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{{Short description|Public university in Berkeley, California}}
{{Distinguish|Berkeley College (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of California, Berkeley
| image = Seal of University of California, Berkeley.svg
|
| image_upright = .7
| motto = {{lang|la|[[Let there be light|Fiat lux]]}} ([[Latin]])
|
| logo = University of California, Berkeley Logo 2024.svg
|
|
| accreditation = [[WASC Senior College and University Commission|WSCUC]]
| established = {{start date and age|1868|03|23}}<ref>{{cite web |title=A brief history of the University of California |url=https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs//programs-and-initiatives/faculty-resources-advancement/faculty-handbook-sections/brief-history.html |website=Academic Personnel and Programs |access-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021131936/https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs//programs-and-initiatives/faculty-resources-advancement/faculty-handbook-sections/brief-history.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| parent = [[University of California]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Land-grant university|land-grant]] [[research university]]
| endowment = $2.9 billion ([[Fiscal year|FY]]2023)<br />(Berkeley only)<ref name=NACUBO>As of June 30, 2023. {{cite web |url=https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL.xlsx |title=U.S. and Canadian 2023 NCSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2023 Endowment Market Value, Change in Market Value from FY22 to FY23, and FY23 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student |date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) |access-date=January 7, 2025 |format=XLSX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180252/https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL.xlsx |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=UCOP>As of June 30, 2023. {{cite web |url=https://www.ucop.edu/investment-office/investment-reports/annual-reports/annual-endwoment-report-fy-2022-2023.pdf |title=University of California Annual Endowment Report - Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023 |date=November 13, 2023 |website=Office of the President |publisher=[[Regents of the University of California]] |access-date=January 7, 2025 }}</ref><br />$4.5 billion (FY2023)<br />([[Regents of the University of California|Regents]] portion)<ref name=UCOP/>{{efn|Endowment assets held and administered by the Regents of the University of California for the benefit of the university.}}
| chancellor = [[Rich Lyons|Richard Lyons]]
| provost = [[Benjamin E. Hermalin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Home {{!}} Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost |url=https://evcp.berkeley.edu/ |access-date=July 7, 2022 |website=evcp.berkeley.edu}}</ref>
| students = 45,307 (fall 2022)<ref name="Enrollment">{{cite web |title=UC Berkeley Quick Facts |url=https://opa.berkeley.edu/campus-data/uc-berkeley-quick-facts |publisher=UC Berkeley Office of Planning and Analysis |access-date=October 21, 2021}}</ref>
| undergrad = 32,479 (fall 2022)<ref name="Enrollment" />
| postgrad = 12,828 (fall 2022)<ref name="Enrollment" />
| total_staff = 23,524 (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cityofberkeley.info/City_Manager/Home/AB__What_We_Do.aspx |title=About Berkeley: What We Do |access-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170547/https://www.cityofberkeley.info/City_Manager/Home/AB__What_We_Do.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| city = [[Berkeley, California]]
| state =
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q168756|region:US-CA_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Core central: {{convert|178|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Berkeley&s=all&id=110635 |title=College Navigator – University of California-Berkeley |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://facilities.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/2019_uc_berkeley_zero_waste_plan_final.pdf |title=UC Berkeley Zero Waste Plan |publisher=University of California-Berkeley |page=5 |date=September 2019 |access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref><br /> [[suburban|Large suburb]]: {{convert|8164|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}}<ref name="UCAnnualReport">{{Cite web |title=University of California 21/22 Annual Financial Report |url=https://finreports.universityofcalifornia.edu/index.php?file=/21-22/annual-financial-report-2022.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2023 |publisher=University of California |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523194231/https://finreports.universityofcalifornia.edu/index.php?file=/21-22/annual-financial-report-2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| former_names = University of California (1868–1958)
| colors = {{color box|#003262}} [[Shades of blue#Berkeley blue|Berkeley Blue]] <br> {{color box|#FDB515}} [[Gold (color)#California (Berkeley) Gold|<!-- Please read the attached source before changing; while the color is often shortened to "gold", the source lists "California Gold". -->California Gold]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Palettes |url=http://brand.berkeley.edu/colors/ |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |work=Berkeley Brand Guidelines |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref>
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]]|[[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation|MPSF]]|[[America East Conference|America East]]|[[Intercollegiate Rowing Association|IRA]]}}
| sports_nickname = [[California Golden Bears|Golden Bears]]
| mascot = [[Oski the Bear]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist
|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Association of Pacific Rim Universities|APRU]]|[[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]}}
| free_label = Newspaper
| free = ''[[The Daily Californian]]''
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
The '''University of California, Berkeley''' ('''UC Berkeley''', '''Berkeley''', '''Cal''', or '''California''')<ref name="Trademark2">{{cite web |title=Trademark Use Guidelines and Requirements |url=https://bcbp.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/TrademarkGuidelinesAndRequirements0102207.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2018 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="BrandManual2">{{cite book |url=https://brand.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Berkeley-Brand-Manual-accessible.pdf |title=The Berkeley Brand Manual |date=June 2019 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley: Office of Communications and Public Affairs |___location=Berkeley |page=34 |chapter=Our Name |access-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607102255/https://brand.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Berkeley-Brand-Manual-accessible.pdf |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Public university|public]] [[Land-grant university|land-grant]] [[research university]] in [[Berkeley, California]], United States. Founded in 1868 and named after the [[Anglo-Irish]] philosopher [[George Berkeley]], it is the state's first [[land-grant university]] and is the founding campus of the [[University of California]] system.<ref name="UCBDiscoveries">{{cite web |title=History & discoveries |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/about/history-discoveries |access-date=November 7, 2016 |website=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref>
Berkeley has an enrollment of more than 45,000 students. The university is organized around fifteen schools of study on the same campus, including the [[UC Berkeley College of Chemistry|College of Chemistry]], the [[UC Berkeley College of Engineering|College of Engineering]], [[UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science|College of Letters and Science]], and the [[Haas School of Business]]. It is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web|title=Carnegie Classifications: University of California-Berkeley|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=110635 |publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] was originally founded as part of the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Berkeley Lab: What's in a Name?|url=https://www.lbl.gov/about/history/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=www.lbl.gov |language=en}}</ref>
Berkeley was a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]] and was one of the original eight "[[Public Ivy]]" schools. In 2021, the federal funding for campus research and development exceeded $1 billion.<ref name="R&D2">{{cite web |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Table 20. Campus funding for sponsored research tops $1 billion for first time |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2021/08/16/campus-funding-for-sponsored-research-tops-1-billion-for-first-time/ |access-date=August 16, 2021 |publisher=Berkeley News}}</ref> Thirty-two libraries also compose the [[University of California, Berkeley Libraries|Berkeley library system]] which is the [[List of largest libraries in the United States#Largest research libraries|sixth largest research library by number of volumes held]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Berkeley Library Facts |url=https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/files/UCBLibraryFacts.pdf |website=www.lib.berkeley.edu |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701013656/https://www.lib.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/files/UCBLibraryFacts.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 12, 1997 |title=New addition to UC Berkeley Main Library dedicated to former UC President David Gardner |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/gard.html |access-date=June 8, 2012 |publisher=Berkeley.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 7, 2006 |title=The Nation's Largest Libraries |url=https://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125040025/https://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22 |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |website=American Library Association}}</ref>
Berkeley students compete in thirty [[Varsity team|varsity]] athletic sports, and the university is one of eighteen full-member institutions in the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC). Berkeley's athletic teams, the [[California Golden Bears]], have also won 107 national championships, 196 individual national titles, and [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|223 Olympic medals]] (including 121 gold).<ref>{{Cite web |title=California Golden Bears Olympic Medals |url=https://calbears.com/sports/2013/4/17/208193984.aspx |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=University of California Golden Bears Athletics |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cal National Champions |url=https://calbears.com/sports/2013/4/17/208216519.aspx |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=University of California Golden Bears Athletics |language=en}}</ref> Berkeley's [[List of University of California, Berkeley alumni|alumni]], [[List of University of California, Berkeley faculty|faculty, and researchers]] include 59 [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Berkeley's Nobel laureates |url=https://inspire.berkeley.edu/get-inspired/nobels/ |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=UC Berkeley Inspire}}</ref> and 19 [[Academy Award]] winners,<ref name="Berkeley Law Alumni22">{{cite web |date=February 26, 2012 |title=Berkeley Law Distinguished Alumni |url=https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/UC-Berkeley-law-school-distinguished-alumni-3361119.php |website=sfgate.com}}</ref> and the university is also a producer of [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Rhodes Scholars Over Time |url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/ |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=November 23, 2020 |website=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=November 2, 2020 |website=www.marshallscholarship.org}}</ref> and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Producers |url=https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=us.fulbrightonline.org}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Berkeley glade afternoon.jpg|thumb|right|View from Memorial Glade of [[Sather Tower]] (the Campanile), the center of Berkeley]]
[[File:CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg|thumb|Sather Tower (the Campanile) looking out over [[San Francisco Bay]] and [[Mount Tamalpais]]]]
{{Main|History of the University of California, Berkeley}}
=== Founding ===
Made possible by [[Abraham Lincoln|President Lincoln]]'s signing of the [[Morrill Act]] in 1862, the University of California was founded in 1868 as the state's first land-grant university, inheriting the land and facilities of the private [[College of California]] and the federal-funding eligibility of a public agricultural, mining, and mechanical arts college.<ref name="Stadtman">{{cite book|last1=Stadtman|first1=Verne A.|title=The University of California, 1868–1968|url=https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad|url-access=registration|date=1970|publisher=McGraw-Hill|___location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/34 34]}}</ref> The Organic Act states that the "University shall have for its design, to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science, literature and art, industrial and professional pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions."<ref>{{cite web|title=History of UC Berkeley|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|url=http://berkeley.edu/about/hist/index.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123024409/http://berkeley.edu/about/hist/index.shtml|archive-date=November 23, 2010|quote=Founded in the wake of the gold rush by leaders of the newly established 31st state, the University of California's flagship campus at Berkeley has become one of the preeminent universities in the world.|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Berdahl|first=Robert|author-link=Robert M. Berdahl|date=October 8, 1998|title=The Future of Flagship Universities|url=http://cio.chance.berkeley.edu/chancellor/sp/flagship.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120058/http://cio.chance.berkeley.edu/chancellor/sp/flagship.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2011|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|quote=The issue I want to talk about tonight is the future of "flagship" universities, institutions like the University of Texas at Austin, or Texas A&M at College Station, or the University of California, Berkeley. This is not an easy topic to talk about for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the fact that those of us in "systems" of higher education are frequently actively discouraged from using the term "flagship" to refer to our campuses because it is seen as hurtful to the self-esteem of colleagues at other institutions in our systems.}}</ref>
Ten faculty members and forty male students made up the fledgling university when it opened in Oakland in 1869.<ref>{{cite web|title=A brief history of the University of California|url=https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs//programs-and-initiatives/faculty-resources-advancement/faculty-handbook-sections/brief-history.html|access-date=August 23, 2020|publisher=University of California Office of the President|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021131936/https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs//programs-and-initiatives/faculty-resources-advancement/faculty-handbook-sections/brief-history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Frederick H. Billings|Frederick Billings]], a trustee of the College of California, suggested that a new campus site north of Oakland be named in honor of [[Anglo-Irish]] philosopher [[George Berkeley]].<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |url=http://berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter2.html|work=Berkeley, A City in History|author=Wollenberg, Charles|year=2002|title=Chapter 2: Tale of Two Towns|publisher=Berkeley Public Library|access-date=June 6, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612053620/http://www.berkeleypubliclibrary.org/system/Chapter2.html|archive-date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> The university began admitting women the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://campusclimate.berkeley.edu/students/centers-educational-justice-community-engagement/gender-equity-resource-center/resources|title=A History of Women at Cal {{!}} Campus Climate, Community Engagement & Transformation|website=Campus Climate at Berkeley|language=en|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref> In 1870, [[Henry Durant]], founder of the College of California, became its first president. With the completion of North and [[South Hall (UC Berkeley)|South Halls]] in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley ___location with 167 male and 22 female students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4v19n9zb;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00459&toc.depth=1&toc.id=div00015&brand=calisphere|title=The Centennial of The University of California, 1868–1968|access-date=June 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sunsite">{{cite web|url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/campuses/ucb/overview.html|title=University of California History Digital Archives|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> The first female student to graduate was in 1874, admitted in the first class to include women in 1870.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Mackenzie|date=2018|title=Celebrating Women at Rausser College, Past & Present|url=https://nature.berkeley.edu/150/celebrating-cnr-women|access-date=March 13, 2021|website=College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley}}</ref>
Beginning in 1891, [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]] funded several programs and new buildings and, in 1898, sponsored an international competition in [[Antwerp]], where French architect [[Émile Bénard]] submitted the winning design for a campus master plan.
=== 20th century ===
[[File:Robert McNamara official portrait.jpg|[[Robert McNamara]], BA 1937|thumb|upright]]
In 1905, the University Farm was established near [[Sacramento]], ultimately becoming the [[University of California, Davis]].<ref name="ucb_about">{{cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/about/history/|publisher=UC Berkeley|title=About UC Berkeley – History|access-date=November 30, 2008 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905155320/http://www.berkeley.edu/about/history|archive-date=September 5, 2008}}</ref> In 1919, the Los Angeles branch of the [[California State Normal School]] became the southern branch of the university, which ultimately became the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/campuses/ucla/index.html|title=University of California History Digital Archives: Los Angeles General History.|last1=Douglass|first1=John|last2=Thomas|first2=Sally|website=www.lib.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref> By the 1920s, the number of campus buildings in Berkeley had grown substantially and included twenty structures designed by architect [[John Galen Howard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/multimedia/2003/03/jgh/index.shtml |title=John Galen Howard and the design of the ''City of Learning,'' the UC Berkeley campus|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=December 24, 2010}}</ref> In 1917, one of the nation's first [[ROTC]] programs was established at Berkeley<ref>{{cite web|url=http://army.berkeley.edu/|title=History of Army ROTC|website=UC Berkeley Army ROTC|access-date=July 18, 2016}}</ref> and its School of Military Aeronautics began training pilots, including [[Jimmy Doolittle]]. In 1926, future [[Fleet Admiral (United States)|Fleet Admiral]] [[Chester W. Nimitz]] established the first [[Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps|Naval ROTC]] unit at Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/USN-Act/CA.html|title=U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State|publisher=Patrick Clancey|access-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref> Berkeley ROTC alumni include former Secretary of Defense [[Robert McNamara]], Army Chief of Staff [[Frederick C. Weyand]], sixteen other [[general officers in the United States|general officers]], ten Navy [[flag officer]]s, and AFROTC alumna Captain [[Theresa Claiborne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://army.berkeley.edu/alumni/|title=Alumni|website=army.berkeley.edu|access-date=August 18, 2020|archive-date=May 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503154957/http://army.berkeley.edu/alumni/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In the 1930s, [[Ernest Lawrence|Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] helped establish the Radiation Laboratory (now [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]) and invented the [[cyclotron]], which won him the Nobel physics prize in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> Using the cyclotron, Berkeley professors and Berkeley Lab researchers went on to discover sixteen [[chemical elements]]—more than any other university in the world.<ref name="LBL elements">{{cite web|url=http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/new-elements-here.html|title=Chemical Elements Discovered at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|date=June 7, 1999|publisher=Lbl.gov|access-date=March 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Periodic table">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/spring-2014-branding/branding-elements-berkeley-stakes-its-claims-periodic-table|title=Branding the Elements: Berkeley Stakes its Claims on the Periodic Table|website=Cal Alumni Association|access-date=March 7, 2016|date=March 20, 2014}}</ref> In particular, during World War II and following [[Glenn T. Seaborg|Glenn Seaborg]]'s then-secret discovery of plutonium, Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory began to contract with the U.S. Army to develop the atomic bomb. Physics professor [[Robert Oppenheimer|J. Robert Oppenheimer]] was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/mp/chronology.shtml|title=Manhattan Project Chronology|publisher=atomicarchive.com|access-date=November 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030013430/http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/mp/chronology.shtml|archive-date=October 30, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atomicheritage.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=205|title=Atomic History – Early Government Support|publisher=[[Atomic Heritage Foundation]]|access-date=November 30, 2008|archive-date=January 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104013134/http://www.atomicheritage.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=292&Itemid=205|url-status=dead}}</ref> Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley founded and was then a partner in managing two other labs, [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (1943) and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (1952).
