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{{short description|Public technical universities in India}}
[[Image:IIT-locations.svg|right|thumb|270px|Location of IITs]]
{{redirect|IIT}}
The '''Indian Institutes of Technology''' ([[Hindi]]: भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान), or IITs, are a group of seven autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education established and declared as ''Institutes of National Importance'' by the [[Government of India]].CBS 60 Minutes claims that a degree from IIT "is more sought after than Harvard, Stanford and Yale combined". These institutes were created to train scientists and engineers, with the aim of developing a skilled workforce to underpin [[India]]'s economic and social development after independence in 1947. The students and alumni of IITs are colloquially referred to as ''IITians''.
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = {{nowrap|Indian Institutes of Technology}}
| image = IIT Kharagpur 2016.jpg
| caption = Campus of [[IIT Kharagpur]], oldest and one of 23 IITs
| other_name = IIT or IITs (plural)
| type = [[technical university|Public technical institute]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|11349|c}}<br />{{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2024–25 est.)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 26, Department of Higher Education, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=Indiabudget.gov.in |pages=350 |language=en |publication-place=[[New Delhi]] |publication-date=1 Feb 2025 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201114025/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf }}</ref>
| country =
| ___location = 23 cities in India (2 more campuses overseas, in UAE & Tanzania)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iitmz.ac.in/
|title=IIT Madras Zanzibar |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/
|title=IITD Abu Dhabi Campus |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
| city =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1950|05
|15}}
| parent = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]
| website = {{URL|https://iitsystem.ac.in}}
}}
{{Map/Indian Institutes of Technology}}
 
The '''Indian Institutes of Technology''' ('''IIT''') are a network of autonomous public engineering and technology institutions in India. Established in 1950, they are under the purview of the [[Ministry of Education]] of the [[Government of India]] and are governed by the [[Institutes of Technology Act, 1961]]. The Act designates them as [[Institutes of National Importance]] and lays down their powers, duties, and governance framework as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology.<ref name="IITAct">{{cite web |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/
The seven IITs are located at [[Kharagpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Kanpur]], [[Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], and [[Roorkee]], established in that chronological order. Some of these IITs were established with financial assistance and technical expertise from the [[UNESCO]], [[Germany]], [[United States]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. Each IIT is an autonomous university, linked to the others through a common IIT Council, which oversees their administration. They have a common admission process, using the [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|Joint Entrance Examination]] (popularly known as IIT-JEE) to select around 4,000 candidates a year. About 15,500 [[undergraduate]] and 12,000 [[graduate student|graduate]] students study in the seven IITs, in addition to research scholars. IITians have achieved success in a variety of professions, resulting in the establishment of the widely recognised ''IIT'' brand.<ref name="congress resolution">{{cite web
|title=Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 |website=IIT System Portal |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> There are currently 23 IITs functioning under this act.<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|title=Problem of plenty: As IITs multiply, the brand value diminishes|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015|access-date=17 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831075125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> Each IIT operates autonomously and is linked to the others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The [[Minister of Education (India)]] serves as the [[ex officio]] chairperson of the IIT Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/|title=IIT Council Portal|access-date=17 September 2025|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618184358/https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/}}
| last = The Library of
</ref>
| first = Congress
| authorlink =
| date = [[2005-04-26]]
| url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:hres00227.eh:
| title = House Resolution 227
| work = Bill Text for the 109th Congress (2005-2006)
| publisher = The House of Representatives, U.S.
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> The autonomy of IITs has helped them to create specialised degrees in technology at undergraduate level, and consequently to award the Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) degree, as opposed to the Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree awarded by most other Indian universities. The success of the IITs has led to the creation of similar institutes in other fields, such as the [[National Institutes of Technology]], the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] and the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology]].
 
== List of all Indian Institutes of Technology ==
==The institutes==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
[[Image:IIT KGP Main Building.JPG|thumb|270px|Main Building of [[IIT Kharagpur]]]]
|+IITs and their locations, sorted by date of establishment<ref name="IIT act" /><ref name="IIT Act As amended till 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/@tamilneet|title=IIT Act (As amended till 2012|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221638/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rti/links/acts_statutes_iitguwahati.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|title=Problem of plenty: As IITs multiply, the brand value diminishes|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831075125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Gazette Notification of the Bill">{{cite web |url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf |title=Gazette Notification of the Bill |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405110050/http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="IIT Kharagpur">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|title=Institute History&nbsp;– Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|access-date=
The seven IITs are located in [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur|Kharagpur]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay|Bombay]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras|Madras]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur|Kanpur]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi|Delhi]], [[Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati|Guwahati]], and [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee|Roorkee]]. All IITs are autonomous universities that draft their own curricula, and they are, with the exception of IIT Kanpur, members of [[LAOTSE]], an international network of universities in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. LAOTSE membership allows the IITs to [[Student exchange program|exchange students]] and senior scholars with universities in other countries.<ref name="LAOTSE">{{cite web
22 October 2008|publisher=IIT Kharaggpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080420181942/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |archive-date = 20 April 2008}}</ref>
| date = [[2005-08-14]]
!No.
| url = http://www.laotse.vo.tum.de./Laotse/HTML/10-11.HTML
! Name !! Abbreviation
| title = Networking Universities
!Founded!! Converted as IIT
| publisher = LAOTSE
!State/UT
| accessdate = 2006-05-26
!Website
}}</ref>
!Faculty
!Students
|-
|1
|[[IIT Kharagpur]]
|IITKGP
|1951
|1951
|[[West Bengal]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitkgp.ac.in}}
|928<ref name=nirf_2024_iitkgp>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITKGP |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/nirf24_overall.pdf |publisher=NIRF |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215101/https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/nirf24_overall.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|15,862<ref name=nirf_2024_iitkgp/>
|-
|2
|[[IIT Bombay]]
|IITB
|1958
|1958
||[[Maharashtra]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitb.ac.in}}
|759<ref name=nirf_2024_iitb>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITB |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0306.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815145108/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0306.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|12,976<ref name=nirf_2024_iitb/>
|-
|3
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]|| IITK
|1959||1959
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitk.ac.in}}
|655<ref name=nirf_2024_iitk>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITK |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1075.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|8,346<ref name=nirf_2024_iitk/>
|-
|4
|[[IIT Madras]]|| IITM
|1959||1959
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitm.ac.in}}
|674<ref name=nirf_2024_iitm>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITM |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813134024/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|10,238<ref name=nirf_2024_iitm/>
|-
|5
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] || IITD
|1961||1961
|| [[Delhi]]
|{{URL|https://home.iitd.ac.in}}
|687<ref name=nirf_2024_iitd>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITD |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1074.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|12,543<ref name=nirf_2024_iitd/>
|-
|6
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]|| IITG
|1994||1995
|[[Assam]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitg.ac.in}}
|539<ref name=nirf_2024_iitg>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITG |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0053.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815144909/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0053.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|7,849<ref name=nirf_2024_iitg/>
|-
|7
|[[IIT Roorkee]]|| IITR
|1847|| 2002<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=University of Roorkee to IIT Roorkee|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2002|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/E-2501-2001-0055-113436.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/E-2501-2001-0055-113436.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
||[[Uttarakhand]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitr.ac.in}}
|585<ref name=nirf_2024_iitr>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITR |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0560.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125219/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0560.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|9,735<ref name=nirf_2024_iitr/>
|-
|8
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|IIT Jodhpur]]|| IITJ
|2008||2008
||[[Rajasthan]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitj.ac.in/}}
|238<ref name=nirf_2024_iitj>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITJ |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0395.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|3,308<ref name=nirf_2024_iitj/>
|-
|9
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|IIT Ropar]]|| IITRPR
|2008||2008
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitrpr.ac.in/}}
|179<ref name=nirf_2024_iitrpr>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITRPR |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0378.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815164856/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0378.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,768<ref name=nirf_2024_iitrpr/>
|-
|10
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|IIT Gandhinagar]] || IITGN
|2008||2008
||[[Gujarat]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitgn.ac.in/}}
|143<ref name=nirf_2024_iitgn>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITGN |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0139.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125336/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0139.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,010<ref name=nirf_2024_iitgn/>
|-
|11
|[[IIT Hyderabad]] || IITH
|2008||2008
||[[Telangana]]
|{{URL|https://www.iith.ac.in}}
|306<ref name=nirf_2024_iith>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITH |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0013.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130123/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|3,946<ref name=nirf_2024_iith/>
|-
|12
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]]|| IITP
|2008||2008
||[[Bihar]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitp.ac.in/}}
|166<ref name=nirf_2024_iitp>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITP |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0064.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815140422/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0064.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,883<ref name=nirf_2024_iitp/>
|-
|13
|[[IIT Bhubaneswar]]
| IITBBS
|2008||2008
||[[Odisha]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/}}
|178<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbbs>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBBS |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0355.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830114551/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0355.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,597<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbbs/>
|-
|14
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|IIT Mandi]]|| IITMD
|2009||2009
||[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitmandi.ac.in}}
|197<ref name=nirf_2024_iitmandi>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITMandi |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0184.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130503/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0184.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,343<ref name=nirf_2024_iitmandi/>
|-
|15
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Indore|IIT Indore]] || IITI
|2009||2009
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iiti.ac.in}}
|204<ref name=nirf_2024_iiti>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITI |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0273.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|2,323<ref name=nirf_2024_iiti/>
|-
|16
|[[Indian Institute of Technology, BHU|IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]|| IITBHU
|1919|| 2012<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=IT-BHU to IIT (BHU) Varanasi|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2011|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_36_2012_135.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_36_2012_135.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
||[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitbhu.ac.in}}
|381<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhu>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBHU |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0701.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130129/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0701.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|7,980<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhu/>
|-
|17
|[[IIT Palakkad]]|| IITPKD
|2015<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=JEE Advanced 2015: IIT Bombay announces that four new IITs will admit students from this session|url=http://www.prepsure.com/news/jee-advanced-2015-iit-bombay-announces-that-4-new-iits-will-admit-students-from-this-session/|access-date=12 June 2015|work=Prepsure.com|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627021308/http://www.prepsure.com/news/jee-advanced-2015-iit-bombay-announces-that-4-new-iits-will-admit-students-from-this-session/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 2015
|[[Kerala]]
|{{URL|https://iitpkd.ac.in/}}
|127<ref name=nirf_2024_iitpkd>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITPKD |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0878.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830081131/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0878.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1370<ref name=nirf_2024_iitpkd/>
|-
|18
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati|IIT Tirupati]] || IITT
|2015<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2015-06-25 |title=IIT Tirupati all set to begin classes from Aug. 5 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/iit-tirupati-all-set-to-begin-classes-from-aug-5/article7355881.ece |access-date=2023-01-28 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061907/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/iit-tirupati-all-set-to-begin-classes-from-aug-5/article7355881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 2015
||[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iittp.ac.in/}}
|119<ref name=nirf_2024_iitt>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITT |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0844.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830080718/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0844.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1,168<ref name=nirf_2024_iitt/>
|-
|19
|[[IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]]|| IITISM
|1926|| 2016<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=ISM Dhanbad to IIT (ISM) Dhanbad|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2016|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Jharkhand]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitism.ac.in/}}
|414<ref name=nirf_2024_iitism>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITISM |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0205.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815132420/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0205.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|6,660<ref name=nirf_2024_iitism/>
|-
|20
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai|IIT Bhilai]]|| IITBH
|2016<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/chhattisgarh-to-open-iit-in-bhilai/|title=Chhattisgarh to open IIT campus in Bhilai|work=The Indian Express|date=14 January 2016|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091658/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/chhattisgarh-to-open-iit-in-bhilai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/}}
|71<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhilai>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBhilai |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0946.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|806<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhilai/>
|-
|21
|[[IIT Dharwad]]||IITDH
|2016<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dharwad-will-host-first-IIT-of-Karnataka/articleshow/48877460.cms|title=Dharwad will host first IIT of Karnataka|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512160015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dharwad-will-host-first-IIT-of-Karnataka/articleshow/48877460.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Karnataka]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitdh.ac.in/}}
|86<ref name=nirf_2024_iitdh>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITDH |url=https://www.iitdh.ac.in/sites/default/files/2024-02/IIT%20Dharwad_NIRF%202024_Engineering_29_02_2024.pdf |publisher=IIT Dharwad}}</ref>
|866<ref name=nirf_2024_iitdh/>
|-
|22
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Jammu|IIT Jammu]]||IITJMU
|2016<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jammu-to-be-set-up-at-chak-bhalwal-115042301037_1.html|title=IIT Jammu to be set up at Chak Bhalwal|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 April 2015|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091656/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jammu-to-be-set-up-at-chak-bhalwal-115042301037_1.html|url-status=live|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitjammu.ac.in/}}
|116<ref name=nirf_2024_iitjammu>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IIT Jammu |url=https://iitjammu.ac.in/nirf/Indian%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20Jammu20240228.pdf |publisher=IIT Jammu |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203190618/https://iitjammu.ac.in/nirf/Indian%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20Jammu20240228.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1,178<ref name=nirf_2024_iitjammu/>
|-
|23
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Goa|IIT Goa]]||IITGOA
|2016<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Failure-to-identify-land-likely-to-delay-setting-up-of-IIT-in-Goa/articleshow/47089363.cms|title=Failure to identify land likely to delay setting up of IIT in Goa|work=The Times of India|date=29 April 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218183921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Failure-to-identify-land-likely-to-delay-setting-up-of-IIT-in-Goa/articleshow/47089363.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Goa]]
|{{URL|https://iitgoa.ac.in/}}
| 68<ref name=nirf2025goa>{{cite web | url=https://iitgoa.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Indian-Institute-of-Technology-Goa20250326-NIRF.pdf/ | title=IIT Goa NIRF Data | date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
| 733<ref name=nirf2025goa/>
|}
 
