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The '''Apache Commons''' is a project of the [[Apache Software Foundation]], formerly under the [[Jakarta Project]]. The purpose of the Commons is to provide reusable, [[Open-source software|open source]] [[Java (software platform)|Java]] software. The Commons is composed of three parts: proper, sandbox, and dormant.
== Commons Proper ==
The Commons Proper is dedicated to creating and maintaining reusable [[Java (software platform)|Java]] components. The Commons Proper is a place for collaboration and sharing, where developers from throughout the Apache community can work together on projects to be shared by Apache projects and Apache users.
Commons developers will make an effort to ensure that their components have minimal dependencies on other [[Library (computer science)|software libraries]], so that these components can be [[Software deployment|deployed]] easily. In addition, Commons components will keep their [[Interface (computer science)|interfaces]] as stable as possible, so that Apache users, as well as other Apache projects, can implement these components without having to worry about changes in the future.<ref>[http://commons.apache.org/ The Apache Commons root page]</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Components
! Description
! Latest
! Released
|-
| BCEL
| Byte Code Engineering Library - analyze, create, and manipulate Java class files
|
|
|-
|[[Apache Commons BeanUtils|BeanUtils]]
| Easy-to-use wrappers around the Java reflection and introspection APIs
| 1.
|
|-
| [[Bean Scripting Framework|BSF]]
| Bean Scripting Framework - interface to scripting languages, including JSR-223
| 3.1
|
|-
| Chain
|
| 1.2
| 2008-06-
|-
| CLI
|
| 1.
|
|-
| Codec
| General encoding/decoding algorithms (for example phonetic, base64, URL)
| 1.
|
|-
|
| Extends or augments the [[Java collections framework|Java Collections Framework
| 4.5.0
|
|-
|
| Defines an API for working with
| 1.
|
|-
|
| Reading of configuration/preferences files in various formats
|
|
|-
| Crypto
| Cryptographic library optimized with AES-NI wrapping [[OpenSSL]] or JCE algorithm implementations
| 1.2.0
| 2023-01-14
|-
| CSV
| Component for reading and writing [[Comma-separated values|comma separated value]] files
| 1.14.0
|
|-
| [[Commons Daemon|Daemon]]
| Generic [[Daemon (Unix)|Daemon (unix)]] or [[Service (Windows)]] wrapper for Java code
| 1.
|
|-
| DBCP
| Database connection pooling services
| 2.
|
|-
| DbUtils
| JDBC helper library
| 1.
|
|-
|
| [[XML]]-to-Java-object mapping utility
| 3.2
| 2011-12-13
|-
| Email
| Library for sending e-mails
|
|
|-
| Exec
| API for dealing with external process execution and environment management
| 1.5.0
|
|-
| FileUpload
| File upload capability for [[servlets]] and web applications
| 1.
|
|-
| Functor
| Supports [[functional programming]] using ''functors'', objects representing functions
| 1.
|
|-
| Geometry
| General-purpose library for geometric processing
| 1.
|
|-
| Imaging
| Pure-Java image library
| 1.0-alpha6
| 2025-04-27
|-
| IO
| Collection of I/O utilities
|
| 2025-07-13
|-
| JCI
| Java Compiler Interface
| 1.1
| 2013-10-14
|-
| JCS
| Java Caching System
|
|
|-
| [[Apache Jelly|Jelly]]
| [[XML]] based scripting and processing engine
| 1.0.1
|
|-
| JEXL
|
|
|
|-
| JXPath
|
| 1.
|
|-
| Lang
| Provides extra functionality for classes in [[java.lang
| 3.
|
|-
| [[Apache Commons Logging|Logging]]
| Wrapper around a variety of logging API implementations
| 1.
|
|-
| Math
| Lightweight, self-contained mathematics and statistics components
| 4.0-beta1
| 2022-12-20
|-
| Net
| Collection of network utilities and protocol implementations
| 3.12.0
| 2025-07-28
|-
| Numbers
| Number types (complex, quaternion, fraction) and utilities (arrays, combinatorics)
| 1.2
|
|-
| Pool
| Generic object pooling component
|
|
|-
| Proxy
| Library for creating dynamic proxies
| 2.0
|
|-
| RDF
| Common implementation of [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] 1.1 that could be implemented by systems on the JVM
| 0.5.0
| 2017-12-08
|-
| RNG
| Implementions of pseudo-random numbers generators
| 1.6
| 2024-07-15
|-
| SCXML
| Implementation of the State Chart XML specification aimed at creating and maintaining a Java SCXML engine
| 2.0-M1
| 2014-04-03
|-
| Statistics
| Utilities for statistical applications
| 1.1
| 2024-08-20
|-
| Text
| Library focused on algorithms working on strings
| 1.14.0
| 2025-07-20
|-
| Validator
| Framework to define validators and validation rules in an [[XML]] file
|
|
|-
| VFS
| Virtual File System component for treating files, [[FTP]], [[Server Message Block|SMB]], [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] and such like as a single logical file system
|
| 2025-02-01
|-
| Weaver
| Provides an easy way to enhance (weave) compiled bytecode
| 2.
|
|}
== Commons Sandbox ==
The Commons Sandbox provides a workspace where Commons contributors collaborate and experiment on projects not included in the Commons Proper. Commons members champion projects in the Sandbox for promotion to the Commons Proper, and groups of developers work to enhance Sandbox projects until they meet the standards for promotion.