[[File:Free-Speech-Cloud-Film.webm|thumb|thumbtime=50|start=50|end=102|The "Bodies Upon the Gears" speech (also known as "Operation of the Machine") given by [[Mario Savio]] on the steps of Sproul Hall in 1964]]
In 1952, the [[University of California]] reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus given a chancellor, and [[Clark Kerr]] became Berkeley's first chancellor, while [[Robert Gordon Sproul|Robert Sproul]] remained in place as the president of the University of California.<ref name="Presidents" /> Berkeley gained a worldwide reputation for [[1960s Berkeley protests|political activism]] in the 1960s. In 1964, the [[Free Speech Movement]] organized student resistance to the university's restrictions on political activities on campus—most conspicuously, student activities related to the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="Berkeley 60s">{{cite web |url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/60s.html |title=Days of Cal – Berkeley in the 60s |access-date=November 30, 2008 |archive-date=June 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622152249/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/60s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.admitsee.com/blog/10-fun-facts-about-uc-berkeley|title=10 Fun Facts about UC Berkeley {{!}} AdmitSee|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref>
The arrest in Sproul Plaza of [[Jack Weinberg]], a recent Berkeley alumnus and chair of Campus [[Congress of Racial Equality|CORE]], prompted a series of student-led acts of formal remonstrance and civil disobedience that ultimately gave rise to the Free Speech Movement, which movement would prevail and serve as a precedent for student [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition]] to America's involvement in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Robert|date=Dec 2015|title=Teaching about the Berkeley Free Speech Movement|url=http://www.fsm-a.org/FSM%20Documents/TeachingFSM%20by%20Robert%20Cohen.pdf|journal=National Council for the Social Studies—Social Education|volume=75|issue=5|pages=301–308|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fsm.berkeley.edu/|title=Berkeley FSM {{!}} Free Speech Movement 50th Anniversary|website=fsm.berkeley.edu|language=en-US|access-date=January 19, 2017|archive-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808121625/http://fsm.berkeley.edu/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://picturethis.museumca.org/timeline/unforgettable-change-1960s/free-speech-movement/info|title=Unforgettable Change: 1960s: Free Speech Movement & The New American Left {{!}} Picture This|website=picturethis.museumca.org|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2017}}</ref> In 1982, the [[Mathematical Sciences Research Institute]] (MSRI) was established on campus with support from the [[National Science Foundation]] and at the request of three Berkeley mathematicians—[[Shiing-Shen Chern]], [[Calvin C. Moore|Calvin Moore]], and [[Isadore Singer|Isadore M. Singer]]. The institute is now widely regarded as a leading center for collaborative mathematical research, drawing thousands of visiting researchers from around the world each year.<ref name="MSRI history" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msri.org/web/msri/about-msri/our-mission|title=Mathematical Sciences Research Institute|last=MSRI|website=www.msri.org|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ams.org/programs/diversity/ProgramDescription_MSRI_2012v2.pdf|title=MSRI|website=AMS|access-date=August 18, 2017|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809172945/http://www.ams.org/programs/diversity/ProgramDescription_MSRI_2012v2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== 21st century ===
In the current century, Berkeley has become less politically active, although more liberal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Bonnie Azab |date=January 24, 2005 |title=Berkeley freshmen are more liberal and less religious than their national counterparts – but survey finds their views are closer than labels suggest |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/01/24_freshmen.shtml |access-date=February 29, 2008 |publisher=UC Berkeley News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/09/elec04.berkeley/|title=Examining Berkeley's liberal legacy|last=Doty|first=Meriah|date=February 5, 2004|newspaper=CNN|access-date=February 20, 2008}}</ref> Democrats outnumber Republicans on the faculty by a ratio of nine to one, which is a ratio similar to that of American academia generally.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tierney |first=John |date=November 18, 2004 |title=Republicans Outnumbered in Academia, Studies Find |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/18/education/18faculty.html |access-date=January 16, 2008}}</ref> The school has become more focused on [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] disciplines and fundraising.<ref name="FundBerkeley">{{cite web|url=https://vca.berkeley.edu/news/berkeley-celebrates-record-breaking-year-fundraising|title=Berkeley celebrates record-breaking year in fundraising|website=vca.berkeley.edu|date=July 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Giving to Colleges Rises|publisher=Inside Higher Ed|date=February 6, 2018 |url= https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/02/06/personal-giving-pushes-donations-colleges-and-universities-new-level-2017/}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=20 Elite Universities Received 28% of College Donations Last Year|publisher=[[MarketWatch]]|date=February 20, 2019 |url= https://www.marketwatch.com/story/these-20-colleges-took-in-28-of-donations-to-universities-last-year-they-educate-16-of-undergrads-2019-02-11/}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Energy Biosciences Institute]] was established with funding from [[BP]] and Stanley Hall, a research facility and headquarters for the [[California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences]], opened. Supported by a grant from alumnus [[Jim Simons]], the [[Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing]] was established in 2012. In 2015, Berkeley and its sister campus, [[UCSF]], established the [[Innovative Genomics Institute]] to develop [[CRISPR gene editing]], and, in 2020, an anonymous donor pledged $252 million to help fund a new center for computing and data science. For the 2020 fiscal year, Berkeley set a fundraising record, receiving over $1 billion in gifts and pledges, and two years later, it broke that record, raising over $1.2 billion.<ref>{{citation |title=Major Gifts to Higher Education|publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=March 3, 2020 |url= https://www.chronicle.com/article/Major-Private-Gifts-to-Higher/128264/}}</ref><ref name="FundBerkeley" /><ref>{{cite report|title=Annual Report on University Private Support: 2019–20|publisher=University of California, Office of the President|___location=Oakland, CA|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Annual Report on University Private Support: 2021–22|publisher=University of California, Office of the President|___location=Oakland, CA|page=18}}</ref>
=== Controversies ===
* Various research ethics, human rights, and animal rights advocates have been in conflict with Berkeley. [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] contended with the school over repatriation of remains from the [[Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Paddock |first=Richard |date=January 12, 2008 |title=Native Americans Say Berkeley Is No Place for Their Ancestors |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jan-13-me-bones13-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116095203/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-adme-bones13jan13,0,2942194.story |archive-date=January 16, 2008 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=December 23, 2020}} [http://pages.ucsd.edu/~rfrank/class_web/UnivHouse/UCBs%20bones%20of%20contention.pdf Alternate URL].</ref> Student activists have urged the university to cut financial ties with [[Tyson Foods]] and [[PepsiCo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2021 |title=Activists hold graphic protest against university's Tyson Foods contract |url=https://sfbayca.com/2021/08/25/uc-berkeley-animal-protest/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=SFBay |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sairam |first1=Amudha |last2=Finman |first2=Kate |date=October 30, 2020 |title=ASUC Senate promotes student advocacy initiatives |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/30/asuc-senate-promotes-student-advocacy-initiatives/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate University: How Pour Out Pepsi is Democratizing UC Berkeley |url=https://theleaflet.org/home-1/pour-out-pepsi |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Leaflet |date=April 28, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Faculty member [[Ignacio Chapela]] prominently criticized the university's financial ties to [[Novartis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burress |first=Charles |date=May 21, 2005 |title=BERKELEY / Embattled UC teacher is granted tenure / Critic of campus' ties with biotech lost initial bid |url=https://www.sfgate.com/education/article/BERKELEY-Embattled-UC-teacher-is-granted-tenure-2669634.php |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref> [[PETA]] has challenged the university's use of animals for research and argued that it may violate the [[Animal Welfare Act of 1966|Animal Welfare Act]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Anna Armstrong|date=May 17, 2022 |title='Unchecked pain and misery': PETA files complaint against campus labs |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2022/05/16/unchecked-pain-and-misery-peta-files-complaint-against-berkeley-labs/ |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Dehydrated monkeys with "sunken eyes" found suffering at UC Berkeley lab |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dehydrated-monkeys-sunken-eyes-suffering-berkeley-lab-1717504 |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>
* Cal's [[California Memorial Stadium|Memorial Stadium]] reopened in September 2012 after renovations. The university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt for the stadium and a new $153 million student athletic center, which it financed with the sale of special stadium endowment seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/ncaaf-dr-saturday/cal-stadium-renovation-leaves-school-huge-debt-pay-173428997.html|title=Cal's new stadium renovation leaves school with huge debt to pay off|last=Schwab|first=Frank|date=June 17, 2013|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|access-date=June 28, 2013|archive-date=June 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624091459/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/ncaaf-dr-saturday/cal-stadium-renovation-leaves-school-huge-debt-pay-173428997.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20 percent of Cal's athletics' budget; principal repayment begins in 2032 and is scheduled to conclude in 2113.<ref name="Debt">{{cite news |last=Asimov |first=Nanette |date=June 17, 2013 |title=Cal scrambling to cover stadium bill |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/collegesports/article/Cal-scrambling-to-cover-stadium-bill-4604221.php |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=July 20, 2013}}</ref>
* On May 1, 2014, Berkeley was named one of fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the [[U.S. Department of Education]]'s [[Office of Civil Rights]] "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by the [[White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=U.S. Department of Education Releases List of Higher Education Institutions with Open Title IX Sexual Violence Investigations |url=http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-releases-list-higher-education-institutions-open-title-i |publisher=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> Investigations continued into 2016, with hundreds of pages of records released in April 2016, showing a pattern of documented sexual harassment and firings of non-tenured staff.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/06/uc-berkeley-staff-sexual-harassment-scandal |title=Disturbing details of sexual harassment scandal at UC Berkeley revealed in files|author=Sam Levin|work=The Guardian|date=April 6, 2016}}</ref>
* On July 25, 2019, Berkeley was removed from the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking|''U.S. News'' Best Colleges Ranking]] for misreporting statistics. Berkeley had originally reported that its two-year average alumni giving rate for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 was 11.6 percent, ''[[U.S. News & World Report|U.S. News]]'' said. The school later told ''U.S. News'' the correct average alumni giving rate for the 2016 fiscal year was just 7.9 percent. The school incorrectly overstated its alumni giving data to ''U.S. News'' since at least 2014. The alumni giving rate accounts for five percent of the Best Colleges ranking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uc-berkeley-and-four-other-schools-removed-from-best-colleges-list-for-misreporting-statistics/ |last=O'Kane | first=Caitlin | title=UC Berkeley and four other schools removed from Best Colleges list for misreporting statistics|work=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US|access-date=July 30, 2019 | date=July 29, 2019}}</ref>
* Berkeley community members have criticized UC Berkeley's increasing enrollment. Berkeley residents filed a lawsuit alleging that the university's expanding enrollment violated [[California Environmental Quality Act]] and that the area lacked the infrastructure to support more students.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |date=April 28, 2022 |title=A Clash Over Housing Pits U.C. Berkeley Against Its Neighbors |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-clash-over-housing-pits-uc-berkeley-against-its-neighbors |access-date=May 26, 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> Critics of the lawsuit accused these community members of [[NIMBYism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowrey |first=Annie |date=February 26, 2022 |title=NIMBYism Reaches Its Apotheosis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/02/uc-berkeley-university-enrollment-nimby/622927/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gohlke |first=Josh |date=February 17, 2022 |title=UC Berkeley enrollment freeze shows CA NIMBYism run amok |url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/article258438388.html |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Sacramento Bee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Demsas |first=Jerusalem |date=May 24, 2022 |title=The People Who Hate People |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/population-growth-housing-climate-change/629952/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, a judge from the [[Superior Court of Alameda County]] ruled in favor of the residents, and on March 3, 2022, the [[California Supreme Court]] also ruled in favor of the residents, saying that the university needed to freeze its admission rates at 2020–2021 levels.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levenson |first=Michael |date=March 3, 2022 |title=U.C. Berkeley Must Freeze Enrollment, California Supreme Court Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/us/uc-berkeley-admissions-enrollment.html |access-date=May 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On March 11, 2022, state legislators released a proposal to change CEQA to exempt the university from its restrictions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hubler |first=Shawn |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Legislators Find Way to Let U.C. Berkeley Increase Its Enrollment |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/us/berkeley-enrollment-ceqa.html |access-date=May 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On March 14, Gavin Newsom signed the bill into law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Reid |date=March 15, 2022 |title=California Gov. Newsom raises UC Berkeley enrollment cap |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/598222-california-gov-newsom-raises-uc-berkeley-enrollment-cap/ |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> Berkeley has continued to face a housing shortage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=UC Berkeley housing shortage leaves students scrambling |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/06/21/uc-berkeley-housing-shortage-leaves-students-scrambling |access-date=June 23, 2022 |website=East Bay Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
*In February 2025, [[Leo Terrell]], the head of the Trump administration's [[Antisemitism in the United States#Efforts to combat antisemitism|Task Force to Combat Antisemitism]], announced that he would investigate Berkeley as part of the Department of Justice's broader investigation into [[Universities and antisemitism|antisemitism on college campuses]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the former Democrat leading Trump's charge against 10 universities |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/23/leo-terrell-trump-universities-harvard-00368352 |work=Politico |date=May 23, 2025}}</ref>
== Organization and administration ==
=== Name ===
Officially named the "University of California, Berkeley" it is often shortened to "Berkeley" in general reference or in an academic context ([[UC Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley Law]], [[UC Berkeley College of Engineering|Berkeley Engineering]], [[Haas School of Business|Berkeley Haas]], [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health|Berkeley Public Health]]) and to "California" or "Cal" particularly when referring to its athletic teams ([[California Golden Bears]]).<ref name="Trademark">{{cite web |title=Trademark Use Guidelines and Requirements |url=https://bcbp.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/TrademarkGuidelinesAndRequirements0102207.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2018 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="BrandManual">{{cite book |url=https://brand.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Berkeley-Brand-Manual-accessible.pdf |title=The Berkeley Brand Manual |date=June 2019 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley: Office of Communications and Public Affairs |___location=Berkeley |page=34 |chapter=Our Name |access-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607102255/https://brand.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Berkeley-Brand-Manual-accessible.pdf |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial Style Guide|url=https://campaignidentity.berkeley.edu/language/editorial-style-guide/|access-date=June 26, 2020|website=Light the Way: The Campaign for Berkeley|language=en|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626173510/https://campaignidentity.berkeley.edu/language/editorial-style-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Governance ===
The University of California is governed by a twenty-six member [[Regents of the University of California|Board of Regents]], eighteen of whom are appointed by the [[Governor of California]] to 12-year terms. The board also has seven ''[[ex officio]]'' members, a student regent, and a non-voting student regent-designate.<ref name="Governance">{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/aboutuc/governance.html|title=About UC – Shared Governance|publisher=The University of California|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204194008/https://universityofcalifornia.edu/aboutuc/governance.html|archive-date=December 4, 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> Prior to 1952, Berkeley was the University of California, so the university president was also Berkeley's chief executive. In 1952, the university reorganized itself into a system of semi-autonomous campuses, with each campus having its own chief executive, a chancellor, who would, in turn, report to the president of the university system. Twelve vice-chancellors report directly to Berkeley's chancellor, and the deans of the fifteen colleges and schools report to the executive vice chancellor and provost, Berkeley's chief academic officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/admin/pdf/senior.pdf|title=Organizational Chart – Senior Administration|publisher=UC Berkeley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217080423/http://www.berkeley.edu/admin/pdf/senior.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=November 30, 2008}}</ref> Twenty-three presidents and chancellors have led Berkeley since its founding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chancellor.berkeley.edu/chancellors|title=Past Chancellors|website= berkeley.edu}}</ref><ref name="Presidents">{{cite web |title=UC Presidents |url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/overview/presidents/index2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309090025/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/overview/presidents/index2.html |archive-date=March 9, 2009 |access-date=November 30, 2008 |publisher=University of California History Digital Archives}}</ref>
{|
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|
Presidents
*1868–1869 [[Henry Durant]]
*1869–1870 [[John LeConte]]
*1870–1872 [[Henry Durant]]
*1872–1875 [[Daniel Coit Gilman]]
*1875–1881 [[John LeConte]]
*1881–1885 [[W.T. Reid]]
*1885–1888 [[Edward S. Holden]]
*1888–1890 [[Horace Davis]]
*1890–1899 [[Martin Kellogg]]
*1899–1919 [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]]
*1919–1923 [[David Prescott Barrows]]
*1923–1930 [[William Wallace Campbell]]
*1930–1952 [[Robert Gordon Sproul]]
|style="vertical-align:top"|
Chancellors
*1952–1958 [[Clark Kerr]]
*1958–1961 [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]
*1961–1965 [[Edward W. Strong]]
*1965–1965 [[Martin E. Meyerson]] (acting)
*1965–1971 [[Roger Heyns]]
*1971–1980 [[Albert H. Bowker]]
*1980–1990 [[Ira Michael Heyman]]
*1990–1997 [[Chang-Lin Tien]]
*1997–2004 [[Robert M. Berdahl]]
*2004–2013 [[Robert J. Birgeneau]]
*2013–2017 [[Nicholas B. Dirks]]
*2017–2024 [[Carol T. Christ]]
*2024–present [[Richard Lyons (business professor)|Richard Lyons]]
|}
=== Funding ===
{{See also|University of California finances}}
With the exception of government contracts, public support is apportioned to Berkeley and the other campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President and accounts for 12 percent of Berkeley's total revenues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2013/02/20/uc-berkeley-looks-to-philanthropy/|title=UC Berkeley looks to philanthropy in place of state funding|last=Berryhill|first=Alex|date=February 20, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Californian]]|access-date=February 27, 2019}}</ref> Berkeley has benefited from private philanthropy and alumni and their foundations have given to the university for operations and capital expenditures with the more prominent being [[J. Paul Getty]], [[Ann Getty]], [[Sanford Diller]], [[Donald Fisher]], [[Flora Lamson Hewlett]], David Schwartz ([[Bio-Rad]]) and members of the Haas ([[Walter A. Haas]], [[Rhoda Haas Goldman]], [[Walter A. Haas Jr.]], [[Peter E. Haas]], [[Bob Haas]]) family.<ref name="IHE">{{cite news|author=Marjorie Valbrun|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/02/berkeley-launches-ambitious-6-billion-fundraising-campaign|title=Berkeley launches ambitious $6-billion fundraising campaign|website=Inside Higher Ed|date=March 2, 2020}}</ref>
Berkeley has also benefited from benefactors beyond its alumni ranks, notable among which are [[Mark Zuckerberg]] and [[Priscilla Chan]]; [[Vitalik Buterin]], [[Patrick Collison]], [[John Collison]], the [[Ron Conway]] family, [[Daniel Gross (software entrepreneur)|Daniel Gross]], [[Dustin Moskovitz]] and [[Cari Tuna]], along with [[Jane Street Capital|Jane Street]] principals; [[BP]]; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, billionaire [[Li Ka-Shing|Sir Li Ka-Shing]], Israeli-Russian billionaire [[Yuri Milner]], [[Thomas Siebel|Thomas and Stacey Siebel]], [[Sanford I. Weill|Sanford and Joan Weill]], and professor [[Gordon Rausser]] ($50 million gift in 2020).<ref name="IHE" /> Hundreds of millions of dollars have been given anonymously.<ref>*{{cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2021/12/15/arc-institute-stripe-michael-moritz-moskovitz.html|title=New Institute will fund Stanford, Berkeley, UCSF scientists targeting complex human diseases|newspaper=San Francisco Business Times|author=Ron Leuty|date=December 15, 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2018/07/22/uc-berkeley-sets-fundraising-record-569m-donations-2017-18-fiscal-year/|title=UC Berkeley sets fundraising record at $569M in donations during 2017–18 fiscal year|newspaper=Daily Californian|access-date=July 22, 2018}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/2020/02/29/uc-berkeley-launches-light-the-way-fundraising-campaign-aims-for-6b//|title=Berkeley launches 'Light the Way' fundraising campaign, aims for $6 Billion|newspaper=Daily Californian|access-date=February 29, 2020}}
*{{cite news|author=Kathleen Chaykowski|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2016/09/21/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-invests-3-billion-to-cure-disease/?sh=2b406ef51d59|title=Chan Zuckerberg Iinitiative invests $3 billion to cure disease|website=Forbes|date=September 21, 2016}}
*{{cite web|author=Rick DelVecchio, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer|url=https://www.sfgate.com/green/article/BERKELEY-Cal-sees-BP-deal-as-landmark-2619983.php|title=Berkeley/Cal sees BP deal as landmark/Research could lead more quickly to making alternative fuel a reality|website=SFGATE.com|date=February 2, 2007}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/committed-grants|title=Committed grants|website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|access-date=September 3, 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.ucop.edu/institutional-advancement/_files/annual-reports/2019.pdf|title=University of California Annual Report on University Private Support|date=November 13, 2019|website=University of California Office of the President|access-date=November 18, 2019}}
*{{cite news|author=Cromwell Schubarth|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/blog/techflash/2015/07/facebook-twitter-investor-bankrolls-100m-berkeley.html|title=Facebook Twitter nvestor bankrolls $100M Berkeley search for life in space|website=Silicon Valley Business Journal|date=July 20, 2015}}
*{{cite news|url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/uc-berkeley-receives-40-million-from-li-ka-shing-foundation|title=UC Berkeley Receives $40 million from Li Ka Shing Foundation|website=Philanthropy News Digest|date=June 25, 2005}}
*{{cite news|url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/06/23_lks.shtml |title=$40-million gift from Li Ka-Shing Foundation boosts health science research |author=Sanders, Robert |publisher=UC Berkeley Media Relations |date=June 23, 2005 |access-date=May 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405140516/http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/06/23_lks.shtml |archive-date=April 5, 2012 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news|author=Julia Cooper|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/subscriber-only/2020/11/13/largest-contributors-to-uc-berkeley.html|title=Largest UC Berkeley Contributors|website=San Francisco Business Times|date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> The 2008–13 "Campaign for Berkeley" raised $3.13 billion from 281,855 donors, and the "Light the Way" campaign, which concluded at the end of 2023, has raised over $6.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://campaign.berkeley.edu/|title=The Campaign for Berkeley|publisher=www.campaign.berkeley.edu}}</ref>
== Academics ==
=== Faculty and departments ===
[[File:Wheeler Hall, University of California, Berkeley.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wheeler Hall]], home to Berkeley's largest lecture hall, was the ___location of a [[Nobel Prize]] conferral during [[WWII]].]]
