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{{Short description|Muslim general (c. 595 – 674)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
| native_name = {{Script/Arabic|سَعْدُ بْنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| image =
| office1 = [[List of Umayyad governors of Iraq|Governor of Kufa]]
| monarch1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Umar]]
*[[Uthman]]}}
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba]]
| birth_date = {{Circa|595}}
| death_date = {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|674|595|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]]
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar]]
*[[Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas|Muhammad]]
*Amir
*Ishaq
*[[ʿĀʾisha bint Saʾd bint b. Abi Waqqas|ʿĀʾisha]]}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Salma bint Khasafah
*Makhita bint Amr}}
| allegiance = {{plainlist|
* [[Muhammad]] (610–632)
* [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–656)
}}
| serviceyears = 624–{{circa|644}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* Under Muhammad:
** [[Battle of Badr]] (624)
** [[Battle of Uhud]] (625)
** [[Battle of the Trench]] (627)
** [[Battle of Khaybar]] (629)
** [[Battle of Hunayn]] (630)
** [[Battle of Autas]] (630)
** [[Ridda Wars]]
*** [[Battle of Zhu Qissa|Battle of Zhuqissa]] (632)
*** [[Battle of Yamama|Battle of Aqraba]] (633)
** [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]
*** [[Battle of al-Qadisiyyah]] (636)
*** [[Battle of Burs]] (636)
*** [[Battle of Babylon (636)|Battle of Babylon]] (636)
*** [[Siege of Ctesiphon (637)|Battle of Ctesiphon]] (637)
*** [[Battle of Nahavand]] (642)
{{tree list/end}}
| relations = [[Banu Zuhra]] (clan)
}}
'''Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri''' ({{langx|ar|سَعْدُ بْنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصِ بْنِ وُهَيْبٍ اَلزُّهْرِيُّ|translit=Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhrī}}) was an [[Arabs|Arab]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] commander. He was the founder of [[Kufa]] and served as its governor under [[Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]]. He played a leading role in the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] and was a close [[Companions of Muhammad|companion]] of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].
Sa'd was the seventh free adult man to embrace [[Islam]], which he did at the age of seventeen.<ref name="Hughes1895">{{cite book |author=Thomas Patrick Hughes |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla1895hugh |title=A Dictionary of Islam |publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]] |year=1895 |___location=London |page=554 |entry=Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqas}}</ref> Sa'd participated in all battles under Muhammad during their stay in [[Medina]]. Sa'd was famous for his leadership in the [[Battle of al-Qadisiyyah]] and the conquest of the Sasanian capital [[Ctesiphon]] in 636. After the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the [[Siege of Ctesiphon (637)]], Sa'd served as the supreme commander of the [[Rashidun army]] in [[Iraq]], which [[Muslim conquest of Khuzestan|conquered Khuzestan]] and built the [[amsar|garrison city]] of Kufa.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Due to complaints about his conduct, he was later dismissed from his post by the caliph [[Umar]].<ref name="Leslie skepticism" /> During the [[First Fitna]], Sa'd was known for leading the neutral faction that contained the majority of the companions of Muhammad and [[Tabi'un|their followers]], who refused to be involved in the civil war. Traditions of [[Chinese Muslims]] hold that he introduced Islam to China during a diplomatic visit in 651, though these accounts are disputed.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
[[Sunni]] historians and scholars regard Sa'd as an honored figure due to his companionship with Muhammad, his inclusion as one of [[the ten to whom Paradise was promised]], and his participation in the [[Battle of Badr]], whose participants are collectively held in high esteem.<ref name="FahmiJihadDeathOfSa'dMawdoo" /><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
== History ==
Sa'd was [[Early Muslims|one of the first to embrace Islam]].<ref name="ahya">{{cite web |url=http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=109 |url-status=dead |title=Sa'ad Ibn Abi Waqqas (radhi allahu anhu): The Story of a man who accepted Islam in its early days |website=ahya.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910194841/http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=109 |archive-date=10 September 2005}}</ref><ref name="Hughes1895" /> He was seventeen years old when he converted to Islam, although [[Ibn Abd al-Barr]] reported that Sa'd embraced it at age nineteen.<ref name="The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions">{{cite book |last1=Ibn 'Abd al-Barr |first1=Yusuf ibn Abdallah ibn Mohammed |url=https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=3930 |title=الاستعياب في معرفة الاصحاب |date=1992 |publisher=Dar al Jabl |editor1-last=Al-Bajawi |editor1-first=Ali |edition=1 |volume=2 |___location=Beirut |page=607 |trans-title=The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions |author-link1=Ibn 'Abd al-Barr |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> It was said by [[Ibn Ishaq]] that Sa'd was one of several individuals invited to Islam by [[Abu Bakr]].<ref name="Evidence of Prophecy by Al-Bayhaqi">{{cite book |last1=Al-Bayhaqi |first1=Abu Bakar|author-link1=Al-Bayhaqi |title=دلائل النبوة للبيهقي |trans-title=Evidence of Prophecy by Al-Bayhaqi |date=1985 |publisher=Dar al Kutub al-Ilmiyyah |___location=Beirut |page=Hadith no. 498 |edition=First |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/7478 |access-date=29 November 2021 |language=ar}}</ref> Sa'd's mother opposed her son's conversion and threatened to go on a [[hunger strike]] until he left Islam, but he did not heed her threat and she finally yielded due to his insistence. Chroniclers reported that Muhammad told Sa'd that God praised his firmness in his faith, but also told him to be kinder to his mother, as [[filial piety]] is an important virtue in [[Islam]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions">{{cite web |first1=Mehmet |last1=Kırkıncı |first2=Hayreddin |last2=Karaman |first3=Halil |last3=Günenç|first4=Ömer |last4=Sevinçgül |first5=Veysel |last5=Güllüce |first6=Furkan |last6=Aydıner |first7=Burhan |last7=Sabaz |first8=Haluk |last8=Nurbaki |first9=Murat |last9=Sarıcık |first10=Şadi |last10=Eren |first11=Mehmet |last11=Dikmen |first12=Sayın |last12=Dalkıran |first13=Alaaddin |last13=Başar |first14=Mehmet |last14=Paksu |title=Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas (r.a.) |url=https://questionsonislam.com/article/sad-bin-abi-waqqas-ra |website=Questions on Islam |publisher=Questions on Islam; Encyclopedia of the Companions |access-date=30 November 2021 |language=en, tr |year=2021}}</ref><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review">{{cite book |last1=Al-Mishri |first1=Mahmud |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/482230510/Sahabat-Sahabat-Rasullullah-Jilid-3-by-Syaikh-Mahmud-Al-Mishri-z-lib-org-pdf |title=Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah |last2=Karimi |first2=Izzudin |last3=Syuaeb al-Faiz |first3=Mohammad |date=2010 |publisher=Pustaka Ibnu Katsir |isbn=978-9791294393 |language=ms |trans-title=The Companions of the Messenger of Allah |chapter=Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> Sa'd's brother Amir also converted, prompting their mother to undergo another hunger strike, which likewise failed to deter her second son either.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" />
According to [[Ibn Hisham]]'s version of Ibn Ishaq's [[Prophetic biography|sira]], Sa'd and a number of other Muslims were criticized by a group of [[polytheists]] in [[Mecca]]. This criticism prompted Sa'd to wound one of the polytheists with a camel bone, which Ibn Ishaq deems "the first blood to be shed in Islam".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Prophetic Biography Sirah of Ibnu Hisham|author=Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham|editor=Dr. Muhammad Mahdi Al-Sharif|year=2013|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah|isbn=978-2745178114|page=127}}</ref><ref name="Nafziger-p23">{{cite book |last1=Nafziger |first1=George F. |title=Islam at War: A History |last2=Walton |first2=Mark W. |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-275-98101-0 |pages=23, 278}}</ref><ref name="Nagendra Kumar Singh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra K.|author-link1=Nagendra Kumar Singh |title=Prophet Muhammad and His Companions |date=2003 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-8187746461 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiYQAQAAIAAJ&q=muhammad%20maslamah%20mus%27ab%20umayr |access-date=27 November 2021 |language=en |chapter= 42: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas |pages=279–282}}</ref>
According to the [[Fath al-Bari]] of [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]], Sa'd migrated to Medina before Muhammad along with [[Ibn Umm Maktum]] and [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]],<ref name="Fath al Bari">{{cite web |last1=al-Tayalisi |first1=Abu al-Walid |title=فتح الباري شرح صحيح البخاري|trans-title= Information about the book Fath Al-Bari Explanation of Sahih Al-Bukhari |url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=2184&idfrom=7131&idto=7148&flag=0&bk_no=52&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 |website=Islam web |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> where he continued to practice Islam.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />
=== Early life in Medina ===
{{further|Muhammad in Medina}}
As Sa'd and his siblings arrived in Medina, they immediately pledged allegiance to Muhammad. The Meccan migrants were termed [[muhajirun]], while the local Muslim inhabitants of Medina were known as the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]. While in Medina, Sa'd was involved in most of the military operations mounted by the Muslims against the [[Quraysh]] of Mecca. His first operation occurred nine months after the migration, when he was tasked with leading 20 men to raid a Qurayshi caravan that passed [[Kharrar]], located between Al-Juhfa and Mecca. This expedition failed, as the caravan escaped.<ref name="Tabaqat al Kubra Vol.2">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Sa'd |first1=Muhammad |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/1686 |title=Tabaqat al Kubra |date=2001 |publisher=Dar al Sadr |editor1-last=Muhammad Umar |editor1-first=Ali |edition=1 |volume=2 |___location=Beirut, Lebanon |language=ar |chapter=Sariyyah Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas |author-link1=Ibn Sa'd |access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>
During a [[Expedition of Ubaydah ibn al-Harith|minor reconnaissance operation]] under [[Ubayda ibn al-Harith]] in [[Rabigh]] shortly before the [[Battle of Badr]], the team caught the attention of opposing Qurayshi fighters that began to chase them. Sa'd and his team immediately ran away, with some accounts stating that he performed a [[Parthian shot]] as he retreated. The team returned to Medina unscathed, and Sa'd prided himself on allowing the Muslim scouts to survive.<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
==== Battle of Badr ====
During the march to [[Badr, Saudi Arabia|Badr]], Muhammad sent Sa'd, [[Ali]], and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] to scout the enemy's movements,<ref name="FahmiJihadDeathOfSa'dMawdoo" /> as the Muslim army that marched from Medina originally intended to capture the rich caravan of [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]] instead of facing the main forces of the Meccan Quraysh under [[Abu Jahl ibn Hisham]].