== History ==
IIT Kharagpur was the first of the IITs. Established in 1951, it is in [[Kharagpur]] (near [[Kolkata]]) in the state of [[West Bengal]]. It has 29 academic departments, centres and schools, spread over a 8.5&nbsp;[[km²]] (2,100&nbsp;[[acre]]) campus that is a self-contained township of over 15,000 inhabitants. It has about 450 faculty, 2,200 employees, 3,000 undergraduates and 2,500 postgraduates. The students live in 17 hostels (called ''[[Student Life in IIT Kharagpur#Halls of Residence|Halls of Residence]]''). IIT Kharagpur also has a management school ([[Vinod Gupta School of Management]]) and a law school ([[Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law]]) within its premises. Its central library is the largest technical library in Asia.<ref name="KGP library">{{cite news
[[File:NRSiits.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]], who recommended the set up of Indian Institutes of Technology '''(IITs)''', along the lines of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) USA (America)]]]]
|author = India Today
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Old Building 1951.jpg|thumb|The office of the Hijli Detention Camp served as the first academic building of [[IIT Kharagpur]].]]
|url = http://www.iitbombay.org/misc/press/indiatoday060203.htm
[[File:Library reading hall.jpg|thumb|Library at [[IIT BHU]]]]
|title = INDIA TODAY: TOP 10 COLLEGES -ENGINEERING
[[File:IITG.jpg|thumb|right|[[IIT Guwahati]], established in 1994]]
|publisher = India Today (mirrored on IIT Bombay website)
[[File:IIT Madras Research Park.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Madras|IIT Madras Research Park]] at Chennai]]
|date = [[June]] [[2003]]
{{Main|History of Indian Institutes of Technology}}
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref>
[[Image:IITB Main Building.jpg|left|thumb|Main Building of [[IIT Bombay]]]]
 
In the late 1940s, a 22-member committee, headed by [[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]], recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, along the lines of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), with [[Affiliated school|affiliated]] secondary institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213137/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|archive-date=2007-08-13|title=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|date=2007-08-13|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref>
The next IIT to be established, IIT Bombay, was founded in 1958 in [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]] (Bombay). It was set up with assistance from [[UNESCO]] and the [[Soviet Union]], which provided technical expertise. The Indian government underwrote all other expenses, including the construction costs.<ref name="IITB">{{cite web
| last = Sukhatme
| first = S. P.
| date = [[2005-07-27]]
| url = http://www.iitbombay.org/misc/press/iitb_sukhatme.htm
| title = The Growth of an Institute for Higher Technological Education
| publisher = IIT Bombay
| accessdate = 2006-05-26
}}</ref> With an area of 2.23&nbsp;km² (550&nbsp;acres) and a total of 24 departments, centres and schools, it is the largest university in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. In addition, IIT Bombay has 13 student hostels with about 2,200 undergraduate and 2,000 postgraduate students. IIT Bombay also has a management school ([[Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management]]) on its premises. Despite a change in the name of the city, the IIT retains the original name.
 
The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the [[Hijli Detention Camp]] in [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|title=Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416213230/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The name "Indian Institute of Technology" was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|title=Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today|date=2017-08-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-07|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416213230/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
IIT Madras is located in the city of [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was established in 1959 with technical assistance from the Government of [[West Germany]]<ref name="West Germany">{{cite web
| last = Madras
| first = Indian Institute of Technology
| date = [[2006-01-18]]
| url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/The%20Institute/
| title = The Institute
| accessdate = 2006-05-14}}</ref> and has nearly 360 faculty and approximately 2,500 undergraduate and 2,000 postgraduate students. The campus is spread over an area of about 2.5&nbsp;km² (620&nbsp;acres), and has 15 academic departments, nearly 100 laboratories, and 14 hostels. As with IIT Bombay, it retains its original name despite a change in the name of its city.
[[Image:Mathdept.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Mathematics department in [[IIT Delhi]]]]
 
On 15 September 1956, the [[Parliament of India]] passed the ''[[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act]]'', declaring it as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]]. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first [[Prime Minister of India]], in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:<ref name="Nehru speech">{{cite web | date = 14 May 2006 | url = http://www.iitkgp.ernet.in/institute/history.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708041546/http://www.iitkgp.ernet.in/institute/history.php | archive-date = 8 July 2006 | title = Institute History | access-date =14 May 2006 }}</ref>
IIT Kanpur was established in 1959 in the city of [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. During its first 10 years, IIT Kanpur benefited from the Kanpur&ndash;Indo-American Programme, where a [[consortium]] of nine US universities helped to set up the research laboratories and academic programmes.<ref name="IITK">{{cite web
{{cquote|Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolically of the changes coming to India.}}
| last = Kelkar
On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at [[Bombay]] (1958), [[Madras]] (1959), [[Kanpur]] (1959), and [[Delhi]] (1961). The locations of these campuses were chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance.<ref>See "more IIT" in references below. Under "Final selection", the third paragraph</ref> The ''Indian Institutes of Technology Act'' was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs.<ref name="IIT act">{{cite web| date = 24 May 2005 | url = http://www.iitb.ac.in/legal/IITsAct.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106041957/http://www.iitb.ac.in/legal/IITsAct.pdf | archive-date=6 Jan 2012 | title = The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961
| first = P.K.
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay | access-date =14 May 2006}}</ref>
| date = [[2006-03-17]]
| url = http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/history.htm
| title = IIT Kanpur &mdash; History
| publisher = IIT Kanpur
| accessdate = 2006-05-27
}}</ref> It covers an area of 4.85&nbsp;km² (1,200&nbsp;acres). It has approximately 500 faculty members, and about 2,000 undergraduate and an equal number of postgraduate students live in 10 hostels.
 
In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972, it was also proposed to convert the then IT-BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons, the desired conversion could not be achieved then.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-01-17 |title=Minutes of the 10th Meeting of IIT council |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/IITcouncil/minutes/Minutes-10-Meeting-of-IIT-Council.pdf |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=iitsystem.ac.in|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150117234832/https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/IITcouncil/minutes/Minutes-10-Meeting-of-IIT-Council.pdf|archive-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref> IT-BHU had been taking admissions through [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination]] (IIT-JEE) for undergraduate courses and [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE) for postgraduate courses since 1972. Finally, in 2012 the [[Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University]] was made a member of the IITs and renamed as [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]].<ref name=":2" />
Established as the ''College of Engineering'' in 1961, IIT Delhi was given the current name and declared an Institution of National Importance under the "''Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 1963''".<ref name="IITD">{{cite web
| date = [[2006-05-12]]
| url = http://www.iitd.ac.in/about/index.html
| title = About US
| publisher = IIT Delhi
| accessdate = 2006-05-26
}}</ref> It is located in [[Hauz Khas]] ([[New Delhi]]) and has an area of 1.3&nbsp;km² (320&nbsp;acres). It has 11 hostels and 26 departments, centres and schools. It has 426 faculty members and approximately 2,200 undergraduate and 1,600 postgraduate students.
[[Image:IIT Guwahati.jpg|left|225px|thumb|Panoramic view of [[Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]]]
 
Student agitations in the state of [[Assam]] made Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam. This led to the establishment of a sixth institution at [[Guwahati]] under the [[Assam Agitation|Assam Accord]] in 1994.
IIT Guwahati was established in 1994 near the city of [[Guwahati]] ([[Assam]]) on the northern banks of the [[Brahmaputra River]]. The sprawling 2.85&nbsp;km² (705&nbsp;acres) campus attracts many visitors because of its scenic beauty.<ref name="IITG">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitg.ac.in/gen/about.html|title=About - Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|accessdate=2006-08-25|date=[[2006-08-12]]|publisher=IIT Guwahati}}</ref> There are approximately 1,300 undergraduate and 500 postgraduate students in 18 departments, which have a total of 152 faculty members.{{inote|For more information see http://www.iitg.ac.in/introduction.htm|IITG}}
 
IITIn Roorkee2001, originally known as the [[University of Roorkee]], was establishedconverted ininto 1847IIT as the first engineering college of the [[British Empire]]Roorkee.<ref name="first:1" engineering college"/>{{cite web
Over the past few years, there have been several developments toward establishing new IITs. On 1 October 2003, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential".<ref name="more IIT">{{cite news | first = Yogesh K. | last = Upadhyaya | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm | title = The making of new IITs | work = [[Rediff.com]] | date = 23 March 2005 | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 29 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429084425/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Subsequent developments led to the formation of the S K Joshi Committee, in November 2003, to guide the selection of the five institutions which would be converted into IITs. Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, it was decided that new IITs should be spread throughout the country. When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance, 16 states demanded IITs. Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs,<ref name="eligibility criteria">{{cite news | first = Yogesh K | last = Upadhyaya | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/18guest.htm | title = The march of the new IITs | work = [[Rediff.com]] | date = 18 August 2005 | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 29 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429103203/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/18guest.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> only seven colleges were selected for final consideration.<ref name="seven colleges">{{cite news| first = Yogesh K| last = Upadhyaya| url = http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/may/25iit.htm| title = New IITs: A long journey ahead| work = [[Rediff.com]]| date = 25 May 2005| access-date = 14 May 2006| archive-date = 7 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155204/http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/may/25iit.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> Plans are also reported to open IITs outside India, although there has not been much progress in this regard.<ref name="IIT abroad">{{cite news|author=Times News Network |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1094211,prtpage-1.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502155333/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1094211%2Cprtpage-1.cms |archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Desi IITs in pardes: conditions apply |work=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. |date=1 May 2005 |access-date=27 August 2006 }}</ref> Eventually in the 11th [[Five-year plans of India|Five year plan]], eight states were identified for establishment of new IITs.
| authorlink = The Directorate of Technical Education, Uttaranchal, India
| date = [[2002-06-29]]
| url = http://www.ua.nic.in/uatechedu/setup_iit_roorkee.html
| title = Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
| Publisher = [[National Informatics Centre]]
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> Located in [[Uttaranchal]], the college was renamed ''The Thomason College of [[civil engineering|Civil Engineering]]'' in 1854 and was granted IIT status in 2001. The institute offers undergraduate degree courses in 10 disciplines of engineering and [[architecture]], and postgraduate degrees in 55 disciplines. It has 375 faculty members. The campus is about 1.45&nbsp;km² (360&nbsp;acres) in size and has eight hostels.
 
From 2008 to 2009, eight new IITs were set up in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Indore]], [[Patna]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Rupnagar|Ropar]], and [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]].
==Establishment and development==
{{main|History of Indian Institutes of Technology}}
[[Image:Nehru laying foundation stone of IITKGP.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] laying foundation stone of IIT Kharagpur]]
<!-- FAIR USE of Image:Nehru laying foundation stone of IITKGP.jpg: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nehru laying foundation stone of IITKGP.jpg for rationale -->
The history of the IIT system dates back to 1946 when [[Sir Jogendra Singh]] of the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]]'s Executive Council set up a committee whose task was to consider the creation of ''Higher Technical Institutions'' for post-war industrial development in [[India]]. The 22-member committee, headed by [[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]], recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, with affiliated secondary institutions. The committee felt that such institutes should not only produce undergraduates, but researchers and academics. The institutes were expected to maintain high educational standards.
 
