Uncontrolled format string: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Type of software vulnerability}}

'''Uncontrolled format string'''<ref>{{cite web |work=[[Common Weakness Enumeration]] |publisher=[[MITRE]] |title=CWE-134: Uncontrolled Format String |url=http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/134.html |date=December 13, 2010 |accessdate=March 5, 2011}}</ref> is a type of [[software vulnerability]] discovered around 1989 that can be used in [[security exploit]]s. Previously thought harmless, '''format string exploits''' can be used to [[Crash (computing)|crash]] a program or to execute harmful code. The problem stems from the use of [[unchecked user input]] as the [[format string]] parameter in certain [[C (programming language)|C]] functions that perform formatting, such as <code>[[Printf|printf()]]</code>. A malicious user may use the <code>%s</code> and <code>%x</code> format tokens, among others, to print data from the [[call stack]] or possibly other locations in memory. One may also write arbitrary data to arbitrary locations using the <code>%n</code> format token, which commands <code>printf()</code> and similar functions to write the number of bytes formatted to an address stored on the stack.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019|cs1-dates=y}}

'''Uncontrolled format string'''<ref>{{cite webis |work=[[Commona Weaknesstype Enumeration]]of |publisher=[[MITREcode injection]] |title=CWE-134: Uncontrolled Format String |url=http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/134.html |date=December 13, 2010 |accessdate=March 5, 2011}}</ref> is a type of [[software vulnerability|vulnerability]] discovered around 1989 that can be used in [[security exploit]]s.<ref name="CWE134"/> PreviouslyOriginally thought harmless, '''format string exploits''' can be used to [[Crash (computing)|crash]] a program or to execute harmful code. The problem stems from the use of [[unchecked user input]] as the [[format string]] parameter in certain [[C (programming language)|C]] functions that perform formatting, such as <code>[[Printf|printf()]]</code>. A malicious user may use the <code>%s</code> and <code>%x</code> format tokens, among others, to print data from the [[call stack]] or possibly other locations in memory. One may also write arbitrary data to arbitrary locations using the <code>%n</code> format token, which commands <code>printf()</code> and similar functions to write the number of bytes formatted to an address stored on the stack.

==Details==

A typical exploit uses a combination of these techniques to forcetake control of the [[instruction pointer]] (IP) of a process,<ref name="team_teso"/> for example by forcing a program to overwrite the address of a library function or the return address on the stack with a pointer to some malicious [[shellcode]]. The padding parameters to format specifiers are used to control the number of bytes output and the <code>%x</code> token is used to pop bytes from the stack until the beginning of the format string itself is reached. The start of the format string is crafted to contain the address that the <code>%n</code> format token can then overwrite with the address of the malicious code to execute.

This is a common vulnerability because format bugs were previously thought harmless and resulted in vulnerabilities in many common tools. [[Mitre Corporation|MITRE's]] [[Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|CVE]] project lists roughly 500 vulnerable programs as of June 2007, and a trend analysis ranks it the 9th most-reported vulnerability type between 2001 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web|urlname=http:"Trends"//cwe.mitre.org/documents/vuln-trends/index.html |title=Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE |date=May 22, 2007}}</ref>

Format string bugs most commonly appear when a programmer wishes to printoutput a string containing user supplied data (either to a file, to a buffer, or to the user). The programmer may mistakenly write <code>printf(buffer)</code> instead of <code>printf("%s", buffer)</code>. The first version interprets <code>buffer</code> as a format string, and parses any formatting instructions it may contain. The second version simply prints a string to the screen, as the programmer intended. Both versions behave identically in the absence of format specifiers in the string, which makes it easy for the mistake to go unnoticed by the developer.

Format bugs arise because C's argument passing conventions are not [[Type safety|type-safe]]. In particular, the <code>[[stdarg.h|varargsvararg]]s</code> mechanism allows [[Subprogramsubprogram|functionsfunction]]s to accept any number of arguments (e.g. <code>printf</code>) by "popping" as many [[argument]]s off the [[call stack]] as they wish, trusting the early arguments to indicate how many additional arguments are to be popped, and of what types.

Format string bugs can occur in other programming languages besides C, such as Perl, although they appear with less frequency and usually cannot be exploited to execute code of the attacker's choice.<ref>[http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2005/Dec/0030.html Bugtraq: Format String Vulnerabilities in Perl Programs]<name="bugtrag_perl"/ref>

== History ==

Format bugs were first noted in 1989 by the [[fuzz testing]] work done at the University of Wisconsin, which discovered an "interaction effect" in the [[C shell]] (csh) between its [[command history]] mechanism and an error routine that assumed safe string input.<ref>{{cite journal |urlname=ftp:"Miller_1990"//ftp.cs.wisc.edu/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz.pdf |title=An Empirical Study of the Reliability of>

UNIX Utilities |first1=Barton P. |last1=Miller |first2=Lars |last2=Fredriksen |first3=Bryan |last3=So |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=33 |number=12 |date=December 1990 <!--NB: paper copyright is 1989 -->}}</ref>