{|class="wikitable"
! Components
! Description
|-
| BeanUtils2
| Redesign of Commons BeanUtils
|-
| ClassScan
| Find Class interfaces, methods, fields, and annotations without loading
|-
| CLI2
| Redesign of Commons CLI
|-
| Convert
| Aims to provide a single library dedicated to the task of converting an object of one type to another
|-
| Finder
| Java library inspired by the [[Find (Unix)|UNIX find]] command
|-
| Flatfile
| Java library for working with flat data structures
|-
| Graph
| General purpose Graph APIs and algorithms
|-
| I18n
| Adds the feature of localized message bundles that consist of one or many localized texts that belong together
|-
| Id
| Component for generating identifiers
|-
|Inject
|Implementation of JSR 330, a standards compliant dependency injection framework
|-
| Javaflow
| [[Continuation]] implementation to capture the state of the application
|-
| JNet
| Allows using dynamically registered URL stream handlers through the java.net API
|-
|Monitoring
|Aims to provide a simple but extensible monitoring solution for Java applications
|-
| Nabla
| Provides automatic differentiation classes that can generate derivative of any function implemented in the Java language
|-
| OpenPGP
| Interface to signing and verifying data using [[OpenPGP]]
|-
| Performance
| Small framework for [[microbenchmark]] clients, with implementations for Commons DBCP and Pool
|-
| Pipeline
| Provides a set of pipeline utilities designed around work queues that run in parallel to sequentially process data objects
|}
== Commons Dormant ==
The Commons Dormant is a collection of components that have been declared inactive due to little recent development activity. These components may be used, but must be built yourself. It is best to assume that these components will not be released in the near future.
{|class="wikitable"
! Components
! Description
|-
| Attributes
| Runtime API to metadata attributes such as doclet tags
|-
| Betwixt
| Services for mapping [[JavaBeans]] to [[XML]] documents and vice versa
|-
| Cache
| Provides object caching services
|-
| Clazz
| Focuses on introspection and class manipulation
|-
| Contract
| Component for making features that come along with contract based programming available
|-
| Convert
| Aims to provide a single library dedicated to the task of converting an object of one type to another
|-
|Discovery
|Tools for locating resources by mapping service/reference names to resource names
|-
|EL
|Interpreter for the Expression Language defined by the JSP 2.0 specification
|-
| Events
| Provides additional classes for firing and handling events. It focuses on the [[Java collections framework|Java Collections Framework]], providing decorators to other collections that fire events.
|-
| Feedparser
| [[RSS]] and [[Atom (web standard)|Atom]] parser designed to support all major versions of RSS and Atom, as well as easy ad hoc extension and RSS 1.0 modules capability
|-
| JJar
| Jakarta JAR Archive Repository
|-
| Latka
| [[HTTP]] functional testing suite for automated QA, acceptance and regression testing
|-
|Launcher
|Cross platform Java application launcher
|-
| Mapper
| Thin abstraction layer around a project's chosen data mapping technology (a.k.a. [[DAO Pattern|DAO pattern]])
|-
| Messenger
| Easy to use and lightweight framework for working with JMS in the web tier
|-
|Modeler
|Mechanisms to create Model MBeans compatible with JMX specification
|-
| [[OGNL]]
| Object-Graph Navigation Language
|-
|Primitives
|Smaller, faster and easier to work with types supporting Java primitive types
|-
| Resources
| Provides a lightweight framework for defining and looking up internationalized message strings keyed by a java.util.Locale and a message key
|-
| Scaffold
| Toolkit for building web applications
|-
| ThreadPool
| Simple component for asynchronously dispatching work to another thread in a pool for simple multithreaded programming
|-
| Transaction
| Implementations for multi-level locks, transactional collections and transactional file access
|-
| Workflow
| Provides a framework for building workflow management systems
|-
| XMLIO
| Simple and fast importer for [[XML]] configuration or import files
|}
== See also ==
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{{Reflist}}
{{Citation|last=Goyal|first=Vikram|url=http://www.onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2003/06/25/commons.html|title=Using the Jakarta Commons, Part I|
== External links ==
* [http://commons.apache.org/ Apache Commons]
{{Apache Software Foundation}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Java (programming language) libraries]]
[[Category:Apache Software Foundation|Commons]]
[[Category:Software using the Apache license]]
[[Category:Apache Commons| ]]
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