In 2015 and 2016, six new IITs were established in [[Tirupati]], [[Palakkad]], [[Dharwad]], [[Bhilai]], [[Goa]], and [[Jammu]], as approved by a 2016 bill amendment, along with the conversion of [[ISM Dhanbad|Indian School of Mines Dhanbad]] into [[IIT Dhanbad|IIT, Dhanbad]].<ref name=":3" />
With these recommendations in view, the first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May, 1950 at the site of the [[Hijli Detention Camp]] in Kharagpur. On [[September 15]], [[1956]], the [[Parliament of India]] passed the ''Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act'', declaring it as an ''Institute of National Importance''. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first [[Prime Minister of India]], in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:<ref name="Nehru speech">{{cite web
| last = Kharagpur
| first = Indian Institute of Technology
| date = [[2006-05-14]]
| url = http://www.iitkgp.ernet.in/institute/history.php
| title = Institute History
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref>
{{cquote|Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolical of the changes that are coming to India.}}
 
The entire allocation by the central government for the 2017–18 budget for all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) was slightly over {{INRConvert|70|b}}. However, the aggregate money spent by Indian students for tertiary education in the United States was about six times more than what the central government spends on all IITs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/@tamilneet-economy/economy/article/indian-students-spend-usd-654-billion-in-us-near-three-times-more-than-fdi-flow-from-north-america/127565|title=Indian students spend USD 6.54 billion in US, near three times more than FDI flow from North America {{!}} Business News|website=www.youtube.com/@tamilneet|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>
On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at [[Mumbai]] (1958), [[Chennai]] (1959), [[Kanpur]] (1959), and [[Delhi]] (1961). The ___location of these campuses was chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance.{{inote|See "more IIT" in references below. Under "Final selection", third paragraph|imbalance}} The ''Indian Institutes of Technology Act'' was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs.<ref name="IIT act">{{cite web
| authorlink = Parliament of the Republic of India
| date = [[2005-05-24]]
| url = http://www.iitb.ac.in/legal/IITsAct.pdf
| title = The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961
| format = {{PDFlink}}
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> Student agitations in the state of [[Assam]] made Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam. This led to a sixth campus at [[Guwahati]] under the [[Assam Agitation|Assam Accord]] in 1994. The [[University of Roorkee]], India's oldest engineering college, was conferred IIT status in 2001.
 
In June 2023, education officials of India and [[Tanzania]] announced that the first foreign IIT campus would be established on the Tanzanian autonomous territory of [[Zanzibar]], as a satellite campus of [[IIT Madras]]. The campus is scheduled to begin offering classes in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iftikhar |first1=Fareeha |title=First IIT campus outside India to come up in Tanzania's Zanzibar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-signs-agreement-with-tanzania-to-set-up-first-iit-campus-abroad-101688624260560.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
[[Image:Itbhu_front.jpg|thumb|Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) is a candidate to become an IIT.]]
Over the past few years, there have been a number of developments toward establishing new IITs. On [[October 1]] [[2003]], the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential".<ref name="more IIT">{{cite news
|first = Yogesh K
|last = Upadhyaya
|url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm
|title = The making of new IITs
|publisher = [[Rediff.com]]
|date = [[2005-03-23]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> Subsequent developments led to the formation of the ''S K Joshi Committee'' in November 2003 to guide the selection of the five institutions which would become the five new IITs.
 
== Organisational Structure ==
Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, it was decided that further IITs should be spread throughout the country. When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance, 16 states demanded IITs. Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs,<ref name="eligibility criteria">{{cite news
[[File:IIT-Organisational-structure.svg|thumb|300x300px|Organisational structure of IITs]]
|first = Yogesh K
The [[President of India]] is the [[ex officio]] [[Visitor]],<ref name="Visitor">{{cite web|url= http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/visitor.html|title= Visitor of the Institute|access-date=7 January 2007|date= 18 November 2005|publisher= IIT Kharagpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000123/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/visitor.html |archive-date = 22 September 2007}}</ref> and has [[residual power]]s. Directly under the President is the IIT Council, comprising minister-in-charge of technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], the Director General of [[CSIR India|CSIR]], the Chairman of [[IISc]], the Director of IISc, three members of Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Education, and three appointees each of the Union Government, [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], and the Visitor.<ref name="IIT Council">{{cite web|url= http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/council.html|title= IIT-Council|access-date=7 January 2007|date= 18 November 2005|publisher= IIT Kharagpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921225014/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/council.html |archive-date = 21 September 2007}}</ref>
|last = Upadhyaya
|url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/18guest.htm
|title = The march of the new IITs
|publisher = [[Rediff.com]]
|date = [[2005-08-18]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> only seven colleges were selected for final consideration.<ref name="seven colleges">{{cite news
|first = Yogesh K
|last = Upadhyaya
|url = http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/may/25iit.htm
|title = New IITs: A long journey ahead
|publisher = [[Rediff.com]]
|date = [[2005-05-25]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref>
 
Under the IIT Council is the ''Board of Governors'' of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the ''Director'', who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.<ref name="Org">{{cite web|url= http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html|title= Organisational Structure|access-date=7 January 2007|date= 18 November 2005|publisher= IIT Kharagpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000243/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html |archive-date = 22 September 2007}}</ref> Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the ''Deputy Director''. Under the Director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|Deans]], Heads of Departments, [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Registrar]], President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The ''Registrar'' is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.<ref name="Org"/> Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The ''Wardens'' come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.<ref name="org">{{cite web |date=3 March 2006 |url=http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html |title=Organizational Structure |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur |access-date=14 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000243/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html |archive-date=22 September 2007}}</ref>
==Organisational structure==
[[Image:IIT-Organisational-structure.svg|thumb|280px|Organisational Structure of IITs]]
The [[President of India]] is the most powerful person in the organisational structure of IITs, being the [[ex officio]] ''Visitor'' {{inote|See http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/visitor.html|Visitor}}, and having residual powers. Directly under the President is the IIT Council, which comprises of the minister-in-charge of technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission]], the Director General of [[CSIR India|CSIR]], the Chairman of [[IISc]], the Director of IISc, three members of Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Human Resource and Development, and three appointees each of the Union Government, [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], and the Visitor.{{inote|See http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/council.html|IIT Council}}
 
=== The Institutes of Technology Act ===
Under the IIT Council is the ''Board of Governors'' of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the ''Director'', who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.{{inote|See http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html footnote|Director}} Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the ''Deputy Director''. Under the Director and the Deputy Director, come the [[Dean (education)|Deans]], Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The ''Registrar'' is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.{{inote|See http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html footnote|Registrar}} Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The ''Wardens'' come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.<ref name="org">{{cite web
{{Main|Institutes of Technology Act}}
| authorlink = Public Information Officer
The Institute of Technology Act (parliamentary legislation) gives legal status, including degree-granting powers, to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). It was notified in the gazette as Act Number 59 of 1961 on 20 December 1961 and came into effect on 1 April 1962. The Act also declares these institutes as '''Institutes of National Importance'''.<ref name="IIT act" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 1961 |title=The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 |url=https://www.india.gov.in/institutes-technology-amendment-act-2012 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Government of India}}</ref>
| date = [[2006-03-03]]
| url = http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html
| title = Organizational Structure
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref>
 
==Admission Academics ==
[[File:IITCampusPano.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] ]]
Admission to most undergraduate and postgraduate courses in IITs is granted through various written entrance examinations. Admission to [[Master's degree|M.S.]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] programs is based primarily on a personal interview, though candidates must also appear for written tests. The IITs are also well known for their special reservation policy, which stands out in contrast with the rest of India.
[[File:Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Kanpur]]]]
[[File:North Campus, IIT Mandi from Griffon Peak Jan 2020 D35 0117.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Mandi]]]]
{{See also|Education in India}}
The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India.<ref name="funding">{{cite web | date = 10 February 2004 | url = http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf | title = Performance based funding of IITs | page = 3 | publisher = [[IISc]] | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 13 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113032608/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf | url-status = live}}</ref> While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around {{INR}} 100–200 million (${{To USD|100|IND|year=2002|round=yes}}–{{To USD|200|IND|year=2002|round=yes}} million) per year, the amount varies between {{INR}} 900–1300 million (${{To USD|900|IND|year=2002|round=yes}}–{{To USD|1300|IND|year=2002|round=yes}} million) per year for each IIT.<ref name="seven colleges"/> Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the IITs is between 1:6 and 1:8.<ref name="Faculty ratio">{{cite web|url=http://www.littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm |title=What makes the IITs so chic |access-date=27 August 2006 |last=Rajguru |first=Suvarna |date=30 December 2005 |publisher=LittleINDIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903055838/http://littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm |archive-date=3 September 2006 }}</ref> The Standing Committee of IIT Council (SCIC) prescribes the lower limit for faculty-to-student ratio as 1:9, applied department wise. The IITs subsidize undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all ''[[Master of Engineering|Master of Technology]]'' students and ''[[Doctor of Philosophy|Research Scholars (PhD)]]'' to encourage students for higher studies, per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee (1959–1961).<ref name="Scholarships">{{cite web|url= http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title= The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India|access-date=27 August 2006|last= Natarajan|first= R|work= CAGS 2005 Conference|publisher= Canadian Association for Graduate Studies|page= 12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date = 21 September 2006}}</ref> The cost borne by undergraduate students is around {{INR|280000}} per year. Students from the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST, SC]] categories, female students as well as [[Physical disability|physically challenged]] students are also entitled to scholarships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT fee more than doubled; total waiver for SC/ST, disabled, poor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 April 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413105812/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms | title=IIT fee more than doubled; total waiver for SC/ST, disabled, poor | work=The Economic Times | date=8 April 2016 | access-date=22 April 2024 | archive-date=13 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413105812/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as ''Institutes of National Importance'' facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the ''IIT Council''. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.<ref name="BTP1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/BTech-ordinances |title=B.Tech Ordinances |publisher=iitm.ac.in |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010008/https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/btech-ordinances |url-status=live }}</ref> The electronic libraries allow students to access online journals and periodicals. The IITs and [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc, Bengaluru]] have taken an initiative along with [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under [[National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning]]. This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/09/stories/2009030950040200.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125045328/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/09/stories/2009030950040200.htm | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=NPTEL | access-date=14 December 2011 | ___location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 March 2009}}</ref>
===Entrance examinations===
{{main|IIT-JEE}}
[[Image:Iitm.maingate.logo.jpg|thumb|Entrance of IIT Madras]]
Admission to undergraduate programs in all IITs is tied to the ''Joint Entrance Examination'', popularly known as ''IIT-JEE''. Candidates who qualify admission via IIT-JEE can apply for admission in B.Tech. (''Bachelor of Technology''), Dual Degree (Integrated ''Bachelor of Technology'' and ''Master of Technology'') and Integrated M.Sc. (''Master of Sciences'') courses in IITs. IIT-JEE is a science-oriented entrance exam, testing candidate's knowledge of [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and [[chemistry]]. It is conducted by an IIT chosen by a policy of rotation. Since its inception, the IIT-JEE has had a highly competitive pattern of questioning. The undergraduate acceptance rate through JEE is around 1 in 55, with about 300,000<ref name="jee students 2006">{{cite news
|author = Rukmini Shrinivasan & Hemali Chhapia
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1471784.cms
|title = 3 lakh students to vie for IIT entry this year
|publisher = [[The Times of India]]
|date = [[2006-03-31]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> annual test takers for about 5,500 seats.<ref name="total seats">{{cite web
| authorlink = JEE Chairman
| url = http://jee.iitm.ac.in/ASEAT06.pdf
| title = Codes for various courses and availability of seats
| format = {{PDFlink}}
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
| accessdate = 2006-08-22
}}</ref> Only about 4,000 of these seats are offered by IITs, the rest belonging to other institutes that use IIT-JEE. Only students who have completed (or will complete at the end of the current academic session) their higher secondary studies from a recognised educational board are allowed to appear for IIT-JEE. The IIT-JEE is well known for frequently changing the types of questions asked in order to discourage [[Rote learning|study by rote]]. Since IIT-JEE 2006, the format of the question paper was changed to a single objective test-based paper, replacing the earlier system that employed two tests. The candidates belonging to the general category must secure a minimum aggregate of 60% marks in the qualifying examination of the XII<sup>th</sup> standard organised by various educational boards of India. Candidates belonging to [[Scheduled Caste]] (SC), [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) and Physically Disabled (PD) categories must secure a minimum aggregate of 55% in the qualifying examination.<ref name="percentage">{{cite web
| authorlink = JEE Chairman
| url = http://jee.iitm.ac.in/eligibility.php
| title = Eligibility Criteria for Joint Entrance Examination, 2006
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> The upper age limit for appearing for the IIT-JEE is 25 years. The age limit is relaxed to 30 years for candidates classified in the SC, ST and PD categories. Starting with IIT-JEE 2007, a candidate can take IIT-JEE a maximum of two times, and students who are selected for an IIT cannot attempt the examination again.<ref name="percentage"/>
 
The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its ''[[academic senate|Senate]]''. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many Western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.<ref name="Review">{{cite web|url= http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirnov3/cover_story.html|title= Engineering Education in a Flux|access-date= 27 August 2006|last= Prabhu|first= S.S.|date= September–November 2000|work= Report of the Review Committee|publisher= IIT Kanpur|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060904044208/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirnov3/cover_story.html|archive-date= 4 September 2006}}</ref> The ''Director'' of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.
The admissions into the postgraduate programmes are made through various exams, primarily the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE) for M.Tech. and MS courses. Other prominent entrance exams include JAM (Joint Admission to M.Sc.) for M.Sc., and JMET (Joint Management Entrance Test) for Management Studies.
 
