Arc (programming language): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Open-source programming language}}

[[File:Paul Graham programming.jpg|thumb|right|Paul Graham in 2007.]]

{{Distinguish|ARC Macro Language}}

{{Infobox programming language

| name = Arc

| logo = <!-- Filename only -->

| logo caption =

| screenshot = <!-- Filename only -->

| screenshot caption =

| paradigms = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Functional programming|functional]], [[Metaprogramming|meta]], [[Procedural programming|procedural]]

| family = [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]

| designer = [[Paul Graham (programmer)|Paul Graham]]

| developers = Paul Graham, Robert Morris,<br />Arc [[Community of practice|community]]

| released = {{Start date and age|2008|01|29|df=yes}}

| latest release version = 3.2

| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2018|10|28|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arclanguage.org/item?id=20772 |title=Arc Forum: Tell Arc: Arc 3.2 |website=Arclanguage.org |access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref>

| latest preview version =

| latest preview date = <!-- {{Start date and age|201Y|MM|DD|df=yes}} -->

| typing = [[Dynamic typing|Dynamic]]

| scope =

| programming language = [[Racket (programming language)|Racket]], [[Common Lisp (programming language)|Common Lisp]]

| platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]]

| operating system = [[Linux]]

| license = [[Artistic License]] 2.0

| file ext = .arc

| file format = <!-- or: | file formats = -->

| website = {{URL|arclanguage.org}}

| implementations = Arc, Anarki, Arcadia, Rainbow

| dialects =

| influenced by = [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

| influenced =

}}

'''Arc''' is a [[dialectprogramming language]], a [[Dialect (computing)|dialect]] of the language [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], developed by [[Paul Graham (computer programmer)|Paul Graham]] and [[Robert Tappan Morris|Robert Morris]]. It is [[free and open-source software]] released under the [[Artistic License]] 2.0.

== History ==

In 2001, [[Paul Graham (computer programmer)|Paul Graham]] announced that he was working on a new [[dialectDialect (computing)|dialect]] of [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] named "[[''Arc (programming language)|Arc]]"''. Over the years since, he has written several essays describing features or goals of the language, and some internal projects at Graham's [[Startup company|startup]] [[business incubator]] named [[Y Combinator]] have been written in Arc, most notably the [[Hacker News]] web forum and news aggregator program. Arc itself is written in [[Racket (programming language)|Racket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=httpshttp://arclanguage.github.ioorg/install |title=Arc ProgrammingForum: Languageinstall |website=Arclanguage.org |access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref>

==Motives==

In the essay [''Being Popular''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/popular.html |title=Being Popular] |last=Graham |first=Paul |date=May 2001 |website=PaulGraham.com |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Graham describes a few of his goals for the language. While many of the goals are very general ("Arc should be hackable,", "there should be good [[Library (computing)|libraries]]"), he did give some specifics. For instanceexample, he believes that it is important for a language to be terse:

<blockquote>{{Quote |It would not be far from the truth to say that a hacker about to write a program decides what language to use, at least subconsciously, based on the total number of characters he'll have to type. If this isn't precisely how hackers think, a language designer would do well to act as if it were. </blockquote>}}

He also stated that it is better for a language to only implement a small number of "''axioms"'', even when that means the language may not have features that large organizations want, such as [[Object-oriented programming|object-orientation]] (OO). In factFurther, Graham feelsthinks that OO is not useful as its methods and [[Software design pattern|patterns]] are just "good design", and he seesviews the language features used to implement OO as partiallypartly mistaken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/noop.html |title=Why Arc Isn't Especially Object-Oriented |publisherlast=Paulgraham.comGraham |datefirst=Paul |accessdatewebsite=2013PaulGraham.com |access-date=2018-0112-2305}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/arcfaq.html |title=Arc FAQ |publisherlast=Paulgraham.comGraham |datefirst=Paul |accessdatewebsite=PaulGraham.com |access-date=20132018-0112-2305}}</ref> At Arc's introduction in 2008, Graham stated one of its benefits was its brevity.<ref>{{cite webmagazine |last=Huber |first=Mathias |date=2008-02-08 |url=http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/News/Arc-Makes-Programs-Shorter |title=Arc Makes Programs Shorter |magazine=Linux Magazine |___location=Lawrence, Kansas |publisher=Linux New Media USA |access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>

A controversy among Lisp programmers is whether, and how much, the [[Ss-expression]]s of the language should be complemented by other forms of [[syntax]]. Graham feelsthinks that additionaladded syntax should be used in situations where pure Ss-expressions would be overly verbose, saying, "I don't think we should be religiously opposed to introducing syntax into Lisp." Graham also feelsthinks that efficiency problems should be solved by giving the programmer a good [[profilingProfiling (computer programming)|profiler]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/langdes.html |title=Five Questions About Language Design |last=Graham |first=Paul |date=May 2001 |website=PaulGraham.com |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

