29| language = en| archive-date = 14 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160114065412/http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/20thcenturylatinamerica/a/bioescobar.htm}}</ref><ref name="chepesiuk-20">{{cite book | author =Chepesiuk, Ron | title =Escobar Versus Cali: The War of the Cartels | year = 2013| publisher =Strategic Media Books | isbn = 9781939521019 | language = en}}</ref>
== Criminal career ==
{{See also|Illegal drug trade in Colombia|Illegal drug trade in Panama|Illegal drug trade in the Bahamas}}
=== Early ===
Escobar started his criminal career with his gang by stealing tombstones, sandblasting their inscriptions, and reselling them. After dropping out of school, Escobar began to join gangs to steal cars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAi3Tt1bygC&pg=PT18|title=Escobar|first=Roberto|last=Escobar|year=2012|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-1848942912|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200016/https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAi3Tt1bygC&pg=PT18|url-status=live}}</ref> Escobar soon became involved in violent crime, employing criminals to kidnap people who owed him money and demand ransoms, sometimes tearing up ransom notes even when Escobar had received the ransom. His most famous kidnapping victim was businessman Diego Echavarria, who was kidnapped and eventually killed in the summer of 1971, Escobar received a $50,000 ransom from the Echavarria family; his gang became well known for this kidnapping.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowden |first1=Mark |title=Killing Pablo |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Books |___location=London |isbn=978-1-84354-651-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/killingpablohunt0000bowd_a3w9 |url-access=registration |access-date=19 June 2023 |pages=33–37}}</ref>
=== Medellín Cartel ===
[[File:CIA Map of International illegal drug connections.gif|thumb|400px|International drug routes]]
Escobar had been involved in organized crime for a decade when the cocaine trade began to spread in Colombia in the mid-1970s. Escobar's meteoric rise caught the attention of the [[Administrative Department of Security|Colombian Security Service]] (DAS), who arrested him in May 1976 on his return from drug trafficking in Ecuador. DAS agents found 39 kg of cocaine in the spare tire of Escobar's car. Escobar managed to change the first judge in the lawsuit and [[bribed]] the second judge, so he was released along with other prisoners. The following year, the agent who arrested Escobar was assassinated. Escobar continued to bribe and [[intimidate]] Colombian [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] in the same fashion. His [[Carrot and stick|carrot-and-stick]] strategy of [[Bribery|bribing]] public officials and political candidates in Colombia, in addition to sending [[Contract killing|hitmen]] to murder the ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead", meaning "money or death".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Torres |first1=Rubén Ortiz |title=Plata O Plomo O Glitter |url=https://www.royaleprojects.com/exhib-plata-o-plomo-o-glitter |website=royaleprojects.com |access-date=19 June 2023 |date=9 February 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195913/https://www.royaleprojects.com/exhib-plata-o-plomo-o-glitter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="about" />{{sfn|Bowden|2001|pp=40–42}} The Medellín Cartel and the [[Cali Cartel]] both managed to bribe Colombian [[politician]]s, and campaigned for both the [[Colombian Conservative Party|Conservative]] and [[Colombian Liberal Party|Liberal]] parties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rubio |first=Mauricio |title=Colombia: Coexistence, Legal Confrontation, and War with Illegal Armed Groups |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/dangerousliasons_ch4_colombia.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115171649/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/dangerousliasons_ch4_colombia.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/11/14/colombias-drug-lords-waging-war-on-leftists/482456d3-9ec7-484d-adf1-d2c020d72124|title=COLOMBIA'S DRUG LORDS WAGING WAR ON LEFTISTS|first=Merrill|last=Collett|date=14 November 1987|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315194406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/11/14/colombias-drug-lords-waging-war-on-leftists/482456d3-9ec7-484d-adf1-d2c020d72124/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hence, Escobar and many other Colombian drug lords were [[Political corruption|pulling strings in every level of the Colombian government]] because many of the [[Candidate|political candidates]] whom they backed financially were eventually elected.<ref name=":0" /> Although the Medellín Cartel was only established in the early 1970s, it expanded after Escobar met several drug lords on a farm in April 1978, and by the end of 1978 they had transported some 19,000 kilograms of cocaine to the United States.<ref>{{cite book| author = Chepsiuk, Ron| title = The War on Drugs: An International Encyclopedia| year = 1999| page = 133| ___location = Santa Barbara, California| publisher = ABC-Clio| isbn = 978-0-87436-985-4| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V1rjd3cBI84C| language = en| access-date = 2022-06-07| archive-date = 2022-06-07| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220607125129/https://books.google.fi/books?id=V1rjd3cBI84C}}</ref>
=== Rise to prominence ===
[[File:CocaineHydrochloridePowder.jpg|thumb|Powder cocaine was manufactured, packaged, and sold by Pablo Escobar and [[Medellín Cartel|his associates]], and eventually distributed to the U.S. drug market.|alt=]]
Soon, the demand for cocaine greatly increased in the [[United States]], which led to Escobar organizing more smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in [[South Florida]], [[California]], [[Puerto Rico]], and other parts of the country. He and cartel co-founder [[Carlos Lehder]] worked together to develop a new trans-shipment point in the [[Bahamas]], an island called [[Norman's Cay]] about {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} southeast of the Florida coast. Escobar and [[Robert Vesco]] purchased most of the land on the island, which included a {{convert|1|km|ft|adj=on}} airstrip, a harbor, a hotel, houses, boats, and aircraft, and they built a refrigerated warehouse to store the cocaine. According to his brother, Escobar did not purchase Norman's Cay; it was instead a sole venture of Lehder's. From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel. With the enormous profits generated by this route, Escobar was soon able to purchase {{convert|7.7|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2|order=flip}} of land in Antioquia for several million dollars, on which he built the [[Hacienda Nápoles]]. The luxury house he created contained a [[zoo]], a lake, a sculpture garden, a private bullring, and other amenities for his family and the cartel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/transcripts/1309.html|title=The godfather of cocaine|work=Frontline|publisher=WGBH|access-date=7 September 2017|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402034547/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/programs/transcripts/1309.html}}</ref>
=== Escobar at the height of his power ===
{{See also|Avianca Flight 203|DAS Building bombing}}
At the height of his power, Escobar was involved in philanthropy in Colombia and paid handsomely for the staff of his cocaine lab. Escobar spent millions developing some of Medellín's poorest neighborhoods. He built housing complexes, parks, football stadiums, hospitals, schools, and churches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latinpost.com/articles/148055/20201025/things-know-pablo-escobar.htm|title=Pablo Escobar: Interesting Facts You May Not Know About the King of Cocaine|date=25 October 2020|website=LATIN POST|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195915/https://www.latinpost.com/articles/148055/20201025/things-know-pablo-escobar.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/pablo-escobar-biopic-cocaine-king-full-dizzying-contradictions-351645|title=Pablo Escobar Biopic: The Cocaine King Full of Contradictions|first=Rudolph|last=Herzog|date=9 July 2015|website=Newsweek|access-date=13 August 2023|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813174640/https://www.newsweek.com/pablo-escobar-biopic-cocaine-king-full-dizzying-contradictions-351645|url-status=live}}</ref> Escobar also entered politics in the 1980s and participated in and supported the formation of the Liberal Party of Colombia. In 1982, he successfully entered the Colombian Congress. Although only an alternate, he was automatically granted parliamentary immunity and the right to a diplomatic passport under Colombian law. At the same time, Escobar was gradually becoming a public figure, and because of his charitable work, he was known as "Robin Hood Paisa". He alleged once in an interview that his fortune came from a bicycle rental company he founded when he was 16 years old.{{sfn|Bowden|2001|pp=48–57}}
[[File:LuisCarlosGalan RodrigoLaraBonilla NancyRestrepodeLara.jpg|thumb|left|The Justice Minister [[Rodrigo Lara]] (center) and presidential candidate [[Luis Carlos Galán]] (left) were both assassinated by orders of Escobar.]]