[[File:Hearst_Mining_Building_-_Flickr_-_Joe_Parks.jpg|thumb|The interior of the [[Hearst Memorial Mining Building|Hearst Mining Building]], dedicated by [[Phoebe Hearst]] in honor of her late husband, [[George Hearst|George]]]]
Berkeley is a large, primarily residential research university with a majority of its enrolment in undergraduate programs but also offering a comprehensive doctoral program.<ref name="Carnegie" /> The university has been [[educational accreditation|accredited]] by the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] Senior College and University Commission since 1949.<ref name="WASC">{{cite web|url=http://directory.wascsenior.org/university-california-berkeley |title=Statement of Accreditation Status: University of California at Berkeley |publisher=Western Association of Schools and Colleges |access-date=September 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927213723/http://directory.wascsenior.org/university-california-berkeley |archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref> The university operates on a [[Academic term|semester calendar]] and awarded 8,725 bachelor's, 3,286 master's or professional and 1,272 doctoral degrees in 2018–2019.<ref name="CDS2019">{{cite web|url=https://opa.berkeley.edu/campus-data/common-data-set|title=University of California, Berkeley Common Data Set 2019–2020|publisher=University of California Berkeley, Office of Planning and Analysis}}</ref>
There are 1,789 full-time and 886 part-time faculty members among the university's academic enterprise which is organized into fifteen colleges and schools that comprise 180 departments and 80 interdisciplinary units offering over 350 degree programs. Colleges serve both undergraduate and graduate students, while schools are generally graduate only, though some offer undergraduate majors or minors:
{{Div col}}
* [[UC Berkeley College of Chemistry|College of Chemistry]]
* [[UC Berkeley College of Computing, Data Science, and Society|College of Computing, Data Science, and Society]]
* [[UC Berkeley College of Engineering|College of Engineering]]
* [[UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design|College of Environmental Design]]
* [[UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science|College of Letters and Science]]
* [[Goldman School of Public Policy]]
* [[UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]]
* [[Haas School of Business]]
* [[UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources|Rausser College of Natural Resources]]
* [[UC Berkeley School of Information|School of Information]]
* [[UC Berkeley School of Education|School of Education]]
* [[UC Berkeley School of Law|School of Law]]
* [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health|School of Public Health]]
* [[UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare|School of Social Welfare]]
* [[Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science|Wertheim School of Optometry]]
* [[UC Berkeley Extension]]
{{Div col end}}
=== Undergraduate programs ===
[[File:UCB_Doe_Memorial_Library_oblique_view_dllu.jpg|thumb|[[Doe Memorial Library]]]]
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program offers 107 bachelor's degrees across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), Rausser College of Natural Resources (10), and individual majors (2).<ref name="Degree totals">{{cite web |url=http://opa.berkeley.edu/academicprograms/degreesOffered/DegProgCountByCollForWeb.pdf |title=Degrees Offered at the University of California, Berkeley |date=July 1, 2011 |publisher=Office of Planning and Analysis, UC-Berkeley |access-date=September 19, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095348/http://opa.berkeley.edu/academicprograms/degreesOffered/DegProgCountByCollForWeb.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most popular majors are [[Computer science and engineering|electrical engineering and computer sciences]], [[political science]], [[Molecular biology|molecular]] and [[cell biology]], [[environmental science]], and [[economics]].<ref name="Facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/about/fact.shtml |title=Berkeley Facts |publisher=UC Berkeley |access-date=September 19, 2013}}</ref>
Requirements for undergraduate degrees include an entry-level writing requirement before enrollment (typically fulfilled by minimum scores on standardized admissions exams such as the SAT or ACT), completing coursework on "American History and Institutions" before or after enrollment by taking an introductory class, passing an "American Cultures Breadth" class at Berkeley, as well as requirements for reading and composition and specific requirements declared by the department and school.<ref name="Undergrad requirements">{{cite web|url=http://catalog.berkeley.edu/undergrad/requirements.html |title=General Catalog – Undergraduate Degree Requirements |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=September 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912213547/http://catalog.berkeley.edu/undergrad/requirements.html |archive-date=September 12, 2013}}</ref>
=== Graduate and professional programs ===
[[File:Haas_School_of_Business_central_courtyard.JPG|thumb|[[Haas School of Business]]]]
Berkeley has a "comprehensive" graduate program, with high coexistence with the programs offered to undergraduates, and offers interdisciplinary graduate programs with the medical schools at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] and [[Stanford University]]. The university offers [[Master of Arts]], [[Master of Science]], [[Master of Fine Arts]], and [[PhD]] degrees in addition to professional degrees such as the [[Juris Doctor]], [[Master of Business Administration]], [[Master of Public Health]], and [[Master of Design]].<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guide.berkeley.edu/graduate/degree-programs/|title=Graduate Degree Programs University of California, Berkeley|website=guide.berkeley.edu|access-date=June 28, 2019}}</ref> The university awarded 963 doctoral degrees and 3,531 master's degrees in 2017.<ref name="Graduate profile">{{cite web |title=Berkeley Graduate Profile |url=http://grad.berkeley.edu/news/berkeley_graduate_profile.shtml#nrc |access-date=June 28, 2019 |publisher=UC Berkeley |archive-date=May 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220944/http://www.grad.berkeley.edu/news/berkeley_graduate_profile.shtml#nrc |url-status=dead }}</ref> Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to the department or degree program. Most graduate students are supported by fellowships, teaching assistantships, or research assistantships.<ref name="Graduate profile" />
=== Library system ===
[[File:Berkeley T-rex - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg|thumb|The on-campus [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] hosts a [[Replica|life-size replica]] of a [[T-rex]].]]
[[Doe Memorial Library|Doe Library]] serves as the [[University of California, Berkeley Libraries|Berkeley library system]]'s reference, periodical, and administrative center, while most of the main collections reside in the subterranean Gardner Main Stacks and Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The [[Bancroft Library]], which has over 400,000 printed volumes and 70 million manuscripts, pictures, and maps, maintains special collections that document the history of the western part of North America, with an emphasis on California, Mexico and Central America. The Bancroft Library also houses the Mark Twain Papers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/libraries/bancroft-library/mark-twain-papers|title=Mark Twain Papers – UC Berkeley Library|website=www.lib.berkeley.edu}}</ref> the Oral History Center,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/libraries/bancroft-library/oral-history-center|title=Oral History Center – UC Berkeley Library|website=www.lib.berkeley.edu}}</ref> the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/libraries/bancroft-library/tebtunis-papyri|title=The Center for the Tebtunis Papyri – UC Berkeley Library|website=www.lib.berkeley.edu}}</ref> and the University Archives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/libraries/bancroft-library/university-archives|title=University Archives – UC Berkeley Library|website=www.lib.berkeley.edu}}</ref>
=== Reputation and rankings ===
==== National ====
{{Infobox US university ranking
<!-- National rankings -->
| Forbes_NU = 5
| USNWR_NU = 17
| Wamo_NU = 13
| WSJ_NU = 8
<!-- Global rankings -->
| ARWU_W = 5
| QS_W = =17
| THE_W = 8
| USNWR_W = 6
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|California Golden Bears|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-california-berkeley-110635/overall-rankings |title=University of California--Berkeley - Overall Rankings |date=April 8, 2025 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=April 26, 2025 }}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Biological Sciences || 3 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Biostatistics || 7 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Business || 11 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Chemistry || 1 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Clinical Psychology || 2 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Computer Science || 2 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Earth Sciences || 3
|-
| Economics || 1 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Education || 6 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Engineering || 3
|-
| English || 1
|-
| Fine Arts || 15 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| History || 2 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Law || 13
|-
| Mathematics || 3 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Physics || 3 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Political Science || 2 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Psychology || 1 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Public Affairs || 3 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Public Health || 8 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Social Work || 4 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Sociology || 1 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Statistics || 2
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|California Golden Bears|color=white}}" |Global Subject Rankings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-california-berkeley-110635 |title=University of California Berkeley in United States - US News Best Global Universities |date=June 24, 2024 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=August 13, 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Agricultural Sciences || 123 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Artificial Intelligence || 33
|-
| Arts & Humanities || 11
|-
| Biology & Biochemistry || 5
|-
| Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology || 22
|-
| Cell Biology || 42 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Chemical Engineering || 155
|-
| Chemistry || 11
|-
| Civil Engineering || 33
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 171
|-
| Computer Science || 10
|-
| Condensed Matter Physics || 52
|-
| Ecology || 7
|-
| Economics & Business || 5
|-
| Education & Educational Research || 66
|-
| Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 72 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Energy & Fuels || 64
|-
| Engineering || 19
|-
| Environmental Engineering || 116 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Environment/Ecology || 6
|-
| Geosciences || 30
|-
| Green & Sustainable Science & Technology || 147 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Immunology || 68 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Infectious Diseases || 98
|-
| Materials Science || 22
|-
| Mathematics || 8
|-
| Mechanical Engineering || 115 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences || 57
|-
| Microbiology || 19
|-
| Molecular Biology & Genetics || 26
|-
| Nanoscience & Nanotechnology || 64
|-
| Neuroscience & Behavior || 37
|-
| Optics || 24
|-
| Physical Chemistry || 65 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Physics || 3
|-
| Plant & Animal Science || 11
|-
| Psychiatry/Psychology || 27
|-
| Public, Environmental & Occupational Health || 38
|-
| Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging || 109 <small>(tie)</small>
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 26
|-
| Space Science || 3
|-
| Water Resources || 38
|}
* In the 2024 ''[[Center for World University Rankings]] (CWUR)'' list, Berkeley was the top public university in the nation and ranked 10th overall based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, and citations.<ref name="2024CWUR">{{cite web |title=World University Rankings 2024 {{!}} Global 2000 List |url=https://cwur.org/2024.php |date=May 13, 2024 |website=Center for World University Rankings |access-date=August 13, 2024 }}</ref>
* In the 2023 ''[[Forbes]]{{'}}'' [[America's Top Colleges]] list, Berkeley was the highest ranking public school and 5th overall.<ref name="Rankings_Forbes_NU" />
* In the 2023–2024 [[U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking|''U.S. News & World Report'' Best Colleges Ranking]], Berkeley was tied for both the top public school and for 15th overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/top-public |title=2023-2024 Top Public Colleges & Universities |date=September 18, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=August 13, 2024 }}</ref>
* In the 2025 ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''/College Pulse rankings, Berkeley was the highest ranking public school and 8th overall.<ref name="Rankings_WSJ_NU" />
===
* In 2017, the [[Nature Index]] ranked the university the 9th largest contributor to papers published in 82 leading journals.<ref name="Nature Index 2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/twenty-eighteen-annual-tables-ten-institutions-that-dominated-sciences |title=10 institutions that dominated science in 2017 |date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=May 28, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Nature Index FAQs">{{cite web |url=https://www.natureindex.com/faq#introduction1 |title=Introduction to the Nature Index |access-date=May 28, 2019}}</ref>
* For 2024, the ''Center for World University Rankings (CWUR)'' ranked the university 12th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, and research performance.<ref name="2024CWUR" />
* The university was ranked 17th in the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2025 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
==== Past rankings ====
In his memoirs, [[Clark Kerr]] records Berkeley's rise in the rankings (according to the [[National academies|National Academies]]) during the 20th century. The school's first ranking in 1906 placed it among the top six schools ("Big Six") in the nation. In 1934, it ranked second, tied with [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and the [[University of Chicago]], behind only [[Harvard University|Harvard]]; in 1957, it was ranked as the only school second to Harvard. In 1964, Berkeley was named the "best balanced distinguished university", meaning the school had not only the most top departments but also the highest percentage of top ranking departments in its school. The school in 1993 was the only remaining member of the original 1906 "Big Six", along with Harvard; in that year Berkeley ranked first.<ref name="Kerr_Page_404">{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Clark |title=The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1, Academic Triumphs |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |___location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520223677 |pages=404–406 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA404 |access-date=March 23, 2024}}</ref>
The [[American Council on Education]], a private non-profit association, ranked Berkeley tenth in 1934. However, by 1942, private funding had helped Berkeley rise to second place, behind only Harvard, based on the number of distinguished departments.<ref name="Presidents" /> In 1985, [[Yale University]] admissions officer Richard Moll published ''Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities'' which named Berkeley a "[[Public Ivy]]".<ref name="JBHE2">{{cite journal |date=Autumn 2005 |title=Comparing Black Enrollments at the Public Ivies |url=http://www.jbhe.com/news_views/49_blackenrollment_publicivies.html |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |access-date=September 3, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Marthers, Dean of Admission |title=Admissions Messages vs. Admissions Realities |url=http://web.reed.edu/apply/news_and_articles/admission_messages.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221023124/http://web.reed.edu/apply/news_and_articles/admission_messages.html |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |access-date=February 9, 2008 |department=Office of Admissions |publisher=[[Reed College]]}}</ref><ref name="PublicIvys">Richard Moll in his book ''Public Ivys: A Guide to America's best public undergraduate colleges and universities'' (1985)</ref><ref name="Greenes_2001">{{cite book |last=Greene |first=Howard R. |title=The public ivies: America's flagship public universities |author2=Greene, Matthew W. |publisher=Cliff Street Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0060934590 |edition=1st |___location=New York}}</ref> Since its inaugural 1990 reputational survey, ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' has considered Berkeley to be one of the world's "six super brands" along with the [[University of Oxford]] and the [[University of Cambridge]], [[Harvard University]], [[MIT]], and [[Stanford University]].<ref name="6 top U's">{{Cite web |date=January 1, 1990 |title=Birds? Planes? No, colossal 'super-brands': Top Six Universities |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2012/reputation-ranking/analysis/top-six-6-universities |access-date=June 15, 2019 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="6 superbrands">{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2011 |title=Six 'superbrands': their reputations precede them |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/six-superbrands-their-reputations-precede-them/415436.article |access-date=June 15, 2019 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ranking 2016">{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2016 |title=World Reputation Rankings 2016: winning recognition worldwide |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-reputation-rankings-2016-winning-recognition-worldwide |access-date=June 15, 2019 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="superbrand compare">{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2016 |title=World University Rankings blog: how the 'university superbrands' compare |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/world-university-rankings-blog-how-university-superbrands-compare |access-date=June 15, 2019 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Times Rep">{{cite magazine |title=World Reputation Rankings 2018 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |magazine=Times Higher Education |access-date=June 15, 2019}}</ref>
The 2010 [[United States National Research Council Rankings]] identified Berkeley as having the highest number of top-ranked doctoral programs in the nation. Berkeley doctoral programs that received a #1 ranking included English, German, Political Science, Geography, Agricultural and Resource Economics, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Epidemiology, Plant Biology, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering.<ref>{{cite news |title=2010 Rankings: Doctoral Programs in America |newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://chronicle.com/page/NRC-Rankings/321/ |access-date=April 21, 2012}}</ref>
=== Admissions and enrollment ===
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2023
|-
! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |title=College Scorecard: University of California-Berkeley |url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?110635-University-of-California-Berkeley |publisher=[[United States Department of Education]] |access-date=May 25, 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|35|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|22|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|20|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
| [[Foreign national]]
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|11|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
| [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|6|%|2||background:violet}}
|-
| Unknown
|align=right| {{bartable|3|%|2||background:brown}}
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Economic diversity]]
|-
| [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell grant]] intended for low-income students.}}
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|27|%|2||background:red}}
|-
| [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]] or [[Middle class in the United States|middle class]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}}
|style="text-align:right"| {{bartable|73|%|2||background:black}}
|}
For Fall 2022, Berkeley's total enrollment was 45,745: 32,831 undergraduate and 12,914 graduate students, with women accounting for 56% of undergraduates and 49% of graduate and professional students. It had 128,226 freshman applicants and accepted 14,614 (11.4%). Among enrolled freshman, the average unweighted GPA was 3.90.<ref name="CDS" />
Berkeley's enrollment of [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit Scholars]] was third in the nation until 2002, when participation in the National Merit program was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/7323|title=Six UC campuses to redirect national merit funding to other merit-based scholarships|date=July 13, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134813/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/7323|archive-date=August 29, 2008|url-status=dead|publisher=University of California Newsroom}}</ref> For 2019, Berkeley ranked fourth in enrollment of recipients of the [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit $2,500 Scholarship]] (132 scholars).<ref>{{cite report|title= NMSC 2018–19 Annual Report|publisher=National Merit Scholarship Corporation|date=October 31, 2019|pages=38–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NMSC 2018–19 Annual Report|url=https://www.nationalmerit.org/s/1758/images/gid2/editor_documents/annual_report.pdf?gid=2&pgid=61&sessionid=c211e88d-8f77-40dc-8cea-f6e3d3c2f118&cc=1|publisher=National Merit Scholarship Corporation|date=October 31, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805191249/https://www.nationalmerit.org/s/1758/images/gid2/editor_documents/annual_report.pdf?gid=2&pgid=61&sessionid=c211e88d-8f77-40dc-8cea-f6e3d3c2f118&cc=1 | archive-date=August 5, 2021 }}</ref> 27% of admitted students receive federal [[Pell grant]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://financialaid.berkeley.edu/tags/pell-grant|title=Pell Grant|access-date=August 14, 2019|publisher=UC Regents}}</ref>
Berkeley students are eligible for a variety of public and private financial aid. Inquiries are processed through the Financial Aid and Scholarships Office, although schools such as the Haas School of Business<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/MBA/finaid/|title=Full-Time MBA Financial Aid – Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley|publisher=Haas.berkeley.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709093208/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/MBA/finaid/|archive-date=July 9, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref> and [[UC Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley Law]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/admissions/financial-aid/|title=Financial Aid|date=April 10, 2015|work=Berkeley Law}}</ref> have their own financial aid offices.