All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of [[Grading in education|grades]], with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative [[Grade Point Average]] (known as CGPA or CPI—Cumulative Performance Index).
===Reservation policy===
{{main|Reservation policy in IITs}}
India is one of the countries{{inote|Other countries include the United States of America and United Kingdom|Discrimination}} that practices a form of [[reverse discrimination]] on caste-based reserved quotas. As per the provisions in the [[Indian constitution]], the IITs have been reserving seats for ''Scheduled Castes'' of society since 1973. The IITs follow a reservation policy that is notably different from the quota policy elsewhere in India.
 
=== Undergraduate education degrees ===
As per the rules of admission to IITs, 15% of the admitted students must be of the [[Scheduled Caste]]s, and 7.5% of seats are reserved for [[Scheduled Tribe]]s.<ref name="sc-st">{{cite web
| authorlink = JEE Chairman
| url = http://jee.iitm.ac.in/reservation.php
| title = Reservation of Seats for Joint Entrance Examination, 2006
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> As of 2006, no separate reservation exists for the ''[[Other Backward Class]]es'' (OBCs, a group of castes which, though not [[Dalit (outcaste)|untouchable]], are socially and economically disadvantaged). The IITs are not bound to fill these quotas of seats, and many of them remain vacant owing to the nature of selection process. In 2004, 112 out of 279 seats reserved for ST candidates, and 11 out of 556 seats reserved for SC candidates, were left vacant.
 
The [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment,{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} although [[Bachelor of Science]] (BS) degree, dual degrees integrating [[Master of Science]] or [[Master of Arts]] are also offered. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters,<ref name="BTP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance No.3) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In all IITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some IITs, a single department introduction-related course is also included.<ref name="BTP7">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.4.2:Class Committee) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Computers, Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Electrical and Physics. At the end of the first year (the end of the first semester at IIT Madras, IIT Bhilai, IIT Palakkad, and IIT Roorkee), an option to change departments is given to meritorious students based on their performance in the first two semesters.<ref name="BTP4">{{cite web|title= Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.5.0:Change of Branch)|access-date= 7 January 2007|work= Ordinances|publisher= IIT Madras|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html|archive-date= 22 June 2007|url= http://www.urdupost.net/category/urdu-tutorials|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict,<ref name="BTP4"/> limited to the most meritorious students. Many IITs, such as IIT Bombay, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Kharagpur have abolished the practice of branch-change in order to reduce stress. Department-specific courses also begin earlier.
As per the rules, all the Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) candidates must take the IIT-JEE with the rest of the students. Based on the results of IIT-JEE, those SC/ST candidates who score more than two-third of the marks scored by the ''General Category'' student admitted with the lowest score are admitted directly to IITs.<ref name="sc-st"/> Another group of candidates who do not meet this relaxed admission criteria are offered a "Preparatory Course" comprising of English, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics at the IIT concerned. After one year of study, those candidates who are able to secure a grade higher than the prescribed cut-off mark during end-of-semester exams are allowed to continue regular studies.
 
From the second year onward, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.<ref name="BTP5">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.2.0 (ii)) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]] departments, and sometimes management courses are also enforced.<ref name="BTP6">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.2.0 (iii)) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.<ref name="Ordinance">{{cite web | url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech | title = BTech Ordinances | work = Senate Ordinances | publisher = IIT Madras | access-date =26 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060517063550/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date = 17 May 2006}}</ref>
In 1989, Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] accepted and implemented the proposals of the [[Mandal Commission]] that recommended provisions of reservations for OBCs in private unaided institutions as well as high-end government jobs for minority communities. No changes took place in the IITs because of the legislation, but in 2005, based on the recommendations of a political panel, the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government proposed to implement the reserved-quota system for the OBCs in IITs and IIMs. It received critical objections by [[BJP]] and other opposing parties, who described the proposal as "dangerous and divisive".<ref name="quota">{{cite news
|author = [[Press Trust of India]]
|url = http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=58540
|title = Reservation in IIT, IIMs dangerous: BJP
|publisher = expressindia (the Indian Express Group)
|date = [[2005-11-18]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> When the government planned to implement the quota system, [[Indian anti-reservation protests, 2006|anti-reservation protests]] were organised throughout India against the proposal. Student agitations also took place in the IITs and many students who opposed caste-based reservations resorted to [[hunger strike]]s. They labelled the quota system as a government tactic to earn cheap votes, and that the system would lead to increased [[casteism]] and a severe compromise on merit and talent.<ref name="IIT protests">{{cite news
|author = [[Times of India]]
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1584744.cms
|title = Hunger strikes in IITs
|publisher = TOI
|date = [[2006-05-28]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-31
}}</ref>
 
Certain IITs, such as IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Hyderabad and IIT Gandhinagar, offer students the option to pursue a double major degree, allowing them to graduate with majors in different disciplines. Most IITs also allow students to graduate with undergraduate minors (from a different discipline) and/or honours (from the same discipline as the major).
The additional procedures for admission into the IITs (the preparatory course and the qualifying end-of-semester exams that follow) have also been criticised as unnecessary and counter-productive. One of the arguments opposing the modified policy of reservation and favouring direct admission is that a large number of seats remain vacant under the present scheme, and only about 10% of all seats go to the ''Scheduled Caste'' candidates.<ref name="sc-st percent">{{cite book
| last = Kirpal
| first = Viney
| coauthors = Gupta, Meenakshi
| year = 1999
| title = Equality Through Reservations
| publisher = Vedams
| ___location = India
| id = ISBN 81-7033-526-4
}}</ref>
 
=== Postgraduate education ===
==Education==
==== Master's degrees and postgraduate diplomas ====
[[Image:IITKLibrary.jpg|thumb|300px|PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur]]
The IITs offer several postgraduate programs including [[Master of Technology|Master of Technology (MTech)]], [[Master of Business Administration|Master of Business Administration (MBA)]], and [[Master of Science|Master of Science (MSc)]]. Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes such as [[Master of Design|Master of Design (M.Des.)]], the Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), [[Masters in Medical Science and Technology]] ([[MMST (IIT Kharagpur)|MMST]]), [[Masters in City Planning]] (MCP), [[Master of Arts]] (MA), Postgraduate Diploma in [[intellectual property]] Law (PGDIPL), and the Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation & Management (PGDMOM).
The IITs receive disproportionately high grants compared to other engineering colleges in India.<ref name="funding">{{cite web
| authorlink = CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 86, NO. 3
| date = [[2004-02-10]]
| url = http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf
| title = Performance based funding of IITs
| format = {{PDFlink}}
| pages = 3
| publisher = [[IISc]]
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around Rs. 100&ndash;200 million per year, the amount varies between Rs. 900&ndash;1,300 million per year for each IIT.<ref name="seven colleges"/> Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry. This has translated into superior infrastructure and better faculty in the IITs and consequently higher competition among students to gain admissions into the IITs. The IITs subsidise undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all ''Master of Technology'' students and ''Research Scholars'' in order to encourage students for higher studies. The cost borne by undergraduate students including boarding and mess expenses is around Rs. 50,000 per annum.
 
Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to master's programs in engineering are made using scores of the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE), while those to master's programs in science are made using scores of the [[Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.]] (JAM).
The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as ''Institutes of National Importance'' facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their own curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the ''IIT Council''. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.2.9 Structure of B.Tech Programme|BTech structure4}} The classes are usually held between 7:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., though there are some variations within each IIT. All the IITs have public libraries for the use of their students. In addition to a collection of prescribed books, the libraries have sections for [[fiction]] and other [[literary genre]]s. The electronic libraries allow students to access on-line [[journal]]s and [[periodicals]].
 
Several IITs have schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration.
The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its ''Senate''. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate.<!--It's unclear why "elected" is different from "academic"; and academic governing body is elected in many universities--> It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards. The ''Director'' of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.
 
In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/|title=First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins|date=2015-04-23|website=Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105908/https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative [[Grade Point Average|grade point average]] (known as CGPA or CPI—Cumulative Performance Index).
 
==== Bachelors-Masters dual degrees ====
===Undergraduate education===
The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years<ref>[http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#DUAL Ordinance under Ordinance No. 3] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517063550/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#DUAL |date=17 May 2006 }}</ref> as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years).<ref name="Dude">{{cite web|url= http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title= The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India|access-date=27 August 2006|last= Natarajan|first= R|work= CAGS 2005 Conference|publisher= Canadian Association for Graduate Studies|page= 6|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date = 21 September 2006}}</ref> Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system. These programs were started to allow its graduates to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute.
The B.Tech. degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrolment. It is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance No.3|Semester}} In all IITs, the first year of B.Tech. courses is marked by common course structure for all the students,{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.2.0 Structure of B.Tech Programme (i)|BTech structure}} though in some IITs, a single department introduction related course is also included.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.4.2 Class Committee|Class Committee}} The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, and Physics. At the end of first year, an option to change departments is given to meritorious students on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.5.0 Change of Branch|Branch}} Only few such changes eventually take place as the criteria for it is usually strict,{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.5.0 Change of Branch|Branch}} allowing only the exceptionally meritorious students.
 
=== Doctoral ===
From the second year onwards, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.2.0 Structure of B.Tech Programme (ii)|BTech structure2}} In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments in order to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]] department, and sometimes from management courses are also enforced.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.2.0 Structure of B.Tech Programme (iii)|BTech structure3}} At the end of third year, the undergraduate students have to undertake a summer project at an industry or reputed academic institute as part of the curriculum. In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.<ref name="Ordinance">{{cite web
The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of their [[Doctorate|doctoral education programme]]. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the ins or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. PhD candidates have to submit a [[dissertation]] as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis. [[Teaching assistant|Teaching Assistantships]] (TA) and [[research assistant|Research Assistantships]] (RA) are often provided.
| last = Senate
| first = IIT Madras
| url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech
| title = B.Tech Ordinances
| work = Senate Ordinances
| publisher = IIT Madras
| accessdate = 2006-05-26
}}</ref>
 
The IITs, along with NITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.<ref name="PhD">{{cite web|url= http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title= The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India|access-date=27 August 2005|last= Natarajan|first= R|work= CAGS 2005 Conference|publisher= Canadian Association for Graduate Studies|page= 25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date = 21 September 2006}}</ref> IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] score.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Admission to PhD Seats in IITs gets simplified|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/getting-admission-to-phd-seats-in-iits-gets-simplified/|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927201154/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/getting-admission-to-phd-seats-in-iits-gets-simplified/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Students-of-central-institutes-can-join-PhD-in-IITs-without-GATE/articleshow/22645492.cms|title=Students of central institutes can join PhD in IITs without GATE|work=The Times of India|date=17 September 2013|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128221350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Students-of-central-institutes-can-join-PhD-in-IITs-without-GATE/articleshow/22645492.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Postgraduate and doctoral education===
[[Image:IITM Library.JPG|thumb|300px|IIT Madras Library]]
The IITs offer a number of postgraduate programs including Master of Technology (M.Tech.), [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA), and Master of Science (M.Sc.). Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes like Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), Master in Medical Science and Technology (MMST), Master of City Planning (MCP), Postgraduate Diploma in Intellectual Property Law (PGDIPL), and Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation & Management (PGDMOM). The IITs also offer [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree (Ph.D.) as part of their [[Doctorate|doctoral education programme]]. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the professor or have to work on the consultancy projects given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. Ph.D. candidates have to submit a [[dissertation]] as well as provide oral defence for their thesis. [[Teaching assistant|Teaching Assistantships]] (TA) and [[Research assistant|Research Assistantships]] (RA) are often provided. Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the M.Tech. and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course based) and thesis (research based) master programs respectively.
 