=== Reception ===

UponWhen its releasereleased in 2008, Arc generated mixed reactions, with some calling it simply an extension to Lisp or [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] and not a programming language in its own right. Others applauded Arc for stripping Lisp down to bare essentials. Shortly after its release, Arc was ported to [[JavaScript]], asand well aswas being supported by ''Schemescript'', an [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) based on [[Eclipse (IDEsoftware)|Eclipse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=httphttps://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/07/lisp_arc_challenge/ |title=Web pioneer hits critics with Lisp gauntlet |website=The Register |date=2008-02-07 |place=[[United Kingdom|UK]]}}</ref>

== Examples ==

[["Hello, World!" program|Hello world]] in Arc :

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang="lisp">

[[Hello world]] in Arc :

<source lang="lisp">

(prn "Hello, World")

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

To illustrate Arc's terseness, Graham uses a brief program. It produces a form with one field at the url "/said". When the form is submitted, it leads to a page with a link that says "click here", which itselfthen leads to a page with the value of the original input field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/arcchallenge.html |title=Take the Arc Challenge |last=Graham |first=Paul |date=February 2008 |website=PaulGraham.com |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

A program used by Paul Graham to illustrate Arc's terseness.<ref>[http://www.paulgraham.com/arcchallenge.html Take the Arc challenge]</ref>

<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang="lisp">

It produces a form with one field at the url "/said". When the form is submitted, it leads to a page with a link that says "click here", which itself leads to a page with the value of the original input field.

<source lang="lisp">

(defop said req

(aform [onlink "click here" (pr "you said: " (arg _ "foo"))]

(input "foo")

(submit)))

</syntaxhighlight>

</source>

==Versions==

===Official version===

The first publicly released version of Arc was made available on 29 January 2008,<ref>[{{cite web |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/arc0.html |title=Arc's Out (|last=Graham |first=Paul |date=29 January 2008)] |website=PaulGraham.com |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> implemented on top of [[Racket (programming language)|Racket]] ("named PLT-Scheme" at that timethen). The release comes in the form of a [[Tar (computing)|.tar]] archive, containing the Racket [[source code]] for Arc. A tutorial<ref>[{{cite web |url=http://ycombinatorwww.com/arcarclanguage.org/tut.txt tutorial]|title=Arc Tutorial |author=<!-- Unstated. --> |date=<!-- Unstated. --> |website=Paul Graham |access-date=2018-12-05}}.</ref> and a discussion forum<ref>[{{cite web |url=http://arclanguage.org/forum discussion|title=Arc forum]Forum |website=Arc language}}</ref> are also available. The forum uses the same program that [[Hacker News]] does, and is written in Arc.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The forum uses the same program that [[Hacker News|news.ycombinator.com]] does, and is itself written in Arc.

=== Unofficial versions ===

Due to thelack slowof developmentupdates ofin the official Arc branch, some members of the Arc [[Community of practice|community]] started unofficialtheir own repositories with unofficial emendationsmodifications, extensions, and libraries. One version, '''Anarki''',<ref>[http{{cite web |url=https://github.com/arclanguage/anarki |title=Anarki Repository|last=Rapp on|first=Kenneth Github](kennethrapp) |date=14 November 2018 |website=GitHub |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> permitted <ref>[{{cite web |url=http://arclanguage.org/item?id=17707 May 2013 announcement|title=Announcement: anarki is no longer world-committable] |last=Agaram |first=Kartik (akkartik) |date=27 May 2013 |website=Arc Forum |publisher=Arc language |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> anyone to submit changes to the project. Theand has a community- managed wiki.<ref>[{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/arclanguagewiki The|title=Arc arcLang languageWiki wiki]|author=</ref>!-- isUnstated. a--> better|date=<!-- sourceUnstated. of--> information than|website=Sites the official site at this point.{{citation needed|access-date=December 20122018-12-05}}</ref>

'''Rainbow'''<ref>[{{cite web |url=https://github.com/conanite/rainbow |title=Rainbow, an|last=Dalton implementation|first=Conan of(conanite) Arc|date=12 inOctober java2010 by|website=GitHub Conan Dalton]|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> is an implementation of Arc in [[Java (programming language)|Java]].

'''Arcadia'''<ref>[{{cite web |url=https://github.com/kimtg/Arcadia |title=Arcadia] |last=Kim |first=Taegyoon (kimtg) |date=19 August 2018 |website=GitHub |access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> is an implementation of Arc in [[C (programming language)|C]].

''Arc++''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/kimtg/Arcpp |title=Arcpp |last=Kim |first=Taegyoon (kimtg) |date=13 August 2023 |website=GitHub |access-date=2023-08-13}}</ref> is an implementation of Arc in [[C++]].

===Timeline of LISP Dialects===

{{Lisp}}

==References==

{{reflistReflist|64em}}

==External links==

*{{Official website|arclanguage.org}}

*[http://www.arclanguage.org/tut.txt Tutorial]

*{{GitHub|arclanguage/anarki|Anarki}}

{{Lisp programming language}}

[[Category:Dynamically typed programming languages]]