According to a chronicle, Sa'd's first feat of archery occurred during the Battle of Badr, in approximately 624.<ref name="Nagendra Kumar Singh" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> In this battle, the Muslims formed a [[phalanx]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /> A hadith states that in the midst of battle Sa'd prayed for his arrow to hit the enemy while stringing his bow, with Muhammad also praying for God to grant Sa'd's wish.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Biographers noted that Sa'd's archery skills were troublesome for the Qurayshi forces during the Battle of Badr.{{#tag:ref|Quoting the narration of [[Sahih Muslim]], chapter: Fadail as-Sahaba: 41.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" />|group="note"}} According to another hadith, he also joined the close combat during the final phase of the battle as the Muslims began to gain the upper hand. He killed a Qurayshi champion named Sa'id ibn al-As and retrieved a sword known as {{Lang|ar-Latn|Dha al-Kutayfah}} ({{Lang|ar|ذا الكُتَيفَة}}), which he presented to Muhammad as a prize of war.<ref name="The reason for the revelation of verse No. (1) of Surat Al-Anfal">{{cite web |last1=Al-Wahidi Al-Naysabur |first1=Abu Al-Hasan |title=The reason for the revelation of verse No. (1) of Surat Al-Anfal |url=https://www.hodaalquran.com/details.php?id=6550 |website=Huda Qur'an |publisher=Huda Hawza for Islamic Studies |access-date=30 November 2021 |year=2007}}</ref> Sa'd also reportedly managed to capture two Qurayshi soldiers during this battle.<ref name="The reason for the revelation of verse No. (1) of Surat Al-Anfal" />
Later historians dubbed Sa'd the first Muslim archer for his actions during this battle.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /> His teenage brother Umayr asked to participate in the battle, but Muhammad refused him due to his young age. Umayr continued to ask for permission to fight and was eventually granted it; he died in the course of the battle.<ref name="The reason for the revelation of verse No. (1) of Surat Al-Anfal" />
==== Protecting Muhammad in Uhud ====
[[File:قوس سعد بن أبي وقاص.jpg|thumb|Bow inscribed with the words of Muhammad's order to Sa'd, at [[Hejaz Railway Museum]] in Medina]]
At the [[Battle of Uhud]], Sa'd served in an archer regiment. As the Muslim army gained the upper hand, they were routed by a flanking maneuver by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]. The Muslim forces scattered, and Muhammad was separated from his soldiers except for about a dozen men, including Sa'd, the muhajirun warrior [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Talha]], the Medinan swordsman [[Abu Dujana]], and about six or seven [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansari]] soldiers.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> The group was surrounded by enemy cavalry under Khalid as the Muslim fighters formed a close defensive formation and Sa'd shot his arrows next to Muhammad, who suffered an injury to his shoulder.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> The outnumbered and encircled Muslims fought until most of them were killed, except Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa'd, who tried to assist his comrades with his bow, despite the close combat.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />{{#tag:ref|Uthman An-Nahdi said, "On that day (Uhud) during which the Prophet fought, only Talhah bin Ubaydullah and Sa'd remained with the Prophet." Sa'id bin Al-Musayyib said "I heard Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas saying, 'The Messenger of Allah gave me arrows from his quiver on the day of Uhud and said, "Shoot, may I sacrifice my father and mother for you."'" Al-Bukhari also collected this Hadith.
<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />|group="note"}} Sa'd resorted to firing multiple arrows at once in the dire situation.<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat">{{cite book |last1=ibn al-Athir |first1=Ali |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/1110 |title=Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah |last2=Al-Jazari |first2=Ali Bin Abi Al-Karam Muhammad Bin Muhammad Bin Abdul-Karim Bin Abdul-Wahed Al-Shaibani |date=1994 |publisher=Dar al-Kotob Ilmiya |language=ar |chapter=Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas |author-link1=Ali ibn al-Athir |access-date=28 November 2021}} {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe-QBChiO9Y |title=Kajian Sahabat Nabi: Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash |language=id, ar |year=2019 |trans-title=Commentary of a Companion of the Prophet: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas |___location=Bali |people=Riyadh ibn Badr al-Bajrey}}</ref>
Realizing how Sa'd was affecting the enemies, Muhammad gathered arrows for him and stood next to him while he continuously shot, allowing the encircled Muslims to retreat.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /> As they managed to escape, Muhammad praised Sa'd for his actions.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />
Later, after Muhammad killed one of the remaining enemy pursuers with his [[javelin]],<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Sa'd uttered a vow to kill his own brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fought on the side of the enemy, as Utbah had injured Muhammad during the encirclement.<ref name="Mcdonald Watt">{{cite book |last1=V. McDonald |first1=M. |last2=Montgomery Watt |first2=W. |title=The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 7 The Foundation of the Community: Muhammad At Al-Madina A.D. 622–626/Hijrah–4 A.H. |date=2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1438412399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efOFhaeNhAwC&q=history+of+tabari+uhud |access-date=30 November 2021 |language=en |format=Ebook}}</ref>
=== After Uhud until the Ridda Wars ===
{{further|Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|Ridda Wars}}
Along with Abu Bakr, [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]], Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, [[Bilal ibn Rabah]], [[Abbad ibn Bishr]], and [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]],<ref name="Sahabat yang Menjadi Pengawal dan Penjaga Rasulullah dalam Peperangan">{{cite web |last1=Juriyanto |first1=Moh |title=Sahabat yang Menjadi Pengawal dan Penjaga Rasulullah dalam Peperangan |year=2020 |publisher=Bincang Syariah |url=https://bincangsyariah.com/khazanah/penjaga-rasulullah-dalam-peperangan/ |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kenal Untuk Cinta: Biografi Lengkap Rasulullah">{{cite book |last1=Joll |first1=Muhadir Haji|title=Kenal Untuk Cinta: Biografi Lengkap Rasulullah |date=2018 |publisher=Galeri ilmu sdn bhd |isbn=978-9830977430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lovhDwAAQBAJ |access-date=1 December 2021 |language=ms|format=Ebook}}</ref> Sa'd was a member of the [[Haras (unit)|Haras]] (personal bodyguard) unit of Muhammad.<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Sahabat yang Menjadi Pengawal dan Penjaga Rasulullah dalam Peperangan" /><ref name="Kenal Untuk Cinta: Biografi Lengkap Rasulullah" /> When Muhammad and [[Aisha]] participated in military expeditions, Sa'd was the one who guarded their tent at night.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
Sa'd became one of the most important members of Medina's Muslim political and religious community after he participated in the [[Pledge of the Tree]],<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />{{#tag:ref|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] no. 6666.<ref name="Risalah Muslim">{{cite web |first1=Sofyan |last1=Efendi |first2=Rahmadi |last2=Deswira |title=HR. Bukhari: 6666 – Tentang Bai'at al-Ridwan |url=https://risalahmuslim.id/baiat-al-ridwan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924135804/https://risalahmuslim.id/baiat-al-ridwan/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2020 |website=Risalah Muslim |access-date=1 December 2021 |year=2006 |quote=Muhammad Nashiruddin Al-Albani; Zakir Naik; Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal; Khalid Basalamah, Abdullah Gymnastiar, Ustadz Adi Hidayat}}</ref>|group="note"}} as those who participated in the pledge were collectively praised in the [[Al-Fath]].<ref name="Erna Iriani">{{cite news |last1=Iriani |first1=Erna |title=Benarkah Utsman yang Menjadi Penyebab Terjadinya Baiat Ridhwan? |url=https://www.jalansirah.com/benarkah-utsman-yang-menjadi-penyebab-terjadinya-baiat-ridhwan.html |access-date=1 December 2021 |agency=Jalan Sirah |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014008/https://www.jalansirah.com/benarkah-utsman-yang-menjadi-penyebab-terjadinya-baiat-ridhwan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the same day as the pledge, Sa'd also witnessed the ratification of the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]] that created a [[ceasefire]] or non-aggression pact between Medina and Mecca.<ref name="FahmiJihadDeathOfSa'dMawdoo">{{cite web |last1=Fahmi |first1=Hadi |title=Saad bin Abi Waqas |url=https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5 |website=Mawdoo3 |access-date=1 December 2021 |ref=↑ Ibn Al-Mubarrad (2006), Pure salvation in the virtues of Saad bin Abi Waqqas (first edition), Beirut: Dar Al-Bashaer Al-Islamiyyah, p. 38. Adapted. ^ a b c th "Saad bin Abi Waqqas", www.islamstory.com, 1-5-2006. Retrieved 3-4-2018. act. ^ a b t Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al-Shathri (21-8-2011), "Saad bin Abi Waqqas, may God be pleased with him", www.alukah.net . Retrieved 3-4-2018. act. ^ A b son Almenbrd (2006), pure salvation in the virtues of Saad bin Abi Waqas (first edition), Beirut: Dar Islamic omens, Page 39, 41, 43, 46. Adapted. ↑ Ibn Al-Munbard (2006), Pure salvation in the virtues of Saad bin Abi Waqqas (first edition), Beirut: Dar Al-Bashaer Al-Islamiyyah, pp. 55, 60, 61, 62. Adapted. ↑ Ibn Al-Munbard (2006), Pure salvation in the virtues of Saad bin Abi Waqqas (first edition), Beirut: Dar Al-Bashaer Al-Islamiyyah, p. 65, 66. Adapted. ↑ Ibn Al-Munbard (2006), Pure salvation in the virtues of Saad bin Abi Waqas (first edition), Beirut: Dar Al-Bashaer Al-Islamiyyah, p. 278. Adapted. |year=2018}}</ref> Until the [[Expedition of Tabuk]], Sa'd was recorded as participating in all battles under Muhammad, including the [[Battle of the Trench]], the [[Expedition of al-Muraysi']], the [[Battle of Khaybar|Siege of Khaybar]], the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the [[Battle of Hunayn|battles in Hunayn and Awtas]], and the [[Siege of Ta'if]].<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" />
When Muhammed died and Abu Bakr was named the first caliph, the [[Ridda Wars]] broke out throughout the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Abu Bakr dispatched his elite forces under [[Usama ibn Zayd]] to pacify the northern border, while he gathered the rest of the army, including Sa'd, to engage the rebel invaders led by [[Tulayha]] in the [[Battle of Zhu Qissa]].<ref name="Mahd Al-Maram fi Fadil Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam">{{cite book |last1=al-Hanbali |first1=Ibn al-Mubarrad|author-link1=Al-Mubarrad |editor1-last=Muhammad Al-Azhari Abu Al-Mundhir |editor1-first=Saleh bin |title=Mahd Al-Maram fi Fadil Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam|trans-title=Pure Mercy in the Virtues of Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam |date=2014 |page=86 |url=https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=8616 |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> [[Ibn al-Jawzi]] and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi recorded that Sa'd instead joined the [[Expedition of Usama bin Zayd]] along with [[Umar]], [[Sa'id ibn Zayd]], [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]], and [[Qatada ibn al-Nu'man]].<ref name="Ibn al-Jawzi">{{cite book |last1=b. Ali b. Muḥammad Abu 'l-Faras̲h̲ b. al-Jawzi |first1=Abd al-Raḥmān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GsCDQAAQBAJ |title=تلقيح فهوم اهل الاثر في عيون التاريخ و السير (Talqīḥ fuhūm ahl al-athar fī 'uyūn al-tārīkh wa-al-siyar) |date=2016 |publisher=دار الارقم بن ابي الارقم – بيروت / لبنان |isbn=978-9953442112 |page=57 |language=Arabic |author-link1=Ibn al-Jawzi |access-date=9 December 2021}} {{cite web |last1=Nur ad-Din al-Halabi |first1=Ali |date=632 |title=سرية أسامة بن زيد بن حارثة رضي الله تعالى عنه إلى أبنى |url=https://www.alsirah.com/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84/ |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="al-Halabi Tarikh al Halab">{{cite web |last1=bin Burhan Al-Din Al-Halabi |first1=Ali |title=سرية أسامة بن زيد بن حارثة رضي الله تعالى عنه إلى أبنى |url=https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89 |website=Wikisource |access-date=9 December 2021 |language=Arabic}}{{cite book |last1=al-Jumayli |first1=Said |title=كتاب غزوات النبي صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم |date=1995 |publisher=Dar al-Hilal|page=142 |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/23654/142 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> After the rebels were routed, Sa'd joined the army marching towards [[Dumat al-Jandal]] to crush several [[Bedouin]] rebels there.<ref name="FahmiJihadDeathOfSa'dMawdoo" />