== Culture and student life ==
The IITs also offer an unconventional B.Tech. and M.Tech. integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected pairs of branch and specialisation. It is completed in five years{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#DUAL Ordinance under Ordinance No. 3|Dude}} as against six years in conventional B.Tech. (four years) followed by an M.Tech. (two years). The reason for starting this program was to encourage IITians to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than going to other reputed institutes. All IITs (except IIT Guwahati) have schools of management offering degrees in management or business administration.
All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in [[hostels]] (sometimes referred to as ''halls'') throughout their stay in the IIT. Students in all IITs must choose among [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC), [[National Service Scheme (India)|National Service Scheme]] (NSS) and [[National Sports Organisation (India)|National Sports Organisation]] (NSO) in their first years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gymkhana.iitb.ac.in/~ugacademics/wiki/index.php/NSO/NCC/NSS|title=Different academic programmes at IIT|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031618/https://gymkhana.iitb.ac.in/~ugacademics/wiki/index.php/NSO/NCC/NSS|url-status=dead}}</ref> All the IITs have sports grounds for [[basketball]], [[cricket]], [[association football|football (soccer)]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[volleyball]], [[lawn tennis]], [[badminton]], athletics and swimming pools for aquatic events. Usually, the hostels also have their own sports grounds.
{{seealso|Education in India|IIT Schools of Management}}
 
Moreover, an [[Inter IIT Sports Meet]] is organised annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports. Along with Inter IIT Cultural Meet and Tech Meet, all of them generally happening on various dates in the month of December every year.
==Culture and student life==
{{main|Student life and culture in IITs}}
[[Image:Iitm.oat.scrn.jpg|thumb|225px|Open-air theatre in IIT Madras. It is used to host technical and cultural events.]]
All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in hostels (sometimes referred to as ''halls'') throughout their stay in the IIT. Students in all IITs must choose between [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC), [[National Service Scheme (India)|National Service Scheme]] (NSS) and [[National Sports Organization (India)|National Sports Organisation]] (NSO) in their first years.{{inote|See http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech Ordinance under R.27.0 NCC / NSO / NSS Requirements|NCC-NSS-NSO}} All the IITs have sports grounds for [[cricket]], [[football (soccer)|football(soccer)]], [[hockey]], [[volleyball]], [[lawn tennis]], [[badminton]], and [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]]; and [[swimming pool]] for aquatic events. Usually the hostels also have their own sports grounds.
 
=== Technical and cultural festivals ===
[[File:IIT Kanpur 4.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Kanpur]] during [[Diwali]] ]]
All IITs organise annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are [[Shaastra|''Shaastra'' (IIT Madras)]], [[Techkriti|''Techkriti'' (IIT Kanpur)]], [[Student Life in IIT Kharagpur#Kshitij|''Kshitij'' (IIT Kharagpur)]], [[Cognizance|''Cognizance'' (IIT Roorkee)]], ''Techfest'' (IIT Bombay), ''Tryst'' (IIT Delhi), and ''Techniche'' (IIT Guwahati). Most of them are organised in the months of February or March. ''Shaastra'' holds the distinction of being the first student-managed event in the world to implement a formal [[Quality Management System]], earning the [[ISO 9001:2000]] certification.<ref name="ISO">{{cite web
[[File:Rocknite.jpg|thumb|Rocknite in [[Saarang]] at [[IIT Madras]]]]
| last = The Director
{{further|List of cultural and technical festivals in IITs and NITs}}
| first = IIT Madras
All IITs organize annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are [[Shaastra]] (IIT Madras), Advitiya ([[IIT Ropar]]), Kshitij (IIT Kharagpur), [[Techfest]] (IIT Bombay), Technex (IIT-BHU Varanasi), Cognizance (IIT Roorkee), Concetto ([[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|IIT-ISM Dhanbad]]), Tirutsava ([[IIT Tirupati]]), Nvision (IIT Hyderabad), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Amalthea, (IIT Gandhinagar), [[Techkriti]] (IIT Kanpur), Tryst (IIT Delhi), [[Techniche]] (IIT Guwahati), [[Wissenaire]] (IIT Bhubaneswar), Technunctus (IIT Jammu), Xpecto (IIT Mandi), Fluxus (IIT Indore), Celesta (IIT Patna) and [[IIT Jodhpur#IGNUS|IGNUS]] (IIT Jodhpur) Petrichor(IIT Palakkad). Most of them are organized in January or March. Techfest (IIT Bombay) is also one of the most popular and largest technical festivals in Asia in terms of participants and prize money involved. It has been granted patronage from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation ([[UNESCO]]) for providing a platform for students to showcase their talent in science and technology. Shaastra holds the distinction of being the first student-managed event in the world to implement a formal [[Quality Management System]], earning [[ISO 9001:2000]] certification.<ref name="ISO">{{cite web | date = 8 May 2005 | url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/attachments/Directors-report.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060515151948/http://www.iitm.ac.in/attachments/Directors-report.pdf | archive-date = 15 May 2006| title = Director's Report | page = 36 | publisher = IIT Madras | access-date =26 May 2006}}</ref> Kshitij, which is branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management, is the largest of these festivals by sponsorship money.
| date = [[2005-05-08]]
| url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/attachments/Directors-report.pdf
| title = Director's Report
| format = {{PDFlink}}
| pages = 36
| publisher = IIT Madras
| accessdate = 2006-05-26
}}</ref>
 
Annual [[CulfestCultural festival (India)|cultural festivals]] are also organisedorganized by the IITs and last three to four days. These include [[Mood IndigoThomso (culfestfestival)|MoodThomso]] Indigo(IIT Roorkee), [[Kashiyatra]] (IIT BombayBHU Varanasi), [[Alcheringa (festival)|Alcheringa]] (alsoIIT knownGuwahati), as[[Exodia]] ''Mood-I''(IIT Mandi), [[StudentSaarang]] Lifeand in[https://www.instagram.com/paradox_iitmadras/ Paradox] (annual fests of IIT Kharagpur#SpringMadras Fest|BTech and BS Degree respectively), [[Spring Fest]] (IIT Kharagpur)]], (also known as ''SF''), [[SaarangRendezvous (culfest)|SaarangRendezvous]] (IIT MadrasDelhi), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Tirutsava (IIT Tirupati), Srijan, (earlier known as Saturnalia, IIT Dhanbad), Tarang (culfest) (previously Rave), [[Anwesha]] (previouslyIIT ''MardiPatna), SPANDAN (IIT Gras''Jodhpur), Renao (IIT Jammu), Petrichor (IIT Palakkad), [[AntaragniIndian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar#Blithchron|AntaragniBlithchron]] (IIT KanpurGandhinagar), ELAN (IIT Hyderabad), [[Alma Fiesta]] (IIT Bhubaneswar), [[AlcheringaMood Indigo (culfest)|AlcheringaMood Indigo]] (IIT GuwahatiBombay, also known as Mood-I), [[Antaragni]], Rendezvous (IIT DelhiKanpur), and ThomsoZeitgeist ([[IIT RoorkeeRopar]]).
[[Image:Illumination_festival.JPG|thumb|left|225px|Illumination festival in IIT Kharagpur. The outlines are made by earthen lamps.]]
In addition to these cultural festivals, IIT Kharagpur and IIT Bombay celebrate unique festivals. IIT Kharagpur celebrates the [[Illumination and Rangoli|Illumination festival]] on the eve of [[Diwali]]. Large bamboo structures (called ''chatais'') as high as 6&nbsp;metres (20&nbsp;feet) are made and earthen lamps ([[Diya (light)|diya]]s) are placed on them to form outlines of people, monuments, or an event.<ref name="Illu">{{cite web
| url = http://www.iitfoundation.org/iit/gymkhana/illu.shtml
| title = Illumnination Contest
| publisher = IIT Foundation, USA
| accessdate = 2006-05-26
}}</ref> Held as a competition between the hostels, it also receives by outside visitors. Coupled with the Illumination festival is the [[Rangoli]] festival. In Rangoli, large panels showing an event or a concept, are made on the ground by fine powder, and sometimes even by crushed [[bangle]]s.
 
== Academic rankings ==
Unique to IIT Bombay is the [[Performing Arts Festival]] (popularly known as ''PAF''). Technically a drama, each PAF includes drama, literature, music, fine arts, debating, and dance. All PAFs are held in the Open Air Theater (OAT), on the main campus of IIT Bombay. Typically two or three hostels (of 14) group together by random draw for each PAF. All of the dialogues are delivered as [[voice over]]s and not by the actors, mainly due to the structure and the huge size of the OAT.
IITs have generally ranked as the top engineering colleges in India. In the 2025 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] rankings published by [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education, India]], the IITs also hold the following top 10 positions in various categories:
[[Image:Inter-IIT.JPG|right|thumb|150px|A volleyball event at Inter IIT Sports Meet-2004]]
 
* 9 out of 10 in Engineering
===Inter-IIT sports meet===
* 8 out of 10 in Innovation
The IITs compete among themselves in a number of sports events held under the aegis of the ''Annual Inter-IIT Sports Meet''. Started in 1961, the competition is held every December at an IIT chosen by rotation. The award consists of a running shield that is passed over to the winning IIT. The winner is decided based on the weighted sum of the points earned in various events held over a period of five days. Separate events for men and women are held and points are tallied separately for determining the final winner of the General Championship.<ref name="Inter-IIT">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Student%20Life/Sports%20&%20Fitness.html |title=Inter-IIT Sports Meet|accessdate=2006-08-20|work=Sports and Fitness|publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref>
* 7 out of 10 in Research
* 6 out of 10 in Overall Rankings
* 3 out of 10 in Sustainable Development Goals
* 2 out of 10 in Architecture and Planning
* 1 out of 10 in Management
IIT Madras has been ranked 1st for ten consecutive years in the Engineering Category and for seven consecutive years in the Overall Category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=IIT Madras emerges as the Undisputed Leader in Higher Education in India |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-emerges-undisputed-leader-higher-education-india |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=IIT-Madras (Press and News)}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+National Rankings of all IITs
!Name
!2025 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2024 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2023 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2022 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2022/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2022/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2025 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html NIRF Overall]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html }}</ref>
!2024 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html NIRF Overall]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html }}</ref>
!2023 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/OverallRanking.html NIRF Overall]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/OverallRanking.html }}</ref>
!2022 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF Overall]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2022 Engineering Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=nirfindia.org |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817005626/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!2021 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF Overall]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/OverallRanking.html |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909140852/https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/OverallRanking.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!2020 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF Overall]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/OverallRanking.html|access-date=2020-08-04|website=nirfindia.org|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813035901/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/OverallRanking.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|IIT Madras
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|-
|IIT Delhi
|2
|2
|2
|2
|4
|4
|3
|4
|3
|3
|-
|IIT Bombay
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
|4
|3
|4
|4
|-
|IIT Kanpur
|4
|4
|4
|4
|5
|5
|5
|5
|6
|6
|-
|IIT Kharagpur
|5
|5
|6
|5
|6
|6
|7
|6
|5
|5
|-
|IIT Roorkee
|6
|6
|5
|6
|7
|8
|8
|7
|9
|8
|-
|IIT Hyderabad
|7
|8
|8
|9
|12
|12
|14
|16
|17
|22
|-
|IIT Guwahati
|8
|7
|7
|7
|11
|9
|9
|8
|7
|9
|-
|IIT (BHU) Varanasi
|10
|10
|15
|13
|31
|30
|31
|28
|26
|28
|-
|IIT Indore
|12
|16
|14
|16
|27
|33
|28
|30
|23
|N/A
|-
|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
|15
|15
|17
|14
|35
|35
|42
|26
|22
|25
|-
|IIT Patna
|19
|34
|41
|33
|36
|73
|66
|51
|54
|58
|-
|IIT Gandhinagar
|25
|18
|18
|23
|39
|29
|24
|33
|35
|51
|-
|IIT Mandi
|26
|31
|33
|20
|58
|72
|73
|82
|67
|44
|-
|IIT Jodhpur
|27
|28
|30
|30
|66
|68
|66
| colspan="3" |N/A
|-
|IIT Ropar
|32
|22
|22
|22
|56
|48
|33
|31
|39
|29
|-
|IIT Bhubaneswar
|39
|54
|47
|36
|80
|N/A
|91
|58
|56
|46
|-
|IIT Jammu
|56
|62
|67
|N/A
| colspan="6" rowspan="6" |N/A
|-
|IIT Tirupati
|57
|61
|59
|56
|-
|IIT Palakkad
|64
|64
|69
|68
|-
|IIT Bhilai
|72
|73
|81
|N/A
|-
|IIT Dharwad
|77
|N/A
|93
|N/A
|-
|IIT Goa
|101-150
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|}
 
