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[[File:President Ronald Reagan with Pat Buchanan.jpg|thumb|307x307px|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] with [[White House Communications Director]] [[Pat Buchanan]], one of pioneers of 21st century Paleoconservatism.]]
'''Paleoconservatism''' (sometimes shortened to '''paleo''' or '''paleocon''' when the context is clear) refers to a branch of [[United States|American]] [[conservative]] thought that is often called the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]]. Paleoconservatives in the 21st century often focus on their points of disagreement with [[neoconservatism (United States)|neoconservatives]]. The term was coined in the late 20th century and derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] root ''[[wikt:palaeo-|palaeo-]]'' meaning "[[ancient]]" or "[[old]]."
{{conservatism US|schools}}'''Paleoconservatism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and a strain of [[conservatism in the United States]] stressing [[American nationalism]], [[Christian ethics]], [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]], [[Traditionalist conservatism in the United States|traditionalist conservatism]], and [[Non-interventionism of the United States|non-interventionism]]. Paleoconservatism's concerns overlap with those of the [[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]] that opposed the [[New Deal]] in the 1930s and 1940s{{sfn|Raimondo|1993}} as well as with [[paleolibertarianism]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf|title=The Case for Paleo-libertarianism|last=Rockwell|first=Lew|journal=[[Liberty (libertarian magazine)|Liberty]]|issue=January 1990|pages=34–38|access-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144559/http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>De Coster, Karen (December 2, 2003). [https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/paleolibertarianism/ "Paleolibertarianism"]. ''LewRockwell.com''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927123533/https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/paleolibertarianism/|date=September 27, 2018}}. Retrieved January 28, 2020.</ref> By the start of the 21st century, the movement had begun to focus more on issues of [[Racial politics|race]].<ref name="SPL" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=David |date=11 December 2016 |title=An Intellectual History of Trumpism |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518/ |work=Politico}}</ref>
 
The terms ''[[Neoconservatism|neoconservative]]'' and ''paleoconservative'' were coined by [[Paul Gottfried]] in the 1980s,{{cn|date=January 2025}} originally relating to the divide in American conservatism over the [[Vietnam War]]. Those supporting the war became known as the ''neoconservatives'' ([[Interventionism (politics)|interventionists]]), as they made a decisive split from traditional conservatism (nationalist [[isolationism]]), which then became known as paleoconservatism.{{sfn|Gottfried|1993}}{{sfn|Gottfried|2006}}{{sfn|Scotchie|2017}} Paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programs and large-scale demographic change, the [[States' rights|decentralization of federal policy]], the restoration of [[Protectionism in the United States|controls upon free trade]], a greater emphasis upon [[economic nationalism]], and non-intervention in the politics of foreign nations.{{sfn|Foley|2007|p=318}}
The most prominent paleoconservative is [[Patrick J. Buchanan]] <ref>[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20021111/corn] See, for example, ''Pat Buchanan, Editor,'' by David Corn (The Nation, November 11, 2002), which treats him as such</ref> The two leading<ref>[http://www.conservative.org/pressroom/revitalizingconservatism.asp] Revitalizing Conservatism, by Donald J. Devine</ref> paleoconservative publications are ''[[Chronicles (magazine)|Chronicles]]'' and ''[[The American Conservative]]'', which Buchanan helped create.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3065/is_2002_Sept_1/ai_92836524 Paleocon's Revenge] by Whitney Joiner. Folio: The Magazine for Magazine Management, Sept 1, 2002.</ref>
 
==Core beliefsTerminology ==
The prefix ''paleo'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] root [[wikt:paleo-|παλαιός]] (''palaiós''), meaning "ancient" or "old". It is somewhat [[:wikt:tongue-in-cheek|tongue-in-cheek]] and refers to the paleoconservatives' claim to represent a more historic, authentic conservative tradition than that found in [[neoconservatism]]. Adherents of paleoconservatism often describe themselves simply as "paleo". [[Rich Lowry]] of ''[[National Review]]'' claims the prefix "is designed to obscure the fact that it is a recent ideological creation of post-Cold War politics".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lowry |first=Richard |author-link=Rich Lowry |year=2005 |title=Reaganism v. Neo-Reaganism |url=http://nationalinterest.org/article/reaganism-v-neo-reaganism-432 |url-access=subscription |magazine=The National Interest |issue=79 |publisher=Center for the National Interest |pages=35–41 |issn=1938-1573 |jstor=42897547 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref>
Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the [[Old Right]] Republicans of the interwar period<ref>[http://www.vdare.com/letters/taube_article.htm There's more to a conservative than meets the eye] By Michael Taube, Calgary Herald [Alberta, Canada], August 26, 2000, reprinted in [[VDARE]]</ref> who successfully kept the U.S. out of the [[League of Nations]], successfully reduced immigration with the passage of the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], and opposed [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]], the [[Immigration Act of 1965]] and the [[Civil Rights Act|civil rights]] laws of the 1960s. They often look back even further, to [[Edmund Burke]], as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[John C. Calhoun]].<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/paleoism.html What I Learned From Paleoism] by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. [[Lewrockwell.com]]</ref>
 
[[Samuel T. Francis]], [[Thomas Fleming (political writer)|Thomas Fleming]], and some other paleoconservatives deemphasize the ''conservative'' part of the ''paleoconservative'' label, claiming they do not want the ''status quo'' preserved.{{sfn|Francis|1994}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Foer |first=Franklin |author-link=Franklin Foer |date=July 22, 2002 |title=Home Bound |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/home-bound |magazine=The New Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001193300/http://www.tnr.com/article/home-bound |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref> Fleming and [[Paul Gottfried]] called such thinking "stupid tenacity" and described it as "a series of trenches dug in defense of last year's revolution".{{sfn|Gottfried|Fleming|1988|p=xv}} Francis defined authentic conservatism as "the survival and enhancement of a particular people and its institutionalized cultural expressions".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=July 1992 |title=The Buchanan Revolution |url=http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1992.pdf |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723154821/http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1992.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2004 |access-date=January 27, 2018 |via=SamFrancis.net}}</ref><ref name="(Con)fusion on the Right">{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=March 2004 |title=(Con)fusion on the Right |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404042145/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html |archive-date=April 4, 2007 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref>
Paleoconservatives question the supposition that [[European]] culture and mores can ever be transplanted or even forced upon non-white cultures, due to seperate cultural heritages.<ref>[http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm The End of Paleoconservatism], By James Lubinskas, originally on FrontPageMagazine.com, November 30, 2000, hosted on National Investor</ref> As a result, paleos are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open [[immigration]] by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas for the purposes of spreading European ideals. They are also strongly critical of American neoconservatives and their sympathizers in print media, talk radio and cable TV news.<ref>[http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2002/libe193-20021007-06.html The Myth of GOP Conservatism: The Ugly Truth about the Republican Party], by Kevin Tuma, THE LIBERTARIAN ENTERPRISE, Number 193, October 7, 2002</ref>
 