In Congress, the new Minister of Justice, [[Rodrigo Lara|Rodrigo Lara-Bonilla]], had become Escobar's opponent, accusing Escobar of criminal activity from the first day of Congress. Escobar's arrest in 1976 was investigated by Lara-Bonilla's subordinates. A few months later, Liberal leader [[Luis Carlos Galán]] expelled Escobar from the party. Although Escobar fought back, he announced his retirement from politics in January 1984. Three months later, Lara-Bonilla was murdered.{{sfn|Bowden|2001|pp=63–67}}
The Colombian judiciary had been a target of Escobar throughout the mid-1980s. While bribing and murdering several judges, in the fall of 1985, the wanted Escobar requested the Colombian government to allow his conditional surrender without extradition to the United States. The proposal was initially rejected, and Escobar subsequently founded and implicitly supported the ''Los Extraditable'' Organization, which aims to fight extradition policy. The ''Los Extraditable'' Organization was subsequently accused of participating in an effort to prevent the Colombian Supreme Court from studying the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition treaty with the United States. It supported the far-left guerrilla movement that attacked the Colombian Judiciary Building and killed half of the justices of the Supreme Court on 6 November 1985. In late 1986, Colombia's Supreme Court declared the previous extradition treaty illegal due to being signed by a presidential delegation, not the president. Escobar's victory over the judiciary was short-lived, with new president [[Virgilio Barco Vargas]] having quickly renewed his agreement with the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://historico.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Noviembre162006/pablo.html|newspaper=El Pais|title=Cali Colombia Nacional Pablo Escobar financió la toma del Palacio de Justicia Escobar financió toma del Palacio de Justicia|access-date=12 September 2015|archive-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024175428/http://historico.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Noviembre162006/pablo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bowden|2001|pp=82–85}}
Escobar still held a grudge against Luis Carlos Galán for kicking him out of politics, so Galán was assassinated on 18 August 1989 at Escobar's orders. Escobar then planted a bomb on [[Avianca Flight 203]] in an attempt to assassinate Galán's successor, [[César Gaviria|César Gaviria Trujillo]], who missed the plane and survived. All 107 people were killed in the blast. Because two Americans were also killed in the bombing, the U.S. government began to intervene directly.{{sfn|Bowden|2001|pp=93–94}}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/28/world/crime-legal-world/25-years-colombia-still-mourns-escobar-plane-bombing-still-wants-answers/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160624082736/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/28/world/crime-legal-world/25-years-colombia-still-mourns-escobar-plane-bombing-still-wants-answers| url-status = dead| archive-date = 24 June 2016| title = 25 years on, Colombia still mourns Escobar plane bombing, still wants answers| work = The Japan Times| date = 2016-07-08| access-date = 2016-07-30| language = en}}</ref>
==== La Catedral prison ====
{{Main|La Catedral}}
After the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, the administration of [[César Gaviria]] moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, the government negotiated with Escobar and convinced him to surrender and cease all criminal activity in exchange for a reduced sentence and preferential treatment during his captivity. Declaring an end to a series of previous violent acts meant to pressure authorities and public opinion, Escobar surrendered to Colombian authorities in 1991. Before he gave himself up, the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States had been prohibited by the newly approved [[Colombian Constitution of 1991]]. This act was controversial, as it was suspected that Escobar and other drug lords had influenced members of the Constituent Assembly in passing the law. Escobar was confined in what became his own luxurious private prison, [[La Catedral]], which featured a football pitch, a giant dollhouse, a bar, a Jacuzzi, and a waterfall. Accounts of Escobar's continued criminal activities while in prison began to surface in the media, which prompted the government to attempt to move him to a more conventional jail on 22 July 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and make a successful escape, spending the remainder of his life evading the police.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/colombian-drug-baron-escapes-luxurious-prison-after-gunfight.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm|title=Colombian Drug Baron Escapes Luxurious Prison After Gunfight|last=Treaster|first=Joseph B.|date=23 July 1992|work=The New York Times|page=1|access-date=21 July 2011|archive-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502091622/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/colombian-drug-baron-escapes-luxurious-prison-after-gunfight.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/jul/24/colombia.fromthearchive|title=Escobar escape humiliates Colombian leaders|first=Timothy|last=Ross|date=24 July 1992|via=www.theguardian.com|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181537/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/jul/24/colombia.fromthearchive|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Death ==
{{Main|Los Pepes|Search Bloc}}
[[File:Death of Pablo Escobar.jpg|thumb|right|Members of [[Search Bloc]] celebrate over Escobar's body on 2 December 1993. His death ended a 16-month search effort.]]
