Manual override: Difference between revisions

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A '''manual override (MO)''' or '''manual analog override (MAO)''' is a mechanism whereinwhere control is taken from an [[automated system]] and given to the user. For example, a manual override in [[photography]] refers to the ability for the human photographer to turn off the automatic [[aperture]] sizing, [[automatic focus]]ing, or any other automated system on the camera.<ref>[http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M Manual override] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060513202632/http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M |date=2006-05-13 }}, Ambitions Photography Academy.</ref>

Some manual overrides can be used to veto an automated system's judgment when the system is in error. An example of this is a [[Printer (computing)|printer's]] ink level detection: in one case, a researcher found that when he overrode the system, up to 38% more pages could be printed at good quality by the printer than the automated system would have allowed.<ref name=BBC> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3035500.stm 'Raw deal' on printer ink], ''[[BBC]]'', 3 July 2003 </ref>

A '''manual override''' or '''manual analog override''' is a mechanism wherein control is taken from an [[automated system]] and given to the user. For example, a manual override in [[photography]] refers to the ability for the human photographer to turn off the automatic [[aperture]] sizing, [[automatic focus]]ing, or any other automated system on the camera.<ref>[http://www.ambitions4.com/Glossary-Pub-View-Topic-Details.asp?GlossaryID=339&strChar=M Manual override], Ambitions Photography Academy.</ref>

Automated systems are becoming increasingly common and integrated into everyday objects such as [[automobile]]s and [[domestic appliance]]s. This development of [[ubiquitous computing]] raises general issues of policy and law about the need for manual overrides for matters of great importance such as life-threatening situations and major economic decisions. The loyalty of such autonomous devices then becomes an issue. If they follow rules installed by the manufacturer or required by law and refuse to cede control in some situations then the owners of the devices may feel disempowered, alienated and lacking true ownership.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.jjbohn.com/papers/langhein_aswemaylive_2002.pdf |title=As we may live – Real-world implications of ubiquitous computing |authorauthor1= Marc Langheinrich, |author2=Vlad Coroama, |author3=Jurgen Bohn, and |author4=Michael Rohs |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Institute of Information Systems}}</ref>

Some manual overrides can be used to veto an automated system's judgment when the system is in error. An example of this is a [[Printer (computing)|printer's]] ink level detection: in one case, a researcher found that when he overrode the system, up to 38% more pages could be printed at good quality by the printer than the automated system would have allowed.<ref name=BBC> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3035500.stm 'Raw deal' on printer ink], ''[[BBC]]'', 3 July 2003 </ref>

Automated systems are becoming increasingly common and integrated into everyday objects such as [[automobile]]s and [[domestic appliance]]s. This development of [[ubiquitous computing]] raises general issues of policy and law about the need for manual overrides for matters of great importance such as life-threatening situations and major economic decisions. The loyalty of such autonomous devices then becomes an issue. If they follow rules installed by the manufacturer or required by law and refuse to cede control in some situations then the owners of the devices may feel disempowered, alienated and lacking true ownership.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.jjbohn.com/papers/langhein_aswemaylive_2002.pdf |title=As we may live – Real-world implications of ubiquitous computing |author= Marc Langheinrich, Vlad Coroama, Jurgen Bohn, and Michael Rohs |publisher=Institute of Information Systems}}</ref>

==Major incidents==

[[China Airlines Flight 140]] crashed, causing many deaths, due to a misunderstanding about the manual overrides for the [[autopilot]]. The Take-Off/Go Around system had been activated to abort a landing. It was programmed to ignore manual controls in this situation but the human pilots tried to continue the landing. The conflicting control signals from the pilots and autopilot then resulted in the aircraft stalling and crashing. The autopilot for this aircraft type was then reprogrammed so that it would never ignore a manual override.<ref>{{citation |url=httphttps://books.google.com/books?id=SG07muS_S2EC |page=151 |year=2004 |title=Taming HAL: designing interfaces beyond 2001 |isbn=978-0-312-29574-5 |author=Asaf Degani|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan }}</ref>

==See also==

Line 13 ⟶ 12:

*[[Communication cord]]

*[[Dead man's handle]]

*[[Engine control unit]] (ECU)

*Full authority digital engine (or electronics) control ([[FADEC]])

*[[Panic button]]

*[[FADEC]]

*[[ECU]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Automation|&]]

[[Category:Safety equipment]]