== Ideology ==
Paleos say they are not conservatives in the sense that that they wish to preserve the status quo or seek merely to slow the growth of liberalism<ref>[http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp How Paleo and Fusionist Conservatism Differ],
Paleoconservatives support restrictions on immigration, [[decentralization]], trade [[tariff]]s and [[protectionism]], [[economic nationalism]], [[isolationism]], and a return to [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditional conservative]] ideals relating to gender, race, sexuality, culture, and society.<ref name="Define">{{cite web |last1=Matthews |first1=Dillon |title=The alt-right is more than warmed-over white supremacy. It's that, but way way weirder. |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/4/18/11434098/alt-right-explained |website=Vox |date=April 18, 2016 |publisher=Vox Media Inc |access-date=August 4, 2019 |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155255/https://www.vox.com/2016/4/18/11434098/alt-right-explained |url-status=live }}</ref>
By Daniel Larison, Albuquerque</ref>. Nor do they wish to be closely identified with the U.S. [[Republican Party]]<ref>[http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2002/libe193-20021007-06.html The Myth of GOP Conservatism: The Ugly Truth about the Republican Party], by Kevin Tuma, THE LIBERTARIAN ENTERPRISE, Number 193, October 7, 2002</ref>. Rather, they seek the renewal of "small-r" republican society in the context of the Western heritage, customs and civilization.<ref>[http://acuf.org/issues/issue2/chronicles.asp Conservativism, Chronicles and Paleoconservativism]</ref>
::''“The U.S., as paleos have claimed for decades, was only meant to be a constitutional republic, not an empire—as Buchanan’s 1999 foreign policy tome A Republic, Not an Empire nostalgically states,” Scotchie explains. “Republics mind their own business. Their governments have very limited powers, and their people are too busy practicing self-government to worry about problems in other countries. Empires not only bully smaller, defenseless nations, they also can’t leave their own, hapless subjects alone…. Empires and the tenth amendment aren’t friends…. Empires and small government aren’t compatible, either.”''<ref>http://www.amconmag.com/12_16/review6.html</ref>
They see the neoconservatism as a movement of empire-builders and themselves as defenders of a lost republic, pointing to Rome (and sometimes ''[[Star Wars]]''<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/tucker/tucker19.html Star Wars, Their Wars], by Jeff Tucker, Lewrockwell.com</ref>) as an example of how an ongoing campaign of military expansionism can destroy a republic.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/03/reviews/991003.03judist.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=login The Buchanan Doctrine], by John Judis, New York Times 3 October 1999</ref>
 
Paleoconservatism differs from neoconservatism in opposing [[free trade]] and promoting [[republicanism in the United States|republicanism]]. Paleoconservatives see neoconservatives as [[Imperialism|imperialists]] and themselves as defenders of the republic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Larison |first=Daniel |title=How Paleo and Fusionist Conservatism Differ |url=http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp |publisher=American Conservative Union Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205201328/http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp |archive-date=February 5, 2004 |url-status=usurped |access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Judis |first=John B. |author-link=John Judis |date=October 3, 1999 |title=The Buchanan Doctrine |url= https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/03/reviews/991003.03judist.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref>
Paleos believe that since human nature is limited and finite, so any attempt to create a man-made [[utopia]] is headed for disaster and potential carnage. They also see [[social democracy]], [[ideology]], [[bureaucracy]] and managerial society as malevolent attempts to remake humanity.<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm WHAT IS PALEOCONSERVATISM?] Chronicles Magazine Roundtable</ref> Instead, they lean toward tradition, family, customs, religious institutions and classical learning to provide wisdom and guidance.<ref>[http://www.intellectualconservative.com/article3366.html No. 16 - Thomas Molnar: The Counter-Revolution], from IC's Top 25 Philosophical and Ideological Conservative Books, by Dr. Enrico Peppe, 27 April 2004</ref>
 
Paleoconservatives tend to oppose abortion, [[gay marriage]], and [[LGBTQ rights]].<ref name="Define"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fleming |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |date=September 8, 2005 |title=Ethics 01A.1: Gay Marriage, Democracy |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback |url-status=dead |magazine=Chronicles |___location=Rockford, Illinois |publisher=Rockford Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927173854/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=August 27, 2006}}</ref>
Most paleos are concerned about the culture-eroding effects of popular culture.<ref>[http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/comments/paleoconservatism/ Paleoconservatism] at majorityrights.com</ref> Thus they also support the traditional family as a bulwarks against [[modernity]].<ref>[http://turnabout.ath.cx:8000/node/1085 Turnabout] blog</ref> They also feel that Westerners have lost touch with their classical and European heritage to the point that they are in danger of losing their civilization.<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Back_to_Mordor.html?seemore=y Back to Mordor], Thomas Fleming, Wednesday, January 18, 2006</ref>
 