[[File:Pablo Escobar Tomb.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Pablo Escobar and family in the Monte Sacro Cemetery, Itagüí]]
Escobar faced threats from the Colombian police, the U.S. government and his rivals, the Cali Cartel. On 2 December 1993, Escobar was found in a house in a middle-class residential area of Medellín by Colombian special forces, using technology provided by the United States which allowed them to trace Escobar's ___location after he made a call to his family. Police tried to arrest Escobar but the situation quickly escalated to an exchange of gunfire. Escobar was shot and killed while trying to escape from the roof, along with a bodyguard who was also shot. He was hit by bullets in the torso and feet, and a bullet which struck him in the head, killing him. This sparked debate about whether he killed himself or whether he was shot and killed.<ref name="about"/>
== Aftermath of his death ==
Soon after Escobar's death and the subsequent fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel, the cocaine market became dominated by the rival Cali Cartel until the mid-1990s when its leaders were either killed or captured by the Colombian government. The [[Robin Hood]] image that Escobar had cultivated maintained a lasting influence in Medellín. Many there, especially many of the city's poor whom Escobar had aided while he was alive, mourned his death, and over 25,000 people attended his funeral. Some of them consider him a saint and pray to him for receiving divine help. Escobar was buried at the Monte Sacro Cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25183649| title=Drug boss Pablo Escobar still divides Colombia| work=BBC News| date=2 December 2013| last1=Wallace| first1=Arturo| access-date=21 June 2018| archive-date=14 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814173647/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25183649| url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Virginia Vallejo's testimony ===
{{See also|Virginia Vallejo|Alberto Santofimio|Alfonso López Michelsen|Ernesto Samper|Álvaro Uribe}}
On 4 July 2006, [[Virginia Vallejo]], a television anchorwoman romantically involved with Escobar from 1983 to 1987, offered Attorney General [[Mario Germán Iguarán Arana|Mario Iguarán]] her testimony in the trial against former Senator [[Alberto Santofimio]], who was accused of [[List of political conspiracies|conspiracy]] in the 1989 assassination of presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán. Iguarán acknowledged that, although Vallejo had contacted his office on 4 July, the judge had decided to close the trial on 9 July, several weeks before the prospective closing date. The action was seen as too late.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://virginiavallejo.com/Attorney-General-on-VV-testimony.pdf|title=Colombian Attorney General on Virginia Vallejo's offer to testify against Santofimio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301025436/http://virginiavallejo.com/Attorney-General-on-VV-testimony.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Back to jail for Colombia ex-minister |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/back-to-jail-for-colombia-ex-minister-1129325 |work=Independent Online |___location=Bogotá |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=19 October 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181540/https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/back-to-jail-for-colombia-ex-minister-1129325 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 18 July 2006, Vallejo was taken to the United States on a special flight of the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) for "safety and security reasons" due to her cooperation in high-profile criminal cases.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717210828/http://www.virginiavallejo.com/herald-0716-2006.html|archive-date=17 July 2011|url=http://www.virginiavallejo.com/herald-0716-2006.html|title=Virginia Vallejo takes refuge in United States|publisher=Virginia Vallejo}} reprinted and translated from {{cite news|title=Virginia Vallejo|date=16 July 2006|work=El Nuevo Herald|author=Gonzalo Guillen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jul18/0,4670,ColombiaEscobarapossLover,00.html|title=Pablo Escobar's Ex-Lover Flees Colombia|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=1 April 2009|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117001134/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jul18/0,4670,ColombiaEscobarapossLover,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 July, a video in which Vallejo had accused Santofimio of instigating Escobar to eliminate presidential candidate Galán was aired by [[RCN Television]] of Colombia. The video was seen by 14 million people, and was instrumental for the reopened case of Galán's assassination. On 31 August 2011 Santofimio was sentenced to 24 years in prison for his role in the crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionizkor.org/colombia/vallejo.mp3|title=Testimony of Virginia Vallejo in 2006|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911111859/http://www.radionizkor.org/colombia/vallejo.mp3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionizkor.org/colombia/index.html#vallejo|title=Radio Nizkor: Colombia.|website=www.radionizkor.org|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222060101/http://www.radionizkor.org/colombia/index.html#vallejo|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Role in the Palace of Justice siege ====
[[File:Policía de antaño (5580817176).jpg|thumb|Escobar funded the [[19th of April Movement|M-19 communist guerrilla]] for the assault of the Colombian Palace of Justice.]]
Among Escobar's biographers, only Vallejo has given a detailed explanation of his role in the 1985 [[Palace of Justice siege]]. She stated that Escobar had financed the operation, which was committed by [[19th of April Movement|M-19]]; she blamed the army for the killings of more than 100 people, including 11 Supreme Court magistrates, M-19 members, and employees of the cafeteria. Her statements prompted the reopening of the case in 2008; Vallejo was asked to testify, and many of the events she had described in her book and testimonial were confirmed by Colombia's Commission of Truth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caracol.com.co/oir.aspx?id=659517|title=Virginia Vallejo testificó en el caso Palacio de Justicia|date=27 August 2008|publisher=Caracol Radio |access-date=3 May 2011|archive-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214094901/http://www.caracol.com.co/oir.aspx?id=659517}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/truth-commission-blames-state-for-palace-of-justice-tragedy/|title=Truth Commission Blames Colombian State for Palace of Justice Tragedy|date=17 December 2009|publisher=UNREDACTED|author=Michael Evans|access-date=3 May 2011|archive-date=5 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505103942/http://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/truth-commission-blames-state-for-palace-of-justice-tragedy/|url-status=live}}</ref> These events led to further investigation into the siege that resulted with the conviction of a high-ranking former colonel and a former general, later sentenced to 30 and 35 years in prison, respectively, for the [[forced disappearance]] of the detained after the siege.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280727|title=Colombia ex-officer jailed after historic conviction|date=10 June 2010|publisher=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411004957/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10280727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13245859|date=29 April 2011|title=Colombian 1985 Supreme Court raid commander sentenced|work=BBC News|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410094006/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13245859|url-status=live}}</ref> Vallejo would subsequently testify in Galán's assassination.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=12393&ArticleId=337887|title=Galan Slaying a State Crime, Colombian Prosecutors Say|newspaper=Latin American Herald Tribune|access-date=17 November 2009|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184215/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=12393&ArticleId=337887}}</ref> In her book, ''Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar'' (''[[Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar]]''), she had accused several politicians, including Colombian presidents [[Alfonso López Michelsen]], [[Ernesto Samper]], and [[Álvaro Uribe]] of having links to drug cartels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/americas/03colombia.html?ex=1349150400&en=5b0977a0af0df0c6&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|title=Colombian Leader Disputes Claim of Tie to Cocaine Kingpin|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=3 October 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|page=1|access-date=18 February 2017|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183805/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/americas/03colombia.html?ex=1349150400&en=5b0977a0af0df0c6&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Relatives ===
Escobar's widow (María Henao, now María Isabel Santos Caballero), son (Juan Pablo, now [[Sebastián Marroquín|Sebastián Marroquín Santos]]) and daughter (Manuela) fled Colombia in 1995 after failing to find a country that would grant them asylum.<ref name="BBCNovember1999">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/524276.stm|title=Drug lord's wife and son arrested|date=17 November 1999|work=BBC News|access-date=13 February 2010|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/524276.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite Escobar's numerous and continual infidelities, Maria remained supportive of her husband. Members of the Cali Cartel even replayed their recordings of her conversations with Pablo for their wives to demonstrate how a woman should behave.{{sfn|Escobar|2014|p=466}} This attitude proved to be the reason the cartel did not kill her and her children after Pablo's death, although the group demanded and received millions of dollars in reparations for Escobar's war against them. Henao even successfully negotiated for her son's life by personally guaranteeing he would not seek revenge against the cartel or participate in the drug trade.{{sfn|Escobar|2014|pp=468–495}}
[[File:Juan Pablo Escobar.png|thumb|left|[[Sebastián Marroquín]] (born as Juan Pablo Escobar) is an outspoken critic of the violent deeds of his father.]]