According to ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'s}} Top Engineering Colleges of 2017, the top four engineering colleges within India were IITs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/top-100-engineering-colleges-in-2017/298916|title=Top 100 Engineering Colleges in 2017|date=6 July 2017|publisher=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429104304/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/top-100-engineering-colleges-in-2017/298916|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2026 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World University Ranking]], IIT Delhi ranked highest at 123, followed by IIT Bombay (129), IIT Madras (180), IIT Kharagpur (215), IIT Kanpur (222).<ref name=":5" /> Five IITs are ranked within Top 100 among QS World Engineering ranking.
The 12 events included in the Inter-IIT Sports are [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]], [[badminton]], [[basketball]], [[cricket]], [[football (soccer)|football]], [[Field hockey|hockey]], [[swimming]], [[Lawn Tennis|lawn]] and [[squash tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[volleyball]], [[water polo]] and [[weightlifting]]. As swimming and water polo are played in water, which is usually cold in the month of December, the ''Inter-IIT Sports Meet'' for them is held in the first week of October, and is called ''Inter-IIT Aquatics Meet''.<ref name="Inter IIT">{{cite web|url=http://www.rurkiu.ernet.in/InterIIT/inaugral.htm |title=Inter IIT Sports Meet '05|accessdate=2006-08-20|author=Information Management Group|date=2006-03-23|publisher=IIT Roorkee}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
==Recognition==
|+World Rankings of all IITs
The degrees provided by IITs are recognised by the [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] and hence recognised by all institutions in India. Even outside India, IIT degrees are respected, largely due to the prestige of the IITs as created by their alumni. One of the contributing factors behind the success of IITs is the special status of the IITs as ''Institutes of National Importance'' under the ''Indian Institute of Technology Act''. The IIT Act ensures that the IITs have special privileges and lays the foundation for them to evolve as world-class institutes. The autonomy ensured by the Act enables the IITs to implement changes quickly, to keep up with changing scenarios in both the educational world, and society in general. Student politics in IITs is kept under control with strict vigilance over the way student body elections are held. The IIT-JEE is another important factor behind the success of IITs, as it enables the IITs to accept only a select group of meritorious students. This combination of success factors has led to the concept of the ''IIT Brand''.<ref name="iit brand">{{cite news
!Name
|first = Prabhat
!2026 [https://www.topuniversities.com/university-subject-rankings/engineering-technology QS Engineering]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=QS World University Rankings for Engineering & Technology 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-subject-rankings/engineering-technology |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
|last = Kumar
!2026 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/18/stories/2003021800090900.htm
!2023 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS World University Rankings 2023|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023|access-date=2022-06-12|website=Top Universities|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
|title = How to extend the IIT brand
!2022 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS World University Rankings 2022|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Top Universities|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|publisher = [[The Hindu]] – Businessline
!2021 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2019|title=QS World University Rankings 2019|date=2018-05-29|website=Top Universities|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06|archive-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608073254/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|date = [[2003-02-18]]
!2022 [[QS World University Rankings|QS Asia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia University Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117195637/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2022 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
!2020 [[QS World University Rankings|QS India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS India University Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/rankings-by-___location/india/2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125172515/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/rankings-by-___location/india/2020 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
}}</ref> Other factors that have contributed to the success of IITs are stringent faculty recruitment procedures and industry collaboration. The procedure for selection of faculty in IITs is stricter as compared to other colleges offering similar degrees.<ref name="faculty">{{cite web
![[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times World]]<ref name="Search">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Search |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020417/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
| authorlink = Assistant Registrar (IIT Kharagpur)
![[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Asia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Search |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
| url = http://iitkgp.ac.in/topfiles/faculty_openings.php
|-
| title = Example of Faculty Recruitment Page of IIT Kharagpur
|IIT Delhi
| publisher = IIT Kharagpur
|26
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
|123
}}</ref> The Ph.D. degree is a pre-requisite for all regular faculty appointments. The IITs have better interaction with various industries as compared to most other Indian colleges. The IITs are also considered highly successful institutions compared to other engineering colleges in India according to a number of educational surveys.
|185
|193
|182
|45
|3
|401–500 (2020)
|67 (2020)
|-
|IIT Bombay
|28
|129
|177
|172
|152
|42
|1
|401–500 (2020)
|69 (2020)
|-
|IIT Madras
|53
|180
|255
|275
|271
|54
|4
|601–800 (2020)
|125 (2020)
|-
|IIT Kharagpur
|60
|215
|280
|314
|281
|60
|5
|401–500 (2020)
|59 (2020)
|-
|IIT Kanpur
|72
|222
|277
|350
|291
|64
|6
|601–800 (2020)
|125 (2020)
|-
|IIT Roorkee
|131
|339
|400
|383
|383
|109
|9
|501–600 (2020)
|83 (2020)
|-
|IIT Guwahati
|140
|334
|395
|470
|491
|119
|10
|601–800 (2020)
|160 (2020)
|-
|IIT Hyderabad
|501-550
|664
| colspan="3" rowspan="5" |N/A
|224
|15
|601–800 (2021)
|144 (2021)
|-
|IIT (BHU) Varanasi
|501-550
|566
|281–290
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|IIT Indore
| rowspan="3" |N/A
|556
|178
|13
|401–500 (2022)
|78 (2021)
|-
|IIT Gandhinagar
|801-850
|301–350
|N/A
|601–800 (2022)
|N/A
|-
|IIT Bhubaneswar
|951-1000
|251–260
|20
|1001–1200 (2022)
|251–300 (2021)
|-
|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
| colspan="5" rowspan="4" |N/A
|251–260
|46
|1001–1200 (2022)
|201–250 (2021)
|-
|IIT Mandi
|N/A
|N/A
|1001–1200 (2022)
|N/A
|-
|IIT Ropar
|261–270
|25
|351–400 (2022)
|55 (2021)
|-
|IIT Patna
|301–350
|36
|801–1000 (2022)
|301–350 (2021)
|-
|IIT Jodhpur
| colspan="9" rowspan="7" |N/A
|-
|IIT Tirupati
|-
|IIT Palakkad
|-
|IIT Bhilai
|-
|IIT Dharwad
|-
|IIT Jammu
|-
|IIT Goa
|}
 
==Reservation Policy and Discrimination==
The view that IIT graduates are intelligent and hardworking people has been established by the success of IITians. Former IIT students get greater respect from their peers, academia and industry in general.<ref>{{cite news
IITs practice affirmative action and offer reservation to the "backward and weaker sections" of the society that includes SC/ST/OBC-NCL/EWS/PWD/Girl candidates. About 50% of seats are reserved for candidates holding backward-caste certificates, and 10% seats are further reserved for candidates from general (unreserved) category who fulfill the economically weaker section criteria. Furthermore, students from reserved categories pay significantly lower fees compared to students from the unreserved category. 20% of the seats are reserved for female students, and 5% of the seats are reserved for students with benchmark disability.
|author = Times News Network
|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?artid=34395572
|title = Taking Wings
|publisher = [[The Economic Times]]
|date = [[2003-01-15]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> The IIT brand was reaffirmed when the [[United States House of Representatives]] passed a resolution honoring [[Indian American]]s and especially graduates of IIT for their contributions to the American society.<ref name="congress resolution"/> Similarly, [[People's Republic of China|China]] also recognised the value of IITs and planned to replicate the model.<ref name="china">{{cite news
|first = George
|last = Iype
|url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/apr/08iit.htm
|title = Wen might take IIT to China
|publisher = [[Rediff.com]]
|date = [[2005-04-08]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref>
 
Despite the implementation of reservation policies, provision of economic assistance, and enforcement of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]], IITs have faced allegations of caste-based discrimination. Instances of suicides among students from reserved categories are often cited to illustrate this ongoing issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/how-caste-discrimination-plagues-iits-news-311553|title=How Caste Discrimination Plagues IITs|date=18 August 2023 }}</ref>
===Educational rankings===
<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/the-noose/religious-and-caste-exclusivity-at-premier-institutions-continue-to-other-minority-students-8958|title= Religious and Caste Discrimination|newspaper= The Times of India|archive-date= 14 November 2023|access-date= 10 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231114025116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/the-noose/religious-and-caste-exclusivity-at-premier-institutions-continue-to-other-minority-students-8958/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/caste-discrimination-survey-in-iit-delhi-commenced-and-withdrawn/article67281936.ece | title=Caste discrimination survey in IIT-Delhi commenced and withdrawn | newspaper=The Hindu | date=7 September 2023 | last1=Lakshman | first1=Abhinay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/03/28/stress-dropouts-suicides-unravelling-iits-casteism-problem | title=Stress, dropouts, suicides: Unravelling IIT's casteism problem | date=28 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/caste/two-dalit-students-suicides-in-two-months-highlight-institutionalised-discrimination-at-iits#:~:text=Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs-,Two%20Dalit%20Students%27%20Suicides%20in%20Two,Highlight%20%27Institutionalised%20Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs&text=Students%20and%20alumni%20say%20that,express%20anti%2Dreservation%20sentiments%20openly | title=Two Dalit Students' Suicides in Two Months Highlight 'Institutionalised Discrimination' at IITs | access-date=18 December 2023 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205075655/https://thewire.in/caste/two-dalit-students-suicides-in-two-months-highlight-institutionalised-discrimination-at-iits#:~:text=Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs-,Two%20Dalit%20Students%27%20Suicides%20in%20Two,Highlight%20%27Institutionalised%20Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs&text=Students%20and%20alumni%20say%20that,express%20anti%2Dreservation%20sentiments%20openly | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/the-iits-have-a-long-history-of-systematically-othering-dalit-students/193284/ | title=The IITs have a long history of systematically othering Dalit students | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=17 February 2019 }}</ref> However, it's important to note that the suicide rates appear to be consistent among students from both reserved and non-reserved categories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/33-iit-students-died-by-suicide-in-last-five-years-govt-in-parliament-8499516|title=33 IIT students died by suicide in last 5 years: Govt|date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125052314/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/33-iit-students-died-by-suicide-in-last-five-years-govt-in-parliament-8499516/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Most IITs are consistently ranked above other engineering colleges in India in engineering education [[Statistical survey|surveys]],<ref name="eng survey">{{cite news
|first = Bhaswati
|last = Chakravorty
|url = http://www.dqindia.com/content/top_stories/2005/105052101.asp
|title = Dataquest-IDC-NASSCOM Survey: India's Best T-Schools
|publisher = DATAQUEST
|date = [[2005-05-12]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> with regard to quality of faculty, teaching standards, research facilities and campus placements. In international surveys, the IITs fail to achieve top rankings. [[The Times Higher Education Supplement]] (2005) ranked the IITs the 50<sup>th</sup> best overall universities in their [[The Times Higher Education Supplement|World University Rankings]]<ref name="Times ranking">{{cite web
| authorlink = Leary, John O’ for The Times Higher Education Supplement
| date = [[2005-10-28]]
| url = http://www.epfl.ch/soc/etudes/pdf/world-rankings05.pdf
| title = World University Rankings
| format = {{PDFlink}}
| pages = 18
| publisher = Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> and gave IITs the 36<sup>th</sup> position globally for science. The IITs were ranked third-best worldwide for technology, after [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]]. In the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]'s [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], only one IIT (IIT Kharagpur) was listed among the top 500 universities worldwide.<ref name="SJTU ranking">{{cite web
| authorlink = Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| date = [[2005-08-12]]
| url = http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm
| title = Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2005
| publisher = [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> The IITs fall short in many parameters that are considered for educational rankings. The criteria for ranking<ref name="Rank criteria">{{cite web
| authorlink = Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| date = [[2005-08-12]]
| url = http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005Methodology.htm#Meth1
| title = Criteria for ranking universities
| publisher = [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> prominently includes internationally recognised research output, in which the IITs do not achieve notable success. Another criteria being the Social Science Citation Index, the rank of IITs suffers as they do not have large departments of liberal arts and social sciences. Since the IITs have only a few international faculty and students (except those by exchange programs), the rankings of IITs in many international surveys have suffered. Since the IITs have scored better under most educational ranking criteria than other Indian colleges and universities, they continue to achieve top positions in nationwide surveys.
{{seealso|College and university rankings|India Today's top 10 colleges of India}}
 
== Criticism ==
The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage brain drain and that their stringent entrance examinations encourage coaching colleges and put heavy pressure on the student's body. Recently some prominent IITians have also questioned the quality of teaching and research in IITs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/iit-iim-faculty-not-world-class-jairam-ramesh|title=IIT, IIM faculty not world-class: Jairam Ramesh|work=India Education Review|date=24 May 2011|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614002903/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/iit-iim-faculty-not-world-class-jairam-ramesh|archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Poor-quality-of-students-entering-IITs-Narayana-Murthy/articleshow/10217469.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Poor quality of students entering IITs: Narayana Murthy | archive-date=27 October 2021 | access-date=12 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027102542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Poor-quality-of-students-entering-IITs-Narayana-Murthy/articleshow/10217469.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage a [[brain drain]] and that their stringent entrance examinations encourage coaching colleges and skew the socio-economic profile of the student body. Other critics are concerned at the insufficient representation of women and the disadvantaged.
 
