「ランドマーク・フォーラム」の版間の差分
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'''ランドマーク・フォーラム'''({{Lang-en-short|Landmark Forum}})、'''ザ・フォーラム'''({{Lang-en-short|The Forum}})は、
==概要==
ランドマーク・ワールドワイドは、提供する講座は、人間の既存のものの見方や意思決定のパターンを変えることを目指すもので、参加者はそれまでの限界やパラダイムを超えたところで思考したり行動したりできるようになる、としている<ref name=about>[http://landmarkworldwide.co.jp/about ランドマークとは] 日本語公式サイト</ref>。日本語版公式ウェブサイトでは、「トランスフォーメーション(変容)教育のパイオニア」であると述べている<ref name=japan>[http://landmarkworldwide.co.jp/ 日本語版公式サイト]</ref>。
ランドマーク・ワールドワイドの自己啓発セミナーは、ランドマーク・フォーラム(Landmark Forum)が入門講座としてあり、2018年時点で期間は3日間である<ref>[http://www.landmarkworldwide.com/the-landmark-forum The Landmark Forum] 英語公式サイト</ref>。個人と企業に対して講座を提供しており、レストランチェーンの[[パンダエクスプレス]]やヨガウェアブランドの
同社によると顧客の中心は30~40代の社会的に成功した人々であり、収益性の高いビジネスとして成功している{{sfn|Puttick, 宮坂清訳|2009|pp=569-570}}。収益は、1997年には4800万ドル、2004年時点で推定年間5000万ドルである{{sfn|Puttick, 宮坂清訳|2009|pp=569-570}}。
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==歴史==
===前史とザ・フォーラムの誕生===
ランドマーク・ワールドワイドは、ワーナー・エアハードからエストの背後にある「技術」のライセンスを購入して講座を開催している{{sfn|Alford|26 November 2010|p=L1}}ため、まずその原型であるエストについて説明する(エストはランドマーク・ワールドワイドでは開催されていない)。ユダヤ系アメリカ人ジョン・ポール・ローゼンバーグは、高校を卒業して中古車のセールスマンをしていた{{sfn|神谷|2011}}。故郷を離れてワーナー・エアハードという偽名を名乗るようになり、書籍([[グレート・ブックス]])のセールスの仕事をしながら、[[ナポレオン・ヒル]]や{{仮リンク|マクスウェル・マルツ|en|Maxwell Maltz}}の[[自己啓発本]]など、成功に関する大量の読書に励んだ{{sfn|神谷|2008}}{{sfn|神谷(7)|2008}}。1961年にサンフランシスコに移って
ランドマークは、エストに集まっていた1960-70年代の[[カウンターカルチャー]]の[[フラワーチルドレン]]ではなく、90年代の[[ニューエイジ|ニューエイジャー]]を対象にしていた{{sfn|キャロル・小久保}}。
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==影響==
ランドマークのコンセプト、特に、当たり前のように考えている慣れた物事を新しい方法でとらえ直すという目的において、根底に東洋哲学的な思想が見られる{{sfn|Puttick, 宮坂清訳|2009|pp=569-570}}。エアハードの伝記では、彼が[[禅]]を探求しており、それは
[[自己啓発書]]・
ロバート・キャロルによると、エストは他に、[[実存主義]]哲学、[[動機づけ]]に関する心理学([[通俗心理学|ポップ心理学]])、[[フロイト]]、[[アブラハム・マズロー]] 、新宗教[[サイエントロジー]]の設立者[[L・ロン・ハバード]]、[[ヒンドゥー教]]、[[デール・カーネギー]]、
ランドマーク・フォーラムを受講し、ワーナー・エアハーからトレーニングを受け、セミナーリーダー経験もあるキリスト教文学研究者の神谷光信によると、フォーラムは心理学的なものではなく存在論的な物であり、[[ハイデガー]]の[[存在論]]の影響が大きい{{sfn|神谷|2008}}。チリ人哲学者[[フェルナンド・フローレス]]が[[ジョン・サール]]の研究を発展させた存在論的哲学の影響を受けており、彼の[[言語行為]]のアイデアを取り入れている{{sfn|Fishe|2009}}。
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世界は無であり、人生は空虚で意味がないという認識は、人によっては大きな衝撃であり、神谷光信は「最初に参加したフォーラムで、このセッション(3日目)にまで到達したとき、私は椅子に腰を下ろしたまま黙っていたが、眼前の部屋の床の横線が、実際に斜めに傾ぐような深い衝撃を受けた」という{{sfn|神谷(245)|2009}}。同時に「見方を変えれば、何もないところから自由に人生を創作できるという可能性に満ち満ちているということができる。そこに気が付いた瞬間の解放感はなんとも言葉にしようがない。」とも語っている{{sfn|神谷(245)|2009}}。セミナーに参加した医師は、それまでの人生で最もパワフルで危険な経験で、非常にショックが大きく、セミナーの後は混乱して生き地獄のような思いを味わい、3日間満足に働くこともできなかったと振り返っており、しかし、それほどの衝撃を受けたにもかかわらず、もう一度それを経験してみたいとも語っている{{sfn|キャロル・小久保}}。
ヨガウェアメーカーの
[[タイム誌]]のレポーターNathan Thornburghは、ランドマーク・フォーラムを自己啓発の歴史において次のように位置づけている。「アメリカ人の『トランスフォメーション(変革)』に対するこだわりは何も今に始まったことではなく、アメリカ建国と同じくらい古い歴史があり、19世紀の[[ラルフ・ワルド・エマーソン]]は infinitude of man への道を説き、[[メリー・ベーカー・エディ]]は信仰と心の無限の力を前提とする宗教[[クリスチャン・サイエンス]]を創始し、
===批判・批評===
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***{{
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*{{cite journal
{{refend}}
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