After escaping first to [[Mozambique]], then to [[Brazil]], the family settled in [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite news|work=XPat Nation|url=http://xpatnation.com/a-look-at-pablo-escobars-family-21-years-after-his-death/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213954/http://xpatnation.com/a-look-at-pablo-escobars-family-21-years-after-his-death|archive-date=20 January 2016|title=A Cursed Family: A Look at Pablo Escobar's Family 21 Years After His Death|author=King, Julie|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> Living under her assumed name, Henao became a successful real estate entrepreneur until one of her business associates discovered her true identity, and Henao absconded with her earnings. Local media were alerted, and after being exposed as Escobar's widow, Henao was imprisoned for eighteen months while her finances were investigated. Ultimately, authorities were unable to link her funds to illegal activity, and she was released.{{sfn|Escobar|2014|pp=521–537}} According to her son, Henao fell in love with Escobar "because of his naughty smile [and] the way he looked at [her]. [He] was affectionate and sweet. A great lover. I fell in love with his desire to help people and his compassion for their hardship. We [would] drive to places where he dreamed of building schools for the poor. From [the] beginning, he was always a gentleman."{{sfn|Escobar|2014|p=68}} María Victoria Henao de Escobar, with her new identity as María Isabel Santos Caballero, continues to live in [[Buenos Aires]] with her son and daughter.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2018 |title=Se conoce foto de la hija de Pablo Escobar en Buenos Aires |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/foto-manuela-escobar-de-la-hija-de-pablo-escobar-209500 |work=El Tiempo |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074227/https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/foto-manuela-escobar-de-la-hija-de-pablo-escobar-209500 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 June 2018, the Argentine federal judge Nestor Barral accused her and her son, [[Sebastián Marroquín|Sebastián Marroquín Santos]], of money laundering with two Colombian drug traffickers.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2017 |title=Pablo Escobar's widow and son in Argentina money laundering probe |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pablo-escobars-widow-and-son-in-argentina-money-laundering-probe/a-41191181 |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921114546/https://www.dw.com/en/pablo-escobars-widow-and-son-in-argentina-money-laundering-probe/a-41191181 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JfM_kx5S7M|title=Pablo Escobar's widow and son held on money laundering charges in Argentina|date=5 June 2018|via=YouTube|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526132641/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JfM_kx5S7M&gl=US&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lam |first=Katherine |date=6 June 2018 |title=Pablo Escobar's widow, son charged with money laundering in Argentina |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/06/pablo-escobar-s-widow-son-charged-with-money-laundering-in-argentina.html |work=Fox News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074338/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/06/pablo-escobar-s-widow-son-charged-with-money-laundering-in-argentina.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The judge ordered the seizing of assets for about $1m each.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 June 2018 |title=Pablo Escobar's widow and son held on money laundering charges in Argentina |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/05/pablo-escobar-widow-son-money-laundering-victoria-henao-argentina |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/05/pablo-escobar-widow-son-money-laundering-victoria-henao-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref>
Argentinian filmmaker Nicolas Entel's documentary ''[[Sins of My Father (film)|Sins of My Father]]'' (2009) chronicles Marroquín's efforts to seek forgiveness, on behalf of his father, from the sons of Rodrigo Lara, Colombia's justice minister who was assassinated in 1984, as well as from the sons of Luis Carlos Galán, the presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1989. The film was shown at the 2010 [[Sundance Film Festival]] and premiered in the U.S. on [[HBO]] in October 2010.<ref name="CNNDecember2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/12/11/colombia.escobar.son/index.html|title=Drug lord's son seeks forgiveness|date=12 December 2009|publisher=CNN|access-date=13 February 2010|archive-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406083517/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/12/11/colombia.escobar.son/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Marroquín published ''Pablo Escobar, My Father'' under his birth name. The book provides a firsthand insight into details of his father's life and describes the fundamentally disintegrating effect of his death upon the family. Marroquín aimed to publish the book in hopes to resolve any inaccuracies regarding his father's excursions during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shepherd|first1=Jack|title=Narcos season 2: Pablo Escobar's son labels Netflix show 'insulting', lists 28 historical errors|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/narcos-season-2-pablo-escobar-s-son-labels-netflix-show-insulting-lists-28-historical-mistakes-a7236836.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/narcos-season-2-pablo-escobar-s-son-labels-netflix-show-insulting-lists-28-historical-mistakes-a7236836.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=Independent|date=12 September 2016}}</ref>
Escobar's sister, Luz Maria Escobar, made multiple gestures in attempts to make amends for the drug baron's crimes. These include making public statements in the press, leaving letters on the graves of his victims, and, on the 20th anniversary of his death, organizing a public memorial for his victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pablo Escobar's sister trying to pay for the sins of her brother (Luz Maria Escobar), the sister of Colombian cartel boss Pablo Escobar, has told how she is trying to make amends for her murderous brother|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/colombia/11270006/Pablo-Escobars-sister-trying-to-pay-for-the-sins-of-her-brother.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/colombia/11270006/Pablo-Escobars-sister-trying-to-pay-for-the-sins-of-her-brother.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|author=Alexander, Harriet |date=3 December 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Escobar's body was exhumed on 28 October 2006 at the request of some of his relatives in order to take a [[DNA]] sample to confirm the alleged paternity of an illegitimate child and remove all doubt about the identity of the body that had been buried next to his parents for 12 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3317670|title=Familiares exhumaron cadáver de Pablo Escobar para verificar plenamente su identidad|work=El Tiempo|language=es|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214214/http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3317670|url-status=live}}</ref> A video of the exhumation was broadcast by [[RCN Televisión|RCN]], angering Marroquín, who accused his uncle, Roberto Escobar, and cousin, Nicolas Escobar, of being "merchants of death" by allowing the video to air.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-exhumacion-pablo/81946-3|title=La exhumación de Pablo|work=Semana|language=es|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123040953/http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-exhumacion-pablo/81946-3|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Hacienda Nápoles===
After Escobar's death, the ranch, zoo and citadel at [[Hacienda Nápoles]] were given by the government to low-income families under a law called ''Extinción de Dominio'' (Domain Extinction). The property has been converted into a [[Amusement park|theme park]] surrounded by four luxury hotels overlooking the zoo.<ref name="BBCJune2008"/>
=== Escobar Inc ===
In 2014, Roberto Escobar founded [[Escobar Inc]] with Olof K. Gustafsson and registered Successor-In-Interest rights for his brother Pablo Escobar in [[California]], United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/cgi-bin/sii_search.cgi | title=California Business Portal: Successor-In-Interest | date=28 April 2015 | access-date=9 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221193958/http://www.sos.ca.gov/cgi-bin/sii_search.cgi | archive-date=21 February 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