=== Battle of al-Qadisiyyah ===
{{main|Battle of al-Qadisiyyah}}
{{further|Military conquests of Umar's era}}
{{Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar}}
{{Campaignbox Muslim Conquest Persia}}
[[File:Mohammad adil rais-battlefield of qadisiyyah.PNG|thumb|Location of the Battle of Qadisiyyah]]
In 636, after the ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab as [[caliph]], he sent Sa'd to lead a [[corps]] towards [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]] to assist [[Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi]] in the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]].<ref name="Biografi Umar bin Al-Khathab">{{cite book |last1=al-Sallabi |author-link1=Ali al-Sallabi |title=Biografi Umar bin Al-Khathab |publisher=Pustaka Al-Kautsar |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9evbDwAAQBAJ |access-date=1 December 2021 |language=id}}</ref> Al-Basalamah stated that Umar gathered 12,000 soldiers in Medina to serve under Sa'd.{{#tag: ref|Al-Basalamah believed the caliph was following a hadith stating that "if 12,000 whole-hearted Muslims go for sincere [[jihad]], they will be invincible on any battlefield",<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> although [[al-Tirmidhi]] deemed this narration inauthentic and weak.<ref name="Tirmidhi12,000">{{cite web |last1=At-Tirmidhi |first1=Abu Isa |title=Jami' al-Tirmidhi Book: 21, Hadith: 1548 |url=http://qaalarasulallah.com/manage.php?manage=33&where=%20where%20collectionId=3%20and%20bookNo=21%20&order=%20id&ybook=21&ylist=3&Rows=83&limit=limit%200,50&head=Jami%27%20al-Tirmidhi%20[21.%20The%20Book%20on%20Military%20Expeditions |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>|group="note"}} Before the army could be dispatched from Medina, a message from the Iraq front arrived, stating that Abu Ubayd was [[killed in action]] during the [[Battle of the Bridge]] and the [[Rashidun army|Rashidun]] soldiers were forced to withdraw to south-west Iraq.<ref name="Biografi Umar bin Al-Khathab" /> This development caused Umar to change his plans, instructing Sa'd to march to Iraq with 6,000 soldiers, while also instructing the Rashidun armies in Iraq to merge with Sa'd's forces, the forces of [[Arfajah]], who brought 400 to 700 [[Azd]] cavalry,<ref name="Muhammad Ahmad Bashamil">{{cite book |last1=Bashamil |first1=Muhammad Ahmad |script-title=ar:القادسية و معارك العراق|trans-title= Qadisiyah and the battles of Iraq |date=1985 |publisher=Dar Al-Turath Library |page=580 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnQzAAAAIAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A9++%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> Jarir ibn Abdullah of [[Bajila|al-Bajali]] and [[al-Muthanna ibn Haritha]] of the [[Banu Shayban]], as those three commanders have just defeated the [[Sassanid]] vanguard in the [[Battle of Buwaib]].<ref name="Mahd Al-Maram fi Fadil Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam" /> Umar appointed Sa'd as the commander and placed the other three under his command. Sa'd scavenged the Rashidun soldiers left in Iraq during his marches until he managed to collect 30,000 soldiers.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> According to al-Basalamah, [[Rostam Farrokhzad]], the Sassanid commander who led a massive army to confront the caliphate, deliberately marched slowly as a strategy to cause Sa'd's army to lose their patience and incite a battle.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> However, al-Muthanna advised Sa'd to move to the periphery of Iraq's desert and avoid moving their army deep into Sassanid territory. Sa'd agreed, and he instructed his army to move according to al-Muthanna's advice.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khalil |last2=Mohy ud Din Mirza |first2=Abrar |last3=Khaliq |first3=Abdul |title=Islamic Warfare Approaches and its sway on world reconciliation: A discourse analysis of Sa'd ibn Abī Waqqās as Muslim Commandant |journal=Journal of Religious Studies of the University of Chitral |year=2020 |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.33195/journal.v4i01.243 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2616-6496}}</ref>
Sa'd engaged in routine correspondence with the central government in Medina, as Sa'd diligently wrote about all developments, major and trivial, and sent at least two messengers every day to Umar. The caliph responded with a message that forbade Sa'd from preemptive attacks.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" />
==== Pre-battle activities ====
According to Tabari's account, the Persian faction of the [[Sasanian civil war of 628–632|Sassanid civil war]] that steered the policies of the young [[Yazdegerd III]] was at odds with Rostam, the commander of the empire's most powerful army. Rostam urged patience and protracted warfare instead of outright assault on the Arab troops and exchanged letters with Zuhra ibn Hawiyah with the intention of making peace. Zuhra stated that if the Sassanids converted to Islam, the Arab armies would withdraw and return only to Persia as merchants. [[Parvaneh Pourshariati]] speculates that this points to trade being a motivation behind the invasion of Persia. Tabari's narrative states that Rostam was prepared to convert in order to avoid military confrontation, but other factions in the Sassanid government refused to agree to such terms, and battle became an inevitability.<ref name="Pourshariati">{{cite book|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire|pages=220–233|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|year=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1845116453}}</ref>
Islamic sources state that Sa'd sent a series of hostile emissaries to taunt Rostam while waiting to receive reinforcements sent by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who had just won the [[Battle of Yarmuk]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The first envoy was [[Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi]], who was humiliated when Rostam gave him a basket filled with dirt, to which Asim responded with mocking commentary that the Sassanids "agreed to give their lands to Muslims" before returning to the Muslim army to report. Sa'd then sent [[al-Mughira]], who gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, surrender peacefully, or meet on the battlefield.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /> Al-Mughira, trying to provoke Rostam, broke a sword that had been given to him as a gift.<ref name="The Battle of Qadisiyyah; Abdul Majid Mujahid" /> Sa'd then sent Rib'i ibn Amir, a Bedouin chieftain with no sense of courtesy, in order to confuse the Sassanids.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Rib'i entered Rostam's chamber with his mule, dirtying the tent carpet and shocking Rostam's court. He gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, pay [[jizya]] to the caliphate, or war. Rib'i stated that his superiors would give Rostam three days to think, and returned to Sa'd.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> The sending of Rib'i is depicted as causing Rostam to lose his patience, causing him to prepare his army for battle.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="The Battle of Qadisiyyah; Abdul Majid Mujahid">{{harvnb|Mujahid|2013|pp=25–103}}</ref>
As Rostam's army marched to the battlefield, Sa'd sent a dozen horsemen as scouts, led by [[Tulayha]] and [[Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib]], who disguised themselves as Iraqi locals. They were to ride deep into Sassanid territory and to the outskirts of [[Ctesiphon]] to gather [[Military intelligence|intel]] regarding Rostam's forces.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="History of the city of Damascus">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Asakir |first1=Alī ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Hibat Allāh ibn Abd Allāh|author-link1=Ibn Asakir |title=History of the city of Damascus |page=385 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9krCwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 December 2021 |chapter=46|publisher=IslamKotob}}</ref> After two days of traveling, the scouts spotted the first vanguards of the army, which they estimated at 70,000. Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi sent the scouts to report their findings to Sa'd, while Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi continued to gather intel by themselves.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> They managed to trace the second and third waves, which they believed to be the center and rear of the army, numbering 100,000 and 70,000 respectively.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Medieval chronicles reported that ibn Ma'adi wanted to return, having achieved the mission, but Tulayha wished to wait for one more day. Tulayha instigated a one-man raid during the night and infiltrated the rear encampment where Rostam's tent was located.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="The Battle of Qadisiyyah; Abdul Majid Mujahid" /> He infiltrated the Sassanid camp under the cover of darkness, cut the ropes of the tents, and used torches to ignite fires within the camp.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> This created chaos in the camp, killing two Sassanid soldiers. As the confused army plunged into chaos, Tulayha took two horses and a captive to bring back to Sa'd.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31tscfPF4tkC |title=Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy |last=Adil| first=Hajjah Amina |date=2002 |publisher=ISCA |isbn=978-1930409118|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ali|first=Maulana Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flg-UX6fOdkC|title=The Early Caliphate|date=2015|publisher=Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore |isbn=978-1-934271-25-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=flg-UX6fOdkC&pg=PT98 98]|language=en}}</ref>{{#tag: ref|Most [[Hadith]] scholars expressed skepticism regarding the historical narration of [[Sayf ibn Umar]]<ref>al-Hakim (d. 405 AH) wrote: "Sayf is accused of being a heretic. His narrations are abandoned."</ref><ref>Abu Dawud (d. 316 AH) wrote: "Sayf is nothing. He was a liar. Some of his Hadiths were conveyed and the majority of them are denied."</ref>|group="note"}} According to Tulayha, the horses belonged to Rostam. He rejoined ibn Ma'adi and they returned to Sa'd to tell him about the number of enemy forces.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="The Battle of Qadisiyyah; Abdul Majid Mujahid" />
The major battle in [[Al-Qadisiyyah (historical city)|al-Qadisiyyah]] was preceded by a successful minor engagement against a portion of Sassanids in Uzaib.<ref name="FaridhPracticeOfLeadership" />
==== The battle ====
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While the Battle of Qadisiyyah occupies an important place in Islamic history for its symbolism in Persia's fall to the Muslim army, Islamic sources provide little information about the battle itself, focusing instead on heroic tales of fighters and tribes. Modern scholars hold that most details in works like [[al-Tabari]]'s ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'' consist of embellishments, with narrators recounting legendary tales of their fellow tribesmen, such as [[Sayf ibn Umar]]'s emphasis on the heroics of [[Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi|al-Qa'qa]], both of them members of the [[Banu Tamim]].<ref name="Pourshariati" /> The date of the battle and the size of the forces involved both vary from source to source; modern historians only assert that the Sassanids outnumbered the invaders. Scholars have proposed that the battle took place in 636 or 637, with some suggesting an earlier date of 634 or 635. While the details of the battle are unlikely to be historically accurate, the different versions of the battle do share a few commonalities, including the absence of Sa'd himself from the battlefield, attributed to [[hemorrhoids]]<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /> or [[Poxviridae|pox]]<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> in various sources, and the death of the enemy commander Rostam.<ref>{{Cite web |author=D. Gershon Lewental |title=Qadesiya, Battle of |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qadesiya-battle |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> Al-Tabari's account of the fighting has formed the basis for many modern-day attempts to reconstruct the events of the battle.