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="font-size:85%; margin:5px"
|+Fall Freshman Profile<ref name="CDS">{{cite web|url=https://opa.berkeley.edu/campus-data/common-data-set|title=University of California, Berkeley Common Data Set|publisher=University of California Berkeley, Office of Planning and Analysis}}</ref>
|-
! !! 2024 !! 2023 !! 2022 !! 2021 !! 2020 !! 2019 !! 2018 !! 2017 !! 2016 !! 2015 !! 2014
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Applicants
| 124,245 || 125,916 || 128,226 || 109,597 || 88,076 || 87,398 || 89,621 || 85,057 || 82,571 || 78,923 || 73,794
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Admits
| 13,714 || 14,769 || 14,614 || 15,852 || 15,448 || 14,676 || 13,308 || 14,552 || 14,429 || 13,332 || 13,338
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Admit rate
| 11.0% || 11.7% || 11.4% || 14.5% || 17.5% || 16.8% || 14.8% || 17.1% || 17.5% || 16.9% || 18.1%
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Enrolled
| 6,272 || 6,641 || 6,726 || 6,809 || 6,052 || 6,454 || 6,012 || 6,379 || 6,253 || 5,832 || 5,813
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[SAT]] {{small|(mid-50%)}}
| N/A* || N/A* || N/A* || N/A* ||1300–1520||1330–1520|| 1300–1530 || 1300–1540 || 1930–2290 || 1870–2250 || 1840–2230
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[ACT (test)|ACT]] {{small|(average)}}
| N/A* || N/A* || N/A* || N/A* || 31 || 31 || 31 || 32 || 32 || 32 || 31
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[GPA]] {{small|(unweighted)}}
| 3.90 || 3.90 ||3.90 || 3.87 || 3.86 || 3.89 || 3.89 || 3.91 || 3.86 || 3.87 || 3.85
|-
|colspan=15|<small>* Berkeley began test-blind admissions in 2021.</small>
|}
{{clear}}
== Discoveries and innovation ==
[[File:Unix history-simple.svg|thumb|alt=A simple flow chart showing the history and timeline of the development of Unix starting with one bubble at the top and 13 tributaries at the bottom of the flow |Simplified evolution of [[Unix]] systems and [[BSD]] [[Fork (software development)|forks]]]]
=== Natural sciences ===
* [[Atomic bomb]] – Physics professor [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] was wartime director of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and the [[Manhattan Project]].
* [[Carbon-14|Carbon 14]] and [[photosynthesis]] – [[Martin Kamen]] and [[Sam Ruben]] first discovered carbon 14 in 1940, and Nobel laureate [[Melvin Calvin]] and his colleagues used carbon 14 as a molecular tracer to reveal the carbon assimilation path in photosynthesis, known as [[Light-independent reactions|Calvin cycle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/calvin-facts.html|title=Melvin Calvin – Facts|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Carcinogens]] – Identified chemicals that damage DNA. The [[Ames test]] was described in a series of papers in 1973 by [[Bruce Ames]] and his group at the university.
* [[Chemical element]]s – Sixteen elements have been discovered at Berkeley ([[technetium]], [[astatine]], [[neptunium]], [[plutonium]], [[americium]], [[curium]], [[berkelium]], [[californium]], [[einsteinium]], [[fermium]], [[mendelevium]], [[nobelium]], [[lawrencium]], [[rutherfordium]], [[dubnium]], and [[seaborgium]]).<ref name="alumni.berkeley.edu">{{cite web|url=http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2016-01-11/its-elementary-berkeley-can-bask-glow-more-elements-hit|title=It's Elementary: Berkeley Can Bask in the Glow as More Elements Hit Periodic Table|website=Cal Alumni Association|date=January 7, 2016|access-date=March 7, 2016|archive-date=March 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308052806/http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2016-01-11/its-elementary-berkeley-can-bask-glow-more-elements-hit|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="llnl.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/lawrence-livermore-credited-discovery-elements-115-117-and-118|title=Lawrence Livermore credited with discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118|website=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|access-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Covalent bond]] – [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, and invented the Lewis notation to describe the mechanisms.
* [[CRISPR|CRISPR gene editing]] – Nobel laureate [[Jennifer Doudna]] discovered a precise and inexpensive way for manipulating DNA in cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/press-chemistryprize2020.pdf|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Cyclotron]] – [[Ernest O. Lawrence]] created a [[particle accelerator]] in 1934, and was awarded the Nobel Physics Prize in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/lawrence-bio.html|title=Ernest Lawrence – Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Dark energy]] – [[Saul Perlmutter]] and many others in the [[Supernova Cosmology Project]] discover the universe is expanding because of dark energy 1998.
* [[Flu vaccination|Flu vaccine]] – [[Wendell M. Stanley]] and colleagues discovered the vaccine in the 1940s.
* [[Thermonuclear weapon|Hydrogen bomb]] – [[Edward Teller]], the father of hydrogen bomb, was a professor at Berkeley and a researcher at the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] and the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]].
* [[Immunotherapy of cancer]] – [[James P. Allison]] discovers and develops [[monoclonal antibody therapy]] that uses the immune system to combat cancer in 1992–1995.
* [[Molecular clock]] – [[Allan Wilson (biologist)|Allan Wilson]] discovered it in 1967.
* [[Neuroplasticity]] – [[Marian Diamond]] discovers structural, biochemical, and synaptic changes in brain caused by environmental enrichment in 1964.
* [[Oncogene]] – [[Peter Duesberg]] discovers the first cancer causing gene in a virus in the 1970s.
* [[Telomerase]] – [[Elizabeth H. Blackburn]], [[Carol Greider]], and [[Jack Szostak]] discover enzyme that promotes cell division and growth 1985.
* [[Vitamin E]] – [[Gladys Anderson Emerson]] isolates Vitamin E in a pure form in 1952.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth H.|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4381-1882-6|page=211|chapter=Emerson, Gladys Anderson|publisher=Infobase }}</ref>
=== Computer and applied sciences ===
* [[Berkeley RISC]] – [[David Patterson (computer scientist)|David Patterson]] leads [[DARPA|ARPA]]'s [[VLSI project]] of [[microprocessor]] design 1980–1984.<ref name="coinrisk">{{cite book|title=Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil|url-access=registration|last=Reilly|first=Edwin D.|year=2003|isbn=1-57356-521-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/milestonesincomp0000reil/page/50 50]|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
* [[Berkeley UNIX|Berkeley UNIX/Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)]] – The [[Computer Systems Research Group]] was a research group at Berkeley that was dedicated to enhancing [[Old AT&T|AT&T]] [[Unix]] operating system and funded by [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]]. [[Bill Joy]] modified the code and released it in 1977 under the open source [[BSD license]], starting an open-source revolution.
* [[Deep sea diving]] – [[Joel Henry Hildebrand]] used [[helium]] with [[oxygen]] to mitigate [[decompression sickness]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/03/obituaries/joel-hildebrand-101-chemist-joined-u-of-california-in-1913.html|title=Joel Hildebrand, 101, Chemist; Joined U. of California in 1913|last=Turner|first=Wallace|date=May 3, 1983|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 25, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* [[GIMP]] – In 1995, [[Spencer Kimball (computer programmer)|Spencer Kimball]] and [[Peter Mattis]] began developing GIMP as a semester-long project at Berkeley.
* [[Polygraph]] – invented by [[John Augustus Larson]] and a police officer from the [[Berkeley Police Department]] in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://illumin.usc.edu/lie-detection-the-science-and-development-of-the-polygraph/|title=Lie Detection: The Science and Development of the Polygraph|last=Shepard|first=Kiera|website=USC Viterbi School of Engineering|date=December 7, 2002 |language=en-US|access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Project Genie]] – [[DARPA]] funded project. It produced an early [[time-sharing]] system including the [[Berkeley Timesharing System]], which was then commercialized as the [[SDS 940]]. Concepts from Project Genie influenced the development of the [[TENEX (operating system)|TENEX]] operating system for the [[PDP-10]], and [[Unix]], which inherited the concept of [[Fork (system call)|process forking]] from it.<ref name="Ritchie">{{cite journal|last1=Ritchie|first1=Dennis M.|last2=Thompson|first2=Ken|date=July 1978|title=The UNIX Time-Sharing System|url=https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.pdf|journal=Bell System Tech. J.|publisher=AT&T|volume=57|issue=6|pages=1905–1929|doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02136.x|access-date=April 22, 2014|author-link1=Dennis Ritchie|issn=0005-8580}}</ref> Unix co-creator [[Ken Thompson (computer programmer)|Ken Thompson]] worked on Project Genie while at Berkeley.
* [[SPICE]] – [[Donald O. Pederson]] develops the Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designers-guide.org/Perspective/life-of-spice.pdf|title=The Life of SPICE|last=Nagel|first=Laurence|date=September 30, 1996|website=The Designer's Guide Community|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204190147/http://www.designers-guide.org/Perspective/life-of-spice.pdf|archive-date=February 4, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Tcl programming language]] – developed by [[John Ousterhout]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2012/08/100-important-innovations-that-came-from-university-research/|title=100 Important Innovations That Came From University Research – Online Universities|date=August 27, 2012}}</ref>
* Three-dimensional [[Transistor]] – [[Chenming Hu]] won the 2014 [[National Medal of Technology]] for developing the "first 3-dimensional transistors, which radically advanced semiconductor technology."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/chenming-hu#|title=Chenming Hu|publisher=National Science & Technology Medal Foundation|access-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Vi (text editor)|Vi]] text editor – [[Bill Joy]] created the first Vi editor in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn/298F98/joy.html|title=Bill Joy|website=UC Berkeley}}</ref>
* [[Wetsuit]] – [[Hugh Bradner]] invents first wetsuit 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hugh-Bradner-UC-s-inventor-of-wetsuit-dies-3214987.php|title=Hugh Bradner, UC's inventor of wetsuit, dies|last=Taylor|first=Michael|date=May 11, 2008|website=SFGate|access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref>
=== Companies and entrepreneurship ===
[[File:Steve Wozniak by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Steve Wozniak]], BS 1986, cofounder of [[Apple Inc.]]|thumb|upright]]
[[File:Rajiv L Gupta George Barclay Gordon Moore ID2004 (cropped, Moore).JPG|[[Gordon Moore]], BS 1950, cofounder of [[semiconductor]] company [[Intel]]|thumb|upright]]
* [[Activision Blizzard]], 1979 (as [[Activision]]), co-founder [[Alan Miller (game designer)|Alan Miller]] (BS) and [[Larry Kaplan]] (BA)
* [[American International Group|AIG]], 1919, founder [[Cornelius Vander Starr]] (attended)
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], 1976, co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]] (BS)<ref name="AppleByWoz">{{cite news |author-first1=Harriet |author-last1=Stix |date=May 14, 1986 |title=A UC Berkeley Degree Is Now the Apple of Steve Wozniak's Eye |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-14-vw-5389-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Berkeley Systems]], 1987, co-founder [[Joan Blades]] (BA)<ref name="Joan_Blades">{{cite journal |last=Hawkes |first=Ellen |title=Joan Blades |url=http://www.msmagazine.com/dec03/woty2003_blades.asp |url-status=dead |department=Women of the Year 2003 |journal=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms. Magazine]] |issue=Winter 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605151921/http://www.msmagazine.com/dec03/woty2003_blades.asp |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |access-date=January 16, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman]], 1948, co-founder [[Richard Bolt]] (BA, MA, PhD)<ref>{{cite web |author=Leo L. Beranek |year=1979 |title=Acoustical Society of America Gold Medal Award – 1979 Richard Henry Bolt |url=http://acousticalsociety.org/about/awards/gold/12_10_10_bolt |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120609153917/http://acousticalsociety.org/about/awards/gold/12_10_10_bolt |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |publisher=[[Acoustical Society of America]]}}</ref>
* [[Chernin Entertainment]], 2009, founder [[Peter Chernin]] (BA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2014 |title=Cal's plan to shrink a big, impersonal campus |url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/cals-plan-shrink-big-impersonal-campus |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=University of California |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Chernin Entertainment |url=https://avid.miraheze.org/wiki/Chernin_Entertainment |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Audiovisual Identity Database |language=en |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208224523/https://avid.miraheze.org/wiki/Chernin_Entertainment |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Chez Panisse]], 1971, founder [[Alice Waters]] (BA)<ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Andrew |title=Alice Waters |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/w/alice_waters/index.html |access-date=May 27, 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times}}; and {{cite news |author=Marian Burros |date=August 14, 1996 |title=Alice Waters: Food Revolutionary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/14/garden/alice-waters-food-revolutionary.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Coursera]], 2012, co-founder [[Andrew Ng]] (PhD)
* [[Databricks]], 2013, founders [[Ali Ghodsi]] (PhD), [[Matei Zaharia]] (PhD), [[Ion Stoica]] (Professor), [[Reynold Xin]] (PhD), [[Andy Konwinski]] (PhD), Arsalan Tavakoli-Shiraji (PhD), and Patrick Wendell (PhD)
* [[DHL Express|DHL]], 1969, co-founder [[Larry Hillblom]] (JD)<ref>{{cite news |author=Saul Hansell |date=May 23, 1995 |title=Larry L. Hillblom, 52, Founder Of DHL Worldwide Express |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/23/us/larry-l-hillblom-52-founder-of-dhl-worldwide-express.html?pagewanted=1 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[eBay]], 1995, founder [[Pierre Omidyar]] (attended)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/16/books/chapters/the-perfect-store.html|title=The Perfect Store|last=Cohen|first=Adam|date=June 16, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 17, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/pierre-omidyar/|title=Pierre Omidyar|work=Forbes|access-date=November 17, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gap Inc.]], 1969, co-founder [[Donald Fisher]] (BS)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Business Visionary Don Fisher, BS 51 |url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/groups/pubs/calbusiness/fall2009/alumni05.html |url-status=dead |department=Obituaries |journal=Cal Business |publisher=University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business |issue=Fall 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417002330/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/groups/pubs/calbusiness/fall2009/alumni05.html |archive-date=April 17, 2016 |access-date=January 16, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Google Earth]], 2001 (as KeyHole Inc.), co-founder John Hanke (MBA)<ref>{{cite web |title=Haas Alumnus Maps the Future at Google Earth |url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/innovation/innovation1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118123944/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/innovation/innovation1.html |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |access-date=February 18, 2010 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref>
* [[GrandCentral]], 2009 (as [[Google Voice]]), co-founder Craig Walker (BA 1988, JD 1995)<ref>{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=A Symposium on Intellectual Property and Entrepreneurship March 7–8, 2008 – Speakers |url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/entrepreneurship/speakers.html#walker |url-status=dead |journal=Berkeley Technology Law Journal |publisher=Berkeley Center for Law & Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516200705/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/entrepreneurship/speakers.html#walker |archive-date=May 16, 2008}}</ref>
* [[HTC|HTC Corporation]], 1997, co-founder [[Cher Wang]] (BA, MA)<ref name="HTC_VIA">{{cite news |author=Laura Holson |date=October 26, 2008 |title=With Smartphones, Cher Wang Made Her Own Fortune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/27/technology/companies/27wang.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Intel]], 1968, co-founders [[Gordon Moore]] (BS) and [[Andrew Grove|Andy Grove]] (PhD)<ref name="IntelByMoore">{{cite web |author=Jose Rodriguez |date=July 17, 1996 |title=Intel chairman awarded UC Berkeley's highest honor at Silicon Valley tribute |url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/96legacy/Moore.html |publisher=University of California at Berkeley Public Information Office}}</ref>
* [[LSI Logic]], 1980, co-founder Robert Walker (BS)<ref name="LSIByWalker">{{cite journal |date=August 1970 |title=Contributors (August 1970) |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=168–169 |bibcode=1970IJSSC...5..168. |doi=10.1109/JSSC.1970.1050102 |issn=0018-9200}}</ref>
* [[Marvell Technology Group]], 1995, co-founders [[Sehat Sutardja]] (MS, PhD) and [[Weili Dai]] (BA)<ref>{{cite web |author=Sarah Yang |date=February 27, 2009 |title=Dedication of new CITRIS headquarters marks new stage of innovation to help fuel economic growth |url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/02/27_citris.shtml |publisher=University of California, Berkeley and the UC Regents}}</ref>
* [[Morgan Stanley]], 1924 (as [[Dean Witter & Co.]]), co-founder [[Dean G. Witter]] (BA)
* [[Mozilla Corporation]], 2005, co-founder [[Mitchell Baker]] (BA, JD)
* [[Myspace]], 2003, co-founder [[Tom Anderson]] (BA)<ref name="MySpaceByAnderson">{{cite news |author=Owen Gibson |date=June 23, 2008 |title=200 million friends and counting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jun/23/myspace.tomanderson |work=The Guardian (publication in the United Kingdom) |___location=London}}</ref>
* [[OpenAI]], 2015, co-founder [[John Schulman]] (PhD)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manke |first=Kara |date=April 20, 2023 |title=ChatGPT architect, Berkeley alum John Schulman on his journey with AI |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/04/20/chatgpt-architect-berkeley-alum-john-schulman-on-his-journey-with-ai/ |access-date=January 27, 2025 |website=Berkeley News |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Opsware]], 1997, co-founder Sik Rhee (BS)<ref>{{cite magazine |author=David Sheff |date=August 2008 |title=Crank it up |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.08/loudcloud_pr.html |magazine=[[Wired Magazine]]}}</ref>
* [[PowerBar]], 1986, co-founders [[Brian Maxwell]] (BA) and Jennifer Maxwell (BS)<ref>{{cite web |date=March 22, 2004 |title=Cal mourns passing of Brian Maxwell, former coach, runner, PowerBar founder, and philanthropist |url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/22_maxwell.shtml |publisher=UC Berkeley News}}</ref>
* [[RedOctane]], 1999, co-founders Charles Huang (BA) and Kai Huang (BA)<ref>{{cite web |author=Don Steinberg |date=October 1, 2008 |title=Just Play – Guitar Hero |url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20081001/just-play_pagen_5.html |publisher=[[Inc Magazine]]}}</ref>
* [[Renaissance Technologies]], 1982, founder [[James Harris Simons|James Simons]] (PhD)
* [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 1998, founders Senh Duong (BA), Patrick Y. Lee (BA) and Stephen Wang (BA)
* [[SanDisk]], 1988, co-founder [[Sanjay Mehrotra]] (BS, MS)<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Officers |url=http://sandisk.com/about-sandisk/management |publisher=SanDisk |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=December 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230084014/http://www.sandisk.com/about-sandisk/management |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker]], 1996, co-founder John Scharffenberger (BA)<ref>{{cite news |author=Jessica Kwong |date=January 29, 2009 |title=Berkeley Scharffen Berger Factory to Close |url=http://www.dailycal.org/article/104091/berkeley_scharffen_berger_factory_to_close |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513150903/http://www.dailycal.org/article/104091/berkeley_scharffen_berger_factory_to_close |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |access-date=February 18, 2010 |newspaper=[[Daily Californian]]}}</ref>
* [[SoftBank Group|Softbank]], 1981, founder [[Masayoshi Son]] (BA)
* [[Sun Microsystems]], 1982, co-founder [[Bill Joy]] (MS)<ref name="SunByJoy">{{cite web |date=October 16, 2009 |title=2009 Goff Smith Lecture: Bill Joy, The Promise of Green Technologies |url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/feature/goffsmith/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021141007/http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/feature/goffsmith/ |archive-date=October 21, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] College of Engineering}}</ref>
* [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], 2003, co-founder [[Marc Tarpenning]] (BS)
* [[The Learning Company]], 1980, co-founder [[Warren Robinett]] (MS)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuekes |first1=P. J. |last2=Robinett |first2=W. |last3=Williams |first3=R. S. |date=September 2006 |title=Effect of Conductance Variability on Resistor-Logic Demultiplexers for Nanoelectronics |journal=IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=446–454 |bibcode=2006ITNan...5..446K |doi=10.1109/TNANO.2006.880405 |issn=1536-125X |s2cid=26435923}}</ref>
* [[VMware]], 1998, co-founders [[Diane Greene]] (MS) and [[Mendel Rosenblum]] (PhD)<ref name="VMwareByWangEtAl">{{cite web |title=VMware Leadership |url=http://www.vmware.com/company/leadership.html |publisher=VMware |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=December 29, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229221751/http://www.vmware.com/company/leadership.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Zilog]], 1974, co-founder Ralph Ungermannn (BSEE)<ref>{{cite news |author=Lawrence M. Fisher |date=February 19, 1988 |title=Business People: Ungermann-Bass Chairman Finds a Merger He Likes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/19/business/business-people-ungermann-bass-chairman-finds-a-merger-he-likes.html?pagewanted=1 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
== Campus ==
{{Main|Campus of the University of California, Berkeley}}
[[File:Sather_Gate_at_University_of_California,_Berkeley,_California_LCCN2013633500_(edited).jpg|thumb|[[Sather Gate]], connecting [[Sproul Plaza]] to the inner campus, was a center of the [[Free Speech Movement]].]]