=== Hippos ===
{{main|Hippopotamuses in Colombia}}
Escobar kept four hippos in a private menagerie at Hacienda Nápoles. They were deemed too difficult to seize and move after Escobar's death, and hence left on the untended estate. By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the area for food in the nearby [[Magdalena River]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-hippos20dec20,0,5373140.story |title=A hippo critical situation |access-date=27 March 2008 |first=Chris |last=Kraul |date=20 December 2006 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324015829/http://www.latimes.com/la-fg-hippos20dec20-story.html |archive-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=baron/> In 2009, two adults and one calf escaped the herd and, after attacking humans and killing cattle, one of the adults (called "Pepe") was killed by hunters under authorization of the local authorities.<ref name=baron>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8145676.stm|title = Colombia kills drug baron hippo|work = BBC News|access-date=11 July 2009|date=11 July 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150105105021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8145676.stm|archive-date= 5 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> As of early 2014, 40 hippos have been reported to exist in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia Department, from the original four belonging to Escobar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elespectador.com/opinion/editorial/hipopotamos-bravos-articulo-487824|title=Hipopótamos bravos|date=24 June 2014|newspaper=[[El Espectador]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509133359/http://www.elespectador.com/opinion/editorial/hipopotamos-bravos-articulo-487824|archive-date=9 May 2014|url-status=live|access-date=28 June 2014}} [https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespectador.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2Fhipopotamos-bravos-articulo-487824&edit-text= English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221173452/https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespectador.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2Fhipopotamos-bravos-articulo-487824&edit-text= |date=21 February 2021 }} at Google Translate</ref> As of 2016, without management, the population size is likely to more than double in the next decade.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Howard, B.C. | url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160510-pablo-escobar-hippos-colombia/ | title=Pablo Escobar's Escaped Hippos Are Thriving in Colombia | date=10 May 2016 | magazine=National Geographic | access-date=26 February 2018 | archive-date=27 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035033/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160510-pablo-escobar-hippos-colombia/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[National Geographic Channel]] produced a documentary about them titled ''Cocaine Hippos''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://natgeotv.com/asia/cocaine-hippos/about|title= The Invaders: Cocaine Hippos|publisher= [[National Geographic Channel]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130626213741/http://natgeotv.com/asia/cocaine-hippos/about|archive-date= 26 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them.<ref name="Zoo Gone Wild">{{cite web|last1=Nagvekar|first1=Rahul|title=Zoo Gone Wild: After Escobar, Colombia Faces His Hippos|url=http://thepolitic.org/zoo-gone-wild-after-escobar-colombia-faces-his-hippos/|website=The Politic|access-date=25 August 2017|date=8 March 2017|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913210620/http://thepolitic.org/zoo-gone-wild-after-escobar-colombia-faces-his-hippos/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, National Geographic published another article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact but that conservationists and locals – particularly those in the tourism industry – were mostly in support of their continued presence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilcox|first=Christie|title=Could Pablo Escobar's Escaped Hippos Help the Environment?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/colombia-cocaine-hippos-rewilding-experiment-news/|website=National Geographic|date=26 September 2018|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011082105/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/colombia-cocaine-hippos-rewilding-experiment-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By October 2021, the Colombian government had started a program of chemically sterilizing the animals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pablo Escobar: Colombia sterilises drug lord's hippos |work=BBC News |date=16 October 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58937415 |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018195913/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58937415 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Apartment demolition ===
On 22 February 2019, at 11:53 AM local time, Medellín authorities demolished the six-story Edificio Mónaco apartment complex in the [[El Poblado]] neighborhood where, according to retired Colombian general [[Rosso José Serrano]], Escobar planned some of his most brazen attacks. The building was initially built for Escobar's wife but was gutted by a Cali Cartel [[car bomb]] in 1988 and had remained unoccupied ever since, becoming an attraction to foreign tourists seeking out Escobar's physical legacy. Mayor [[Federico Gutierrez]] had been pushing to raze the building and erect in its place a park honoring the thousands of cartel victims, including four presidential candidates and some 500 police officers. Colombian President [[Ivan Duque]] said the demolition "means that history is not going to be written in terms of the perpetrators, but by recognizing the victims", hoping the demolition would showcase that the city had evolved significantly and had more to offer than the legacy left by the cartels.<ref>{{cite news|work=Fox News|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/pablo-escobars-six-floor-apartment-demolished-in-medellin-as-symbol-of-rebirth|title=Pablo Escobar's six-floor apartment demolished in Medellin as symbol of rebirth|date=22 February 2019|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301123844/https://www.foxnews.com/world/pablo-escobars-six-floor-apartment-demolished-in-medellin-as-symbol-of-rebirth|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
=== Family and relationships ===
In March 1976, the 26-year-old Escobar married María Victoria Henao, who was 15. The relationship was discouraged by the Henao family, who considered Escobar socially inferior; the pair eloped.{{sfn|Escobar|2014|p=74}} They had two children: Juan Pablo (now [[Sebastián Marroquín]]) and Manuela. In 2007, the journalist [[Virginia Vallejo]] published her memoir ''Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar'' (''[[Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar]]''), in which she describes her romantic relationship with Escobar and the links of her lover with several presidents, Caribbean dictators, and high-profile politicians.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etgh1pGU7e0 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/Etgh1pGU7e0| archive-date=2021-10-28|title=Los Narcopresidentes | website=[[YouTube]]|date=24 November 2008 |access-date=15 October 2017 |language=es |trans-title=The Narco-presidents}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Her book inspired the movie ''[[Loving Pablo]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayorga |first=Emilio |date=3 September 2017 |title=Loving Pablo Director on Reuniting Javier Bardem and Penelope Cruz: It's Been Very Intense |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/venice-facetime-loving-pablo-helmer-fernando-leon-de-aranoa-1202546440/ |work=Variety |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403185312/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/venice-facetime-loving-pablo-helmer-fernando-leon-de-aranoa-1202546440/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A drug distributor, [[Griselda Blanco#Personal life|Griselda Blanco]], is also reported to have conducted a clandestine but passionate relationship with Escobar; several items in her diary link him with the nicknames "Coque de Mi Rey" (My Coke King) and "Polla Blanca" (White Cock).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXrqoXbnAAQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/aXrqoXbnAAQ| archive-date=2021-10-28|title=Me Matan, Limon! -Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota|website=INEDITO|first=Tom|last= Jerry|date=30 September 2013|access-date=19 June 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Escobar was a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and was described by a [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]], Father Elkin, as a profoundly [[Catholic devotions|devout]] man who was led astray by his ambitions. Escobar reportedly told Father Elkin "It's not important to be repentant, i am a believer." Escobar would even go to confession. He even claimed to have experienced a vision of Christ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=The Afterlife of Pablo Escobar {{!}} The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/05/the-afterlife-of-pablo-escobar |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250103045450/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/03/05/the-afterlife-of-pablo-escobar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-04-11 }}</ref>