The use of format string bugs as an [[Vector (malware)|attack vector]] was discovered in September 1999 by [[Tymm Twillman]] during a [[security audit]] of the [[ProFTPD]] daemon.<ref name="Tymm_proftpd"/> The audit uncovered an <code>[[snprintf]]</code> that directly passed user-generated data without a format string. Extensive tests with contrived arguments to printf-style functions showed that use of this for privilege escalation was actually possible. This led to the first posting in September 1999 on the [[Bugtraq]] mailing list regarding this class of vulnerabilities, including a basic exploit.<ref>[http://seclists.org/bugtraq/1999/Sep/0328.html Bugtraq: Exploit for proftpd 1.2.0pre6]<name="Tymm_proftpd"/ref> It was still several months, however, before the security community became aware of the full dangers of format string vulnerabilities as exploits for other software using this method began to surface. The first exploits leadingthat brought the issue to successfulcommon [[privilegeawareness escalation]](by attackproviding remote root access via code execution) were published simultaneously on the [[Bugtraq]] list in June 2000 by [[Przemysław Frasunek]]<ref>[http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l name=bugtraq&m=96179429114160&w=2"Frasunek_2000"/> 'WUFTPDand 2.6.0a remoteperson rootusing exploit'the -nickname MARC]''tf8''.</ref name="tf8_2000"/> andThey thewere shortly followed by an explanation, posted by a person using the nickname ''tf8lamagra''.<ref>[http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l name=bugtraq&m=96171893218000&w=2"Lamagra_2000" 'WuFTPD:/> Providing"Format *remote*bugs" rootwas sinceposted atto least1994'the - MARC[[Bugtraq]] list by Pascal Bouchareine in July 2000.</ref name="Bouch_2000"/> The seminal paper "Format String Attacks"<ref>[http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2000/Sep/0214.html Bugtraq: Format String Attacks]<name="Newsham_2000"/ref> by [[Tim Newsham]] was published in September 2000 and other detailed technical explanation papers were published in September 2001 such as ''Exploiting Format String Vulnerabilities'', by team [[TESO (Austrian hacker group)|Teso]].<ref name="team_teso"/>

== Prevention in compilers ==

Many compilers can statically check format strings and produce warnings for dangerous or suspect formats. In [[GNU Compiler Collection|the GNU Compiler Collection]], the relevant compiler flags are, <code>-Wall</code>,<code>-Wformat</code>, <code>-Wno-format-extra-args</code>, <code>-Wformat-security</code>, <code>-Wformat-nonliteral</code>, and <code>-Wformat=2</code>.<ref>[http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.1.2/gcc/Warning-Options.html#Warning-Options Warning Options - Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)<!-- Bot generated title -->]<name="GCC412"/ref>

Most of these are only useful for detecting bad format strings that are known at compile-time. If the format string may come from the user or from a source external to the application, the application must validate the format string before using it. Care must also be taken if the application generates or selects format strings on the fly. If the GNU C library is used, the <code>-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2</code> parameter can be used to detect certain types of attacks occurring at run-time. The <code>-Wformat-nonliteral</code> check is more stringent.

Many compilers can statically check format strings and produce warnings for dangerous or suspect formats.

== Detection ==

In [[GNU Compiler Collection|the GNU Compiler Collection]], the relevant compiler flags are, <code>-Wall</code>,<code>-Wformat</code>, <code>-Wno-format-extra-args</code>, <code>-Wformat-security</code>, <code>-Wformat-nonliteral</code>, and <code>-Wformat=2</code>.<ref>[http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.1.2/gcc/Warning-Options.html#Warning-Options Warning Options - Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Contrary to many other security issues, the root cause of format string vulnerabilities is relatively easy to detect in x86-compiled executables: For <code>printf</code>-family functions, proper use implies a separate argument for the format string and the arguments to be formatted. Faulty uses of such functions can be spotted by simply counting the number of arguments passed to the function; an "argument deficiency"<ref name="team_teso"/> is then a strong indicator that the function was misused.

Most of these are only useful for detecting bad format strings that are known at compile-time. If the format string may come from the user or from a source external to the application, the application must validate the format string before using it. Care must also be taken if the application generates or selects format strings on the fly. The <code>-Wformat-nonliteral</code> check is more stringent.

=== Detection in x86-compiled binaries ===

Counting the number of arguments is often made easy on x86 due to a calling convention where the caller removes the arguments that were pushed onto the stack by adding to the stack pointer after the call, so a simple examination of the stack correction yields the number of arguments passed to the <code>printf</code>-family function.'<ref name="team_teso"/>

==See also==

* [[Cross-application scripting]] exploits a similar kind of programming error

* [[Cross-site scripting]]

*<code>[[printf]]</code>

* <code>[[scanfprintf]]</code>

* <code>[[printfscanf]]</code>

*[[syslog]]

* [[syslog]]
* [[Improper input validation]]

* [[SQL injection]] is a similar attack that succeeds when input is not filtered

==References==

{{reflist}}|refs=

*[[Tobias Klein]], ''Buffer Overflows und Format-String-Schwachstellen''. Dpunkt Verlag, ISBN 3-89864-192-9.