=== Human nature, tradition, and reason ===
Economic issues are not high on the paleoconservative agenda , possibly because supporters are not unified on this front.<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/mcmaken/mcmaken75.html Review] The Helpful Persuasion Revolt From the Heartland: The Struggle for an Authentic Conservatism, By Joseph Scotchie, Transaction Publishers 2002, Review by Ryan McMaken</ref> Many reject the ideology of [[free trade]] and [[laissez-faire]] economics<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/tucker16.html Buchanan and Market] by Jeffrey A. Tucker, [[Lew Rockwell.com]]</ref>, arguing that it leads to the deterioration of the country's industrial base<ref>[http://www.amconmag.com/08_11_03/cover.html Death of Manufacturing], By Patrick J. Buchanan, American Conservative, August 11, 2003</ref>. Others, however, support [[laissez-faire]] economic policies articulated by [[classical liberals]] such as [[Frédéric Bastiat]] in the [[1800s|nineteenth century]].<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/tucker16.html Buchanan and Market] by Jeffrey A. Tucker, [[Lew Rockwell.com]]</ref> Paleos who support [[Austrian economics]], [[free trade]] and [[laissez-faire]] often call themselves [[paleolibertarians]].<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/edmonds/edmonds88.html Born to be Paleolibertarian] by Brad Edmonds, [[Lewrockwell.com]]</ref>
Paleoconservatives believe that tradition is a form of reason, rather than a competing force. [[Mel Bradford]] wrote that certain questions are settled before any serious deliberation concerning a preferred course of conduct may begin. This ethic is based in a "culture of families, linked by friendship, common enemies, and common projects",<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=M.&nbsp;E. |author-link=Mel Bradford |year=1990
|title=The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political |___location=Peru, Illinois |publisher=Sherwood Sugden |page=129}} Quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|2001|p=233}}.</ref> so a good conservative keeps "a clear sense of what Southern grandmothers have always meant in admonishing children, 'we don't do that'".<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=M.&nbsp;E. |author-link=Mel Bradford |year=1990
|title=The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political |___location=Peru, Illinois |publisher=Sherwood Sugden |pages=119, 121}} Quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|2001|p=233}}.</ref>
 
[[Pat Buchanan]] argues that a good politician must "defend the moral order rooted in the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]] and [[Natural Law]]"—and that "the deepest problems in our society are not economic or political, but moral".<ref name="pma-00-0621-fulani.html">[http://www.buchanan.org/pma-00-0621-fulani.html Pat Buchanan Responds To Lenora Fulani's Resignation – Buchanan Campaign Press Releases – theinternetbrigade – Official Web Site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005164216/http://www.buchanan.org/pma-00-0621-fulani.html |date=October 5, 2006 }}</ref>
On some issues, many paleos are hard to distinguish from others on the American conservative spectrum. For example, they tend to oppose [[abortion]] on demand and [[gay marriage]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229098-1,00.html 10 Questions for Pat Buchanan, TIME Magazine] </ref><ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm WHAT IS PALEOCONSERVATISM?] Chronicles Magazine Roundtable</ref><ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback Gay Marriage, Democracy, by Thomas Fleming]</ref> while supporting [[capital punishment]], [[handgun]] ownership, and an [[original intent]] reading of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. They typically sympathize with the Christian Right's attacks on [[moral relativism]], [[big government]] and [[secular humanism]], even as they complain that the movement is obsessed with the [[Middle East]] and the [[Republican Party]]'s agenda. On the other hand, paleos are often more sympathetic to [[environmental protection]] and [[anti-consumerism]] than others on the American right.
 
=== Southern traditionalism ===
==Intellectual precursors and modern expositors==
According to historian Paul V. Murphy, paleoconservatives developed a focus on [[Localism (politics)|localism]] and [[states' rights]]. From the mid-1980s onward, ''Chronicles'' promoted a Southern traditionalist worldview focused on national identity, regional particularity, and skepticism of abstract theory and centralized power.{{sfn|Murphy|2001|p=218}} According to Hague, Beirich, and Sebesta (2009), the [[Anti-modernization|antimodernism]] of the paleoconservative movement defined the [[neo-Confederate]] movement of the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, notable paleoconservatives argued that [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregation]], welfare, tolerance of [[Gay rights in America|gay rights]], and [[Separation of church and state|church-state separation]] had been damaging to local communities, and that these issues had been imposed by federal legislation and think tanks. Paleoconservatives also claimed the [[Southern Agrarians]] as forebears in this regard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hague |first1=Euan |last2=Beirich |first2=Heidi |last3=Sebesta |first3=Edward H. |title=Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction |date=2009 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292779211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfWdaR9wHEEC |access-date=December 3, 2018 |language=en |pages=25–27}}</ref>
Paleoconservatism is unusual among intellectual movements in that it seeks to be both aristocratic and populist at the same time<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm WHAT IS PALEOCONSERVATISM?] Chronicles Magazine Roundtable</ref>. The movement is a medley of disperate ideas that might seem incompatible in another context <ref>[http://www.etherzone.com/2003/wilk020603.shtml Voices in The Wildreness] by David Wilkinson</ref>. Such diversity of thought echoes the paleo opposition to [[ideology]] and political rationalism, reflecting the influence of thinkers like [[Russell Kirk]]<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/July2004/0704Richert.html Russell Kirk and the Negation of Ideology] by [[Scott P. Richert]], [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture'']]</ref> and [[Michael Oakeshott]]<ref>[http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CAD9C.htm The Poverty of Multiculturalism] by Patrick West]]</ref>.
 
=== Opposition to Israel ===
These American conservatives widely embrace the Irish-born [[Edmund Burke]] as a hallowed ancestor<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm Law, Morality, and Religion] by by Stephen B. Presser]]</ref>. For them, he represents a vital link between the American right and the greater tradition of British customs and common law<ref>[http://users.etown.edu/m/mcdonaldw/Kirkbc.htm Russell Kirk's Conservative Mind] by [[W. Wesley McDonald]]</ref>. As such, his ideas are a touchstone for a conservatism that respects tradition, while rejecting authoritarianism.
Paleoconservatives are generally [[Criticism of Israel|critics of Israel]] and supporters of the [[Arab]] cause in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]; they have argued that supporting the country damages foreign relations with the Islamic world and American interests abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Postel |first=Danny |date=2023-11-07 |title=The Conservative Fault Lines Revealed by Debates Over Israel |url=https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-conservative-fault-lines-revealed-by-debates-over-israel/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Buchanan has asserted that "Capitol Hill is Israeli occupied territory". Russell Kirk argued that "Not seldom has it seemed... as if some eminent [[Neoconservatism|Neoconservatives]] mistook [[Tel Aviv]] for [[Washington, D.C.|the capital of the United States]]".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Adam |title=Israel and the Neoconservatives: Zionism and American Interests |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=2019 |isbn=9781498567343 |pages=8}}</ref> During the [[Gaza war|Israel-Gaza War]], paleoconservative [[Tucker Carlson]]<ref name=":1" /> argued Israel was guilty of [[War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war|war crimes]], and that President [[Joe Biden]]'s support of the country risked American complicity in the actions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schorr |first=Isaac |date=2023-10-24 |title=Tucker Carlson and Douglas Macgregor Suggest Israel Is Committing 'War Crimes' and Mock 'Moral Victories' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/news/tucker-carlson-and-pro-putin-guest-suggest-israel-is-committing-war-crimes-and-mock-moral-victories/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Mediaite |language=en}}</ref>
 