=== Properties ===
After becoming wealthy, Escobar created or bought numerous residences and [[safe house]]s, with the [[Hacienda Nápoles]] gaining significant notoriety. The luxury house contained a colonial house, a sculpture park, and a complete zoo with animals from various continents, including [[elephant]]s, exotic birds, [[giraffe]]s, and [[hippopotamus]]es. Escobar had also planned to construct a Greek-style [[citadel]] near it, and though construction of the citadel was started, it was never finished.<ref name="BBCJune2008">{{cite news |title=At home on Pablo Escobar's ranch |first=Mike |last=Ceaser |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7390584.stm |work=BBC News |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=13 February 2010 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7390584.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Escobar owned a home in the US under his own name: a 6,500 square foot (604 m<sup>2</sup>), pink, waterfront mansion situated at 5860 North Bay Road in [[Miami Beach, Florida]]. The four-bedroom estate, built in 1948 on [[Biscayne Bay]], was seized by the US federal government in the 1980s. Later, the dilapidated property was owned by Christian de Berdouare, proprietor of the Chicken Kitchen fast-food chain, who had bought it in 2014. De Berdouare would later hire a documentary film crew and professional treasure hunters to search the edifice before and after demolition, for anything related to Escobar or his cartel. They would find unusual holes in floors and walls, as well as a safe that was stolen from its hole in the marble flooring before it could be properly examined.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/a-luxurious-miami-mansion-built-by-the-the-king-of-cocaine-is-no-more-2016-1|date=24 January 2016|title=Military & Defense: A luxurious Miami mansion built by the 'King of Cocaine' is no more|author=Macias, Amanda|agency=Associated Press|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424164441/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-luxurious-miami-mansion-built-by-the-the-king-of-cocaine-is-no-more-2016-1|url-status=live}}</ref>
Escobar owned a huge Caribbean getaway on Isla Grande, the largest of the cluster of the 27 [[coral island|coral cluster island]]s comprising [[Islas del Rosario]], located about {{convert|22|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} from [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]. The compound, now half-demolished and overtaken by vegetation and wild animals, featured a mansion, apartments, courtyards, a large swimming pool, a helicopter landing pad, reinforced windows, tiled floors, and a large but unfinished building to the side of the mansion.<ref>{{cite news|work=Business Insider|author=Macias, Amanda|date=12 May 2016|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/caribbean-getaway-for-drug-kingpin-pablo-escobar-2015-9/#escobar-built-a-massive-waterfront-villa-on-the-largest-of-the-cluster-islands-isla-grande-2|title=Military & Defense: This dilapidated villa once served as a Caribbean getaway for drug-kingpin Pablo Escobar|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171551/https://www.businessinsider.com/caribbean-getaway-for-drug-kingpin-pablo-escobar-2015-9#escobar-built-a-massive-waterfront-villa-on-the-largest-of-the-cluster-islands-isla-grande-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
=== Books ===
[[File:Pabloescopaint.png|thumb|right|upright|[[Fernando Botero]]'s portrayal of Escobar's death]]
Escobar has been the subject of several books, including the following:
* ''Escobar'' (2010), by Roberto Escobar, written by his brother shows how he became infamous and ultimately died.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Escobar|last=Escobar|first=Roberto|publisher=Hodder Paperbacks|year=2010}}</ref>
*{{cite book|last=Escobar Gaviria|first=Roberto|title=My Brother – Pablo Escobar|publisher=Escobar, Inc|year=2016|isbn=978-0692706374}}
* ''Kings of Cocaine'' (1989), by Guy Gugliotta, retells the history and operations of the Medellín Cartel, and Escobar's role within it.<ref>{{cite book|author=McAleese, Peter |date=1993|title=No Mean Soldier|publisher= Cassell Pub}}</ref>
* ''[[Killing Pablo (book)|Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw]]'' (2001), by [[Mark Bowden]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Bowden, Mark |date=2002|title=Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw|publisher= Penguin Pub.}}</ref><ref name="McNary, Dave">{{cite news|author=McNary, Dave |date=1 October 2007|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117973147.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&query=Killing+Pablo |title=Yari fast-tracking Escobar biopic|work=Variety|access-date= 29 November 2007}}</ref> relates how Escobar was killed and his cartel dismantled by U.S. special forces and intelligence, the [[Colombian military]], and [[Los Pepes]].<ref name="Journal Now">{{cite news|url=http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2008/dec/25/celebrity-gossip/|title=What is actor Christian Bale doing next?|publisher=Journal Now|date=25 December 2008|access-date=17 January 2009|archive-date=5 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605012823/http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2008/dec/25/celebrity-gossip/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Pablo Escobar: My Father'' (2016), by Juan Pablo Escobar, translated by Andrea Rosenberg.<ref>{{cite book|author=Escobar, Juan Pablo |date=2016|title=Pablo Escobar: My Father |publisher= Thomas Dunne Books |isbn = 9781250104625}}</ref>
*''Pablo Escobar: Beyond Narcos'' (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells the story of Escobar and the Medellín Cartel in the context of the failed War on Drugs; {{ISBN|978-1537296302}}
* ''Manhunters: How We Took Down Pablo Escobar'' (2019), by [[Stephen Murphy (civil servant)|Stephen Murphy]] and [[Javier Peña|Javier F. Peña]], former DEA agents on the hunt for Pablo Escobar in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Manhunters-Took-Down-Pablo-Escobar/dp/1472268342 |title=Manhunters: How We Took Down Pablo Escobar }}Amazon website</ref>
*''American Made: Who Killed Barry Seal? Pablo Escobar or George HW Bush'' (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells Pablo's story as a suspect in the murder of CIA pilot Barry Seal; {{ISBN|978-1537637198}}
* ''[[Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar]]'' (2017) by [[Virginia Vallejo]], originally published by [[Penguin Random House]] in Spanish in 2007, and later translated to 16 languages.
* ''[[News of a Kidnapping]]'', (original Spanish title: ''Noticia de un secuestro'') non-fiction 1996 book by Gabriel García Márquez, and published in English in 1997.
=== Films ===
Two major [[feature films]] on Escobar, ''Escobar'' (2009) and ''[[Killing Pablo (film)|Killing Pablo]]'' (2011), were announced in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribecafilmfestival.org/weekly-screengrab-101007.html|publisher=TribecaFilmFestival.org|title=Weekly Screengrab: Sparring Partners|date=1 October 2007}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Details about them, and additional films about Escobar, are listed below.
*''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]'', a 2001 American biographical film based on [[George Jung]], a member of the Medellín Cartel; Escobar was portrayed by [[Cliff Curtis]].