Much of the Berkeley campus is in the city limits of [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] with portion of the property extending into [[Oakland, California|Oakland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st06_ca/place/p0606000_berkeley/DC20BLK_P0606000.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS – CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Berkeley city, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 1, 2023|pages=4 (PDF p. 5/5)}} – Compare to [https://www.berkeley.edu/map-pdf/campusmap.pdf the campus map here]</ref><!--The census uses a blue overlay to indicate "Univ of California" property--> It encompasses approximately 1,232-acres, though the "central campus" occupies only the low-lying western 178-acres of this area. Of the remaining acres, approximately 200-acres are occupied by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; other facilities above the main campus include the [[Lawrence Hall of Science]] and several research units, notably the [[Space Sciences Laboratory]], the [[Mathematical Sciences Research Institute]], an {{convert|800|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} ecological preserve, the [[University of California Botanical Garden]] and a recreation center in Strawberry Canyon. Portions of the mostly undeveloped, eastern area of the campus are actually within the [[Oakland, California|City of Oakland]]; these portions extend from the [[Claremont Resort]] north through the [[Panoramic Hill, Oakland/Berkeley, California|Panoramic Hill]] neighborhood to [[Tilden Regional Park|Tilden Park]].<ref>{{cite web|title=OpenStreetMap Oakland|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2833530#map=15/37.8758/-122.2443|website=openstreetmap.org|access-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref>
To the west of the central campus is the [[Downtown Berkeley, California|downtown business district of Berkeley]]; to the northwest is the neighborhood of North Berkeley, including the so-called [[Gourmet ghetto|Gourmet Ghetto]], a commercial district known for high quality dining due to the presence of such world-renowned restaurants as [[Chez Panisse]]. Immediately to the north is a quiet residential neighborhood known as [[Northside, Berkeley, California|Northside]] with a large graduate student population;<ref name="berk-post-doc">{{cite web|title=Moving to Berkeley |url=http://postdoc.berkeley.edu/node/28 |publisher=Berkeley Postdoctoral Association |access-date=February 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229062100/http://postdoc.berkeley.edu/node/28 |archive-date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> situated north of that are the upscale residential neighborhoods of the [[Berkeley Hills]]. Immediately southeast of campus lies fraternity row and beyond that the [[Clark Kerr Campus]] and an upscale residential area named [[Claremont, Oakland/Berkeley, California|Claremont]]. The [[Southside, Berkeley, California|area south of the university]] includes student housing and [[Telegraph Avenue]], one of Berkeley's main shopping districts with stores, street vendors and restaurants catering to college students and tourists. In addition, the university also owns land to the northwest of the main campus, a married student housing complex in the nearby town of Albany ("Albany Village" and the "Gill Tract"), and a [[Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay|field research station]] several miles to the north in [[Richmond, California]].
[[File:Bancroft_Library_-_University_of_California,_Berkeley_-_DSC04902.JPG|thumb|[[Bancroft Library]]]]
[[File:Botanischer_Garten_in_Berkeley,_California.JPG|thumb|The [[UC Botanical Garden]], located in the [[Berkeley Hills]] and by the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]]]
The campus is home to several museums including the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]], the [[Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive]], and the [[Lawrence Hall of Science]]. The Museum of Paleontology, found in the lobby of the Valley Life Sciences Building, showcases a variety of dinosaur fossils including a complete cast of a Tyrannosaurus Rex. The campus also offers resources for innovation and entrepreneurship, such as the Big Ideas Competition, the Sutardja Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, and the Berkeley Haas Innovation Lab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/innovation|title=Innovation/Entrepreneurship {{!}} Research UC Berkeley|website=vcresearch.berkeley.edu|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> The campus is also home to the [[University of California Botanical Garden]], with more than 12,000 individual species.
{{Wide image|University of California, Berkeley.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|360-degree-view of the UC Berkeley campus}}
=== Architecture ===
[[File:South Hall--UC Berkeley--Panoramic.jpg|thumb|[[South Hall (UC Berkeley)|South Hall]] (1873), one of the two original buildings of the University of California, still stands on the Berkeley campus.]]
What is considered the historic campus today was the result of the 1898 "International Competition for the [[Phoebe Hearst]] Architectural Plan for the University of California," funded by [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s mother and initially held in the Belgian city of [[Antwerp]]; eleven finalists were judged again in San Francisco in 1899.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/archives_exhibits/online_exhibits/romapacifica/index.html |title=Online Exhibit on the Hearst Architectural Competition |publisher=Sunsite.berkeley.edu |access-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref> The winner was Frenchman [[Émile Bénard]], who refused to personally supervise the implementation of his plan and the task was subsequently given to architecture professor [[John Galen Howard]]. Howard designed over twenty buildings, which set the tone for the campus up until its expansion in the 1950s and 1960s.
The structures forming the "classical core" of the campus were built in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] Classical style, and include [[Hearst Greek Theatre]], [[Hearst Memorial Mining Building]], [[Doe Memorial Library]], California Hall, [[Wheeler Hall]], Le Conte Hall, Gilman Hall, Haviland Hall, Wellman Hall, [[Sather Gate]], and the [[Sather Tower]] (nicknamed "the Campanile" after its architectural inspiration, [[St Mark's Campanile]] in Venice), the tallest university clock tower in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 10 Tallest University Clock Towers |url=https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/the-10-tallest-university-clock-towers/ |website=Best College Reviews |date=May 8, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref> Buildings he regarded as temporary and non-academic were designed in shingle or [[Collegiate Gothic in North America|Collegiate Gothic]] styles; examples of these are North Gate Hall, Dwinelle Annex, and Stephens Hall. Many of Howard's designs are recognized [[California Historical Landmark]]s<ref>{{cite ohp |id=946 |name=University of California, Berkeley Campus |access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> and are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
Built in 1873 in a [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[Second Empire architecture|Second-Empire-style]], South Hall, designed by David Farquharson, is the oldest university building in California. It, and the [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]-designed [[Piedmont Avenue (Berkeley)|Piedmont Avenue]] east of the main campus, are two of the only surviving examples of the nineteenth-century campus. Other notable architects and firms whose work can be found in the campus and surrounding area are [[Bernard Maybeck]]<ref name="mccoy">{{cite book |last=McCoy |first=Esther |author-link=Esther McCoy |title=Five California Architects |___location=New York |publisher=Reinhold Publishing Corporation |date=1960 |page=6 |asin=B000I3Z52W}}</ref> (Faculty Club); [[Julia Morgan]] (Hearst Women's Gymnasium and [[Julia Morgan Hall]]); [[William Wurster]] (Stern Hall); Moore Ruble Yudell (Haas School of Business); [[Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects]] (C.V. Starr East Asian Library), and [[Diller Scofidio + Renfro]] (Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive).
=== Natural features ===
[[File:Strawberry Creek near Dwinelle Hall.jpg|thumb|The south fork of [[Strawberry Creek]], as seen between Dwinelle Hall and [[Sproul Plaza#Lower Sproul|Lower Sproul Plaza]]]]
Flowing into the main campus are two branches of [[Strawberry Creek]]. The south fork enters a culvert upstream of the recreational complex at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon and passes beneath [[California Memorial Stadium]] before appearing again in Faculty Glade. It then runs through the center of the campus before disappearing underground at the west end of campus. The north fork appears just east of [[University House, Berkeley|University House]] and runs through the glade north of the Valley Life Sciences Building, the original site of the Campus Arboretum.
Trees in the area date from the founding of the university. The campus features numerous wooded areas, including: [[Founders' Rock]], Faculty Glade, Grinnell Natural Area, and the [[Eucalyptus]] Grove, which is both the tallest stand of such trees in the world and the tallest stand of hardwood trees in North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://strawberrycreek.berkeley.edu/tour/08eucalyptus.html |title=UC Berkeley Strawberry Creek |publisher=Strawberrycreek.berkeley.edu |access-date=June 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301075156/http://strawberrycreek.berkeley.edu/tour/08eucalyptus.html |archive-date=March 1, 2012}}</ref> The campus sits on the [[Hayward Fault]], which runs directly through California Memorial Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/ucb_campus.html |title=Hayward Fault: UC Berkeley |publisher=seismo.berkeley.edu |access-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422164708/http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/ucb_campus.html |archive-date=April 22, 2008}}</ref>
== Student life and traditions ==
[[File:Cal Football From Tightwad Hill - Flickr - Joe Parks.jpg|thumb|Fans atop [[Tightwad Hill]] watch the [[Cal Band]], with views of the [[California Memorial Stadium|stadium]] and the [[San Francisco Bay]].]]
The official university mascot is [[Oski (mascot)|Oski the Bear]], who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the [[The Oski Yell|Oski-wow-wow]] yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/cal-m-fb-mas.html |title=California Golden Bears – Traditions |publisher=Calbears.collegesports.com |access-date=June 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905215604/http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/cal-m-fb-mas.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005}}</ref> The [[University of California Marching Band]], which has served the university since 1891, performs at every home football game and at select road games as well. A smaller subset of the Cal Band, the Straw Hat Band, performs at basketball games, volleyball games, and other campus and community events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calband.berkeley.edu/about-us/ |title=University of California Marching Band ~ About Us |publisher=Calband.berkeley.edu |access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref>
The UC Rally Committee, formed in 1901, is the official guardian of California's Spirit and Traditions. Wearing their traditional blue and gold rugbies, Rally Committee members can be seen at all major sporting and spirit events. Committee members are charged with the maintenance of the six Cal flags, the large California banner overhanging the Memorial Stadium Student Section and [[Haas Pavilion]], the California Victory Cannon, Card Stunts and [[The Big "C"]] among other duties. The Rally Committee is also responsible for safekeeping of the [[Stanford Axe]] when it is in Cal's possession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucrc.berkeley.edu/ |title=Home |publisher=UC Rally Committee |access-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref>
Overlooking the main Berkeley campus from the foothills in the east, The Big "C" is an important symbol of California school spirit. The Big "C" has its roots in an early 20th-century campus event called "Rush", which pitted the freshman and sophomore classes against each other in a race up Charter Hill that often developed into a wrestling match. It was eventually decided to discontinue Rush and, in 1905, the freshman and sophomore classes banded together in a show of unity to build "the Big C."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/traditions.html |website=Days of Cal |title=Bear Traditions |publisher=Sunsite.berkeley.edu |access-date=June 8, 2012 |archive-date=January 27, 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980127223145/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/CalHistory/traditions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Students invented the college football tradition of [[card stunt]]s. Then known as Bleacher Stunts, they were first performed during the 1910 [[Big Game (football)|Big Game]] and consisted of two stunts: a picture of the Stanford Axe and a large blue "C" on a white background. The tradition is continued today by the Rally Committee in the Cal [[student section]] and incorporates complicated motions, for example tracing the Cal script logo on a blue background with an imaginary yellow pen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/cal-m-fb-tour.html |title=California Golden Bears – Traditions |publisher=Calbears.collegesports.com |access-date=June 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303152734/http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/cal-m-fb-tour.html |archive-date=March 3, 2006}}</ref>
The California Victory Cannon, placed on [[Tightwad Hill]] overlooking the stadium, is fired before every football home game, after every score, and after every Cal victory. First used in the 1963 Big Game, it was originally placed on the sidelines before moving to Tightwad Hill in 1971. The only time the cannon ran out of ammunition was during a game against [[University of the Pacific (United States)|Pacific]] in 1991, when Cal scored 12 touchdowns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/victory-cannon.html |title=California Golden Bears – Traditions |publisher=Calbears.collegesports.com |date=September 7, 1991 |access-date=June 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212030716/http://calbears.collegesports.com/trads/victory-cannon.html |archive-date=December 12, 2004}}</ref> The Cal Mic Men, a standard at home football games, has recently expanded to involve basketball and volleyball. The traditional role comes from students holding megaphones and yelling, but now includes microphones, a dedicated platform during games, and the direction of the entire student section.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://calspirit.berkeley.edu/micmen/past.php|access-date=November 14, 2018|publisher=Cal Spirit}}</ref>
=== Student housing ===
{{Main|Housing at the University of California, Berkeley}}
Berkeley students are offered a variety of housing options, including university-owned or affiliated residences, private residences, fraternities and sororities, and cooperative housing (co-ops). Berkeley students, and those of other local schools, have the option of living in one of the twenty cooperative houses participating in the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC), a [[nonprofit]] [[housing cooperative]] network consisting of 20 residences and 1250 member-owners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bsc.coop/index.php |title=Home |publisher=Usca.org |access-date=June 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617145431/http://www.bsc.coop/index.php |archive-date=June 17, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==== Fraternities and sororities ====
About three percent of undergraduate men and nine percent of undergraduate women—or 3,400 of total undergraduates—are active in Berkeley's Greek system.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of California—Berkeley Student Life |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-california-berkeley-1312/student-life |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> University-sanctioned fraternities and sororities comprise over 60 houses affiliated with four Greek councils.<ref>{{cite web |title=About CalGreeks |url=http://lead.berkeley.edu/about-calgreeks/ |website=ASUC Student Union LEADCenter |access-date=January 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204050753/http://lead.berkeley.edu/about-calgreeks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to CalGreeks.com |url=http://www.calgreeks.com/ |website=CalGreeks |access-date=January 25, 2016}}</ref>
=== Student-run organizations ===
==== Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) ====
{{Main|Associated Students of the University of California}}
[[File:Wellness Room.jpg|thumb|Wellness Room sleep pods: part of a program created by the ASUC, UC Berkeley's official student association.]]