== Notable people ==
In the United States, the [[Southern Agrarians]]<ref>[http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=5322 The Conservative Crackup] by John Judis]]</ref>, [[John T. Flynn]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/stromberg/stromberg23.html War, Peace, and the State] by Joesph Stromberg]</ref>,, [[Albert Jay Nock]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/mcmaken/mcmaken75.html The Helpful Persuasion] by Ryan McMaken]]</ref>, [[Garet Garrett]]<ref>[http://www.antiwar.com/orig/anti-imp2.html Garet Garrett:
<!-- All entries must be cited to reliable sources, or they will be removed. -->
Exemplar of the Old Right], by [[Justin Raimondo]]</ref>, [[Robert R. McCormick]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard45.html Life in the Old Right] by Murray N. Rothbard</ref>, [[Felix Morley]] <ref>[http://www.antiwar.com/stromberg/s120799.html Felix Morley: An Old-fashioned Republican] by Joseph R. Stromberg</ref>, and [[Robert Nisbet]]<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm WHAT IS PALEOCONSERVATISM?]</ref>, among others, articulated positions that have proved influential among contemporary paleoconservatives. Some paleos enthusiastically embrace the decentralizing tenets of the [[Anti-Federalists]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/down-presidency.html Down With the Presidency] by Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr.</ref>, such as [[John Dickinson]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig5/galles5.html John Dickenson, Founder and Revolutionary] by Gary Galles</ref> and [[George Mason]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo90.html Standard Weekly Lies] by by Thomas J. DiLorenzo</ref>.
 
=== Philosophers and scholars ===
The southern conservative thread of paleoconservatism embodies the statesmanship of nineteenth-century figures such as [[John Randolph of Roanoke]] (a fact reflected in the paleoconservative [[Rockford Institute]]'s sponsorship of the [[John Randolph Club]]), [[John Taylor of Caroline]] and [[John C. Calhoun]]; it found a modern expositor in the late [[Mel Bradford]]. The German-born [[Johannes Althusius]] and his tract ''Politica'' with its core emphasis on the principle of [[subsidiarity]] has proven influential, as well.
* [[Mel Bradford]] (1934–1993){{sfnm|1a1=Hawley|1y=2017|2a1=Newman|2a2=Giardina|2y=2011|2p=50}}
* [[Paul Gottfried]] (born 1941){{sfnm|1a1=Clark|1y=2016|1p=77|2a1=Dueck|2y=2010|2p=258|3a1=Hawley|3y=2017|4a1=Newman|4a2=Giardina|4y=2011|4p=50}}
* [[Russell Kirk]] (1918-1994)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gottfried |first=Paul |date=2018-02-01 |title=An Old Paleocon Sets the Record Straight |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/an-old-paleocon-sets-the-record-straight/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=The American Conservative |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[E. Christian Kopff]] (born 1946){{sfn|Ansell|1998|p=34}}
* [[William S. Lind]] (born 1947)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson|first1=Derek|title=The Canadian Psychologist Beating American Pundits at Their Own Game|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/04/08/jordan-peterson-beating-pundits-own-game-217773/|website=Politico|publisher=Capitol News Company|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Clyde N. Wilson]] (born 1941){{sfnm|1a1=Newman|1a2=Giardina|1y=2011|1p=50|2a1=Wilson|2y=2017}}
 
===Commentators and columnists===
Historians such as [[Paul V. Murphy]] and [[Isaiah Berlin]] have traced the paleoconservatives' intellectual ancestry to [[anti-modern]] writers who defended the [[hierarchy]], [[localism]], [[ultramontanism]], [[monarchy]] and [[aristocracy]]. European precursors to paleoconservatives include [[Joseph de Maistre]], [[Donoso Cortes]], [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], and [[Pope Pius IX]], though they tend to carry influence limited to the [[Roman Catholic]] traditionalist subsect of paleoconservatism. [[G.K. Chesterton]]<ref>[http://www.theenglandproject.net/documents/secret-people.html See, for example, Chesterton's poem ''The Secret People," as well as ISI's scholarly analysis of him in ''Modern Age'' and ''Intercollegiate Review'']</ref> and [[Hillaire Belloc]]<ref>[http://theoccidentalquarterly.com/vol3no1/sf-chesterton.html Men Against Leviathan, by Samuel Francis]</ref> are also popular Catholic forebears of paleo thought<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/in3/theodore/opinion/rockford.html Counterrevolution in Rockford, by Theodore Harvey]</ref>.
*[[Pat Buchanan]] (born 1938), [[White House Communications Director]] (1985–1987), 1992 and 1996 Republican presidential candidate, 2000 [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] presidential nominee{{sfn|Dueck|2010|p=258}}
*[[Peter Brimelow]] (born 1947)<ref name="SPL">{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/paleoconservatives-decry-immigration|title='Paleoconservatives' Decry Immigration|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=November 14, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Tucker Carlson]] (born 1969)<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine|last=Continetti|first=Matthew|date=June 1, 2019|title=Making Sense of the New American Right|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/06/new-american-right-schools-of-thought/|magazine=[[National Review]]}}</ref>
*[[John Derbyshire]] (born 1945)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/re-paleocons-immigration-john-derbyshire/|title=Re: Paleocons On Immigration|website=[[National Review]]|date=March 19, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan|title=Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained|first=Dylan|last=Matthews|date=May 6, 2016|website=Vox|access-date=August 23, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Thomas Fleming (political writer)|Thomas Fleming]] (born 1945){{sfn|Clark|2016|p=77}}
*[[Samuel T. Francis]] (1947–2005){{sfnm|1a1=Dueck|1y=2010|1p=258|2a1=McDonald|2y=2004|2p=216}}
*[[Robert Novak]] (1931–2009)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=March 25, 2003|title=Unpatriotic Conservatives|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2003/03/unpatriotic-conservatives-david-frum/|magazine=National Review}}</ref>
*[[Steve Sailer]] (born 1958)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2007/05/01/the-american-conservative-crackup/|title=The American Conservative Crackup|date=May 1, 2007|magazine=[[Washington Monthly]]}}</ref>
*[[Joseph Sobran]] (1946–2010){{sfnm|1a1=Nash|1y=2006|1p=568|2a1=Newman|2a2=Giardina|2y=2011|2p=50}}
*[[Taki Theodoracopulos]] (born 1936)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/intellectual-history-of-trumpism-white-house/|title=An intellectual history of Trumpism|date=December 12, 2016|website=Politico}}</ref>
 