According to Sa'd al-Ubaisi's reconstruction of the battle based on al-Tabari's work, the battle occurred over four days, with Sa'd overseeing the battle from a tent overlooking the battlefield and the Sassanids relying upon their [[War elephant|elephant corps]]:<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Abdurrahman Al-Obaisi |first1=Sa'd |title=Reading in the history of al-Tabari about the battle of al-Qadisiyah and the conquest of al-Mada'in |date=2011 |publisher=Alukah |url=https://www.alukah.net/social/0/79806 |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>
# First day, ''the day of Armath'':<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Asim ibn Amr led the first clash, alongside ibn Ma'adi and the [[Hawazin]] tribe under Rabi'ah ibn Uthman. The Sassanids dispatched their heavy cavalry and elephants to cause havoc among Muslim ranks. Sa'd, who oversaw the battlefield from his tent, ordered Asim to handle the elephants.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" /> Asim dispatched a squad that, according to [[Al-Qurtubi]], had trained for days before the battle in special anti-elephant military drills consisting of maneuvering their horses around a huge wooden elephant doll.<ref name="Fenomena Bom Bunuh Diri">{{cite web |last1=Ibn Husain Abu Lauz |first1=Ali |title=Fenomena Bom Bunuh Diri |url=https://almanhaj.or.id/30650-fenomena-bom-bunuh-diri.html#_ftnref5 |website=almanhaj |access-date=2 December 2021 |ref=Disalin dari majalah As-Sunnah Edisi Khusus/Tahun VIII/1425H/2004M. Diterbitkan Yayasan Lajnah Istiqomah Surakarta, Jl. Solo – Purwodadi Km.8 Selokaton Gondangrejo Solo 57183 Kontak Pemasaran 085290093792, 08121533647, 081575792961, Redaksi 08122589079 |language=id|year=2004}}</ref> The cavalry aimed for the elephants' [[alpha male]], which the Muslim army recognized by its brighter skin and their perception that it was seemingly leading the other elephants.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" />{{#tag:ref|According to al-Basalamah, these cavalry managed to cut the girdle of the elephant [[howdah]] and killed the rider, scaring the elephant with their lances, causing the elephant to flee followed by other elephants.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />|group="note"}} At the end of the day, there were no elephants left, and the left wing of the Muslim army managed to stall the onslaught of the Sassanid heavy cavalry.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" />
# Second day, ''the day of Agwath'':<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> On November 17, the Muslims mobilized and fought to a deadlock as they tried to move the bodies of their fallen comrades to be buried. Suddenly, al-Qa'qa, the right-hand man of Khalid ibn al-Walid, arrived on the battlefield and burst forward with his men to penetrate the brigade of [[Bahman Jaduya]], the Sassanid right-wing commander. They killed Bahman, leaving the Sassanid right wing leaderless for the moment. It is said that al-Qa'qa engaged in 30 personal duels on this day.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" />
# Third day, ''the day of Imash'':<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> More elephants arrived on the battlefield and the situation became dire again for the Muslims, prompting Sa'd to send urgent messages from his tent for available forces to concentrate on the elephants.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" /> Al-Qa'qa ordered massive camels to swarm the elephant flanks, while the spearmen formed spear walls in front of the elephants.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> According to Ibn Kathir, the Muslims who were involved in slaughtering the elephants were al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, ibn Ma'adi, [[Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar]], Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, and Khalid ibn Urfuthah.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib">{{cite book |last1=bin Shamil as-Sulami |first1=Muhammad |translator=Abu Ihsan al-Atsari |last2=Ibn Kathir |first2=Abu Fida |author-link1=Ibn Kathir |title=Tartib wa Tahdzib Al-Kkitab bidayah wan Nihayah |date=2004 |publisher=Dar al Wathan |___location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |pages=249–278 |url=http://opac.iain-jember.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=9777 |access-date=3 December 2021 |language=id |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203010719/http://opac.iain-jember.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=9777 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The day ended with the elephant corps damaged beyond repair, as most of them were killed along with their riders, while many fled and became uncontrollable, trampling their own comrades and causing massive casualties to the Sassanids. The commander of the elephant corps, [[Jalinus]], fled the battlefield after the Muslim forces gained upper hand. Sa'd ordered his men to chase and kill Jalinus, as he wanted the elephants to be permanently neutralized. A Tamim horseman named Zahra ibn Hawiyah at-Tamimi chased the elephant commander and killed him.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" />
# Fourth day, ''the day of al-Qadisiyyah'':<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The death of Rostam shocked the Sassanids, which prompted Sa'd to order a general assault.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" />
Multiple stories about the death of Rostam were presented in Tabari's works. According to one version of his death, there was a heavy sandstorm facing the Sassanid army on the final day of the battle. Rostam lay next to a camel to shelter himself from the storm, while some weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords had been loaded on the camel.<ref name="blankinship" /> Hilal ibn Ullafah accidentally cut the girdle of the load on the camel, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it.<ref name="blankinship" /> The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back, leaving him half-dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted that he killed Rostam.<ref name="blankinship">{{cite book |author=ibn Jarir al-Tabari |first=Muhammad |title=The History of al-Tabari: The Challenge to the Empires |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7914-0852-0 |volume=28 |page=146 |translator-last=Blankinship |translator-first=Khalid Yahya |author-link=Al-Tabari}}</ref> Ibn Kathir's version also states that Hilal killed Rostam.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Another version of the story, attributed to [[Ya'qubi]], states that a group including Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Tulayha, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib discovered Rostam's corpse.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&q=dirar&pg=PA110 The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Yalubi volume II p. 165] {{cite book | last = Khuri Hitti | first = Phillip | year=2005 |title = The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II pp. 165, 2002 |page = 415}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Skepticism regarding Ya'qubi's version exists<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Yaqubi|title=al-Ya'qubi | Arab historian and geographer|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=January 2024 }}</ref>|group="note"}}
After Rostam's death, al-Qa'qa and his Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, while the Muslim army carried out Sa'd's order to advance. Most of the Sassanid forces broke as the Muslim archers attacked them relentlessly.<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" /> As the Sassanid casualties mounted, they were finally routed and fled towards the river of Ateeq, where they were subject to further slaughter by the Tamim cavalry led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah.{{#tag:ref|The final casualties of the Sassanids are not clear, but contemporary researchers suggested from about 30,000 to "probably exceeding hundreds of thousands".<ref name="IbnAbdurrahmanReadingHistoryAlTabari" />|group="note"}}<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
News of the battle spread through Iraq, and many cities that had rebelled against the caliphate succumbed to it again. Sa'd immediately sent news of his victory to Medina, where the caliph gathered the city's people to inform them of the victory.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
=== Crossing of Tigris and conquest of Ctesiphon ===
{{main|al-Mada'in|Siege of Ctesiphon (637)}}
Shortly after the victory in Qadisiyyah,{{#tag:ref|Muhammad ibn Shamil stated that medieval chroniclers listed different years for Battle of Qadisiyyah: Tabari and Sayf ibn Umar recorded it in 15 AH (636 CE), while Waqidi and Ibn Ishaq recorded it in 16 AH (637 CE).<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />|group="note"}} Sa'd commanded his forces to march again, as he aimed to subdue the Sassanid capital [[Ctesiphon]]. He rearranged his army again to the five-division formation.<ref name="Masudul Hasan">{{harvnb|Hasan|1997|p=344}}</ref> He appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah to the vanguard, which marched first to the north, and replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, his step-nephew, as his deputy. Khalid was reappointed as the rear guard commander.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> As the vanguard reached [[Borsippa]], Zuhra defeated the remnants of Sassanid army under [[Busbuhra]] in the [[Battle of Burs]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd [[Battle of Babylon (636)|met a force of Firuzan]], which the caliphate army defeated easily.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Then the forces under Sa'd marched again until they met more Sassanid resistance in [[Sawad]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The Sasanids were defeated after their leader, Syahriyar, was defeated in a duel by a Muslim soldier named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who was given the crown and bracelets of Syahriyar as spoils of war.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
[[File:Ctesiphon map-en.svg|thumb|right|Location of Behrasir ([[Veh-Ardashir]] and [[Seleucia]]) on the west bank of the Tigris]]
After the town was pacified, Sa'd continued to march again until they pacified one of the Sassanid capital's suburbs, [[Behrasir]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd used the city as a military headquarters, while he sent smaller companies to gather intel.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> These small raiding parties did not find any hostile forces but brought 100,000 dirhams seized from local farmers. This prompted Sa'd to inform the caliph about his soldiers' conduct. Umar replied by forbidding the seizure of money and instructed the soldiers to instead offer the people a choice between converting to Islam or paying [[jizya]]. Sa'd sent [[Salman the Persian]] to offer the locals these two choices.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> This was received well by the locals, except the citizens of Bahurashir,<!-- Is this different from Behrasir/Veh-Ardashir? --> who resisted behind their walls.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd besieged the city and built 20 [[trebuchet]]s to subdue the suburb. The city garrison sent raiding forces outside the wall to stop the trebuchets. Their efforts were repelled by Zuhra, who suffered injuries in protecting the machines.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The siege continued until the garrison of Bahurashir suffered from supply and food shortages, which caused them to abandon Bahurashir and cross the [[Tigris]] River toward [[al-Mada'in]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> After the garrison left, Sa'd entered the abandoned Bahurashir.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="Sami ibn Abdullah al Maghlouth Atlas">{{harvnb|al Maghlouth |2015}}</ref>
The Tigris was undergoing a heavy tide at the time and crossing it without boats was impossible for the Rashidun forces. Sa'd was forced to wait until they could cross the river.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="Sami ibn Abdullah al Maghlouth Atlas" /> He grew frustrated, as he was informed by locals that Yazdegerd III was going to move the treasury from al-Mada'in to [[Hulwan]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="Sami ibn Abdullah al Maghlouth Atlas" /> That morning, Sa'd changed his mind and told the army that he was willing to take the risk, and the entire force should cross the river with their mounts despite the high tide. Sa'd reasoned that they needed to subdue al-Mada'in immediately and deny Yazdegerd any chance to use his wealth to build another army.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> The soldiers were hesitant, as the river torrents were fierce, but as Sa'd motivated them they complied, and one by one they plunged themselves into the river and crossed it.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Ibn Kathir reported that the Sassanids in al-Mada'in castle yelled "Crazy! They are crazy!", unable to believe that the Rasidun army attempted to cross the torrent without boats.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The Sassanids attempted to intercept the crossing by sending their cavalries, but Asim on the vanguard easily repelled them by instructing his archers to aim for their horses' eyes, causing the blinded horses to move uncontrollably. The Sassanids abandoned their horses and ran on foot.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> As they ran, Asim commanded his forces to catch them.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> By the time they reached the Sassanid capital, Sa'd recovered from his sickness.
