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{{Short description|American politician (1861–1935)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malcolm R. Patterson
| image = Patterson-malcolm-governor-tn2.jpg
| caption =
| order = 30th
| office = Governor of Tennessee
| term_start = January 17, 1907
| term_end = January 26, 1911
| predecessor = [[John I. Cox]]
| successor = [[Ben W. Hooper]]
| office2 = Member of the <br>[[U.S. House of Representatives]] <br>from [[Tennessee]]'s [[Tennessee's 10th congressional district|10th]] district
| term_start2 = March 4, 1901
| term_end2 = November 5, 1906
| predecessor2 = [[Edward W. Carmack]]
| successor2 = [[George Gordon (Civil War General)|George Gordon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1861|6|7}}
| birth_place = [[Somerville, Alabama]], [[Confederate States of America]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1935|3|8|1861|6|7}}
| death_place = [[Sarasota, Florida]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Forest Hill Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)|Forest Hill Cemetery]]<br />[[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = Sarah Johnson<br/> {{marriage|Sybil Hodges|1903|1906|reason=died}}<br/> {{marriage|Mary Russell Gardner|1907}}
| father = [[Josiah Patterson]]
| relations = [[Virginia Foster Durr]] (niece)
| profession = Attorney
| signature = Signature of Malcolm Rice Patterson.png
}}
'''Malcolm Rice Patterson''' (June 7, 1861 – March 8, 1935) was an American politician and jurist. He served in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from 1901 to 1906, and as the 30th [[governor of Tennessee]] from 1907 to 1911. He later served as a circuit court judge in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] (1923–1934), and wrote a weekly column for the ''[[The Commercial Appeal|Memphis Commercial Appeal]]'' (1921–1933).<ref name=tsla>[http://www.tn.gov/tsla/history/manuscripts/findingaids/67-114.pdf Finding Aid for Malcolm Rice Patterson Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712213320/http://www.tn.gov/tsla/history/manuscripts/findingaids/67-114.pdf |date=July 12, 2013 }}, Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1969. Retrieved: November 30, 2012.</ref>
Patterson was one of Tennessee's most controversial governors.<ref name=tehc>Timothy Ezzell, "[https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1042 Malcolm R. Patterson]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2009. Retrieved: November 30, 2012.</ref> While praised for quelling the Night Riders of Reelfoot Lake uprising in 1908, he was accused of issuing pardons to political allies, most notably his advisor [[Duncan Brown Cooper]], who had been convicted of murdering his political foe [[Edward W. Carmack]].<ref name=tsla /> Patterson's veto of a popular prohibition bill in 1909 and his attempts to control the state [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] primaries in 1910 created a division in the party that allowed [[Ben W. Hooper]] to become the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] governor elected in the state in nearly 30 years.
==Early life==
Patterson was born on June 7, 1861<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000126 Congress BioGuide]</ref> as Hamilton Rice Patterson in [[Somerville, Alabama]], the son of Colonel [[Josiah Patterson]] (1837–1904), a Confederate cavalry officer and congressman, and Josephine (Rice) Patterson. In 1866, his father changed his first name to "Malcolm."<ref name=tsla /> The family moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1872, where Patterson would graduate from Christian Brothers College (now [[Christian Brothers University]]). He studied at [[Vanderbilt University]] in the early 1880s,<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=E8fOAAAAMAAJ&q=tennessee+%22malcolm+rice+patterson%22 Register of Vanderbilt University]'' (Vanderbilt: 1882), p. 16.</ref> and read law with his father. He was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1883.<ref name=tsla />
Patterson served as [[attorney general]] for [[Shelby County, Tennessee|Shelby County]] from 1894 to 1900, when he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]]. He represented his father's old district, the former [[Tennessee's 10th congressional district|Tenth District]], from 1901 to 1906.<ref name=tsla />
==Governor==
Following the death of Senator [[William B. Bate]] in March 1905, Governor [[James B. Frazier]] quickly convened the [[Tennessee General Assembly|General Assembly]] and had himself elected to the vacant Senate seat. [[John I. Cox]], who as speaker of the state senate was Frazier's constitutional successor (and who helped engineer Frazier's election in the General Assembly), then became governor. Former governor [[Robert Love Taylor]], who had for years sought a U.S. Senate seat, was outraged by Frazier's actions, and accused Frazier, Cox and Senator [[Edward W. Carmack]] of conspiring to control the Democratic Party.<ref name=langsdon>Phillip Langsdon, ''Tennessee: A Political History'' (Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000), pp. 245–263.</ref>