===Donald Trump===
Some modern European continental conservatives, such as Frenchmen [[Jacques Barzun]], [[Alain de Benoist]], and [[René Girard]], have a mode of thought and cultural criticism esteemed by many paleoconservatives. [[Nouvelle Droite]] ideas may have had an influence on some paleos, though they are unlikely to express hostility toward Christianity.
Historian George Hawley states that although influenced by paleoconservatism, [[Donald Trump]] is not a paleoconservative, but rather a [[American nationalism|nationalist]] and a [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]].{{sfn|Hawley|2017|p=129}} Hawley also argued in 2017 that paleoconservatism was an exhausted force in American politics{{sfn|Hawley|2017|p=29}} but that for a time it represented the most serious right-wing threat to the mainstream [[Movement conservatism|conservative movement]].{{sfn|Hawley|2017|p=29}} Regardless of how Trump himself is categorized, others regard the movement known as [[Trumpism]] as supported by,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drolet|first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Williams|first2=Michael|title=The view from MARS: US paleoconservatism and ideological challenges to the liberal world order |journal= International Journal |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=2019 |page=18 | doi= 10.1177/0020702019834716 |s2cid=151239862 |doi-access=free }}</ref> if not a rebranding of, paleoconservatism. From this view, the followers of the Old Right did not fade away so easily and continue to have significant influence in the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and the entire country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morris|first1=Edwin Kent |title= Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism |journal= New Political Science |volume=41 |issue=1 |date= December 24, 2018 |page=21 |doi=10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037 |s2cid=149978398 }}</ref>
 
== Notable organizations and outlets ==
[[William F. Buckley, Jr.]] is an unwitting influence on paleoconservatism<ref>[http://www.vdare.com/gottfried/050224_sam.htm] Parallel Lives: William F. Buckley vs. Samuel T. Francis, by Paul Gottfried</ref>. During the [[Cold War]], his [[National Review]] magazine<ref>[http://www.vdare.com/francis/unpatriotic_conservative.htm] William F. Buckley — “Unpatriotic Conservative? by Sam Francis</ref> promoted Frank Meyer's theory of fusionism<ref>[http://www.intellectualconservative.com/article2751.html] Frank Meyer: In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo, by Dr. Enrico Peppe</ref>; it suggested that conservatives and libertarians moderate their arguments with one another and present a united front against Communism.<ref>See, for example, Frank S. Meyer, ''In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo'' (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1962)</ref> Many first-generation paleos were [[National Review]] supporters<ref>The influence of future paleos on the Buckley circle can be seen in William F.Buckley, ed. ''Did you ever see a dream walking? American conservative thought in the twentieth century''. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 1970.</ref>, but slowly grew weary as the journal reflected more and more neoconservative influence<ref>The paleos' dispute with Buckley is described in [[Paul Gottfried's]] 1993 edition of ''The Conservative Movement''</ref>, starting in the 1970s.<ref>[http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9605/opinion/thistime.html] The End of Neoconservatism, by James Nuechterlein First Things, May 1996</ref>. Open hostility broke out in the mid-1980s and was never resolved. <ref>The paleos' dispute with Buckley is described in [[Paul Gottfried's]] 1993 edition of ''The Conservative Movement''</ref> Some paleos argued that fusionism failed<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html] (Con)fusion on the Right, by Sam Francis. Chronicles, March 2004.</ref> and suggested a new alliance on the right to stand outside the neoconservative consensus.<ref>[http://antiwar.com/raimondo/book1.html] The Old Right and the Future of Conservatism, by Patrick J. Buchanan</ref> Pat Buchanan's statement that "we are old right and old church" reflects this new coalition<ref>[http://www.publiceye.org/ifas/fw/9604/buchanan.html] PJB quoted in Pat Buchanan's narrow vision of America, By Chip Berlet]</ref>
=== Organizations ===
{{main|List of paleoconservative organizations}}
* [[Abbeville Institute]]{{sfn|Newman|Giardina|2011|p=50}}
* [[John Birch Society]]<ref>{{cite web | last1=Matthews | first1=Dylan | title=Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained | url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan | date=May 6, 2016 | work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] | access-date=August 23, 2020 | archive-date=June 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623235749/https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
=== Periodicals and websites ===
==Paleoconservatives in the modern United States==
* ''[[The American Conservative]]''{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=212}}
Paleoconservatives consist of a disparate pool from all walks of life, including Evangelical Christians and Roman Catholic traditionalists, libertarian individualists, Midwestern agrarians, [[Reagan Democrats]], and southern conservatives. Other contemporary luminaries include [[Donald Livingston]], a Professor of Philosophy at Emory and corresponding editor for [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']]<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y Chronicles, August 2006, Table of Contents] (see "Masthead" in lower-right corner of page)</ref>; [[Paul Craig Roberts]], an attorney and former Reagan administration Treasury official; commentator [[Joseph Sobran]], a columnist and contributing editor for [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']]<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y Chronicles, August 2006, Table of Contents] (see "Masthead" in lower-right corner of page)</ref>; novelist and essayist [[Chilton Williamson]], senior editor for books at [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']]<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y Chronicles, August 2006, Table of Contents] (see "Masthead" in lower-right corner of page)</ref>; classicist [[Thomas Fleming (author)|Thomas Fleming]], editor of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']]<ref>''Thomas Fleming, Editor of Chronicles Magazine'', [http://www.vdare.com/letters/tl_120201.htm TODAY'S LETTER: The Thirty-Year War For Immigration Reform -Thomas Fleming Replies To Peter Brimelow], VDARE</ref>; and historian [[Clyde N. Wilson]], long-time contributing editor for [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']]<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y Chronicles, August 2006, Table of Contents] (see "Masthead" in lower-right corner of page)</ref>.
* [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'' (magazine)]]{{sfnm|1a1=Clark|1y=2016|1p=77|2a1=Hawley|2y=2017|3a1=Schneider|3y=2009|3p=170}}
Another prominent paleoconservative, [[Theodore Pappas]]<ref> a former [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] managing editor</ref>, is the current executive editor of ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<ref> [http://corporate.britannica.com/press/releases/new_site.html] EB corporate site mentioning Pappas</ref>.
* ''[http://sidestream.press/or111-dyga Observer & Review]''
* ''[[Intercollegiate Review]]''{{sfn|Clark|2016|p=77}}
* ''[[Taki's Magazine]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/story/why-i-love-takis-magazine|work=Charleston City Paper|title=Why I Love Taki's Magazine|date=May 30, 2008|access-date=March 18, 2021|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318141623/https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/story/why-i-love-takis-magazine|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
Followers of the late [[Murray Rothbard]]<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Contents.html] The Irrepressible Rothbard, a collection of Rothbard's pro-paleo writings]</ref> and [[Lew Rockwell]]<ref>See Rockwell, Lewellyn H. ''The Case For Paleolibertarianism, and Realignment on the Right''. Burlingame: Center For Libertarian Studies, 1990</ref> who embrace [[paleolibertarianism]], and who, being culturally conservative, espouse many of the same themes of paleoconservatives, are also wholly committed to [[laissez-faire]] economics. While Rep. [[Ron Paul]] (R -TX)<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/paleoism.html] What I Learned From Paleoism, by Lew Rockwell</ref> and Rep. [[Tom Tancredo]] (R -CO) are not avowed paleoconservatives, they often take political positions consistent with a great number of paleos. Many of these views are also championed by the [[John Birch Society]]<ref>[http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/1996/vo12no16/vo12no16_invasion.htm] Neo-Con Invasion, by Samuel Francis. ''The New American,'' August 5, 1996.</ref>, which supports paleo ideas in addition to its distinctive conspiracy theories<ref>See, for example, ''The New American'', Special Conspiracy issue, September 16, 1996</ref>.
{{portal|Conservatism}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* [[Alt-right]]
* [[Alt-lite]]
* [[American nationalism]]
* [[Anti-globalization movement]]
* [[Criticism of multiculturalism]]
* [[Cultural conservatism]]
* [[Fusionism]]
* [[Liberal conservatism]]
* [[Libertarian conservatism]]
* [[National conservatism]]
* [[National liberalism]]
* [[Neoconservatism]]
* [[Old Left]]
* [[Old Right (United States)]]
* [[Paleolibertarianism]]
* [[Radical right (United States)]]
* [[Reactionary]]
* [[Right-libertarianism]]
* [[Right-wing populism]]
* [[Social conservatism in the United States]]
* [[Traditionalist conservatism in the United States]]
* [[Groypers]] or "neo-paleoconservatism"
}}
 