==== Wealth of Yazdegerd ====
[[Image:ctesiphon-ruin 1864.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taq Kasra]] or Ctesiphon palace ruin, with the arch in the centre, 1864]]
When the whole army had crossed the river, they immediately chased after the Sassanids who had fled to al-Mada'in.<ref name="The Battle of Qadisiyyah; Abdul Majid Mujahid" /><ref name="IbnuHumamSalehRoleOfSaad">{{cite thesis |last1=Ibnu Humam Saleh |first1=Jahdan |title=Peran Saad Bin Abi Waqqash Dalam Perang Qadisiyyah Dan Pengaruhnya Di Irak Tahun 14-15H/637-638M |trans-title=The Role of Saad Bin Abi Waqqash in the Qadisiyyah War and Its Influence in Iraq |journal=Sejarah Peradaban / Kebudayaan Islam |year=2016 |url=https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/21157/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=Digital Library of Uin Sunan Kaijaga |language=id}}</ref><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> The army was unable to find them, and Yazdegerd had evacuated his entire family and much of his property from the city.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The army managed to secure [[al-Mada'in]]'s treasury, and also found Yazdegerd's crown and gown in a sack loaded on a mule. They were immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who brought them to Sa'd.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
They found the palace abandoned.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd sent Salman to preach Islam in the subdued [[megalopolis]].<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> In the month of Safar, he gathered his troops to carry out Friday prayers in the palace. According to Ibn Shamil, this was the first [[Friday prayer]] established in country of Iraq, as Sa'd had intended to live in this palace.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd appointed Amr ibn Amr al-Muzani to manage the spoils, and Salman to distribute a fifth of the spoils to the soldiers. Because the army consisted of mounted soldiers, each soldier got at least 12,000 [[dirham|silver dirhams]]. The rest were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
When the wealth of the Sassanids reached Medina, Umar gave the golden bracelet of Yazdegerd to [[Suraqa bin Malik]], a [[Kinana]] tribesman from Banu Midhlaj, as according to a [[hadith]] prophesied by Muhammad during the [[Hegira]], Muhammad promised Suraqa the bracelets of Yazdegerd.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />
=== Governorate in Kufa ===
{{main|Battle of Jalula}}
{{further|Muslim conquest of Khuzestan}}
[[File:Sasanian Khuzestan.svg|thumb|Sassanid Khuzestan, which invaded during Sa'd tenure in Iraq]]
Shortly after Sa'd conquered al-Mada'in, Umar ordered him to stabilize the conquered area before chasing down the Sassanid forces that fled to the mountains.<ref name="FaridhPracticeOfLeadership">{{cite journal |author1=Tri Ahmad Faridh |title=Praktik Kepemimpinan Transformasional Dalam Organisasi Islam (Studi Tentang Kepemimpinan Umar Bin Khattab Dalam Persistiwa Pembebasan Ibukota Persia – Madain) |trans-title=Practice of Transformational Leadership in Islamic Organizations (Study of Umar Bin Khattab's Leadership in the Liberation of the Persian Capital – Madain) |journal=Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kebudayaan Islam |date=2021 |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=5 |publisher=Al-Hadid Institute of Da'wah Science (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Dakwah Al-Hadid) |doi=10.30762/realita.v19i2.3514 |s2cid=250026972 |language=id|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Sa'd heard that the people of [[Mosul]] had gathered at [[Tikrit]] under a figure named al-Antioch.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Al-Antioch had gathered some [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] men as his allies, along with a man named Syaharijah and Arab Christian warriors from the tribes of [[Iyad (tribe)|Iyad]], [[Taghlib]], and an-Nimr.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd wrote a letter to Umar about this news, and Umar replied by ordering him to launch a preemptive attack on Mosul.<ref name="TuckerWarsThatChangedHistory" /> Sa'd appointed Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the commander of the forces set to attack Mosul, with Rib'i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd appointed Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the left wing, and Hani ibn Qais and Arfajah on the cavalry, with Arfajah the first to reach Tikrit.<ref name="Ali Sa'd Hijazi; caliph Umar">{{cite book |last1=al-Hijazi |first1=Ali Sa'd Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZopMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT158%5C |title=العدالة العمرية من سيرة أمير المؤمنين عمر بن الخطاب (رضي الله عنه) |date=2009 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2745162380 |page=160 |language=ar |trans-title=Age-wise Justice: From the biography of the Commander of the Faithful Omar Ibn Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> After they were finished in Tikrit, ibn Mu'tam sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue [[Nineveh]] and Mosul before the news about Antiqa's defeat in Tikrit spread.<ref name="Ali Sa'd Hijazi; caliph Umar" /> Arfajah and ibn Mu'tam forced a surrender from both cities and subjected them to jizya.<ref name="Mahmud Sheet Khattab2">{{cite book |last1=Khattab |first1=Mahmud Sheet |title=دة فتح العراق والجزيرة|trans-title=Leaders of the Conquest of Iraq and Al-Jazeera |date=2010 |page=358 |url=https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=5243 |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
As Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan, he gathered soldiers and followers in every territory passed until he mustered more than 100,000 soldiers and appointed Mihran as their commander.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> According to John Paul C. Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised this massive army from Hulwan because he could not accept the defeat in al-Qadisiyyah.<ref name="The History and Message of Islam">{{harvnb|Paul C. Nzomiwu|1989|p=40}}</ref> The army of Mihran dug a large ditch around them as a defense and dwelt in that place with a number of troops, supplies, and equipment. Sa'd requested further instruction from Umar, and the caliph ordered Sa'd to stay in al-Mada'in and appoint Hashim ibn Utbah as the leader of the troops to attack [[Jalula]]. Sa'd executed these instructions and sent Hashim to lead the Rashidun troops to engage Mihran forces in the [[Battle of Jalula]].<ref name="TuckerWarsThatChangedHistory">{{cite book |author1=Spencer C. Tucker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbwtJ2mJ5zsC <!-- wrong link --> |title=Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1610697866 |page=168 |language=en |format=Ebook |author1-link=Spencer C. Tucker |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> Al-Qa'qa was appointed as vanguard, Malik ibn Si'r as right wing, Amr ibn Malik on the left, and Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as rearguard.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> The Rashidun troops sent to Jalula numbered 12,000 soldiers, which included veteran warriors from the [[muhajirun]] and [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] from the tribal chiefs of the interior Arabs.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> It is said that the Muslims managed to seize spoils in the form of treasures, weapons, gold and silver which amounted to almost as much as the treasures they found in al-Mada'in and more than they received from Ctesiphon.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" />
After the operation in Jalula, Umar ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to stay in Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should continue to pursue Yazdegerd to Hulwan. Al-Qa'qa clashed against another Sassanid force in Hulwan led by Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa personally slaid in battle, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed to escape.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> As Yazdegerd raised further resistance forces, Sa'd's troops under Arfajah chased them, sending the vanguard led by a Tamim warrior named [[Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di]] (known as ''Dhu al-Khuwaishirah at-Tamimi'', the first [[Rashidun cavalry#Hurqus & Iraqi Kharijites|Kharijite]] in history.{{sfn|Subani|2013|p=44}}) to face them. Hurqus managed to crush Yazdegerd's army under [[Hormuzan]] in Ahvaz (now known as [[Hormizd-Ardashir]]).{{sfn|Jalalipour|2014|p=7}} The massive spoils of war which were acquired earlier now became a major problem for Sa'd due to complaints received by the caliph regarding Sa'd's uneven distribution of the spoils from Jalula.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" /> The complaint caused the caliph to recall Sa'd for questioning, while the caliph ordered a major investigation regarding the accusation towards Sa'd.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" />
==== Founding of Kufa ====
[[File:الكوفه.jpg|thumb|[[Euphrates]] river near Kufa]]
{{further|Kufa|Basra|Amsar}}
After the Arab armies had settled in al-Mada'in, Umar learned that many of the soldiers who had settled in Iraq were ill. The soldiers reported that they were sick because they resided "in a place that was not fit for camels". Later historians theorized that the soldiers in al-Mada'in became sick because they were not used to the non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which was characterized by medieval chroniclers as a highly urbanized megalopolis with dense forest features.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} Umar sent [[Ammar ibn Yasir]] and [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]] to assist in Iraq and began searching places fit for the Arab army's settlement. [[Utbah ibn Ghazwan]] and Arfajah built a garrison town in [[Basra]], while Sa'd moved towards what would become Kufa.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> He transported and dismantled walls and military structures from al-Mada'in to build a new garrison city or ''[[Amsar|misr]]''.<ref name="Futuh al Buldan Baladhuri & Mu'jam al Buldan Yaqut Hamawi">Al-Baladhuri, Fotouh Al-Buldan, p. 275; Al-Hamawi, Mujam Al-Buldan, Part 4, pg. 490</ref> The new ''misr'' was formally called Jund al-Kufah, which was a complex for the Muslim soldiers who settled in that area permanently along with their families. Sa'd made [[Kufa]] his permanent headquarters.<ref name="Futuh al Buldan Baladhuri & Mu'jam al Buldan Yaqut Hamawi" />
After Sa'd settled into Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his forces towards locations in [[Khuzestan]] centered around [[Ahvaz]] to face [[Hormuzan]], a fugitive commander who survived the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. Utbah ibn Gahzwan also prepared his troops from Basra to the assist forces of Hashim. They won the battle and forced Hormuzan to flee from the area. Later, Umar learned that Yazdegerd mustered another army to attack the city of Basra. The caliph ordered Sa'd to send his troops to Ahvaz under the command of [[Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin]] to confront this threat. Umar ordered Sa'd to appoint Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, and Abdullah bin Dzi as-Sahmain as field commanders. Umar wrote another letter to [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] in Basra to send troops to Ahvaz under the command of Sahl ibn Adi, and instructed him to include powerful fighters such as [[al-Bara' ibn Malik]], Asim ibn 'Amr, [[Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi]], Ka'b ibn Sur, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, [[Hudhayfah al-Bariqi]], Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma'bad under the command of Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm. This army successfully defeated the Sassanids and conquered most of Khuzestan.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
Hormuzan once again gathered a group of Sassanid forces on the plain of {{ill|Masabzan|fa|مسبذان}}. Sa'd informed Umar of this, and Umar sent an army led by [[Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab]], Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and [[Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi]]. This force successfully defeated the Sassanids in Masabzan and captured one of their commanders. Sa'd named Dhiraar an administrator of the Masabzan area.<ref name="areq; Dhiraar ibn al Khattab">{{cite encyclopedia |title=ضرار بن الخطاب |publisher=areq.net |url=https://areq.net/m/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |language=ar |trans-title=Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab |quote=Ibn Salam, Layers of Stallions of Poets, achieved by Mahmoud Shaker. Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, Al- Isbah in the Knowledge of the Companions (Al-Risala Foundation, Beirut 1328 AH).; Abu Al-Faraj Al-Isfahani, Al-Aghani (Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, 1992).}}</ref>
Umar then ordered the troops in Kufa to assist the army in Emesa, where Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were [[Siege of Emesa (638)|besieged by a Christian Arab army]] under the command of [[Heraclius]]. Sa'd sent al-Qa'qa and several thousand cavalries as reinforcements. As the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar ordered al-Qa'qa to return to Iraq.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
==== Dismissal from command ====