With the tripling the number of IITs in recent decades, the newly created institutes have struggled to establish themselves compared to their peers. A 2021 report by [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] criticized the newer IITs for not meeting targets for research, faculty and student recruitment, students retention, as well as for being beset with infrastructure delays.<ref>{{cite report |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on the Performance Audit of Setting up of new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) |id=Report 20 |date=2021 |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2020%20of%202021_IITs_English_PDF%20A-061c2ed6ce12811.66323547.pdf |access-date=6 February 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123180456/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2020%20of%202021_IITs_English_PDF%20A-061c2ed6ce12811.66323547.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=India's tech innovation engines must raise their game |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=26 January 2022 |volume=601 |issue=7894 |pages=483–484 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00154-y |pmid=35082427 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..483. |s2cid=246297398 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
===Brain drain===
Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media, academia and the people in general, the most prominent is that it encourages brain drain. Until the process of liberalisation started in early 1990s, India was unable to provide good job opportunities to the graduates of IITs. This resulted in large scale emigration of IITians to western countries, especially to the United States. Since 1953, nearly twenty-five thousand IITians have settled in the USA.<ref name="The World is Flat">{{cite book |last=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|authorlink=Thomas Friedman|title=The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century|year=2006|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|___location=USA|id=ISBN 0-374-29288-4 |pages=104–105}}</ref> Since the USA benefited from subsidised education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers' money, critics say that investing money into IITs is useless. Others support the emigration of graduates, arguing that the capital sent home by the IITians has been a major source of the expansion of [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] reserves for India, which, until the 1990s, had a substantial [[trade deficit]].
 
In the recent past, the number of student suicides has attracted significant attention.<ref>{{cite web| last1=Ravi| first1=Anshika| url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9403-suicides-iits-not-due-academic-stress-alone| title=Suicides at IITS not due to academic stress alone| work=The Sunday Guardian Live| date=2017-05-13| access-date=14 December 2018| archive-date=16 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416224643/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9403-suicides-iits-not-due-academic-stress-alone| url-status=live}}</ref>
The extent of the brain drain has receded substantially over the past decade, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% to around 30% today.<ref name="brain drain">{{cite news
|author = IANS
|url = http://www.newkerala.com/news2.php?action=fullnews&id=21668
|title = Trend of brain drain on reverse to India
|publisher = newKerala.com
|date = [[2006-03-07]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> This is largely attributed to the [[liberalisation]] of the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and [[BPO|outsourcing]] of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Many undergraduates go abroad to pursue further studies, such as MS and PhD.
 
According to data obtained through [[Right to Information]] (RTI) applications, approximately 38% of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) graduates from the class of 2024 have not secured job placements.<ref name="ITT_HT">{{Cite web |title=38% IITians yet to be placed this year, IITs reach out to alumni network: Report |date=23 May 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/38-iitians-yet-to-be-placed-this-year-iits-reach-out-to-alumni-network-report-101716433699743.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622121822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/38-iitians-yet-to-be-placed-this-year-iits-reach-out-to-alumni-network-report-101716433699743.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref><ref name="ITT_firstpost">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=38% IIT graduates from class of 2024 yet to be placed, shows RTI data |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/iit-graduates-placement-rti-data-38-percent-2024-class-iit-students-not-placed-13774134.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923174638/https://www.firstpost.com/india/iit-graduates-placement-rti-data-38-percent-2024-class-iit-students-not-placed-13774134.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> This is the highest percentage in the past three years, with a steady increase from 19% in 2021 and 21% in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Bombay reacts to '36% graduates without placement' headlines with data - India Today |date=4 April 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bombay-reacts-to-36-graduates-without-placement-headlines-with-data-2523416-2024-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923174638/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bombay-reacts-to-36-graduates-without-placement-headlines-with-data-2523416-2024-04-04 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=8,000 IITians unemployed, IIT Bombay graduates' minimum pay drops to ₹4 LPA &#124; Mint |date=3 September 2024 |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-bombay-achieves-75-per-cent-placement-rate-for-2023-24-academic-year-but-8-000-iitians-remain-unemployed-11725351036352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923174638/https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-bombay-achieves-75-per-cent-placement-rate-for-2023-24-academic-year-but-8-000-iitians-remain-unemployed-11725351036352.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="ITT_firstpost" /><ref name="ITT_HT" />
===Entrance competition===
The highly competitive examination in the form of IIT-JEE has led to establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive, and specific preparation for the IIT-JEE for substantial fees. It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds. Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year.<ref name="coaching">{{cite web
| url = http://www.brilliant-tutorials.com/courses/iit/iitjee05winnersnew.shtml
| title = Successful students in IIT-JEE 2005
| publisher = Brilliant Tutorials
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> According to some estimates, nearly 95% of all students who clear the IIT-JEE had joined coaching classes.<ref name="pattern change">{{cite news
|first = V G
|last = Idichandy
|url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/11inter.htm
|title = Why the IIT-JEE pattern was changed
|publisher = [[Rediff.com]]
|date = [[2005-10-11]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> The psychological stress and emotional trauma faced by candidates not able to pass the examination and their families is considered to be a serious problem. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted. The IIT-JEE format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.<ref name="jee restucturing">{{cite web
| url = http://news.education4india.com/902/change-in-iit-jee-pattern-from-academic-year-2006/
| title = Change in IIT-JEE pattern from academic year 2006
| publisher = Education4India.com
| accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref>
 
=== Brain drain ===
After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.<ref name="jee students 2006">{{cite news
Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia, a common notion is that it encourages [[brain drain]]. Until [[liberalisation]] started in the early 1990s, India experienced large scale emigration of IIT graduates to developed countries, especially to the United States. Since 1953, nearly twenty-five thousand IIT graduates have settled in the US.<ref name="The World is Flat">{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|author-link=Thomas Friedman|title=The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century|year=2006|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|___location=US|isbn=0-374-29288-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/104 104–105]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/104}}</ref> Since the US benefited from subsidized education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers' money, critics say that subsidising education in IITs is useless. Others support the emigration of graduates, arguing that the capital sent home by the IIT graduates has been a major source of the expansion of [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] reserves for India, which, until the 1990s, had a substantial [[trade deficit]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} A 2023 study by the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] found that among the top 1,000 JEE scorers, 36% migrated abroad, while for the top 100 scorers, the rate was 62%, primarily to the U.S. and for graduate school.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Prithwiraj |last2=Ganguli |first2=Ina |last3=Gaulé |first3=Patrick |title=Top Talent, Elite Colleges, and Migration: Evidence from the Indian Institutes of Technology |date=June 2023 |doi=10.3386/w31308 |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w31308 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |series=Working Paper Series |___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609152616/http://www.nber.org/papers/w31308 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|author = Rukmini Shrinivasan & Hemali Chhapia
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1471784.cms
|title = 3 lakh students to vie for IIT entry this year
|publisher = [[The Times of India]]
|date = [[2006-03-31]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}</ref> Some people (mostly IITians) have criticised the changed pattern of the IIT-JEE. Their reasoning is that while IIT-JEE traditionally used to ask what most people would call "understanding-based" problems, the paper is now "too easy", making it more difficult to identify students who can think deeply.<ref name="too easy JEE">{{cite news
|author = Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1097044.cms
|title = Crack the IIT code, it's too easy
|publisher = [[The Times of India]]
|date = [[2005-05-04]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-30
}}</ref>
 
This trend has been reversed somewhat (dubbed the [[reverse brain drain]]) as hundreds of IIT graduates, who have pursued further studies in the US, started returning to India in the 1990s.<ref name="brain drain"/> The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% at one time to around 30% in 2005.<ref name="brain drain">{{cite news|agency = Indo-Asian News Service | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-998814451.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092518/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-998814451.html | archive-date = 26 October 2012 | title = Trend of brain drain on reverse to India | work=Hindustan Times | date = 7 March 2006 | access-date =17 March 2009}}</ref> This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and [[Business process outsourcing|outsourcing]] of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Additionally, IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=How IITs are tapping into their robust alumni network for funding |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/education/story/how-iits-are-tapping-into-their-robust-alumni-network-for-funding-328664-2022-04-05 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Business Today |language=hi |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726091720/https://www.businesstoday.in/education/story/how-iits-are-tapping-into-their-robust-alumni-network-for-funding-328664-2022-04-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Alumni==
[[Image:VGSOM IITKGP.jpg|thumb|''Vinod Gupta School of Management'' in IIT Kharagpur]]
The IITians are known for their loyalty to their [[alma mater]] and many IIT Alumni Associations are active in India and abroad. The IIT alumni either help their alma mater in the form of donations, or by preferential job opportunities extended to students from the IITs. The [[Vinod Gupta School of Management]] at IIT Kharagpur and [[Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management]] at IIT Bombay are management schools within IITs that have been established largely by alumni donations; these schools were named after their benefactors.
 
One factor of brain drain has been attributed to the reservation of seats in IITs, particularly for underprivileged and scheduled castes and tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994825417/JEE-Rankers-Prefer-MIT-Over-IIT-India-Makes-Sure-Best-Brain-Moves-Abroad-Due-To-Reservation|title= JEE-Rankers-Prefer-MIT-Over-IIT-India-Makes-Sure-Best-Brain-Moves-Abroad-Due-To-Reservation}}</ref> The reservation system, without reforms, has denied fair opportunities to unreserved students, who opt for other universities worldwide, many of which are top ranked.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/focus-on-education-to-prevent-brain-drain-indian-experts-urge-government/2469079|title= Focus on education to prevent brain drain, Indian experts urge government}}</ref>
Many IIT alumni have become entrepreneurs, including [[N.R. Narayana Murthy]] (co-founder and chairman of [[Infosys]]), [[Vinod Khosla]] (co-founder, [[Sun Microsystems]]), and [[Suhas S. Patil]] (founder and ''Chairman Emeritus'' [[Cirrus Logic]] Inc.) Other alumni have achieved leading positions in corporations, such as [[Rajat Gupta]] (former Managing Director, [[McKinsey & Company|McKinsey]]), [[Arun Sarin]] (CEO, [[Vodafone]]), [[Victor Menezes]] (Senior Vice Chairman, [[Citigroup]]), and [[Kanwal Rekhi]] (CTO, [[Novell]]). IIT alumni have also pursued careers in politics: for example, [[Manohar Parrikar]] became the [[Chief Minister of Goa]]. Many alumni have gained national and international recognition: [[Sushantha Kumar Bhattacharyya]] was awarded the [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], a [[knighthood]], and [[Padma Bhushan]]; and [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]] was awarded [[Padma Shri]] and Padma Bhushan. [[Narendra Karmarkar]] is also world-renowned for his work in [[applied mathematics]].
{{seealso|List of notable IIT alumni}}
 