==References==
The [[Intercollegiate Studies Institute]] (ISI) often champions pre-WWII Old Right ideas, such as [[anti-interventionism]], limited government and cultural regionalism, in its publications and conferences. While they favor free-market solutions they tend to recognize the limitations of the market, or as economist [[Wilhelm Roepke]] says, "the market is not everything." ISI promotes various [[agrarian]] and [[distributist]] works, and the idea of a ''humane economy''.
{{Reflist}}
 
===Bibliography===
Since the end of the [[Cold War]], the rift within the [[Conservative|conservative movement]] has deepened with the neoconservatives' ascent and the paleos' marginalization. For example, there are no prominent paleos in the Bush administration. Harsh words have been exchanged between [[David Frum]] of ''[[National Review]]'' and Patrick Buchanan of ''[[The American Conservative]]''. Buchanan wrote that neocons influence the U.S. government toward the pursuit of global [[empire]] and the benefit of [[Israel]] and multi-national corporations, with whom they have close ties.<ref>[http://www.amconmag.com/03_24_03/cover.html] "Whose War?", by [[Patrick J. Buchanan]], ''[[American Conservative]]'',[[March 24]] [[2003]]</ref>. Frum charged that paleocons, in their sometimes harsh criticism of President [[George W. Bush]] and the [[war on terror]], have become unpatriotic and, at times, [[anti-Semitic]]<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/frum/frum031903.asp] "Unpatriotic Conservatives", by [[David Frum]], ''[[National Review]]'' [[April 7]] [[2003]]</ref>.
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{{refend}}
 
==External links==
Many American paleoconservatives see themselves as iconoclasts, breaking what they regard as liberal taboos. Particular targets of their ire include "[[political correctness]]", [[Martin Luther King]], the [[Civil Rights Movement]], the [[Frankfurt School]], and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]. Some paleo figures, especially the late [[Samuel Francis]], have been accused of having ties to allegedly racist groups such as the [[Council of Conservative Citizens]], ''[[American Renaissance (magazine)|American Renaissance]]'' and the [[Charles Martel Society]], which publishes ''[[Occidental Quarterly|''The Occidental Quarterly'']]''<ref>[http://splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=644]Irreconcilable Differences, by Heidi Beirich and Mark Potok. (splcenter.org report making accusations of racism against all three groups, Francis, and others)</ref>.
* {{Britannica|1328352}}
* {{Commonscatinline}}
 