Sensing the party's frustration with Cox over the Frazier election, Patterson decided to challenge Cox for the party's nomination for governor in 1906. At the party's convention in late May, as Patterson and Cox battled for delegates, a rule change allotted Patterson all of the delegates from [[Davidson County, Tennessee|Davidson County]], allowing him to clinch the nomination. Cox was furious, and refused to support Patterson in the general election.<ref name=langsdon />
[[File:Patterson-malcolm-by-mortimer-thompson.jpg|right|thumb|190px|Portrait of Patterson by C. Mortimer Thompson]]
Patterson's Republican opponent, [[Henry Clay Evans]], had been [[gerrymandering|gerrymandered]] out of Congress in 1890, and had long accused state Democrats of fraudulent tactics. Patterson criticized Evans for his support of the [[Lodge Bill]], which would have provided protections for black voters, and suggested that Evans wanted to empower the state's African-American population.<ref name=langsdon /> On election day, Patterson won with 111,856 votes to 92,804 for Evans.<ref name=langsdon />
During Patterson's term as governor, he created a State Highway Commission, signed legislation that banned gambling on horse races, and enacted food and drug regulations.<ref name=langsdon /> Patterson was the first governor to occupy a governor's mansion (previous governors had lived in hotel rooms), which was purchased by the state, and occupied by successive governors until 1922, when a new residence was built.<ref name=langsdon /> At the beginning of his second term in 1909, he signed the General Education Act, which created four colleges: [[East Tennessee State University]], [[Middle Tennessee State University]], the [[University of Memphis]], and [[Tennessee State University]].<ref name=tsla /> A number of laws aimed at helping workers were also introduced during his tenure.<ref>[https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/bulletin-united-states-bureau-labor-3943/november-1909-477652?page=320 Title: November 1909 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor, No. 85, Volume XIX, P.771-774]</ref>
During the governor's race of 1908, Edward W. Carmack, who had lost his Senate seat to Robert Love Taylor two years earlier, challenged Patterson for the nomination. Carmack ran a strong campaign, but Patterson managed to clinch the nomination with just over 50% of the delegates. The Republican Party, which was embroiled in a power struggle between [[Walter P. Brownlow]] and [[Newell Sanders]], initially nominated two candidates, T. Asbury Wright (Brownlow's candidate) and George Tillman (Sanders's candidate), but Wright eventually withdrew.<ref name=langsdon />
[[File:Patterson-cooper-pardons-article.png|left|thumb|220px|Clipping from ''[[The Washington Times]]'' discussing Patterson's pardoning of Duncan Cooper (pictured top-left)]]
In October 1908, a feud between the West Tennessee Land Company and [[Obion County, Tennessee|Obion County]] residents over control of [[Reelfoot Lake]] resulted in two of the company's officers, Quentin Rankin and Robert Z. Taylor, being kidnapped by a vigilante group known as the Night Riders. Rankin was murdered by the group, though Taylor managed to escape.<ref>Bill Threkkeld, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=997 Night Riders of Reelfoot Lake]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2009. Retrieved: November 30, 2012.</ref> Patterson personally led the state guard into Obion County, where they rounded up and incarcerated dozens of Night Riders (several would later be put on trial). This action boosted his popularity, and he defeated Tillman on election day in November, 133,166 votes to 113,233.<ref name=langsdon/><ref name=tehc />
Shortly after the election, Patterson became involved in a scandal that would eventually end his political career.<ref name=langsdon /> Carmack, his former opponent, had published an article ruthlessly mocking Patterson's advisor, Colonel Duncan Cooper. On November 8, 1908, Cooper and his son, Robin, encountered Carmack in the street. Gunfire erupted between Carmack and Robin Cooper, killing the former and injuring the latter. Carmack's supporters blamed Patterson for the shooting, and at one point sought his impeachment. Both Coopers were convicted of murder, though the elder Cooper was pardoned by Patterson in 1910, leading to widespread outrage. Patterson, who had issued more than 1,400 pardons during his tenure, had previously been accused of abusing the pardon power to free corrupt political allies.<ref name=tsla />
At the beginning of Patterson's second term, the state legislature passed two [[Prohibition]] measures. One extended the state's Four Mile Law, which banned the sale of liquor within {{convert|4|mi|km}} of any school, to cover the entire state (the law had previously applied only to towns with populations of less than 5,000). The second banned the manufacture of liquor for sale.<ref name=langsdon /> Both bills had widespread support, but Patterson vetoed both, arguing that Prohibition, wherever it had been enacted, had failed.<ref>M. Monahan, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=33wbAQAAMAAJ&q=tennessee+%22malcolm+patterson%22 A Text-Book of True Temperance]'' (United States Brewers' Association, 1911), p. 147.</ref> The legislature overrode his veto, however, and the measures became law.<ref name=langsdon />