In 638, Umar sent [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]] to Kufa, as he heard of scandals involving Sa'd. Sa'd, the governor of Kufa, had built a public [[citadel]] next to his own house. The noise from the nearby market was so deafening that Sa'd had locked the gate to the citadel, which prompted the caliph to send ibn Maslamah to destroy the gate, which he did by setting fire to it.<ref name="Broken Cities A Historical Sociology of Ruins">{{cite book |last1=Devecka |first1=Martin |title=Broken Cities A Historical Sociology of Ruins |date=2020 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1421438429 |page=71 |access-date=28 November 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG3-DwAAQBAJ|quote=Baladhuri; Futuh}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2022}} He refused all of Sa'd's offers of hospitality, and handed him a missive from Umar reminding him that the citadel should be available to the public, suggesting that he move his house. According to Asad Ahmed, the caliph also dispatched several intelligence officers, including a spy named Hashim ibn Walid ibn al-Mughira, to investigate Sa'd's conduct. They found unanimous support and positive impressions from the Kufa residents towards Sa'd, except from the tribes of [[Bajila]]<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam">{{harvnb|Q. Ahmed|2011|pp=24–27}}</ref> and [[Banu Abs|Abs]].<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
In 642, ibn Maslamah was again sent to investigate complaints of Kufa's citizens towards Sa'd.<ref name="Nagendra Kumar Singh" />{{rp|242}} Ibn Maslamah visited all the local mosques and heard the public's complaints. Nearly everyone expressed satisfaction with Sa'd's conduct as governor, but there was an accusation that he did not lead the prayers correctly and spent too much time hunting. Ibn Maslamah took Sa'd and his accusers back to Umar. Sa'd was proven innocent while the accuser was only spreading rumors, but Umar still replaced Sa'd as governor.<ref name="Sealed Nectar2">{{cite book |author1=Mubarakpuri |first=Safiur Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yubXAAAAMAAJ&q=muhammad%20ibn%20maslama%20night%20uhud |title=Sealed Nectar |date=1995 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |page=250 |language=en |access-date=28 November 2021}} {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld6IvcOOZEk&list=PL69G8Czr1BksAVbBo6-Yeo6L2H7eErE1O&index=26 |title=Sahabat Nabi Muhammad bin Maslamah Radhiyallahu 'anhu |language=id, ar |year=2020 |trans-title=Companions of the Prophet Muhammad bin Maslamah [[Islamic honorifics#Muhammad|Radhiya llahu 'anhu]] |___location=Surabaya, Java |time=13m31s–46m30s |people=Fadlan Fahamsyah}}</ref> According to al-Basalamah, this was because Umar wanted to minimize any potential scandals. He admitted that he trusted Sa'd,<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> as they did not find any proven misconduct during their investigation.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" /> According to Asad Q. Ahmed, the complaints towards Sa'd were most likely due to the jealousy of several clans in Kufa towards Sa'd for his apparent high position as overlord of Iraq and for his closeness to his favorite general and nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, which was viewed as nepotism.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" />
Later, on the eve of the [[Battle of Nahavand]], Umar gathered a war council consisting of Sa'd, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr, and [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]].<ref name="Tartib wa Tahdzib Al-Kkitab bidayah wan Nihayah2">{{harvnb|bin Shamil as-Sulami|Ibn Kathir |2004|pp=218–220}}</ref>
Some narrations state that although Umar removed him from his post as governor, he recommended that the [[caliph]] who succeeded him reinstall Sa'd, since he had not removed Sa'd due to any treachery.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Later, Sa'd was one of six people nominated by him for the [[the election of Uthman|third caliph]]. Umar left a will asking the third caliph to reappoint Sa'd as Governor of Kufa, which was done by [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]], who dismissed al-Mughira from Kufa and reappointed Sa'd as Governor.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Several years later, Sa'd was involved in a quarrel with [[Abdullah ibn Masud]], as he could not pay his debt to the latter. This quarrel caused Uthman to remove Sa'd from his post and appoint [[al-Walid ibn Uqba]] as his replacement.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
=== First Muslim civil wars ===
When the [[First Fitna]] broke out, Sa'd convinced many surviving Companions of Muhammad, including [[Ibn Abbas]], [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abdullah ibn Umar]], [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]], [[Anas ibn Malik]], [[Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi]], and [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]], to remain neutral in the strife.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Sa'd, along with ibn Umar and ibn Maslamah, rejected pleas for assistance from the factions during the war.<ref name="Tabaqat ibn Sa'd3" /> Many resented this extremely influential yet pacifistic faction led by Sa'd, as some thought their inactivity during the strife prevented a decisive result in the conflict. Sa'd's son [[Umar ibn Sa'd]] was one of his father's critics.<ref name="Tabaqat ibn Sa'd3">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Sa'd |first1=Muhammad|author-link1=Ibn Sa'd |title=Major Classes|trans-title=Tabaqat al-Kubra vol 3 |page=338 |publisher=IslamKotob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2O5ICwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
Sa'd outlived all of the other [[Promised Ten|ten to whom Paradise was promised]] and died at the age of eighty, around the year 674.<ref name="ahya" /> Judging by the portion of the last [[zakat]] he paid, Saad's wealth measured 250,000{{Nbsp}}dirhams on the day he died.<ref name="Tabaqat al Kubra 110">{{cite book |last1=Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi |first1=Muhammad |title=Tabaqat al Kubra chapter 3 |date=1990 |publisher=Dar al-Ilmiyya |___location=Beirut |page=110 |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/1686 |access-date=4 December 2021 |language=ar}}</ref>
==Legacy==
As a figure with a long career in early Islamic history and its conquests, Sa'd left a rich legacy as a military figure and as an honored companion of Muhammad; legends surrounding him served as influences on China's Islamic tradition. Sa'd's characterization as a hero of Islam and the Arabs was used by [[Saddam Hussein]] to link himself to the conqueror of Iraq.<ref name="The Middle East A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture">{{harvnb|Rubin|2015|p=403|}}</ref>
=== Islamic scholarship ===
{{Sunni Islam|Salaf}}
[[Sunni Muslim]]s regard Sa'd as one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised, and he is famed for his participation in Badr and Uhud. Various verses of the [[Quran]] are said to have been inspired by him, including [[ayah]] 8 of [[Al-Ankabut]], which commenters have suggested was inspired by Sa'd's steadfastness in Islam,<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> and [[Luqman (sūrah)|Luqman]], verse 15, which urged Sa'd to be easy on his parents, as Islam emphasizes filial piety.<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
Various hadiths are attributed to Sa'd, including fifteen hadiths in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim.<ref name="Siyar a'lam Nubala chapter 1">{{cite book |last1=ad-Dhahabi |first1=Shams al Din|author-link1=Al-Dhahabi |title=Siyar a'lam Nubala |date=2001 |publisher=Risala foundation |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/10906 |access-date=5 December 2021 |chapter=1}}</ref> The [[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] contains 177 hadiths attributed to him.<ref name="Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal/Volume One/Musnad Abi Ishaq Saad bin Abi Waqqas (2)">{{cite web |last1=Ibn Hanbal |first1=Ahmad |title=Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal/Volume One/Musnad Abi Ishaq Saad bin Abi Waqqas (2) |url=https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5_(2) |website=Wikisource |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> Various prominent narrators such as Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, and Abdullah ibn Abbas also narrated from Sa'd, as Dhahabi recorded.<ref name="Siyar a'lam Nubala chapter 1" />
Several hadiths involving Sa'd have been used to explain the Islamic law of inheritance that restricts bequests to one-third of the estate when the deceased is survived by an heir. This law, which is not described in the Qu'ran, is largely based on a tradition in which a gravely ill Sa'd requests Muhammad's guidance in determining how much of his wealth he should bequeath to charity. The tradition has multiple variants, with some of them involving Umar instead of Muhammad, and may be an [[Umayyad]]-era retroactive justification for the policy.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Powers |first=David S. |year=1983 |title=The Will of Sa'd b. Abî Waqqâṣ: A Reassessment |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1595341 |journal=Studia Islamica |volume= |issue=58 |pages=33–53 |doi=10.2307/1595341 |jstor=1595341|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Sa'd earned part of his income via ''muzara'a'', a business model similar to [[sharecropping]] whereby the product was shared according to fixed ratio.<ref name="Merchant Capital and Islam">{{harvnb|Ibrahim|p=88|2011}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
[[File:Kufa Mosque, 1915.jpg|thumb|Great mosque of Kufa in 1915]]
Sa'd is credited with the foundation of the city of Kufa adjacent to [[Al-Hirah]], which was founded by the [[Lakhmid]] king [[Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir]]. The main roads of Kufa were twenty yards wide and thirty to forty-five feet long. According to Imamuddin, the town reached its zenith during the time of Umar, who called it ''Ras Islam''.<ref name="ImamuddinArabMuslimAdmin2">{{cite book |last1=Imamuddin |first1=S. M. |isbn=8171510566 |page=130 |title=Arab Muslim administration (622–1258); Islamic Empire – Politics and government |year=1984 |publisher=Kitab Bhavan |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Arab-Muslim-Administration-622-1258-S.M-Imamuddin/30171850639/bd |access-date=4 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It was originally built as a permanent settlement for the Muslim army in Iraq.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sa'd had many public service structures built in the city, such as a canal named after him and a [[congregational mosque]] constructed for Friday prayers. It could accommodate 40,000 people and had a wide veranda 100 yards long in front of the congregational hall.<ref name="ImamuddinArabMuslimAdmin2" /> Its ''Dar al Imara'' structure was located south of its [[qibla]] wall.<ref name="An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology" /> The Kufa grand mosque had later historical significance, as it became the place where the [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty]] occurred, where [[Hassan ibn Ali]] abdicated the position of caliph and recognized Mu'awiyah as the next caliph.<ref name="Notes On Entering Deen Completely Islam as its followers know it">{{cite book |last1=Jaleel |first1=Talib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwAmCgAAQBAJ |title=Notes On Entering Deen Completely: Islam as its followers know it |date=2015 |publisher=EDC Foundation |page=302 |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
Ibn Shamil's ''al-Bidaya wa Nihaya'' named Sa'd the first to lead Friday prayers in Iraq,<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> stating that he transformed the main hall of the palace of Ctesiphon into a congregational prayer area for the Muslim conquering forces.<ref name="An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology">{{cite book |last1=Milwright |first1=Marcus |title=An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology |date=2010 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0748696529 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgjdCQAAQBAJ&dq=mosque+kufa+sa%27d+waqqas&pg=PT89 |access-date=4 December 2021 |language=en |format=Ebook}}</ref>
=== Military ===
Islamic scholars praise Sa'd for his two most important battles in Iraq: the battle of Qadisiyyah and the pacification of Ctesiphon.<ref name="Abdul Hamid Gouda el-Sahar">{{cite book |last1=Gouda el-Sahar |first1=Abdul Hamid |title=Saad bin Abi Waqqas |date=14 September 2019 |publisher=Maktaba Ayn al Jami' |url=https://ebook.univeyes.com/36470/pdf-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1 |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /><ref name="The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies3">{{harvnb|Q. Ahmed|2011|p=23}}</ref> Bashamil considered the battle of al-Qadisiyyah the beginning of the permanent entrenchment of the caliphate's presence in Iraq, as almost all Iraqi cities that broke away from the caliphate when Khalid ibn al-Walid departed immediately succumbed to Sa'd.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> Sayf ibn Umar highlighted the effects of the battle beyond Iraq and Persian soils, reporting that the Arab tribe in Aden Abyan, [[Yemen]], closely monitored the outcome in al-Qadisiyyah, believing that the result of the battle would even affect Yemen.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" />
After the conquest of Ctesiphon, Sa'd sent most of the enormous spoils of war to Medina. The army commanded by Sa'd seized another enormous sum of wealth after the Battle of Jalula;<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /> according to Asad Ahmed, the spoils of Jalula were the biggest seizure during the conquest of Persia.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" />
=== Alleged visit to Asia ===
[[File:Huaisheng Mosque Dec 2007.jpg|thumb|Huaisheng Mosque in [[Guangzhou]], China. Claimed by locals to have been built by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.]]