{{conservatism US footer}}
== Foreign Echoes ==
{{conservatism footer}}
 
{{Tea Party movement}}
As paleoconservatism germinated as a reaction to neoconservatism, most of its development has been in the United States, although it has echoes in other Western nations. British conservatives such as [[Peter Hitchens]]<ref>Hitchens,Peter: The Abolition of Britain from Lady Chatterley to Tony Blair Quartet Books: 1999</ref>, Anthony Flew (who has written for ''Chronicles'' and was awarded the Ingersoll Prize by the [[Rockford Institute]])<ref>Anthony Flew, "'Social' Justice Is Not Justice," ''Chronicles'', July 1999.</ref>, and [[Roger Scruton]]<ref>[http://www.newpantagruel.com/2006/01/the_joy_of_cons.php?page=4] The Joy of Conservatism: An Interview with Roger Scruton, page 4. Scruton says of himself, <blockquote>"...I suppose I am more of a paleo than a neo-conservative, since I believe that the conservative position is rooted in cultural rather than economic factors, and that the single-minded pursuit of competitive markets is just as much a threat to social order as the single-minded pursuit of equality."</blockquote></ref>, as well as Scruton's ''[[Salisbury Review]]'' and [[Derek Turner]]'s ''[[Right Now!]]''<ref>edited by [[Derek Turner]], a [http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101Turner.htm contributor] to [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']]</ref> magazines, may be considered broadly sympathetic to paleo ideas. For example, Hitchens wrote, in opposition to the [[Iraq War]],
<blockquote>There is nothing conservative about war. For at least the last century war has been the herald and handmaid of socialism and state control. It is the excuse for censorship, organised lying, regulation and taxation. It is paradise for the busybody and the nark. It damages family life and wounds the Church. It is, in short, the ally of everything summed up by the ugly word ‘progress.’<ref>From [http://www.lewrockwell.com/spectator/spec46.html Not in Our Name], by Peter Hitchens, 29 March 2003, mirrored on LewRockwell.com</ref></blockquote>
 
The [[One Nation]] movement in 1990s Australia,<ref>R.J. Stove, "The Iron Lady Down Under," ''Chronicles'', July 1997</ref>, Germany's [[Junge Freiheit]],<ref>Paul Gottfried, "A Welcome Anniversary," ''Chronicles'', January 2003</ref> and Italy's [[Lega Nord]]<ref>Which has been the subject of positive articles in [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] such as [http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/July2004/0704Carosa.html "Letter From Italy: 'Peaceful' Immigrants" by Alberto Carosa, ''Chronicles'', July 2004]</ref> reflect many paleo concerns. So may former Russian dissidents [[Andrei Navrozov]]<ref>A corresponding editor to [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']][http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/magazine.cgi/Yr%202006/August/Contents.html?seemore=y Chronicles, August 2006, Table of Contents] (see "Masthead" in lower-right corner of page)</ref> and [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]<ref>See, for example, his 1974 speech [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/livenotbylies.html]</ref>. German [[ordoliberalism]], represented by Wilhelm Ropke, influenced on some paleocon thinkers (see below).
 
==The Conservative Crackup: Paleocons vs. Neocons==
The phrase "paleoconservative" ("old conservative") was originally a tongue-in-cheek rejoinder used in the 1980s to differentiate traditional conservatives from [[neoconservatives]] and [[Straussians]]. The rift is often traced back to a dispute over the director of the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] by the incoming Reagan Administration. Reagan nominated Southern paleo leader [[Mel Bradford]]. He was dropped after neocons argued that his hatred of [[Abraham Lincoln]] ill-suited a Republican nominee.
 
The paleoconservatives argue that neoconservatives are illegitimate interlopers in the conservative movement. Some paleos say they are purists who were bullied and smeared by a corrupt ideology tied to social democracy and globalism. Some critics claim that such criticism is actually antagonism toward Jews in general<ref>["http://www.theconservativevoice.com/article/17412.html"] The American Conservative, by Nicholas Stix</ref><ref>["http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=12650" Buchanan's White Whale,
By Lawrence Auster]</ref>-- even though neoconservatism is neither an all-Jewish movement<ref>See, for example, Fred Barnes, Michael Novak, William Bennett, Paul Johnson, et al.</ref> nor claims to represent all Jews<ref>For example, [[Tikkun]] is a Jewish magazine openly hostile to the neocons, albeit from the Left</ref>. They also say that by stridently condemming the neocons, they are falling into the hands of the West's enemies, especially millitant Islam<ref>See the articles by Auster and Stix, above.</ref>.
 
The origins of the schism between paleo and neocon can be traced back decades. Starting in the 1960s, the new [[neoconservative]] movement articulated a vision much different from the [[Old Right]]. While neoconservatives were not opposed to the [[New Deal]], they thought LBJ's [[Great Society]] and the [[New Left]] went too far. Neoconservatives embraced an interventionist foreign policy, particularly in the Middle East. They espoused especially strong support for Israel and still believe the United States should help ensure the security of the Jewish state. What made this movement so potent was the number of influential neoconservative intellectuals who attained positions of power in the government and media, in sharp contrast to the marginal status of the paleos. (see the [[neoconservatism]] article for fuller discussion).
 
Paleo historian [[Thomas Woods]] elaborates on the divergence in the conservative movement, and the ascent of the neoconservatives, and their distinguishing features from more traditional conservatives:
 
<blockquote>The conservative’s traditional sympathy for the American South and its people and heritage, evident in the works of such great American conservatives as [[Richard M. Weaver]] and [[Russell Kirk]], began to disappear... [T]he neocons are heavily influenced by [[Woodrow Wilson]], with perhaps a hint of [[Theodore Roosevelt]]...They believe in an aggressive U.S. presence practically everywhere, and in the spread of [[democracy]] around the world, by force if necessary....Neoconservatives tend to want more efficient government agencies; paleoconservatives want fewer government agencies. [Neoconservatives] generally admire President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] and his heavily interventionist [[New Deal]] policies. Neoconservatives have not exactly been known for their budget consciousness, and you won’t hear them talking about making any serious inroads into the federal apparatus.<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/woods/woods20.html The Split on the Right] Thomas E. Woods, Jr. interviewed by Die Tagespost, April 17, 2003</ref></blockquote>
 
==Paleoconservatism and civil society==
 
Paleoconservatives esteem the principles of [[subsidiarity]] and [[localism]] in recognizing that one must surely be an Ohioan, Texan or Virginian as they are an American. They usually embrace [[federalism]] within a broader framework of [[nationalism]] and are typically staunch supporters of [[states' rights]]. They tend to be critical of overreaching federal power usurping state and local authority. For example, they did not support the Religious Right's efforts to federalize the [[Terri Schiavo]] case in 2005.<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/2005/03/23/Never_Say_Die Never Say Die] by [[Thomas Fleming]], [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture'']]</ref> On the other hand, they joined with other conservatives in denouncing ''[[Kelo v. City of New London]]'', even though the Supreme Court came down on the side of local decision-making.<ref>[http://chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/2005/September2005/Rockford.html Master of Your Domain] by [[Scott P. Richert]], executive editor of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture'']]</ref>
 