*''Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke'' (2007) is a TV movie documentary by [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]], featuring archival footage and commentary by stakeholders.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke|publisher=National Geographic|date=2007|url=https://www.amazon.com/PABLO-ESCOBAR-KING-COKE-VARIOUS/dp/B000YDOOSC|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221140056/https://www.amazon.com/PABLO-ESCOBAR-KING-COKE-VARIOUS/dp/B000YDOOSC|url-status=live}} (Amazon)</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke|publisher=National Geographic|date=2007|url=http://www.lapeliculas.com/pelicula/pablo-escobar-the-king-of-coke-national-geographic-hd|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403191553/https://lapeliculas.com/pelicula/pablo-escobar-the-king-of-coke-national-geographic-hd}} (La Peliculas)</ref>
* ''Escobar'' (2009) was delayed because of producer [[Oliver Stone]]'s involvement with the [[George W. Bush]] biopic ''[[W. (film)|W.]]'' (2008). As of 2008, the release date of ''Escobar'' remained unconfirmed.{{when|date = July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |title=No Bardem for Killing Pablo |url=http://www.obsessedwithfilm.com/movie-news/no-bardem-for-killing-palbo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121231636/http://www.obsessedwithfilm.com/movie-news/no-bardem-for-killing-palbo.php |archive-date=21 November 2008 |access-date=27 July 2013 |website=WhatCulture}}</ref> Regarding the film, Stone said: "This is a great project about a fascinating man who took on the system. I think I have to thank ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'', and maybe even [[Ari Gold (Entourage)|Ari Gold]]."<ref name=var>{{cite news|last1=Fleming|first1=Michael |date=8 October 2007|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117973662.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&query=escobar |title=Stone to produce another 'Escobar'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date= 28 November 2007}}</ref>
* ''[[Killing Pablo (film)|Killing Pablo]]'' (2011) was supposedly in development for several years, directed by [[Joe Carnahan]]. It was to be based on [[Mark Bowden]]'s [[Killing Pablo#Books|2001 book]] of the same title, which in turn was based on his 31-part ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' series of articles on the subject.<ref name="McNary, Dave"/><ref name="Journal Now"/> The cast was reported to include [[Christian Bale]] as Major Steve Jacoby and Venezuelan actor [[Édgar Ramírez]] as Escobar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://poorbuthappy.com/venezuela/post/venezuelan-actor-edgar-ramirez-to-play-pablo-escobar/|title=Venezuelan actor Edgar Ramirez to Play PABLO ESCOBAR|website=Poor But Happy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504013941/http://poorbuthappy.com/venezuela/post/venezuelan-actor-edgar-ramirez-to-play-pablo-escobar|archive-date=4 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Faraci, Devin|date=14 August 2008|url=http://www.chud.com/articles/articles/15941/1/JOE-CARNAHAN-IS-GOING-TO-BE-KILLING-A-NEW-PABLO-AND-WE-KNOW-WHO-IT-IS/Page1.html|title=Joe Carnahan Is Going to Be Killing a New Pablo, and We Know Who It Is|publisher=Chud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815084919/http://chud.com/articles/articles/15941/1/JOE-CARNAHAN-IS-GOING-TO-BE-KILLING-A-NEW-PABLO-AND-WE-KNOW-WHO-IT-IS/Page1.html|archive-date=15 August 2008}}</ref> In December 2008, [[Bob Yari]], producer of ''Killing Pablo'', filed for bankruptcy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997332.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |title=Bob Yari crashes into Chapter 11|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=12 December 2008|first1=Michael|last1=Fleming}}</ref>
*''[[Escobar: Paradise Lost]]'' (2014) a romantic thriller in which a naive Canadian surfer falls in love with a girl who turns out to be Escobar's niece.
*''[[Loving Pablo]]'' (2017), Spanish film based on [[Virginia Vallejo]]'s book ''[[Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar]]'' with [[Javier Bardem]] as Escobar, and [[Penélope Cruz]] as [[Virginia Vallejo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vivarelli |first=Nick |date=11 September 2017 |title=Javier Bardem on Playing Pablo Escobar With Penelope Cruz in ''Loving Pablo'' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/javier-bardem-on-playing-pablo-escobar-with-penelope-cruz-in-loving-pablo-1202549257/ |work=Variety |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417222642/https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/javier-bardem-on-playing-pablo-escobar-with-penelope-cruz-in-loving-pablo-1202549257/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[American Made (film)|American Made]]'' (2017), American action-comedy film loosely based on the life of [[Barry Seal]]; Escobar was portrayed by Mauricio Mejía.<ref>{{cite news|title='American Made': Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/american-made-review-1030579|access-date=24 November 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=29 September 2017|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403181538/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/american-made-review-1030579|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Weird: The Al Yankovic Story]]'' (2022), American biopic parody loosely based on the life of [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]; [[Arturo Castro (Guatemalan actor)|Arturo Castro]] portrays Escobar who is depicted as a Weird Al fan who kidnaps Weird Al's girlfriend, [[Madonna]], to lure him to play at his fortieth birthday party. Weird Al instead murders him.
*Escobar served as the basis for four action films in the 1990s.
**''[[Delta Force 2: The Colombian Connection]]'', a 1990 action film, starring Chuck Norris, had the main villain Ramon Cota heavily modeled on Escobar.<ref>{{cite news|title=DRAGO PLAYS A BAD GUY, BUT A SNAPPY DRESSER|edition=THIRD|author=Sullivan, Jim|work=Boston Globe|date=Aug 24, 1990|page=42}}</ref>
**[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|''Street Fighter'']] (1994), an adoption of the video game franchise whose main villain, [[M. Bison]], has a drug kingpin/terrorist background similar to Escobar.
**''[[Con Air]]'' (1997) featured a major antagonist named Francisco Cindino, whose actor, Jesse Borrego, studied Escobar for the role.
**''[[Face/Off]]'' (1997), another Nicolas Cage film, where the main antagonist, Castor Troy, is also a drug kingpin-terrorist based on Escobar.
=== Television ===
* In 2005, Court TV (now [[TruTV]]) crime documentary series ''Mugshots'' released an episode on Escobar titled "Pablo Escobar – Hunting The Druglord".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mugshots {{!}} Pablo Escobar – Hunting the Druglord|url=http://main.snagfilms.com/films/title/mugshots_pablo_escobar_hunting_pablo|website=snagfilms.com|access-date=24 October 2017|language=en|date=2005|quote=This episode follows Escobar on his journey to becoming the Columbian Godfather.|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024155854/http://main.snagfilms.com/films/title/mugshots_pablo_escobar_hunting_pablo|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
* In the 2007 [[HBO]] television series, ''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]'', actor [[Vincent Chase]] (played by [[Adrian Grenier]]) is cast as Escobar in a fictional film entitled ''Medellín''.<ref name="entourage">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/recap/entourage-making-medellin|title=''Entourage'': The making of ''Medellín''|last=Barius|first=Claudette|date=18 June 2007|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117160340/http://www.ew.com/recap/entourage-making-medellin|url-status=live}}</ref>
* One of [[ESPN]]'s ''[[30 for 30]]'' series films, ''The Two Escobars'' (2010), by directors [[Jeff Zimbalist|Jeff]] and Michael Zimbalist, looks back at Colombia's World Cup run in 1994 and the relationship between sports and the country's criminal gangs — notably the Medellín narcotics cartel run by Escobar. The other Escobar in the film title refers to former [[Colombian national football team|Colombian]] defender [[Andrés Escobar]] (no relation to Pablo), who was shot and killed one month after conceding an own goal that contributed to the elimination of the Colombian national team from the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the2escobars.com/|publisher=the2escobars.com|title=The Two Escobars|access-date=1 October 2010|archive-date=4 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204175840/http://www.the2escobars.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Caracol TV]] produced a [[television series]], ''[[El cartel (TV series)|El cartel]]'' (''The Cartel''), which began airing on 4 June 2008 where Escobar is portrayed by an unknown model when he is shot down by Cartel del Sur's hitmen.