<ref name="CWE134">{{cite web |work=[[Common Weakness Enumeration]] |publisher=[[MITRE]] |title=CWE-134: Uncontrolled Format String |url=http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/134.html |date=2010-12-13 |access-date=2011-03-05}}</ref>

*[[Crispin Cowan]], ''Software Security for Open-Source Systems''. IEEE Computer Society, [http://www.computer.org/web/computingnow/securityandprivacy IEEE Security & Privacy], January/February 2003

<ref name="team_teso">{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2001 |title=Exploiting Format String Vulnerabilities |url=http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf |website=julianor.tripod.com}}</ref>

*{{cite proceedings|first=Crispin |last=Cowan |title=FormatGuard: Automatic Protection From printf Format String Vulnerabilities |conference=Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Security Symposium |date=August 2001 |url=http://www.usenix.com/events/sec01/full_papers/cowanbarringer/cowanbarringer.pdf}}

<ref name="Trends">{{cite web |url=http://cwe.mitre.org/documents/vuln-trends/index.html |title=Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE |date=2007-05-22}}</ref>

<ref name="bugtrag_perl">[http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2005/Dec/0030.html Bugtraq: Format String Vulnerabilities in Perl Programs]</ref>

<ref name="Miller_1990">{{cite journal |url=https://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz.pdf |title=An Empirical Study of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities |author-first1=Barton P. |author-last1=Miller |author-first2=Lars |author-last2=Fredriksen |author-first3=Bryan |author-last3=So |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=33 |number=12 |date=December 1990 |orig-year=1989 |doi=10.1145/96267.96279 |pages=32–44 |s2cid=14313707 |access-date=2021-10-11 |archive-date=2018-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207130148/https://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Tymm_proftpd">[http://seclists.org/bugtraq/1999/Sep/0328.html Bugtraq: Exploit for proftpd 1.2.0pre6]</ref>

<ref name="Frasunek_2000">[https://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=96179429114160&w=2 'WUFTPD 2.6.0 remote root exploit' - MARC], June 2000 by [[Przemysław Frasunek]]</ref>

<ref name="tf8_2000">[https://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=96171893218000&w=2 'WuFTPD: Providing *remote* root since at least 1994' - MARC] by tf8</ref>

<ref name="Newsham_2000">[http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2000/Sep/0214.html Bugtraq: Format String Attacks][[Tim Newsham]] September 2000</ref>

<ref name="GCC412">[https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.1.2/gcc/Warning-Options.html#Warning-Options Warning Options - Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)]</ref>

<ref name="Bouch_2000">[https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2000/Jul/241 Bugtraq: Format Bugs] [https://www.lysator.liu.se/~kjell-e/tekla/linux/security/bugtraq/2000/format-bugs-2000-07.html Format bugs] July 2000 by Pascal Bouchareine</ref>

<ref name="Lamagra_2000">[https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2000/Jun/339 Bugtraq: format bugs, in addition to the wuftpd bug] June 2000, by Lamagra Argamal</ref>

}}

==FootnotesFurther reading==

* {{cite proceedingsconference |author-first=Crispin |author-last=Cowan |title=FormatGuard: Automatic Protection From printf Format String Vulnerabilities |conference=Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Security Symposium |date=August 2001 |url=http://www.usenix.com/events/sec01/full_papers/cowanbarringer/cowanbarringer.pdf}}

{{reflist}}

*[[ {{citation |author-first=Crispin |author-last=Cowan]], ''|title=Software Security for Open-Source Systems''. |publisher=[[IEEE Computer Society,]] [|url=http://www.computer.org/web/computingnow/securityandprivacy |series=IEEE Security & Privacy], January/February|date=January–February 2003}}

* {{cite book |author-first=Tobias |author-last=Klein |title=Buffer Overflows und Format-String-Schwachstellen - Funktionsweisen, Exploits und Gegenmaßnahmen |language=de |publisher={{ill|dpunkt.verlag|de}} |edition=1 |date=2004 |isbn=3-89864-192-9}} (vii+663 pages)

* {{cite book |author-first=Robert C. |author-last=Seacord |author-link=Robert C. Seacord |title=Secure Coding in C and C++ |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |date=September 2005 |isbn=0-321-33572-4}}

==External links==

* [http://codearcana.com/posts/2013/05/02/introduction-to-format-string-exploits.html Introduction to format string exploits] 2013-05-02, by Alex Reece

* scut / team-[[TESO (Austrian hacker group)|TESO]] [http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf <cite>Exploiting Format String Vulnerabilities</cite>] v1.2 September 9, 2001-09-09

* [http://projects.webappsec.org/Format-String WASC Threat Classification - Format String Attacks]

* [https://www.securecoding.cert.org CERT Secure Coding Standards]

* [http://www.cert.org/secure-coding CERT Secure Coding Initiative]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234032/http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=format+string Known vulnerabilities] at MITRE's CVE project.

* [https://cansecwest.com/csw08/csw08-holtmann.pdf Secure Programming with GCC and GLibc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103054/https://cansecwest.com/csw08/csw08-holtmann.pdf |date=2008-11-21 }} (2008), by Marcel Holtmann

{{DEFAULTSORT:Format String Attack}}