By 1910, a rift had developed in the Democratic Party over state [[Partisan primary|primaries]]. The "Regular Democrats," led by Patterson, wanted to keep the older system of awarding delegates by county, while the other faction, known as the "Statewiders," wanted a statewide primary. When Patterson refused to consider a statewide primary, Statewiders withdrew from the convention and nominated their own slate of candidates, allowing Patterson to win the nomination. In state judicial elections on August 4, Statewiders (running as independents) routed the Regular Democrats. Patterson, realizing he had little chance of winning in November, withdrew from the race. His faction quickly nominated former governor and then-[[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[Robert Love Taylor]], but without support from the Statewiders, Taylor was defeated in the general election by Republican Ben W. Hooper.<ref name=langsdon />
==Later life==
In 1913, Patterson "converted" to the [[temperance movement|temperance]] cause. He joined the [[Anti-Saloon League]], and toured the nation giving lectures calling for Prohibition.<ref name=tsla />
In 1915, Patterson sought his party's nomination for U.S. Senate, his opponents being [[Luke Lea (1879-1945)|Luke Lea]] (the incumbent) and [[Kenneth McKellar (politician)|Kenneth McKellar]]. Lea placed third and was thus defeated in the initial round of voting, and McKellar, who had the support of rising political boss [[E. H. Crump]], defeated Patterson in a [[two-round system|runoff]] a few weeks later.<ref name=tsla />
In 1921, Patterson began writing a newspaper column for the ''Memphis Herald Courier'' entitled, "Day by Day with Governor Patterson," which covered politics and other topics.<ref name=tsla /> In 1923, Patterson was appointed Judge of the First Circuit Court in Shelby County by Governor [[Austin Peay]]. He held this position until retiring in 1934. In 1932, Patterson again ran for governor, but was defeated in the primary by [[Hill McAlister]].<ref name=tsla />
Patterson died on March 8, 1935, while on a visit to [[Sarasota, Florida]]. He was buried in [[Forest Hill Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)|Forest Hill Cemetery]] in Memphis.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110730372/alabama-native-was-tennessees/ |title=Alabama Native was Tennessee's Governor, Member of Congress |date=1935-03-09 |newspaper=The Birmingham News |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=2022-10-04}}{{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110730070/services-held-for-patterson-11-mar/ |title=Services Held for Patterson |date=1935-03-11 |newspaper=The Chattanooga News |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=2022-10-04}}{{Open access}}</ref>
==Family==
Patterson married his first wife, Sarah Johnson, in 1885. They had three children.<ref name=langsdon /> Following the death of his first wife, he married Sybil Hodges in 1903. They had one child before her death in 1906. In 1907, shortly after his inauguration as governor, he married Mary Russell Gardner. They had two children.<ref name=langsdon /> He is one of two Tennessee governors to marry while in office.
[[Virginia Foster Durr]] (1903–1999), Patterson's niece (daughter of his sister, Anne), was a noted civil rights activist in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0023-1/G-0023-1.html Interview with Virginia Foster, G-0023-1], Documenting the American South, 1975. Retrieved: November 30, 2012.</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of governors of Tennessee]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://sos-tn-gov-files.tnsosfiles.com/forms/GOVERNOR_MALCOLM_R_PATTERSON_PAPERS_1907-1911.pdf Governor Malcolm R. Patterson Papers, 1907 - 1911], Tennessee State Library and Archives.
{{S-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[James B. Frazier]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of Governors of Tennessee|Governor of Tennessee]]|years=[[1906 Tennessee gubernatorial election|1906]], [[1908 Tennessee gubernatorial election|1908]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Robert Love Taylor]]}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
| state=Tennessee
| district=10
| before= [[Edward W. Carmack]]
| after= [[George Gordon (Civil War General)|George Gordon]]
| years=March 4, 1901 – November 5, 1906}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box | before = [[John I. Cox]] |title=[[List of Governors of Tennessee|Governor of Tennessee]] | years = 1907—1911 | after = [[Ben W. Hooper]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Governors of Tennessee}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patterson, Malcolm R.}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Democratic Party governors of Tennessee]]
[[Category:People from Morgan County, Alabama]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee]]
[[Category:20th-century American judges]]
[[Category:19th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:Christian Brothers University alumni]]
[[Category:Phi Delta Theta members]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives]]
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