=== Entrance competition ===
==See also==
The highly competitive examination in the form of [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE-Advanced]] has led to the establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive, and specific preparation for the JEE-Advanced for substantial fees. It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds. Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year.<ref name="coaching">{{cite web | url = http://www.brilliant-tutorials.com/courses/iit/iitjee05winnersnew.shtml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070421124433/http://www.brilliant-tutorials.com/courses/iit/iitjee05winnersnew.shtml | archive-date=21 April 2007 | title = Successful students in IIT-JEE 2005| publisher = Brilliant Tutorials | access-date =14 May 2006
{{Indian Institute Of Technology}}
}}</ref> According to some estimates, nearly 95% of all students who clear the JEE-Advanced had joined coaching classes.<ref name="pattern change">{{cite news | first = V G | last = Idichandy | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/11inter.htm | title = Why the IIT-JEE pattern was changed | work = [[Rediff.com]] | date = 11 October 2005 | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 29 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429104129/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/11inter.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Indeed, this was the case regarding preparation for IIT entrance exams even decades ago. In a January 2010 lecture at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], the 2009 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] revealed that he failed to get a seat at any of the Indian engineering and medical colleges.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nobel-laureate-Venkat-Ramakrishnan-failed-IIT-medical-entrance-tests/articleshow/5414148.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-05/india/28132308_1_entrance-tests-coaching-classes-iits|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Nobel laureate Venkat Ramakrishnan failed IIT, medical entrance tests|date=5 January 2010 |url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> He also said that his parents, being old-fashioned, did not believe in coaching classes to prepare for the IIT entrance exam and considered them to be "nonsense".<ref name="indiatimes1"/>
 
In a documentary aired by [[CBS]], [[Vinod Khosla]], co-founder of [[Sun Microsystems]] states, "The IITs probably are the hardest schools in the world to get into, to the best of my knowledge".<ref name="CBS Documentary">{{Cite web|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/news/imported-from-india/|title = Imported from India|website = [[CBS News]]|date = 19 June 2003|access-date = 24 June 2016|archive-date = 29 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429094924/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/imported-from-india/|url-status = live}}</ref> The documentary further concludes, "Put [[Harvard]], [[MIT]], and [[Princeton University|Princeton]] together, and you begin to get an idea of the status of IIT in India" to depict the competition as well as demand for the elite institutes. Furthermore, the IITs, despite being premier institutions, do not accept [[SAT]] scores for entrance and admission, which have been noted to be comparatively easier than the JEE.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://edvoy.com/articles/sat-vs-jee/|title= SAT vs JEE: Comparing college entrance exams for Indian students}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{explain-inote}}
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
 
Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community. The IIT-JEE (Now JEE-Advanced) format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.<ref name="jee restucturing">{{cite web| url = http://news.education4india.com/902/change-in-iit-jee-pattern-from-academic-year-2006/| title = Change in IIT-JEE pattern from academic year 2006| publisher = Education4India.com| access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 21 February 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060221021144/http://news.education4india.com/902/change-in-iit-jee-pattern-from-academic-year-2006/| url-status = live}}</ref>
==Further reading==
After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.<ref name="jee students 2006">{{cite news | author = Rukmini Shrinivasan & Hemali Chhapia | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-31/mumbai/27830928_1_iit-entry-lakh-students-joint-entrance-examination | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-31/mumbai/27830928_1_iit-entry-lakh-students-joint-entrance-examination | archive-date = 3 November 2012| title = 3 lakh students to vie for IIT entry this year| date = 31 March 2006| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date =14 May 2006}}</ref> Some people (mostly IIT graduates) have criticized the changed pattern of the JEE-Advanced . They reason that while JEE-Advanced is traditionally used to test students' understanding of fundamentals and their ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems, the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students.<ref name="too easy JEE">{{cite news| author = Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-04/india/27846683_1_iit-jee-iit-entrance-test-union-hrd-ministry
*{{cite book
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103194001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-04/india/27846683_1_iit-jee-iit-entrance-test-union-hrd-ministry | archive-date = 3 November 2012| title = Crack the IIT code, it's too easy| date = 4 May 2005| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date =30 May 2006}}</ref>
| last = Rajguru
 
| first = Suvarna
JEE-Advanced is conducted only in English and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], making it harder for students with regional languages as their main language. In September 2011, the [[Gujarat High Court]] has acted on a [[Public Interest Litigation]] by the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]], for conducting the exams in Gujarati.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Sahitya-Parishad-demands-entrance-tests-in-Gujarati/articleshow/10059681.cms |title=Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati |access-date=28 October 2011 |date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623155222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Sahitya-Parishad-demands-entrance-tests-in-Gujarati/articleshow/10059681.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> A second petition was made in October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Another-PIL-seeks-entrance-tests-in-Gujarati/articleshow/10434455.cms |title=Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati |access-date=28 October 2011 |date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107191535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-21/ahmedabad/30306229_1_entrance-tests-regional-language-gujarati-language |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/plea-write-iit-entrance-tamil-866 |title=Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110221016/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/plea-write-iit-entrance-tamil-866 |archive-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref> IIT council recommended major changes in entrance examination structure which is effective from 2017 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/committee-recommends-major-changes-in-iit-entrance-examination-1241216|title=Committee Recommends Major Changes in IIT Entrance Examination|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| coauthors = Pant, Ranjan
 
| year = 2003
=== Curriculum and Academic Issues ===
| title = IIT India's Intellectual Treasures
In comparison with other universities worldwide, the IITs have been consistently plagued with quality issues in curriculum and academics, which has caused mental stress to students. The response from administration has been noted to be insensitive, after several students have complained from stress, besides unhealthy competition.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theweek.in/education/latest/2024/07/27/opinion-the-silent-crisis-in-ii-ts-researcher-s-recommendations-seena-mary-thankachan-on-student-suicides-and-mental-health.html|title= OPINION: The silent crisis in IITs|website= [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> This has led to an increase in students dropping out of the IITs at a high pace, prompting concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/education-career/rti-series-over-800-students-dropped-out-of-top-iits-each-year-in-past-6-years-shows-data-ws-bl-9286266.html|title= RTI Series {{!}} Over 800 Students Dropped Out Of Top IITs Each Year In Past 6 Years, Shows Data}}</ref> Furthermore, across almost all IITs, caste discrimination and institutional bullying of students who come under reserved quota is rampant, which affects academics and eventually leads to student suicides or dropping out.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/the-iits-have-a-long-history-of-systematically-othering-dalit-students/193284/|title= The IITs have a long history of systematically othering Dalit students|website= [[ThePrint]]|date= 17 February 2019}}</ref>
| publisher = Indus Media
 
| ___location = India
In 2017, several IIT directors revealed that the outdated curriculum, along with poor teaching infrastructure and shortage of good faculty, had raised the issue of employability of IIT graduates.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Basu|first1= Sreeradha D.|last2= Verma|first2= Prachi|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/employability-of-engineers-a-concern-iit-heads/articleshow/58466513.cms?from=mdr|title= IIT top bosses raise concerns over Indian engineers' employability|work= The Economic Times|date= 2 May 2017}}</ref> As a result, in 2022, the [[IIT Delhi]] began to revamp the curriculum to keep up the pace with new trends in technology.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Oct/05/iit-delhi-set-for-curriculum-revamp-after-over-a-decade-forms-expert-panel-2505109.html|title= IIT-Delhi set for curriculum revamp after over a decade, forms expert panel|date= 5 October 2022}}</ref> IIT Kharagpur has also brought major changes to the curriculum in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/uploads/banners/1714622055_f16d8226fe777e2be4b3.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240624075126/https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/uploads/banners/1714622055_f16d8226fe777e2be4b3.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.iitkgp.ac.in}}</ref>. IIT Hyderabad has also introduced fractal academics for increased academic flexibility for the students since its inception, the curricula are frequent updated. It has led IITs in removal of branch change to reduce student stress, a bachelor's program on AI, introduction of double major and minor, among other academic options.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IITH Advantages |url=https://www.iith.ac.in/academics/iith-advantages/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=IIT Hyderabad |language=en}}</ref>
| id = ISBN 0-9747393-0-8
 
}}
== See also ==
*{{cite book
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs)
| authorlink = Kripalani, Manjeet
* [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] (IIITs)
| coauthors = Engardio, Pete and Spiro, Leah Nathans
* [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs)
| year = 1998
* [[National Institute of Design]] (NID)
| title = INDIA'S WHIZ KIDS — Inside the Indian Institutes of Technology's star factory
* [[Government Funded Technical Institutes]] (GFTIs)
| publisher = [[BusinessWeek]]
* [[Institutes of National Importance]] (INIs)
| ___location = Asian Edition
 
}}
== References ==
*{{cite book
{{Reflist|30em}}
| last = Kirpal
 
| first = Viney
== Further reading ==
| coauthors = Gupta, Meenakshi
{{refbegin|40em}}
| year = 1999
* {{cite book|last=Rajguru|author2=Pant, Ranjan|year=2003|title=IIT India's Intellectual Treasures|publisher=Indus Media|___location=India|pages=|isbn=0-9747393-0-8}}
| title = Equality Through Reservations
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.businessweek.com/1998/49/b3607011.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990218101219/http://www.businessweek.com/1998/49/b3607011.htm|archive-date=18 February 1999|author1=Kripalani, Manjeet|author2=Engardio, Pete|author3=Spiro, Leah Nathans|year=1998|title=INDIA'S WHIZ KIDS – Inside the Indian Institutes of Technology's star factory|journal=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|edition=International|volume=|pages=|via=}}
| publisher = Vedams
* {{cite book|last=Kirpal|first=Viney|author2=Gupta, Meenakshi|year=1999|title=Equality Through Reservations|publisher=Vedams|___location=India|pages=|isbn=81-7033-526-4}}
| ___location = India
* {{cite book|last=Deb|first=Sandipan|year=2004|title=The IITians|publisher=Penguin Books|___location=India|pages=|isbn=0-670-04986-7}}
| id = ISBN 81-7033-526-4
* {{cite web|url=http://www.littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm|title=What makes the IITs so chic|access-date=27 August 2006|website=|last=Rajguru|first=Suvarna|date=30 December 2005|publisher=LittleINDIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903055838/http://littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm|archive-date=3 September 2006}}
}}
* {{cite news|first=Bill|last=Gates|url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2003/01-17iit.aspx|title=Bill Gates Speech Transcript – Indian Institute of Technology 50th Anniversary Celebration Keynote|work=|publisher=[[Microsoft|Microsoft corporation]]|date=17 January 2003|access-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409195157/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2003/01-17iit.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2008}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book|last=Bhagat|first=Chetan|author-link=Chetan Bhagat|year=2004|title=Five Point Someone – What not to do at IIT|publisher=Rupa & Co.|___location=India|pages=|isbn=81-291-0459-8|title-link=Five Point Someone - What not to do at IIT}}
| last = Deb
* {{cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Rajeev|year=2013|title=What I Did Not Learn at IIT|publisher=Random House|___location=India|pages=|isbn=978-8-184-00486-1}}
| first = Sandipan
* {{cite book|last=Subbarao|first=E.C.|year=2008|title=An Eye for Excellence – 50 innovative years of IIT Kanpur|publisher=Harper Collins India|___location=India|pages=|isbn=978-81-7223-769-1}}
| year = 2004
{{refend}}
| title = The IITians
| publisher = Penguin Books
| ___location = India
| id = ISBN 0-670-04986-7
}}
*{{cite news
|first = Kanta
|last = Murali
|url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2003/stories/20030214007506500.htm
|title = The IIT Story: Issues and Concerns
|work = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline Magazine]] – Volume 20 - Issue 03
|publisher = Frontline
|date = [[2003-02-01]]
|accessdate = 2006-05-14
}}
*{{cite video
| people = [[Lesley Stahl]] (Correspondent)
| year = 2003
| title = Imported from India
| medium = TV-Series
| ___location = USA
| publisher = [[CBS]] [[60 Minutes]]
}} [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-721133053692899260&q=60+minutes+IIT On Google Video] (92 MB).
 
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikicommons}}
*[http {{Official website|https://www.iitbiitsystem.ac.in/}} IIT Bombay]Council
* [https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/sites/default/files/static/Administration/Act/85a42340c.pdf The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961] (PDF)
*[http://www.iitd.ac.in IIT Delhi]
*[http://www.iitg.ac.in IIT Guwahati]
*[http://www.iitk.ac.in IIT Kanpur]
*[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in IIT Kharagpur]
*[http://www.iitm.ac.in IIT Madras]
*[http://www.iitr.ac.in IIT Roorkee]
*[http://www.iit.org PanIIT Alumni Organization]
 
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
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