Sa'd has been traditionally credited by [[Hui]] Muslims with introducing [[Islam in China|Islam to China]]. According to their tradition, Sa'd came to China as an ambassador in 650 during the reign of [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]].<ref name="Wang">Wang, Lianmao (2000). ''Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture''. Fujian People's Publishing House. Page 99.</ref><ref name=lipman29>{{cite book|first=Jonathan Neaman |last=Lipman|publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1997 |isbn=962-209-468-6|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC|page=29}}</ref> The 17th century Hui scholar [[Liu Zhi (scholar)|Liu Ch'ih]] instead credited Sa'd with introducing Islam to China in 616 after he moved to China from [[Abyssinia]].<ref name="A Chinese source for Aksumite history in the 6th and 7th centuries AD [article]">{{cite journal |last1=Munro-Hay |first1=Stuart |title=A Chinese source for Aksumite history in the 6th and 7th centuries AD [article] |journal=Annales d'Éthiopie |date=2011 |volume=26 |page=101 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2011_num_26_1_1433 |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref>
Despite several Chinese claimants as Sa'd's descendants,<ref name="KahleChinaDescribed">{{harvnb|Kahle|1940|p=52}}</ref> the claims that Sa'd visited China remains controversial among scholars.{{sfn|Gajan|2015|p=7; Benite, "From 'Literati' to 'Ulama'" 83}} According to [[Donald Leslie]], "Chinese Muslim tradition, with sources from the 14th century and later, has the Sahâba Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqâs, maternal cousin of Muhammad, conqueror of Persia and founder of Kufâh, sent with other envoys in 628, but it is highly unlikely that envoys were actually sent to China during Muhammad's lifetime. Tabarî writes of envoys to Persia, Ethiopia and elsewhere, but does not mention China. We should note that besides the famous Guangzhou tomb for Waqqâs in China, there is one also in Medina, far more convincing".<ref name="Leslie skepticism">D.D. Leslie, "The Sahaba Sa'd ibn abi Waqqas in China", in ''The Legacy of Islam in China'', papers edited by Dru Gladney, Harvard, 1989. See also Leslie, ''Islam'', ch. 8, pp. 69–78; Leslie, "Muslims in Early China", p. 345; and Tasaka (Tazaka) Kôdo, Chûgoku ni okeru Kaikyô no denrai to sono gutsû, Tokyo, 1964, 2 vols., and "Chûgoku Kaikyô shijô ni okeru Waqqas denkyô no densetsu ni tsuite", pp. 391–406 in Wada Festschrift, 1951</ref> L. C. Harris remarked that most Arab historians reject the notion due to lack of records for such a journey by Sa'd.<ref name="L.C. Harris">{{harvnb|Craig Harris|1993|p=19}}</ref> Maurice Gajan speculates that the local traditions about Sa'd are linked to some Muslim traders from the [[Western Asia|West Asia]] establishing small communities in the coastal towns of [[Quanzhou]], [[Guangzhou]], and [[Yangzhou]] during early medieval periods.{{sfn|Gajan|2015|p=7}} Sa'd is nonetheless an important figure in Chinese Muslims' cultural heritage, particularly the mosques and tombs that are attributed to him by local Muslims.<ref name="Abi Waqqas Mosque">{{cite web |last1=Kamouch |first1=Mohammed |title=Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage |url=https://muslimheritage.com/jewels-of-the-muslim-chinese-heritage/ |website=Muslim Heritage |access-date=4 December 2021 |date=2006}}</ref>
In Central Asia, his name is often transcribed as ''Saduakas'' (Sadvakas), which is a very common name among the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
== Description ==
Sa'd was born in [[Mecca]] in 595. His father was Abu Waqqas Malik ibn Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf ibn [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab|Zuhrah]] from the [[Banu Zuhrah]] clan of the [[Quraysh tribe]].<ref name="ahya" /><ref name="Tabari28">{{cite book |author=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari |author-link=Al-Tabari |title=The History of al-Tabari|volume=28|page=146|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1995}}</ref> Sa'd's mother was Hamnah bint Sufyan ibn [[Banu Umayya|Umayya]] ibn [[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf]].<ref name="Short">{{cite book |title=Short Biography of the Prophet & His Ten Companions|page=80|publisher=Darussalam|year=2004}}</ref> Sa'd was related to Muhammad, whose mother [[Aminah]] came from the Banu Zuhrah. Sa'd had many children, including sons named Umar and Amir and a daughter named A'isha.<ref name="The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies3" />
He had a short or medium stature according to medieval Arab sources, dark skin, and a pug nose. He was said to have a muscular build.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" />
Sa'd was known for his skill in [[mounted archery]], and was known as the first Muslim archer after the [[Expedition of Ubaydah ibn al-Harith]].<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /> Muslim scholars viewed Sa'd's archery skills in this battle as being "gifted (by God)".<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /> It is said that after the Battle of Uhud, his peers praised him for his heroism and for securing Muhammad's safety.<ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
=== Leadership ===
[[File:Iraq Traffic Control Camels 081127-M-8127L-002.jpg|thumb|Camel herds in Iraq. Camel hordes were used in al-Qadisiyyah to stamp out Sassanid [[War elephant|elephant]] corps.]]
[[File:Furusiyya.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Arab [[Furusiyya|Faris]] archer, by [[January Suchodolski]] (1836)]]
During his tenure as the commander of the army in Iraq, Sa'd was a strategic command figure, a far cry from his younger days during the era of Muhammad as frontline hero. Imamuddin regarded Sa'd as wise ruler during his governorate in Iraq.<ref name="ImamuddinArabMuslimAdmin">{{cite book |last1=Imamuddin |first1=S. M. |isbn=8171510566 |page=130 |title= Arab Muslim administration (622–1258); Islamic Empire – Politics and government|year=1984 |publisher=Kitab Bhavan |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Arab-Muslim-Administration-622-1258-S.M-Imamuddin/30171850639/bd |access-date=4 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Asad Q. Ahmed remarks that Sa'd was politically astute during his duty in Iraq as he engaged in active roles against Umar over financial and political matters.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" />
Sa'd relayed all progression of the frontline to Umar.<ref name="FaridhPracticeOfLeadership" /><ref name="TuckerWarsThatChangedHistory" /> Common views usually give Sa'd credit for the victory in Qadisiyyah, though scholarship focuses more on the figures behind his success in that battle.<ref name="Sa'd strategy; al-Mubarak">{{harvnb|al-Mubarak|1997|pp=88–118}}</ref><ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="IbnuHumamSalehRoleOfSaad" /> Sa'd's leadership was characterized by his liberal stance towards lower officers, as Sa'd usually give his subordinates freedom to express their ideas,<ref name="IbnuHumamSalehRoleOfSaad" /><ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /> whether by relying on the wisdom of strategy experts such as al-Muthanna, Asim, [[al-Mughira]] and [[Arfajah]]<ref name="Muhammad Ahmad Bashamil" /> or by allowing decisive commanders like Tulayha, al-Qa'qa, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib to mount their own initiatives during battle.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /><ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="IbnuHumamSalehRoleOfSaad" /> Sa'd's leadership style allowed creative field commanders like al-Qa'qa to utilize their creativity.<ref name="Jandora formation">{{harvnb|Saifuz Zaman|2015|pp=8–20}}</ref>
Another factor for Sa'd's victory in al-Qadisiyyah was the quality of his archers, as Rashidun archers were typically precise and powerful shooters, akin to Byzantine archers in the [[Battle of Callinicum]].{{sfn|Jandora|1986|p=101-113}} This powerful archery style allowed Rashidun archers to easily overcome [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] archers who preferred the rapid, showering [[Panjagan]] archery technique, as the former packed more punch and range than the latter during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]].{{sfn|Jandora|1986|p=101-113}} Sassanid arrows failed to pierce Rashidun armor or shields, while the arrows of Muslim archers were able to penetrate the [[mail]] and double [[cuirass]] of Sassanid warriors.{{sfn|Shoshan|2015|p=139}}{{sfn|Jandora|1986|pp=101–113}} In short, many of Sa'd's brilliant victories against Persians were due to the brilliance of his subordinates.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" />
However, al-Basalamah remarked that Sa'd himself was inventive in warfare, and highlighted how Sa'd departed from the orthodox five division [[Military organization#Commands, formations, and units|formation]] into the thinner six division variation<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> or camelier corps.<ref name="Jandora formation" /> Sa'd also trained his cavalry wings to act like a pendulum, an implementation of the {{Lang|ar-Latn|karr wa farr}} (engage-and-disengage) classical Arabian warfare strategy, where the cavalry charged and retreated to their starting position, with the other cavalry wing reacting in the opposite direction.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Muslim scholars also highlighted Sa'd's emissary exchange with Rostam, successfully provoked Rostam to act first and draw his army to the field.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" />
=== Relations with the Caliphs ===
Abu Bakr trusted Sa'd as one his personal guards, and Sa'd played a significant role during the first stage of the Ridda Wars, such as defending Medina<ref name="Mahd Al-Maram fi Fadil Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam" /> and the pacification of Dumat al Jandal.<ref name="FahmiJihadDeathOfSa'dMawdoo" />
Sa'd was said to have a good relationship with Umar, who tended to micromanage his governors and generals. The caliph often took charge of Sa'd's general movements, as in the Battles of al-Qadisiyyah and Jalulua or the assignment of field commander compositions for many operations.<ref name="IslamicWarfareApproachesAndSway" /><ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" /><ref name="IbnuHumamSalehRoleOfSaad" /> However, Sa'd did not object to Umar's orders on when to engage in battle.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /> Sa'd intensified his correspondences with Umar by creating an communication system between Medina and the frontline, giving the caliph a comprehensive understanding of the developments in Qadisiyyah.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="IbnuHumamSalehRoleOfSaad" /> This trust continued until the later scandal during Sa'd's time as the governor of Kufa, where Umar said he still trusted Sa'd, but was forced him to replace him with another governor.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" /> The decision to remove Sa'd was not personal, but was necessary to prevent further scandals.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam" />
Sa'd was one of six people nominated by [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] for the [[the election of Uthman|third caliphate]], which resulted in the unanimous decision to elect Uthman, who carried out the will of Umar to reinstall Sa'd as governor by dismissing al-Mughira. Several years later, the relationship soured as Sa'd became involved in quarrels with [[Abdullah ibn Masud]] over Sa'd's inability to pay a debt to the latter. This quarrel caused Uthman to again remove Sa'd from the governorate of Kufa and appoint [[Al-Walid ibn Uqba]] as his replacement.<ref name="BinShamilTartibWaTahdzib" />
During the [[First Fitna]], Sa'd and the majority of the surviving [[companions of Muhammad]], including Ibn Maslama, remained neutral.<ref name="Studi Ilmu hadis">{{cite book |last1=Fitriadi, Suja |first1=Alfiah |title=Studi Ilmu hadis |date=2002 |isbn=978-602-6879-37-0 |url=https://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=8125 |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=Kreasi Edukasi Publishing and Consulting Company |language=id}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Companions" /> Many resented this faction, as some thought their inactivity prevented a decisive result in the conflict.<ref name="Tabaqat ibn Sa'd3" /> Modern analysts have theorized that this neutrality was based on Sa'd's belief that the search for Uthman's murderer should not drag the caliphate into civil war.<ref name="Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book review" /><ref name="Usd Ghabah fi Ma'rifat" />
== Family tree ==
{{chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas family tree, showing the relationship between the [[Banu Zuhrah]] and [[Banu Hashim]]}}{{#tag:ref|Bolded names are people with significant relationships to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Muhammad|group="note"}}
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:95%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |QuR| | | | | | | QuR='''[[Quraysh]]'''<br />[[Fihr ibn Malik]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KiM |y| FbS | | | | | KiM='''[[Kilab ibn Murrah]]'''|FbS=[[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |ZiK| | | | | | | | | | | | | | QiK |y| HbH | ZiK='''[[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]]'''<br /> (progenitor of [[Banu Zuhrah]])|QiK='''[[Qusai ibn Kilab]]'''|HbH=[[Hubba bint Hulail]]}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| |AHiZ| |AMZ| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AMQ |y| AbM | AHiZ=Abd al-Harith ibn Zuhra | AMZ='''[[Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah]]'''|AMQ='''[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]'''|AbM=[[Atikah bint Murrah]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| |aAiAH| |UIBM| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | HiA |y| SbA | aAiAH=Abd al Awf ibn Abd al-Harith | UIBM='''Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf''' |HiA='''[[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]]'''<br /> (progenitor of [[Banu Hashim]])|SbA=[[Salma bint Amr]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |WiA| | | | | | | | | |,|'| WiA='''[[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | FbA |~|~|y|~|AuM|~|~|~|~|~|y| HbW | FbA=[[Fatimah bint Amr]]|AuM='''[[Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]'''|HbW=[[Halah bint Wuhayb]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |`|.| | | | | | |!| | |!| | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |)|-|.|`|-|-|v|-|.| |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |!| | |MiU|~|~|~|y|~|HbS| |Ami|~|y|~|~| AiA |!| | | Har |!| Ham | |HbS=Hamnah bint Sufyan| MiU='''Malik ibn Uhayb''' | Ami='''[[Aminah|Aminah bint Wahb]]'''|AiA='''[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]]'''|Har=[[Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]|Ham=[[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |`|-|v|-|-|.|`|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| |AiaA|~|y|~|aSbA| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |AZi| |!| | | AAi | | ALa | | oth ||aSbA=al-Shifaa bint Awf |AiaA=Awf ibn Abd al-Awf|AAi=[[Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]|ALa=[[Abu Lahab ibn abd al-Muttalib]]|oth=''6 other sons<br />and 6 daughters''|AZi=[[Al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | | | |AiAw| | | |SiAW| | | | | | | |Muh|y|~|~|KbK | | |ATi| | |!|AiAw=[[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf|Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf az Zuhri]] | SiAW='''Sa'd ibn Abi al-Waqqas''' | Muh='''[[Muhammad]]'''|KbK=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]|ATi=[[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]|boxstyle_Muh=color:blue; background-color: yellow; ||boxstyle_SiAW=color:yellow; background-color: green;}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fat|~|~|~|~|~|~|Ali| |AiM| | | | Fat=[[Fatima bint Muhammad]]|Ali=[[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]|AiM=[[Abdullah ibn Abbas]]}}
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|+ '''Legend'''
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| descent
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{{chart bottom}}
=== Descendants ===
Sa'd's descendants gained some degree of influence within the caliphate's political sphere, particularly within the late Rashidun and early Umayyad eras.