The [[Associated Students of the University of California]] (ASUC) is the official [[student association]] that controls funding for student groups and organizes on-campus student events. The two main political parties are "Student Action"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studentaction.org |title=Student Action Webpage |publisher=Studentaction.org |access-date=June 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707113918/http://www.studentaction.org/ |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> and "CalSERVE".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calserve.org/ |title=CalSERVE Webpage |publisher=Calserve.org |access-date=June 8, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516195537/http://www.calserve.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The organization was founded in 1887 and has an annual operating budget of $1.7 million (excluding the budget of the Graduate Assembly of the ASUC), in addition to various investment assets. Its alumni include multiple State Senators, Assemblymembers, and White House Administration officials.<ref>[[Associated Students of the University of California#List of executive officers]]</ref>
==== Media and publications ====
Berkeley's student-run online television station, [[CalTV]], was formed in 2005 and broadcasts online. It is run by students with a variety of backgrounds and majors. Since the mid-2010s, it has been a program of the [[Associated Students of the University of California|ASUC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iEZpg3zLf4H5qOdHYdbXD0tpCrRuJ-wO_j1K9D5Hlmo/edit|title=ASUC Bylaw 3206: CalTV|website=ASUC Central Drive (Google Drive)}}</ref> Berkeley's independent student-run newspaper is ''[[The Daily Californian]]''. Founded in 1871, ''The Daily Cal'' became independent in 1971 after the campus administration fired three senior editors for encouraging readers to take back [[People's Park (Berkeley)|People's Park]]. The Daily Californian has both a print and online edition. Berkeley's FM [[student radio station]], [[KALX]], broadcasts on 90.7 MHz. It is run largely by volunteers, including both students and community members. Berkeley also features an assortment of student-run publications:
* ''[[California Law Review]]'', [[law journal]] published by [[UC Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley Law]], est. 1912.
* ''[[Berkeley Poetry Review]]'', national [[poetry|poetry journal]], est. 1974.
* ''[[Berkeley Fiction Review]]'', American [[literary magazine]], est. 1981.
* ''[[Heuristic Squelch]]'', [[News satire|satirical newspaper]], est. 1991.
* ''[[California Patriot]]'', [[conservative]] political magazine, est. 2000.
* ''[[Berkeley Political Review]]'', [[Nonpartisanism|nonpartisan]] political magazine, est. 2001.
* ''Caliber Magazine'', an "everything magazine", featuring articles and blogs on a wide range of topics, est. 2008.
* ''B-Side'', music magazine, est. 2013.
* ''Smart Ass'', [[College Democrats of America|liberal]] magazine, est. 2015.
* ''Berkeley Economic Review'', [[economics]] journal, est. 2016.
* ''Business Berkeley'', [[Haas School of Business|Haas]] undergraduate journal.
==== Student groups ====
{{redirect|DeCal}}
[[File:Berkeley DM 2009.JPG|thumb|Berkeley Dance [[Marathon]]]]
[[File:Zellerbach01.jpg|thumb|Zellerbach Hall, home of the Cal Performances theater group]]
There are ninety-four political student groups on campus, including MEChXA de UC Berkeley, Berkeley [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]], Berkeley Students for Life, Campus Greens, The Sustainability Team (STEAM), the [[Berkeley Student Food Collective]], Students for Sensible Drug Policy, Cal Berkeley Democrats, and the Berkeley College Republicans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campus Description—UC Berkeley |url=http://www.ucop.edu/pathways/infoctr/introuc/ucb.html |date=June 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310173847/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/admissions/undergrad_adm/selecting/camp_descriptions/descr_ucb.html |website=University of California |archive-date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> The Residence Hall Assembly (RHA) is the student-led umbrella organization that oversees event planning, legislation, sponsorships and other activities for over 7,200 on-campus undergraduate residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rha.berkeley.edu/about.html |title=About the Residence Hall Assembly |publisher=rha.berkeley.edu |access-date=November 19, 2014 |archive-date=November 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105175140/http://rha.berkeley.edu/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Berkeley students also run a number of consulting groups, including the Berkeley Group, founded in 2003 and affiliated with the Haas School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theberkeleygroup.org/ |title=The Berkeley Group |publisher=The Berkeley Group |date=February 11, 2007 |access-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref> Students from various concentrations are recruited and trained to work on pro-bono consulting engagements with actual nonprofit clients. Berkeley Consulting, founded in 1996, has served over 140 companies across the high-tech, retail, banking, and non-profit sectors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berkeley Consulting|url=https://bc.berkeley.edu/|access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref>
ImagiCal has been the college chapter of the [[American Advertising Federation]] at Berkeley since the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calaaf.com/|title=Official weblink to ImagiCal|access-date=September 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924043221/http://calaaf.com/|archive-date=September 24, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The team competes annually in the National Student Advertising Competition, with students from disparate majors working together on a marketing case underwritten by a corporate sponsor. The [[Berkeley Forum]] is a nonpartisan student organization that hosts panels, debates, and speeches across a variety of fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.berkeley.edu/ |title=The Berkeley Forum |publisher=Forum.berkeley.edu |access-date=June 28, 2013}}</ref> Past speakers include [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Rand Paul]], entrepreneur and venture capitalist [[Peter Thiel]], and [[Khan Academy]] founder [[Salman Khan (educator)|Salman Khan]].
[[File:UCSO.jpg|thumb|UC Berkeley Symphony Orchestra]]
Democratic Education at Cal, or DeCal, is a program that promotes the creation of professor-sponsored, student-facilitated classes.<ref>{{cite web|title=DeCal|url=http://www.decal.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991104084732/http://decal.org/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 4, 1999|publisher=Democratic Education at Cal|access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> DeCal arose out of the 1960s [[Free Speech movement]] and was officially established in 1981. The program offers around 150 courses on a vast range of subjects that appeal to the student community, including classes on the [[Rubik's Cube]], [[blockchain]], [[web design]], metamodernism, [[cooking]], Jewish art, [[3D animation]], and [[3D bioprinting|bioprinting]].<ref>{{cite web|title=DeCal Courses|url=http://www.decal.berkeley.edu/courses|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625045118/https://decal.berkeley.edu/courses|archive-date=June 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The campus is home to several [[a cappella]] groups, including Drawn to Scale, Artists in Resonance, Berkeley Dil Se, the [[UC Men's Octet]], the [[California Golden Overtones]], DeCadence, and Noteworthy. The [[University of California Men's Octet]] was founded in 1948. Since 1967, students and staff jazz musicians have had an opportunity to perform and study with the [[University of California Jazz Ensembles]]. For several decades it hosted the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, part of the American Collegiate Jazz Festival, a competitive forum for student musicians. PCCJF brought jazz artists including [[Hubert Laws]], [[Sonny Rollins]], [[Freddie Hubbard]], and [[Ed Shaughnessy]] to the Berkeley campus as performers. Berkeley also hosts other performing arts groups in comedy, dance, acting and instrumental music.
==== Engineering student teams ====
Given Berkeley's [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] education, there are a variety of student-run engineering teams that focus on winning design and engineering competitions.
Berkeley has two prominent [[amateur rocketry]] teams: Space Enterprise at Berkeley (SEB)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://berkeleyse.org/ |title=SEB Website |publisher= UC Berkeley |access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> and Space Technologies and Rocketry (STAR).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stars.berkeley.edu/ |title=STAR Website |publisher= UC Berkeley |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref> Both have launched solid-fuel [[sounding rocket]]s and are currently developing [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid propellant rockets]]. The university also has two [[Formula SAE]] teams: Berkeley Formula Racing<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fsae.berkeley.edu/ |title=FSAE Website |publisher= UC Berkeley |access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> and Formula Electric Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ev.berkeley.edu/ |title=FEB Website |publisher= UC Berkeley |access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> Both of these teams participate in Formula SAE–run competitions, with the former focusing on internal combustion engines and the latter on electric motors. Berkeley has a number of other vehicle teams, including CalSol,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calsol.berkeley.edu/ |title=CalSol Website |publisher= UC Berkeley |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref> CalSMV,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://smv.berkeley.edu/ |title=CalSMV Website |publisher= UC Berkeley |access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref> and Human Powered Vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hpv.berkeley.edu/ |title=HPV Website |publisher=UC Berkeley |access-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423233302/https://www.hpv.berkeley.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Athletics ===
{{Main|California Golden Bears}}
[[File:California Memorial Stadium 2015.jpg|thumb|The base of the [[California Memorial Stadium]]]]
[[File:Haas Pavilion Court.jpg|thumb|The interior of [[Haas Pavilion]] during a [[California Golden Bears men's basketball|Cal Basketball]] game]]
The university's athletic teams are known as the [[California Golden Bears]], often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal," and were historically members of the NCAA Division I [[Pac-12 Conference]] (Pac-12). Cal is also a member of the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]] in several sports not sponsored by the Pac-12 and the [[America East Conference]] in women's [[field hockey]]. In 2024, Cal joined the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calbears.com/news/2023/9/1/athletics-news-uc-berkeley-to-join-acc-for-2024-25-academic-year.aspx|title=UC Berkeley To Join ACC 2024-25 Academic Year|date=September 1, 2023|website=Calbears.com|publisher=[[California Golden Bears]]|access-date=December 3, 2023}}</ref> The first school colors, established in 1873 by a committee of students, were [[Yale Blue]] and gold.<ref name="colors">{{cite journal |title=State Colors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfA2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA18 |department=State-Wide News |journal=University Bulletin |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=August 24, 1953 |page=18 |access-date=July 19, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Resource Guide: Student history">{{cite web|url=http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/104history.html|title=Resource Guide: Student history|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|access-date=February 26, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110222529/http://resource.berkeley.edu/r_html/104history.html|archive-date=January 10, 2010}}</ref> Yale Blue was originally chosen because many of the university's inaugural faculty were Yale graduates, including Henry Durant, its first president. Blue and gold were specified and made the official colors of the university and the state colors of California in 1955.<ref name="colors" /><ref>{{cite web|title=GOVERNMENT CODE – GOV TITLE 1. GENERAL [100–7914] (Title 1 enacted by Stats. 1943, Ch. 134.) DIVISION 2. STATE SEAL, FLAG, AND EMBLEMS [399–447] (Division 2 enacted by Stats. 1943, Ch. 134.) |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV§ionNum=424 |website=California Legislative Information Code Section |access-date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, the athletic department specified a darker blue.<ref name="AthleticColors">{{cite web |title=Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines: Color |url=http://brand.berkeley.edu/logo/ |access-date=July 19, 2014 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011034227/http://brand.berkeley.edu/logo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BrandColors">{{cite web |title=Colors |url=http://brand.berkeley.edu/colors/ |website=Berkeley, University of California |access-date=July 19, 2014}}</ref>
The [[California Golden Bears]] have won national championships in baseball (2), men's basketball (2), men's crew (15), women's crew (3), football (5), men's golf (1), men's gymnastics (4), men's lacrosse (1), men's rugby (26), softball (1), men's swimming & diving (4), women's swimming & diving (3), men's tennis (1), men's track & field (1), and men's water polo (13). Students and alumni have also won [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|207 Olympic medals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calbears.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208193984|title=California Golden Bears Olympians|website=calbears.com|access-date=August 23, 2016}}</ref>
California finished in first place in the 2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings (now the [[NACDA Directors' Cup]]), a competition measuring the best overall collegiate athletic programs in the country, with points awarded for national finishes in NCAA sports.<ref>{{cite web |title=2007–08 Fall U.S. Sports Academy Directors' Cup standings |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/nacda/sports/directorscup/auto_pdf/Jan.pdf |publisher=CBS Interactive |access-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411214455/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/nacda/sports/directorscup/auto_pdf/Jan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It finished the 2007–08 competition in seventh place with 1119 points.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nacda.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/nacda/sports/directorscup/auto_pdf/FinalD1 |title=Director's Cup results 07–08 |format=PDF |access-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308142816/http://www.nacda.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/nacda/sports/directorscup/auto_pdf/FinalD1 |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Most recently, California finished in third place in the 2010–11 NACDA Directors' Cup with 1219.50 points, finishing behind Stanford and Ohio State. This is California's highest ever finish in the Director's Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedirectorscup.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/finald1standings10-11-2.pdf |title=Director's Cup results 10–11 |access-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> The Golden Bears' traditional arch-rival is the [[Stanford Cardinal]], and the most anticipated sporting event between the two universities is the annual football match dubbed the [[Big Game (American football)|Big Game]], celebrated with spirit events on both campuses. Since 1933, the winner of the Big Game has been awarded custody of [[the Stanford Axe]]. Other sporting games between these rivals have related names such as the Big Splash (water polo) or the Big Kick (soccer).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yen|first1=Ruey|title=Big Splash + Big Kick: Cal vs. Stanford in Men's Water Polo and Men's Soccer|url=https://www.californiagoldenblogs.com/2017/11/9/16622170/big-splash-big-kick-cal-golden-bears-vs-stanford-cardinal-in-mens-water-polo-and-mens-soccer|access-date=March 10, 2018|work=California Golden Blogs|date=November 9, 2017}}</ref>
== Notable alumni, faculty, and staff ==
=== Faculty and staff ===
{{Main list|List of University of California, Berkeley faculty}}
[[File:University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60-inch cyclotron, 1938.jpg|thumb|University of California Radiation Laboratory staff on the magnet yoke for the 60-inch cyclotron, 1938; Nobel prize-winners [[Ernest Lawrence]], [[Edwin McMillan]], and [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]] are shown, in addition to [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] and [[Robert R. Wilson]].]]
* [[Shiing-Shen Chern]], a leading geometer of the 20th century, co-founded the [[Mathematical Sciences Research Institute]] and served as its founding Director until 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/12/06_chern.shtml|title=12.06.2004 – Renowned mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern, who revitalized the study of geometry, has died at 93 in Tianjin, China |website=www.berkeley.edu|access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="MSRI history">{{cite web |url=http://www.msri.org/web/msri/about-msri/history|title=History |publisher=MSRI |access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
* Physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] was scientific director of the [[Manhattan Project]] and was the founder of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctp.berkeley.edu/history.html|title=BCTP History|website=ctp.berkeley.edu|access-date=March 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055832/http://ctp.berkeley.edu/history.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Faculty member [[Edward Teller]] was (together with [[Stanislaw Ulam]]) the "father of the [[Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb]]", who laid important foundations for the establishment of [[Space Sciences Laboratory]] at Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/about/history/|title=History|website=Space Sciences Laboratory|language=en-US|access-date=March 8, 2016|archive-date=May 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516111341/https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/about/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ernest Lawrence]], a Nobel laureate in physics who invented the [[cyclotron]] at Berkeley, founded the Radiation Laboratory on campus, which later became the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.lbl.gov/|title=Berkeley Lab History – 75 Years of World-Class Science|website=history.lbl.gov|access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Gilbert N. Lewis]], former dean of the College of Chemistry, was nominated 41 times for [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].<ref name="NobelPrize">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5441|title=Nomination Database Gilbert N. Lewis|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=May 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/gilbert-n-lewis|title=Gilbert N. Lewis|website=Atomic Heritage Foundation|language=en|access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref> He mentored and influenced numerous Berkeley Nobel laureates, including [[Harold Urey]] (1934 Nobel Prize), [[William F. Giauque]] (1949 Nobel Prize), [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] (1951 Nobel Prize), [[Willard Libby]] (1960 Nobel Prize), and [[Melvin Calvin]] (1961 Nobel Prize).<ref name="Lemelson-MIT">{{cite web|url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/gilbert-newton-lewis|title=Gilbert Newton Lewis {{!}} Lemelson-MIT Program|website=lemelson.mit.edu|access-date=March 9, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411010110/https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/gilbert-newton-lewis|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Reviewed By Harold H.|date=November 1, 1999|title=A Biography of Distinguished Scientist Gilbert Newton Lewis (by Edward S. Lewis)|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=76|issue=11|page=1487|doi=10.1021/ed076p1487|bibcode=1999JChEd..76.1487H|issn=0021-9584|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Glenn T. Seaborg]], a Nobel laureate in chemistry, discovered or co-discovered ten chemical elements at Berkeley and served as chancellor from 1958 to 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vm136.lib.berkeley.edu/BANC/CalHistory/chancellor.seaborg.html|title=Days of Cal {{!}} Glenn T. Seaborg|website=vm136.lib.berkeley.edu|access-date=March 8, 2016|archive-date=March 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308164352/http://vm136.lib.berkeley.edu/BANC/CalHistory/chancellor.seaborg.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.lbl.gov/Publications/Seaborg/bio.htm|title=Glenn T. Seaborg – His Biography|website=www2.lbl.gov|access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Hans Albert Einstein]], the first son of [[Albert Einstein]] and a world's leading scholar in [[hydraulic engineering]], was a long-time faculty member at Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb9k4009c7&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00013&toc.depth=1&toc.id=|title=University of California: In Memoriam, March 1976|website=texts.cdlib.org|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Steven Chu]] (PhD 1976), the 12th [[United States Secretary of Energy]] and Nobel laureate in physics, was director of [[Berkeley Lab]] from 2004 to 2009.