* Also Caracol TV produced a TV Series, ''[[Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord|Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal (Pablo Escobar, The Boss of Evil)]]'', which began airing on 28 May 2012, and stars Andrés Parra as Pablo Escobar. It is based on Alonso Salazar's book ''La parábola de Pablo''.<ref name="zap">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/07/10/telemundo-medias-pablo-escobar-el-patron-del-mal-averages-nearly-2-2-million-total-viewers/141131/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719022027/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/07/10/telemundo-medias-pablo-escobar-el-patron-del-mal-averages-nearly-2-2-million-total-viewers/141131/|archive-date=19 July 2012|title=Telemundo Media's 'Pablo Escobar, El Patron del Mal' Averages Nearly 2.2 Million Total Viewersby zap2it.com |date=10 July 2012|work=TV by the Numbers|publisher=Zap2It|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> Parra reprises his role in TV series ''Football Dreams, A World of Passion'' and in the first season of ''[[El Señor de los Cielos season 1|El Señor de los Cielos]]''. Parra has declared not to play the character again so as not to [[Typecasting|typecast]] himself.
* [[RTI Producciones]] produced a TV Series for [[RCN Televisión]], ''[[Tres Caínes]]'', was released on 4 March 2013, which Escobar is portrayed by the Colombian actor Juan Pablo Franco (who portrayed general Muriel Peraza in ''Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal'') in the first phase of the series. Franco reprises his role in ''[[Surviving Escobar: Alias JJ]]''.
* Also in 2013, [[Fox Telecolombia]] produced for RCN Televisión a TV Series, ''Alias El Mexicano'', released on 5 November 2013, which Escobar is portrayed by an unknown actor in a minor role.
* A [[Netflix]] original television series depicting the story of Escobar, titled ''[[Narcos]]'', was released on 28 August 2015, starring Brazilian actor [[Wagner Moura]] as Pablo.<ref name="narcos1">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/new-on-netflix-august-2015-from-narcos-and-spellbound-to-kick-ass-2-and-dinotrux-10421117.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/new-on-netflix-august-2015-from-narcos-and-spellbound-to-kick-ass-2-and-dinotrux-10421117.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=New on Netflix August 2015: From Narcos and Spellbound to Kick Ass 2 and Dinotrux|last=Shepherd|first=Jack|date=28 July 2015|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> Season two premiered on the streaming service on 2 September 2016.<ref name="narcos2">{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/narcos-season-2-binge-watching-episode-guide-925064|title='Narcos' Season 2: Episode-by-Episode Binge-Watching Guide|last=Strause|first=Jackie|date=2 September 2016|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200930/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/narcos-season-2-binge-watching-episode-guide-925064/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2016, [[Teleset]] and [[Sony Pictures Television]] produced for RCN Televisión the TV Series ''[[En la boca del lobo]]'', was released on 16 August 2016, which Escobar is portrayed by [[Fabio Restrepo]] (who portrayed Javier Ortiz in ''Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal'') as the character of Flavio Escolar.
* [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic]] in 2016 broadcast a biography series ''[[Facing (TV series)|Facing]]'' that included an episode featuring Escobar.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sang|first1=Lucia I. Suarez|title=Ex-DEA agents who fought Pablo Escobar headline new NatGeo documentary|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2016/08/30/ex-dea-agents-who-fought-pablo-escobar-headline-new-natgeo-documentary.html|access-date=13 October 2017|publisher=Fox News|date=30 August 2016|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200934/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/ex-dea-agents-who-fought-pablo-escobar-headline-new-natgeo-documentary|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 24 January 2018, Netflix released the 68-minute-long documentary ''Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar'' directed by Santiago Diaz and Pablo Martin Farina.<ref>{{cite web|title=Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar|work=[[Netflix]]|url=https://www.netflix.com/br/title/80175405}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar (2017) on Netflix USA?|url=https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/usa/m/countdown-to-death-pablo-escobar-2017|work=What's New on Netflix USA|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200954/https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/usa/1983815/countdown-to-death-pablo-escobar-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Killing Escobar'' was a documentary televised in the UK in 2021. It concerned a failed attempt by mercenaries, contracted by the Cali Cartel and led by [[Peter McAleese]], to assassinate Escobar in 1989.
* Fox Telecolombia produced in 2019 a TV Series, ''[[El General Naranjo]]'', which aired on 24 May 2019, which Escobar is portrayed by the Colombian actor Federico Rivera.
=== Music ===
* The 2013 song "Pablo" by American rapper [[E-40]] serves as an ode to the legacy of Pablo Escobar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hiphop-n-more.com/2013/10/e-40-the-block-brochure-parts-4-5-6-album-covers-track-lists/|title=E-40 – 'The Block Brochure Parts 4, 5 & 6' (Album Covers & Track Lists)|date=29 October 2013|website=hiphop-n-more.com|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200936/https://hiphop-n-more.com/2013/10/e-40-the-block-brochure-parts-4-5-6-album-covers-track-lists/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The 2016 album ''[[The Life of Pablo]]'' by American rapper [[Kanye West]] was named after the three Pablos who inspired and represented some part of the album, with one of them being Pablo Escobar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/kanye-west-once-explained-the-identity-of-pablo-from-the-life-of-pablo.html/ |title=Kanye West Once Explained the Identity of Pablo From 'The Life of Pablo' |first1=Matthew |last1=Trzcinski |date=5 May 2020 |website=cheatsheet.com |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018201007/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/kanye-west-once-explained-the-identity-of-pablo-from-the-life-of-pablo.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Dubdogz's "Pablo Escobar" (feat. Charlott Boss), released in 2020, has garnered more than 5.6 million views for its official music video.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dubdogz - Pablo Escobar (feat. Charlott Boss) [Official Music Video] | date=10 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXPJUKmiA30 |language=en |access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref>
* The 2018 hit single [[Narcos (Migos song)|Narcos]] by the Atlanta-based rap group [[Migos]] from their album [[Culture II]] makes references to Pablo Escobar as well as the Medellin Cartel, and the [[Netflix]] series Narcos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Migos - Narcos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unh8kWUuNt4 |website=Youtube | date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418235651/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unh8kWUuNt4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.noaccess.eu/all/drug-islands/ |title=The Abandoned House of Pablo Escobar |website=noaccess.eu |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902055504/http://www.noaccess.eu/all/drug-islands/ |archive-date=2 September 2015 }}
*{{IMDb name}}
{{portal bar|Biography|Colombia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Escobar, Pablo}}
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