==== Early caliphate ====
{{further|Qays–Yaman rivalry}}
According to Asad Q. Ahmed, Sa'd's clan was closely related to the southern Arabs, their main allies. Sa'd had children from two [[Kinda (tribe)|Kinda]] women. The first was Mawiyyah bint Qays, who bore him three daughters and two sons. The second was Umm Hilal bint Rabi', a daughter of a [[Rashidun cavalry#Hima breeding ground|war camel breeder]] in Kufa; she bore Sa'd three children. Sa'd also married Makita bint Amr of the Banu [[Bahra']] clan of the [[Quda'a]] tribe, which claimed descent from [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan]]. Makita bore four children. Another wife, Salma bint Khasafah, bore him six children. He had at least eight more wives from various tribes.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2">{{harvnb|Q. Ahmed|2011|pp=30–49}}</ref>
Sa'd's daughters with Mawiyyah married influential men of the caliphate, such as Al-Mughira ibn Shu'bah, Sa'd's lieutenant and a high-ranked sahaba hailing from the [[Banu Thaqif]], and Ibrahim ibn Abd ar Rahman, the wealthy son of [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised. This tied the two prominent Zuhrite households together.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" /> Sa'd's grandson through Ibrahim was appointed the [[Shurta]] of Medina.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" /> Among the most notable of Sa'd and Mawiyyah's sons was [[Umar ibn Sa'ad]], who enthusiastically made his own name in politics. Umar served [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]] during the [[Battle of Karbala]] and helped Ubayd Allah become the governor of [[Rayy]] and [[Hamadan]]. After the death of [[Yazid I]], Umar gained even greater influence than Ubayd Allah as he secured strong support from the tribe of Kinda and was appointed governor of Iraq, despite being reviled by the citizens of Kufa due to his involvement in the death of Husayn ibn Ali. Sa'd's son [[Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas|Muhammad]] fought against the Umayyads during the [[Battle of al-Harra]] and in the rebellion of [[Ibn al-Ash'ath]].<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" />
Sa'd's marriages to the women from [[Banu Bakr|Banu Bakr bin Wail]] and [[Taghlib|Taghlib bin Wail]] gave his descendants an alliance with those tribes. Sa'd's sons from these tribes, including the hadith narrator Kharija ibn Sa'd, were close to the [[Alids]]. Kharija married the daughter of [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], and their son was appointed as a [[sadaqah]] collector of the [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam#Descendants|Zubayrids]].<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" /> Sa'd's son with Khawla al-[[Taghlib]], Mus'ab ibn Sa'd, reportedly narrated traditions from Ali.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" /> He was engaged to the daughter of Hashim ibn Utba, Sa'd's nephew and an influential Alid personality. Mus'ab also married the daughter of Hasan ibn Farqad, one of Ali's supporters in the [[Battle of the Camel]]. This further strengthened the ties between Sa'd's children and the Alids.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" />
Sa'd's children with his Quda'a wife, Makita bint Amir al-Bahra, were all married into the Zuhra clan.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" />
Sa'd also married Salma of the [[Banu Talabah]] clan. She was the widow of deceased al-Muthanna ibn Haritha.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" /> Sa'd and Salma's children possessed ties to both the Umayyads and Alids. Their daughter Umm Ishaq married Hashim ibn Utba, and two of their other daughters, Umm Amr and Umm Ayyub, married Muhammad ibn [[Jubayr ibn Muṭʽim]] al-Abd Manaf, a strong Umayyad supporter. Their sons Umayr al-Asghar and Amr were killed during the Battle of al-Harra.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" />
Asad Q. Ahmed states that Sa'd's children and grandchildren gained prominence during the early years of the Umayyad caliphate and were particularly popular with the southern Arab tribes due to his marriage alliances.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" /> Their prominence dwindled after the rise of [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)|Marwanids]], who favored the Syrian-based northern Arabs at the expense of the southerners.<ref name="QAhmedReligiousEliteEarlyIslam2" />
==== Caliphate of Cordoba ====
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad as-Sa'di al-Zuhri, better known as {{ill|Ibn al-Iflili|ar|ابن الإفليلي}}, was a 10th-century grammarian and linguist in the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]]. According to the 13th century Syrian writer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], Ibrahim was descended from Sa'd's son Khalid.<ref name="Yaqut al Hamawi">{{harvnb|Al-Hamawi|1993|p=156}}</ref> According to [[Ibn Bashkuwal]], [[Muhammad II of Córdoba]] appointed Ibn al-Iflili as a minister during his reign.<ref name="Yaqut al Hamawi2">{{harvnb|Al-Hamawi|1993|p=124}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]]
* [[Al-Mughira]]
* [[Rashidun cavalry]]
* [[Sunni view of the Sahaba]]
* [[The ten to whom Paradise was promised]]
* [[List of Sahabah]]
* [[Lost Mosque]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em|group="note"}}
==References==
=== Citations ===
<references></references>
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last1=Al-Hamawi |first1=Yaqut |author-link1=Yaqut al-Hamawi |title=معجم الأدباء: إرشاد الأريب إلى معرفة الأديب, Volume 7 |date=1993 |publisher=Dar al-Gharb al-Islami |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w19tAAAAMAAJ |access-date=10 December 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=al Maghlouth |first1=Sami ibn Abdullah |lang=ar |script-title=ar:أطلس الفتوحات الإسلامية |trans-title=Atlas of Islamic Conquests |date=2015 |publisher=al 'Abkan publishing |isbn=978-9960548517 |edition=Sami ibn Abdullah al Maghlouth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uAsDwAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2021 }}
* {{cite thesis |last1=al-Mubarak |first1=Malik Abdulazeez |title=Warfare in early Islam |type=PhD |publisher=University of Glasgow |date=1997 |page=18 |url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/794 |access-date=15 October 2021 }}
* {{cite report |last=Gajan |first=Maurice |date=December 2015 |title=Chinese Students of Al-Azhar and their impact on Sino-Egyptians relations |series=Arab-West Report Papers |number=64 |___location=Cairo |publisher=Arab-West Report |url=https://docslib.org/doc/3692609/working-title-chinese-muslim-students-at-al-azhar-university }}
* {{cite book |last1=Craig Harris |first1=Lillian |title=China considers the Middle East |date=1993 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1850435983 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmptAAAAMAAJ&q=sa%27d%20ibn%20abi%20waqqas%20legacy |access-date=9 December 2021 |language=English |format=Hardcover }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Masudul |title=Hadrat Umar Farooq Allahʻs Blessings be Upon Him |date=1997 |page=453 |publisher=Kitab Bhavan |isbn=978-81-7151-229-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59jjAAAAMAAJ&q=hadrat%20umar%20farooq |access-date=18 October 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Mahmood |title=Merchant Capital and Islam |date=2011 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-74118-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiEXDQAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book|last=Jalalipour|first=Saeid|title=The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph|url=http://www.sasanika.org/wp-content/uploads/GardPaper11-The-Arab-Conquest-of-Persia-The-Kh%23U00c5zist%23U00c4-n-Province.pdf|year=2014|publisher=Sasanika}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jandora |first1=John Walter |title=Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests |journal=Studia Islamica |year=1986 |issue=64 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.2307/1596048 |jstor=1596048 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596048 |access-date=15 October 2021 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kahle |first1=Paul |title=China as Described by Turkish Geographers from Iranian Sources |date=1940 |publisher=Iran Society |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2WgAAAAMAAJ&q=sa%27d%20ibn%20abi%20waqqas%20descendants |access-date=10 December 2021 |language=English }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|article=Kuda'a|last=Kister|first=M. J.|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=new |volume=V, Khe-Mahi|editor1=Bosworth, C. E. |editor2=van Donzel, E. |editor3=Lewis, B.|editor4=Pellat, Ch.|publisher=Brill|___location=Leiden and New York|date=1986|isbn=90-04-07819-3|pages=315–318}}
* {{cite web |last1=Mujahid |first1=Abdul Majid |title=The Battle of Qadisiyyah |url=https://www.kalamullah.com/qadisiyyah.html |website=Kalamullah |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]] |access-date=2 December 2021 |___location=Riyadh; Jeddah; Al-Khobar; Lahore; Sharjah; London; Houston; New York |pages=25–103 |language=en |translator=Maulvi Abdul Aziz |format=pdf |date=2013 }}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Nicolle |first1=David |title=The military technology of classical Islam. |journal=Thesis (Ph.D.) |year=1982 |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331246 |access-date=22 October 2021 |type=Ph.D |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022082634/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331246 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Paul C. Nzomiwu |first1=John |title=The History and Message of Islam |date=1989 |publisher=Meks-Unique |isbn=978-9782702616 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlqJAAAAMAAJ&q=sa%27d%20waqqas%20jalula |access-date=9 December 2021 |language=English }}
* {{cite book |last1=Q. Ahmed |first1=Asad |title=The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies |date=2011 |publisher=Occasional Publications UPR |isbn=978-1900934138 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1dwdBDDjcUC&q=The+Hijazi+elite+sa%27d+waqqas+descendants |access-date=7 December 2021 |language=English }}
* {{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |title=The Middle East A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1317455783 |page=403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ |access-date=9 December 2021 |language=English |format=Ebook }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shoshan |first1=Boaz |title=The Arabic Historical Tradition and the Early Islamic Conquests: Folklore, Tribal Lore, Holy War |date=7 Sep 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317420262 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USoftAEACAAJ |access-date=15 October 2021 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Saifuz Zaman |first1=MD |title=Yarmouk – The Necessity of Studying the Battle in Early Medieval Military Historiography |journal=Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |year=2015 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=8–20 |url=https://jmss.org/article/view/58167 |access-date=15 October 2021 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Subani|first=Hamad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKKNBQAAQBAJ|title=The Secret History of Iran|date=2013|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-304-08289-3|language=en}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{
{{s-bef
| before = -
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ctesiphon|Caliphate governor of Ctesiphon]]
| years = 637–638
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Office abolished
}}
{{s-bef
| before = -
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Mosul#History|Caliphate governor of Kufa]]
| years = 638–642
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Abdullah ibn Abdullah ibn Itban
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Al-Mughira|Al-Mughira ibn Shu'bah]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Caliphate governor of Kufa
| years = 645–646
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Al-Walid ibn Uqba]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Ten companions of Muhammad|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:595 births]]
[[Category:664 deaths]]
[[Category:Generals of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Arab generals]]
[[Category:Banu Zuhrah]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of China]]
[[Category:Islam in China]]
[[Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr]]
[[Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud]]
[[Category:Shahnameh characters]]
[[Category:Rashidun governors of Kufa]]
[[Category:Sahabah hadith narrators]]
[[Category:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia]]
[[Category:7th-century diplomats]]
[[Category:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate]]
[[Category:City founders]]
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