* [[Janet Yellen]], 78th [[United States Secretary of Treasury]] and the 15th [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]], is a professor emeritus at Berkeley [[Haas School of Business]] and the Department of Economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://facultybio.haas.berkeley.edu/faculty-list/yellen-janet/|title=Janet Yellen {{!}} Faculty Directory {{!}} Berkeley-Haas|website=facultybio.haas.berkeley.edu|access-date=March 8, 2016|archive-date=October 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084700/http://facultybio.haas.berkeley.edu/faculty-list/yellen-janet/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.econ.berkeley.edu/faculty/862|title=Faculty profiles {{!}} Department of Economics|website=www.econ.berkeley.edu|access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
=== Alumni ===
{{Main list|List of University of California, Berkeley alumni}}Alumni have included 260 [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] Fellows,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=Nine faculty elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/story_jump/nine-faculty-elected-to-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences/ |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=news.berkeley.edu}}</ref> 34 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, 25 [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|living billionaire alumni]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Kathleen Elkins |date=May 18, 2018 |title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |access-date=August 19, 2020 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> 22 [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] members, 68 recipients of the [[National Medal of Science]], 190 recipients of the [[MacArthur Fellowship]],<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rachel Sugar |date=May 29, 2015 |title=Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5 |access-date=November 5, 2020 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en}}</ref> 144 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cal Facts |url=https://admissions.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/K15224-Cal-Facts-2022-Self-Cover-Web-RDcd.pdf |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=admissions.berkeley.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> 139 [[Guggenheim Fellows]], and 125 [[Sloan Fellows]], and 75 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Academy of Engineering members |url=http://engineering.berkeley.edu/academics/faculty/faculty-honors-awards/national-academy-engineering-members |access-date=August 18, 2020 |publisher=Berkeley Engineering}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About UC Berkeley: Honors and Awards |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/about/honors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704130609/http://www.berkeley.edu/about/honors |archive-date=July 4, 2008 |access-date=June 8, 2012 |website=Berkeley.edu}}</ref>
====Government====
[[File:Earl Warren.jpg|[[Earl Warren]], BA 1912, LLB 1914, 14th [[Chief Justice of the United States]], 30th [[governor of California]]|thumb|upright=0.6]]
[[File:Gen._Pedro_Nel_Ospina,_Pres._Colombia_(LOC).jpg|[[Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez]], BA 1878, [[president of Colombia]] 1922–1926|thumb|upright=0.6]]
Berkeley alumni have served in a range of prominent government offices, both domestic and foreign, including [[Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court]] ([[Earl Warren]], BA, JD); [[United States Attorney General]] ([[Edwin Meese]] III, JD); [[United States Secretary of State]] ([[Dean Rusk]], LLB); [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] ([[W. Michael Blumenthal]], BA, and [[G. William Miller]], JD); [[United States Secretary of Defense]] ([[Robert McNamara]], BS); [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] ([[Franklin Knight Lane]], 1887); [[United States Secretary of Transportation]] and [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] ([[Norman Mineta]], BS); [[United States Secretary of Agriculture]] ([[Ann Veneman]], MPP); [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] ([[Robert C. O'Brien]], JD); scores of federal judges and members of the [[United States Congress]] ([[List of current members of the United States House of Representatives|10 currently serving]]) and [[United States Foreign Service]]; governors of California ([[George C. Pardee]]; [[Hiram W. Johnson]]; [[Earl Warren]], BA and LLB; [[Jerry Brown]], BA; and [[Pete Wilson]], JD), Michigan ([[Jennifer Granholm]], BA), and the United States Virgin Islands ([[Walter A. Gordon]], BA); Lieutenant General of the United States Army ([[Jimmy Doolittle]], BA); Major General of the United States Marine Corps ([[Oliver Prince Smith]]); Brigadier General of the United States Marine Corps ([[Bertram A. Bone]], BS); [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] and Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission ([[John A. McCone]], BS); chair and members of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] ([[Michael Boskin]], BA, PhD.; Sandra Black, BA; Jesse Rothstein, PhD; Robert Seamans, PhD; Jay Shambaugh, PhD; James Stock, MA, PhD); Governor of the Federal Reserve System ([[H. Robert Heller]], PhD) and President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ([[William C. Dudley]], PhD); Commissioners of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] ([[Troy A. Paredes]], BA) and the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] (Rachelle Chong, BA); and [[United States Surgeon General]] ([[Kenneth P. Moritsugu]], MPH).
Foreign alumni include the [[President of Colombia]] 1922–1926, ([[Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez]], BA); the [[President of Mexico]] ([[Francisco I. Madero]], attended 1892–93); the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan; the Premier of the Republic of China ([[Sun Fo]], BA); the President of Costa Rica (Miguel Angel Rodriguez, MA, PhD); and members of parliament of the United Kingdom ([[House of Lords]], [[Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn]], BS), India ([[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house, [[Prithviraj Chavan]], MS); Iran ([[Mohammad Javad Larijani]], PhD); Nigerian Minister of Science and Technology and first Executive Governor of Abia State ([[Ogbonnaya Onu]], PhD); Barbados' Ambassador to Brazil ([[Tonika Sealy-Thompson]], PhD). Alumni have also served in many supranational posts, notable among which are President of the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]] ([[Robert McNamara]], BS); Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and managing director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] ([[Rodrigo Rato]], MBA); executive director of [[UNICEF]] ([[Ann Veneman]], MPP); member of the [[European Parliament]] ([[Bruno Megret]], MS); and judge of the [[International Court of Justice|World Court]] ([[Joan Donoghue]], JD).
====Science====
[[File:HD.3F.004 (11086396296).jpg|[[Harold Urey]], PhD 1923, [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate and discoverer of [[deuterium]] |alt=Harold Urey, PhD 1923, Nobel laureate and discoverer of deuterium|thumb|upright=0.6]] [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate [[William F. Giauque]] (BS 1920, PhD 1922) investigated [[chemical thermodynamics]], Nobel laureate [[Willard Libby]] (BS 1931, PhD 1933) pioneered [[radiocarbon dating]], Nobel laureate [[Willis Lamb]] (BS 1934, PhD 1938) examined the [[hydrogen]] [[spectrum]], Nobel laureate [[Hamilton O. Smith]] (BA 1952) applied [[restriction enzymes]] to [[molecular genetics]], Nobel laureate [[Robert Laughlin]] (BA 1972) explored the [[fractional quantum Hall effect]], and Nobel laureate [[Andrew Fire]] (BA 1978) helped to discover [[RNA interference]]-[[gene silencing]] by double-stranded [[RNA]]. Nobel laureate [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] (PhD 1937) collaborated with [[Albert Ghiorso]] (BS 1913) to discover twelve chemical elements, such as ''[[americium]]'', ''[[berkelium]]'', and ''[[californium]]''. [[David Bohm]] (PhD 1943) discovered [[Bohm diffusion]]. Nobel laureate [[Yuan T. Lee]] (PhD 1965) developed the [[crossed molecular beam]] technique for studying chemical reactions. [[Carol Greider]] (PhD 1987) was awarded the 2009 [[Nobel Prize in medicine]] for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells. [[Harvey Itano]] (BS 1942) conducted breakthrough work on [[sickle cell anemia]] that marked the first time a disease was linked to a molecular origin.<ref name="maugh">{{cite news |last=Maugh |first=Thomas |title=Harvey Itano dies at 89; researcher whose studies provided a breakthrough on sickle cell disease |url=http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-me-harvey-itano-20100612-story.html |access-date=May 12, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
[[Narendra Karmarkar]] (PhD 1983) is known for the interior point method, a polynomial algorithm for linear programming known as [[Karmarkar's algorithm]].<ref name="mg">{{MathGenealogy|id=106239}}</ref> [[National Medal of Science]] laureate [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] (PhD 1940), often known as the "Chinese Madame Curie", disproved the Law of Conservation of [[Parity (physics)|Parity]] for which she was awarded the inaugural [[Wolf Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Weinstock|first=Maia |title=Channeling Ada Lovelace: Chien-Shiung Wu, Courageous Hero of Physics|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2013/10/15/channeling-ada-lovelace-chien-shiung-wu-courageous-hero-of-physics/|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref> [[Kary Mullis]] (PhD 1973) was awarded the 1993 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his role in developing the [[polymerase chain reaction]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo|first1=MA|title=Kary Mullis—Nobel Laureate for Procedure to Replicate DNA|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|date=July 2002|page=606|pmid=12108595 |doi=10.4065/77.7.606|volume=77|issue=7|doi-access=free}}</ref> a method for amplifying [[DNA]] sequences. [[Olga Hartman]] (MA 1933, PhD 1936) was a zoologist who described hundreds of species of [[polychaete worms]].<ref>Böggemann, Markus; Purschke, G.; Westheide, Wilfried (2019). ''Handbook of Zoology'', Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. De Gruyter. pp. 19, 27–29. {{ISBN|9783110291681}}. {{OCLC|1399979202}}.</ref><ref>Hartman, Olga (1933). "Revision of the California species of polychaetous annelids of the family Spionidae". M.A. University of California. {{OCLC|25496285}}.</ref><ref>Hartman, Olga (1936). "Polychaetous annelids of the littoral zone of California". Ph. D. University of California. {{OCLC|18237529}}.</ref> [[Edward P. Tryon]] (PhD 1967) is the physicist who first said our universe originated from a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tryon|first1=Edward P.|title=Is the Universe a Vacuum Fluctuation?|journal=Nature|volume=246|issue=5433|pages=396–397|doi=10.1038/246396a0|year=1973|bibcode=1973Natur.246..396T|s2cid=4166499}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Impey|first1=Chris|title=How It Began: A Time-Travelers Guide To the Universe|date=2012|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|___location=New York, United States|isbn=978-0-393-08002-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/howitbegantimetr0000impe/page/411 411]|edition=First|url=https://archive.org/details/howitbegantimetr0000impe/page/411}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Parsons|first1=Paul|title=The Big Bang: The Birth of Our Universe|date=2001|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc.|___location=London|isbn=0-7894-8161-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/bigbang00pars/page/36 36]|url=https://archive.org/details/bigbang00pars/page/36}}</ref> [[John N. Bahcall]] (BS 1956) worked on the [[Standard Solar Model]] and the [[Hubble Space Telescope]],<ref name="Times2005_09_01">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1758833,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113233000/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1758833,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 13, 2006|publisher=The Times(United Kingdom)|date=September 1, 2005|title=Obituaries – Professor John Bahcall |___location=London |access-date=May 27, 2010 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell}}</ref> resulting in a [[National Medal of Science]].<ref name="Times2005_09_01" /> [[Peter Smith (physicist)|Peter Smith]] (BS 1969) was the [[principal investigator]] and project leader for the [[NASA]] robotic explorer ''[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]]'',<ref>{{cite press release |title=Peter Smith Named Thomas R. Brown Distinguished Chair in Integrative Science |url=http://uanews.org/node/19742 |date=March 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203162358/http://uanews.org/node/19742 |archive-date=December 3, 2008 |url-status=usurped |website=[[University of Arizona]] |publisher=University Communications |access-date=January 10, 2023}}</ref> which physically confirmed the presence of water on the planet [[Mars]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html|title=NASA Spacecraft Confirms Martian Water, Mission Extended|date=July 31, 2008|publisher=NASA|access-date=April 2, 2009|archive-date=April 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418005710/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080731.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Astronauts [[James van Hoften]] (BS 1966), [[Margaret Rhea Seddon]] (BA 1970), [[Leroy Chiao]] (BS 1983), and [[Rex Walheim]] (BS 1984) have orbited the Earth in NASA's fleet of [[Space Shuttle]]s.
====Computers====
Berkeley alumni have developed a number of key technologies associated with the [[personal computer]] and the Internet.<ref>"Berkeley Unix worked so well that [[DARPA]] chose it for the preferred 'universal computing environment' to link [[ARPANET]] research nodes, thus setting in place an essential piece of infrastructure for the later growth of the Internet. An entire generation of computer scientists cut their teeth on Berkeley Unix. Without it, the Net might well have evolved into a shape similar to what it is today, but with it, the Net exploded." {{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html |title=BSD Unix: Power to the people, from the code |author=Andrew Leonard |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=May 16, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204135210/http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html |archive-date=December 4, 2005}}</ref> [[Unix]] was created by alumnus [[Ken Thompson]] (BS 1965, MS 1966) along with colleague [[Dennis Ritchie]]. Alumni such as [[L. Peter Deutsch]]<ref>Deutsch was awarded a 1992 citation by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] for his work on [[Interlisp]]({{cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2925352&srt=all&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS|title=ACM Award Citation – L. Peter Deutsch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504100004/http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2925352&srt=all&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS|archive-date=May 4, 2012}})</ref><ref>L. Peter Deutsch is profiled on pages 30, 31, 43, 53, 54, 66 (which mentions Deutsch beginning his freshman year at Berkeley), and page 87 in the following book: {{cite book|title=Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution|author=Steven Levy|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|date=January 2, 2001|isbn=0-385-19195-2|author-link=Steven Levy}}</ref><ref>L. Peter Deutsch is profiled in pages 69, 70–72, 118, 146, 227, 230, 280, 399 of the following book: {{cite book|title=Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age|author=Michael A. Hiltzik|publisher=Collins Business|isbn=0-88730-891-0|date=March 3, 1999|url=https://archive.org/details/dealersoflightni00hilt}}</ref> (PhD 1973), [[Butler Lampson]] (PhD 1967), and [[Charles P. Thacker]] (BS 1967)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/index.php?id=112|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]|year=2007|title=Fellow Awards – Charles Thacker}}</ref> worked with Ken Thompson on [[Project Genie]] and then formed the ill-fated [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]]-funded Berkeley Computer Corporation (BCC), which was scattered throughout the Berkeley campus in non-descript offices to avoid anti-war protestors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dealers of Lightning: Xerox Parc and the Dawn of the Computer Age|author=Michael A. Hiltzik|publisher=Collins Business|page=[https://archive.org/details/dealersoflightni00hilt/page/70 70]|isbn=0-88730-891-0|date=March 3, 1999|url=https://archive.org/details/dealersoflightni00hilt/page/70}}</ref> After BCC failed, Deutsch, Lampson, and Thacker joined [[Xerox PARC]], where they developed a number of pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the [[Xerox Alto]] that inspired the [[Apple Macintosh]]. In particular, the Alto used a [[computer mouse]], which had been invented by [[Doug Engelbart]] (BEng 1952, PhD 1955). Thompson, Lampson, Engelbart, and Thacker<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|title=Charles Thacker wins Turing Award, computing's 'Nobel prize'|author=Elizabeth Weise |date=March 15, 2010|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2010/03/charles-thacker-wins-turing-award-computings-nobel-prize/1}}</ref> all later received a Turing Award. Also at Xerox PARC was Ronald Schmidt (BS 1966, MS 1968, PhD 1971), who became known as "the man who brought [[Ethernet]] to the masses."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E2DE163AF934A15751C0A962958260|title=Sound Bytes; On Building a Better Highway|author=Lawrence M. Fisher|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 27, 1994}}</ref>
Another Xerox PARC researcher, [[Charles Simonyi]] (BS 1972), pioneered the first [[WYSIWIG]] [[word processor]] program and was recruited personally by [[Bill Gates]] to join the fledgling company known as [[Microsoft]] to create [[Microsoft Word]]. Simonyi later became the first repeat [[space tourist]], blasting off on Russian [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]] rockets to work at the [[International Space Station]] orbiting the Earth. In 1977, a graduate student in the computer science department named Bill Joy (MS 1982) assembled<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html |title=BSD Unix: Power to the people, from the code |author=Andrew Leonard |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=May 16, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204135210/http://www.salon.com/tech/fsp/2000/05/16/chapter_2_part_one/print.html |archive-date=December 4, 2005}}</ref> the original [[Berkeley Software Distribution]], commonly known as [[BSD Unix]]. Joy, who went on to co-found Sun Microsystems, also developed the original version of the [[Computer display|terminal]] console editor [[Vi (text editor)|vi]], while [[Ken Arnold]] (BA 1985) created [[Curses (programming library)|Curses]], a terminal control [[Library (computer science)|library]] for [[Unix-like]] systems that enables the construction of [[Text user interface|text user interface (TUI)]] applications. Working alongside Joy at Berkeley were undergraduates [[William Jolitz]] (BS 1997) and his future wife [[Lynne Jolitz]] (BA 1989), who together created [[386BSD]], a version of BSD Unix that runs on Intel CPUs and evolved into the [[Comparison of BSD operating systems|BSD family of free operating systems]] and the [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin operating system]] underlying Apple [[Mac OS X]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/05/17/386bsd/print.html |title=The unknown hackers – Open-source pioneers Bill and Lynne Jolitz may be the most famous programmers you've never heard of |author=Rachel Chalmers |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=May 17, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109065644/http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/05/17/386bsd/print.html |archive-date=November 9, 2005}}</ref> [[Eric Allman]] (BS 1977, MS 1980) created [[SendMail]], a Unix [[mail transfer agent]] that delivers about twelve percent of the [[email]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.201112/mxsurvey.html|publisher=Security Space |title=Mail (MX) Server Survey|date=January 1, 2012|author=E-Soft Inc}}</ref>
The [[EXperimental Computing Facility|XCF]], an undergraduate research group located in [[Soda Hall]], has been responsible for a number of notable software projects, including [[GTK+]] ([[Peter Mattis]], BS 1997), [[The GIMP]] ([[Spencer Kimball (computer programmer)|Spencer Kimball]], BS 1996), and the initial diagnosis of the [[Morris worm]].<ref>{{cite web|title=eXperimental Computer Facility's proud present and impressive past |date=February 10, 2003 |publisher=Engineering News |url=http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/engnews/spring03/4S/XCF.html |access-date=February 13, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517144203/http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/engnews/spring03/4S/XCF.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008}}</ref> In 1992, [[Pei-Yuan Wei]] (BS 1990)<ref>Pei-Yuan Wei's contributions are profiled on pages 56, 64, 68, and 83, in the [[World Wide Web]] creator's autobiography ({{cite book |title=Weaving the Web|author=Tim Berners-Lee|publisher=Collins Business|date=November 7, 2001 |isbn=0-06-251586-1|author-link=Tim Berners-Lee}})</ref> an undergraduate at the XCF, created [[ViolaWWW]], one of the first graphical web browsers. ViolaWWW was the first browser to have embedded scriptable objects, stylesheets, and tables. He donated the code to Sun Microsystems, inspiring [[Java (programming language)|Java]] applets. ViolaWWW also inspired researchers at the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] to create the [[Mosaic web browser]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Weaving the Web|author=Tim Berners-Lee|publisher=Collins Business|date=November 7, 2001|pages=68, 83 |isbn=0-06-251586-1|author-link=Tim Berners-Lee}}</ref> a pioneering [[web browser]] that became Microsoft [[Internet Explorer]].
==== Billionaires ====
[[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|Billionaire alumni]] include [[Gordon Moore]] (Intel founder), [[James Harris Simons]] ([[Renaissance Technologies]]), [[Masayoshi Son]] (SoftBank),<ref>{{cite web |title=Masayoshi Son |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/masayoshi-son/ |access-date=May 12, 2018 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Jon Stryker (Stryker Medical Equipment),<ref>{{cite web |title=Jon Stryker |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jon-stryker/ |access-date=April 12, 2016 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Eric Schmidt]] (former Google Chairman) and [[Wendy Schmidt]], [[Michael Milken]], Bassam Alghanim, Kutayba Alghanim,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kutayba Alghanim |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kutayba-alghanim/ |access-date=April 12, 2016 |website=Forbes}}</ref> [[Charles Simonyi]] (Microsoft), [[Cher Wang]] (HTC), [[Bob Haas|Robert Haas]] ([[Levi Strauss & Co.]]), [[Carlos Rodríguez-Pastor]] (Interbank, Peru),<ref>{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Edward |date=August 3, 2011 |title=Publicity Shy Tycoon Forging Modern Peru Amid Expanding Economy |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-03/publicity-shy-tycoon-forging-modern-peru-amid-expanding-economy.html |access-date=August 17, 2014 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> [[Fayez Sarofim]], [[Daniel S. Loeb]], [[Paul Merage]], [[David Hindawi]], [[Orion Hindawi]], [[Bill Joy]] (Sun Microsystems founder), [[Victor Koo]], [[Tony Xu]] (DoorDash), [[Lowell Milken]], [[Nathaniel Simons]] and Laura Baxter-Simons, Liong Tek Kwee and Liong Seen Kwee,<ref name="Forbes Kwee">{{cite web |title=Kwee family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kwee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085703/https://www.forbes.com/profile/kwee/ |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2019 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Elizabeth Simons and Mark Heising,<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2007 |title=Democratic Donor Built up Vast $8bn Private Wealth Fund in Bermuda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/07/democratic-donor-james-simons-private-wealth-fund-tax-haven-paradise-papers |work=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Oleg Tinkov]], and [[Alice Schwartz]].
===
Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist [[Marguerite Higgins]] (BA 1941) was a pioneering female war correspondent<ref>"General Walton H. Walker had ordered her out of [[Korea]]..... Like many another soldier, old and young, General Walker was convinced that women do not belong in a combat zone... General [[Douglas MacArthur]] reversed Walker's ruling. To the Herald Tribune, MacArthur sent a soothing telegram: 'Ban on women correspondents in Korea has been lifted. Marguerite Higgins is held in highest professional esteem by everyone.'" {{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821303,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821303,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2007|title=The Press: Last Word|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=July 31, 1950}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Press: Pride of the Regiment|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,813360-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516040355/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,813360-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 16, 2011|date=September 25, 1950}}</ref> who covered World War II, the [[Korean War]], and the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835015-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516040411/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835015-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 16, 2011|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=Columnists: Lady at War|date=January 14, 1966}}</ref> Novelist [[Robert Penn Warren]] (MA 1927) won three Pulitzer Prizes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/articles/Robert-Penn-Warren-9524366 |publisher=[[The Biography Channel]] |title=Robert Penn Warren |author=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830145048/http://www.biography.com/articles/Robert-Penn-Warren-9524366 |archive-date=August 30, 2010}}</ref> including one for his novel ''[[All the King's Men]]'', which was later made into an Academy Award-winning<ref>Nominated for seven Academy Awards, ''[[All the King's Men (1949 film)|All the King's Men]]'' won Oscars for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] of 1949, [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] ([[Broderick Crawford]]), and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] ([[Mercedes McCambridge]]) {{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/1609/All-the-King-s-Men/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102084026/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/1609/All-the-King-s-Men/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2007|title=All the King's Men – Review Summary|author=Bosley Crowther|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author-link=Bosley Crowther|date=2007 |access-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> [[All the King's Men (1949 film)|movie]]. Pulitzer Prize–winning cartoonist [[Rube Goldberg]] (BS 1904) invented the comically complex—yet ultimately trivial—contraptions known as [[Rube Goldberg machine]]s. Journalist Alexandra Berzon (MA 2006) won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycal.org/article/105393/journalism_school_alumna_part_of_pulitzer-prize_wi|date=April 23, 2009|title=Journalism School Alumna Part Of Pulitzer-Prize Winning Staff|author=Shannon Lee|newspaper=The Daily Californian|access-date=April 16, 2010|archive-date=April 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424234234/http://www.dailycal.org/article/105393/journalism_school_alumna_part_of_pulitzer-prize_wi|url-status=dead}}</ref> and journalist [[Matt Richtel]] (BA 1989), who also coauthors the comic strip ''[[Rudy Park]]'' under the pen name of "Theron Heir",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/r/matt_richtel/index.html|title=Matt Richtel|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 12, 2010 |access-date=May 27, 2010 |first1=Ashlee |last1=Vance |author-link=Ashlee Vance}}</ref> won the 2010 [[Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/biography/2010-National-Reporting|title=Matt Richtel|year=2010|publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes}}</ref> Pulitzer Prize–winning historian [[Leon Litwack]] (BA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2005/09/14_litwack.shtml |title=Leon Litwack Rocks|publisher=The Berkeleyan and the UC Berkeley NewsCenter|date=September 14, 2005|author=Cathy Cockrell}}</ref> 1951, PhD 1958) taught as a professor at UC Berkeley for 43 years;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/05/08_litwack.shtml|title=Leon Litwack's last stand|date=May 8, 2007|author=Cathy Cockrell|publisher=UC Berkeley NewsCenter (University of California, Berkeley)}}</ref> [[List of University of California, Berkeley faculty#Pulitzer Prize|three other]] UC Berkeley professors have also received the Pulitzer Prize. Alumna and professor [[Susan Rasky]] (BA 1974) won the [[George Polk Awards|Polk Award]] for journalism in 1991. USC Professor and Berkeley alumnus [[Viet Thanh Nguyen]]'s (PhD 1997) first novel ''[[The Sympathizer]]'' won the 2016 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/viet-thanh-nguyen|title=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes – Columbia University}}</ref>
====Fiction and screenwriters====
[[Irving Stone]] (BA 1923) wrote the novel ''[[Lust for Life (novel)|Lust for Life]]'', which was later made into an Academy Award-winning [[Lust for Life (1956 film)|film of the same name]] starring [[Kirk Douglas]] as [[Vincent van Gogh]]. Stone also wrote ''[[The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)|The Agony and the Ecstasy]]'', which was later made into a [[The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)|film of the same name]] starring Oscar winner [[Charlton Heston]] as [[Michelangelo]]. [[Mona Simpson (novelist)|Mona Simpson]] (BA 1979) wrote the novel ''[[Anywhere But Here (film)|Anywhere But Here]]'', which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-winning actress [[Susan Sarandon]]. [[Terry McMillan]] (BA 1986) wrote ''[[How Stella Got Her Groove Back]]'', which was later made into a film of the same name starring Oscar-nominated actress [[Angela Bassett]]. [[Randi Mayem Singer]] (BA 1979) wrote the screenplay for ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'', which starred Oscar-winning actor [[Robin Williams]] and Oscar-winning actress [[Sally Field]]. [[Audrey Wells]] (BA 1981) wrote the screenplay ''[[The Truth About Cats & Dogs]]'', which starred Oscar-nominated actress [[Uma Thurman]]. [[James Schamus]] (BA 1982, MA 1987, PhD 2003) collaborated on screenplays with Oscar-winning director [[Ang Lee]] on the Academy Award-winning movies ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'' and ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]''.
====Academy and Emmy Award winners====
[[File:Gregory Peck in Roman Holiday trailer cropped.jpg|[[Gregory Peck]], BA 1939, [[Academy Award]]–winning actor|thumb|upright]]
Berkeley alumni have won 20 [[Academy Awards]] and 25 [[Emmy Awards]]. [[Gregory Peck]] (BA 1939), nominated for four Oscars during his career, won an Oscar for acting in ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]''. [[Chris Innis]] (BA 1991) won the 2010 Oscar for film editing for her work on best picture winner, ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''. [[Walter Plunkett]] (BA 1923) won an Oscar for costume design (for ''[[An American in Paris]]''). [[Freida Lee Mock]] (BA 1961) and [[Charles H. Ferguson]] (BA 1978) have each<ref>Freida Lee Mock (BA 1961) won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 1995 for ''[[Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision]]''. {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/behindthelens/mock.php|title=Behind the Lens – Extended Interviews with POV Filmmakers|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] and American Documentary Inc.|date=March 4, 2011|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050016/http://www.pbs.org/pov/behindthelens/mock.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Charles H. Ferguson (BA 1978) won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2011 for ''[[Inside Job (2010 film)|Inside Job]]''. {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/feb/28/inside-job-best-documentary-oscar|work=The Guardian (United Kingdom) |date=February 28, 2011|author=Andrew Pulver|title=Oscars 2011: Inside Job banks best documentary award}}</ref> won an Oscar for documentary filmmaking. Mark Berger (BA 1964) has won four Oscars for sound mixing and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley.<ref>{{cite news|title=UC Berkeley Professor Mixes Sound for Award Winning Films|author=Jawad Qadir|date=March 31, 2010|url=http://archive.dailycal.org/article/108855/uc_berkeley_professor_mixes_sound_for_award-winnin|newspaper=The Daily Californian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105121605/http://archive.dailycal.org/article/108855/uc_berkeley_professor_mixes_sound_for_award-winnin|archive-date=November 5, 2012}}</ref> [[Edith Head]] (BA 1918), who was nominated for 34 Oscars during her career, won eight Oscars for costume design. [[Joe Letteri]] (BA 1981<ref>{{cite journal|journal=California Magazine|date=June 2003|title=Talk of the Gown – Blues in the News|publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref>) has won four Oscars for Best Visual Effects in the [[James Cameron]] film ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and the [[Peter Jackson]] films ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'', and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://triblive.com/home/1187547-85/movies-letteri-effects-oscar-movie-fourth-lord-native-rings-special|title=Beaver County native wins fourth Oscar for visual effects|author=Sandra Fischione Donovan|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]|date=March 12, 2010}}</ref> [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] winners include Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; [[Andrew Schneider]] (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/groups/newspubs/haasnews/archives/hn022001.html|title=Haas NewsWire, February 20, 2001|publisher=Haas School of Business and the University of California, Berkeley|date=February 20, 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612151429/http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/groups/newspubs/haasnews/archives/hn022001.html|archive-date=June 12, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://journalism.berkeley.edu/program/television/faculty/ |title=Television Program Faculty and Lecturers |publisher=Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and the Regents of the [[University of California]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412192516/http://journalism.berkeley.edu/program/television/faculty/ |archive-date=April 12, 2009}}</ref> Christine Chen (dual-BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianhalloffame.org/ceremony.htm#christinechen|year=2007|publisher=Robert Chinn Foundation|title=Asian Hall of Fame – Induction Ceremony|access-date=April 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023102629/http://www.asianhalloffame.org/ceremony.htm#christinechen|archive-date=October 23, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kathy Baker]] (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and [[Leroy Sievers]] (BA 1977),<ref name="ABCNews_Sievers_2008_08_16">{{cite journal|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/print?id=5197492|title=Colon Cancer Claims Veteran Journalist Leroy Sievers|date=August 16, 2008 |journal=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> twelve for production. [[Elisabeth Leamy]] (BA 1989) is the recipient of thirteen [[Emmy Award|Emmy awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MegaMetro NewsCenter Story Archives June–August 2000|url=http://www.geocities.ws/dcbaltotvnews/newsarchives/062000archives.htm|website=MegaMetro TV NewsCenter |access-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Maynard|first1=John|title=Youth Is Served At Local Emmys |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061801146.html|access-date=November 7, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 19, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elisabeth Leamy Bio|url=https://abcnews.go.com/News/elisabeth-leamy-abc-news-official-biography/story?id=1026778|website=ABC News|access-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref>
====Music and entertainment====
Former undergraduates have participated in the contemporary music industry, such as [[Grateful Dead]] bass guitarist [[Phil Lesh]], [[the Police]] drummer [[Stewart Copeland]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/85855/Stewart-Copeland/biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112204119/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/85855/Stewart-Copeland/biography|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2013|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2013|title=Stewart Copeland}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone Magazine]]'' founder [[Jann Wenner]], [[the Bangles]] lead singer [[Susanna Hoffs]] (BA 1980), [[Counting Crows]] lead singer [[Adam Duritz]], electronic music producer [[Giraffage]], [[MTV]] correspondent [[Suchin Pak]] (BA 1997),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=MTV|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/correspondents/pak/bio.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504024706/http://www.mtv.com/news/correspondents/pak/bio.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2007|title=SuChin Pak Biography – Reporter, Host and Interviewer – MTV News}}</ref> [[AFI (band)|AFI]] musicians [[Davey Havok]] and [[Jade Puget]] (BA 1996), and solo artist [[Marié Digby]] ("[[Say It Again (Digby song)|Say It Again]]"). ''[[People Magazine]]'' included [[Third Eye Blind]] lead singer and songwriter [[Stephan Jenkins]] (BA 1987) in the magazine's list of ''50 Most Beautiful People''.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 10, 1999|magazine=[[People Magazine]] |title=Stephan Jenkins: Musician|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20128175,00.html}}</ref> Alumni have also acted in classic television series such as [[Karen Grassle]] (BA 1965) who played [[Caroline Ingalls]] in ''[[Little House on the Prairie (TV series)|Little House on the Prairie]]'', [[Jerry Mathers]] (BA 1974) who starred in ''[[Leave it to Beaver]]'', and [[Roxann Dawson]] (BA 1980) who portrayed [[B'Elanna Torres]] on ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]''.
===
[[File:Natalie Coughlin, 2018 (cropped).jpg|[[Natalie Coughlin]], BA 2005, multiple gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer|thumb|upright=0.6]]
Sport alumni include tennis athlete [[Helen Wills Moody]] (BA 1925) won 31 [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles, including eight singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. [[Tarik Glenn]] (BA 1999) is a [[Super Bowl XLI]] champion. [[Michele Tafoya]] (BA 1988) is a sports television reporter for [[ABC Sports]] and [[ESPN]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Michele Tafoya 's Monday Night Football Sideline Reporter; Play-By-Play and Sideline Commentator |url=http://www.espnmediazone.com/bios/Talent/Tafoya_Michele.htm |work=ESPN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705094754/http://www.espnmediazone.com/bios/Talent/Tafoya_Michele.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2008}}</ref> [[Sports agent]] [[Leigh Steinberg]] (BA 1970, JD 1973) has represented professional athletes such as [[Steve Young (American football)|Steve Young]], [[Troy Aikman]], and [[Oscar De La Hoya]]; Steinberg has been called the real-life inspiration<ref>{{cite news|title=Jerry Maguire aspires to be you |author=Daniel Roberts and Pablo S. Torre|publisher=Sports illustrated|date=April 11, 2012|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/04/10/steinberg/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413172211/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/magazine/04/10/steinberg/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2012}}</ref> for the title character in the Oscar-winning<ref>''Jerry Maguire'' was nominated for 5 Academy Awards, and won for Best Supporting Actor ([[Cuba Gooding, Jr.]]).</ref> film ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' (portrayed by [[Tom Cruise]]). [[Matt Biondi]] (BA 1988) won eight Olympic gold medals during his swimming career, in which he participated in three different Olympics. At the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]] in 2008, [[Natalie Coughlin]] (BA 2005) became the first American female athlete in modern Olympic history to win six medals in one Olympics.<ref name="Aron2008_08_18">"The six medals she won are the most by an American woman in any sport, breaking the record she tied four years ago. Her career total matches the third-most by any U.S. athlete." {{cite news|url=http://stats.cbc.ca/olympics/story.asp?i=20080817063823933328708&%20ref=rec&tm=&src=OLYMPICS_DOLY_SWM|title=Coughlin's 6 medals most by a US woman|author=Jaime Aron|date=August 17, 2008|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093814/http://stats.cbc.ca/olympics/story.asp?i=20080817063823933328708&%20ref=rec&tm=&src=OLYMPICS_DOLY_SWM|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}
* [[Blockeley]]
* [[Higher Education Recruitment Consortium]]
* [[Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute]]
* [[World Community Grid]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |first=W. J. |last=Rorabaugh |year=1990 |title=Berkeley at War: The 1960s |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-506667-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Gray |last=Brechin |author-link= Gray Brechin |year=1999 |title=Imperial San Francisco |publisher=UC Press Ltd |isbn=0-520-21568-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Susan Dinkelspiel |last=Cerny |year=2001 |title=Berkeley Landmarks: An Illustrated Guide to Berkeley, California's Architectural Heritage |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |isbn=0-9706676-0-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Harvey |last=Helfand |year=2001 |title=University of California, Berkeley |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=1-56898-293-3}}
* {{cite book |first=Geoffrey |last=Wong |date=May 2001 |title=A Golden State of Mind |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=1-55212-635-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Jo |last=Freeman |year=2003 |title=At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/atberkeleyinsixt00free |url-access=registration |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-21622-2}}
* {{cite AV media |people=[[Frederick Wiseman|Wiseman, Frederick]] (Director) |year=2013 |title=At Berkeley |medium=Motion picture |publisher=Zipporah Films}}
== External links ==
{{Commons
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=California, University of |short=x}}
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=University of California|short=x}}
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