Many paleoconservatives are sympathetic to the critiques of economist [[Wilhelm Roepke]] and sociologist Robert Nisbet. Roepke was critical of political and economic centralisation, and "the cult of the colossal." Roepke recognized the interplay between the political and economic order, and held that a decentralized political federal polity was conducive to the ideal economic order most compatible with the human condition. Nisbet posited that the preoccupation with community was a result of the displacement of the intermediary institutions between the individual and the state whether the family, neighborhood, guild, church, or voluntary and civic associations. The ''corps intermédiaries''—that is the intermediary institutions between the individual and the state—served as the only effective restraint against the centripetal forces of centralized political and economic power. The displacement of these institutions so vital to civil society and the accompanying obsession with community was precipitated by the activities and structure of the modern state.
 
Nisbet held that the centralised state has dissolved the natural bonds and allegiances of civil society. In totalitarian movements in Europe, there was actually a conscious effort by the state to dissolve those allegiances. Much of the later twentieth century social pathologies, dependency, poverty, and rampant crime perhaps owe to authentic community being ground in the millstone of central state authority. As a result, paleoconservatives hope to restore authentic community by devolving power and authority back to the ''corp intermediaries'' while curtailing state power.
 
==Paleoconservatives, Political Correctness and the "Politics of Guilt"==
The ideas of [[culture war]], [[political correctness]] and [[cultural marxism]] have played a large role in paleoconservatism.<ref>[http://www.buchanan.org/pa-92-0914.html The Cultural War for the Soul of America], by Patrick J. Buchanan, September 14, 1992</ref> For example, [[Patrick Buchanan]] delivered a controversial [[keynote address]] at the [[1992]] [[Republican National Convention]], which has since been dubbed the [[culture war speech]], largely due to one sentence. He said,
 
<blockquote>There is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America. It is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the Cold War itself. <ref>[http://www.buchanan.org/pa-92-0817-rnc.html 1992 Republican National Convention Speech], by Patrick J. Buchanan, August 17, 1992</ref></blockquote>
 
Paleoconservatives see “[[political correctness]]”, or ''PC'' as a form of [[censorship]] and [[social control]], used to shield certain left-wing ideas, especially feminism and multiculturalism, from public criticism. In this way, they believe that many mass media and academia elites enforce these dogmas as representatives of a [[New Class]], which is isolated from (and fearful of) Middle America.<ref>[http://theoccidentalquarterly.com/vol3no2/sf-gottfrieda.html Power Trip</ref> Further, they say left-wing policies are a "politics of guilt"<ref>[http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring2004/gottfrie.htm Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt] </ref> that gives such people legitimacy, prestige and a sense of moral superiority.<ref>[http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details&id=2002&pubType=DailyArticles Countering the Politics of Guilt] by Paul Gottfried </ref> Paleos also argue that neoconservatives also benefit from PC, which they claim to oppose, because they share most of the Left's core values.<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm WHAT IS PALEOCONSERVATISM?] Chronicles Magazine Roundtable</ref>
 
Paleocon [[William S. Lind]] calls PC a form of [[cultural Marxism]], descended from the [[Frankfurt School]]’s [[Critical Theory]]:
 
<blockquote>If we look at it analytically, if we look at it historically, we quickly find out exactly what it is. Political Correctness is cultural Marxism. It is Marxism translated from economic into cultural terms. It is an effort that goes back not to the 1960s and the hippies and the peace movement, but back to World War I. If we compare the basic tenets of Political Correctness with classical Marxism the parallels are very obvious.<ref>[http://www.academia.org/lectures/lind1.htmlThe Origins of Political Correctness
An Accuracy in Academia Address] by Bill Lind</ref></blockquote>
 
In response, Paleoconservatives often urge people to push against "the limits of permissible dissent," on such topics as [[immigration]] and [[race relations]]. In some cases, this has led to accusations of [[racism]] and strife among the paleoconservatives themselves.<ref>[http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm The End of Paleoconservatism], By James Lubinskas, originally on FrontPageMagazine.com, November 30, 2000, hosted on National Investor</ref> For example some paleoconservatives have attacked the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and called for the repeal of all anti-discrimination laws.<ref>[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm WHAT IS PALEOCONSERVATISM?] Chronicles Magazine Roundtable</ref>
 
[[Pat Buchanan]] has also expressed concern at the declining numbers of whites in America, arguing that few nations have ever held together without an ethnic majority. The regimes which did succeed were widely despised authoritarian states, such as the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. Thus, there is no reason to believe the United States will be any exception<ref>[http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4125 Pat Buchanan Warns of The Death of the West], by J.P. Zmirak</ref>. Buchanan covered this topic in detail is his book [[The Death of the West]].
 
The [[Occidental Quarterly|Charles Martel Society]] goes further, calling for a "third school" to emerge from paleoconservatism in the form of an [[ideology]] of [[European]] [[identity politics]]. Some paleoconservatives, such as [[Samuel Francis]] and [[Virginia Abernethy]] and groups such as the [[Council of Conservative Citizens]], [[American Renaissance (magazine)|American Renaissance]] and the journal ''[[Occidental Quarterly|''The Occidental Quarterly'']]'', embrace this idea. Yet others, such as [[Thomas Fleming (author)|Thomas Fleming]], reject ''racialpolitik''.<ref>[http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm The End of Paleoconservatism], By James Lubinskas, originally on FrontPageMagazine.com, November 30, 2000, hosted on National Investor</ref>
 
==Trade and Economic Nationalism==
No issue divides paleos more than trade policy. Many paleoconservatives hold conceptions of trade policy that many call [[protectionist]]--in particular, applying revenue tariffs to foreign-made products. [[Pat Buchanan]] and [[William R. Hawkins]], of U.S. Business and Industry Council Education Foundation, are expositors of ''economic nationalism''.
 
Economic nationalists say America's industrial base is eroding and warn of peril posed by uncontrolled [[free trade]] and [[globalization]]. [[Outsourcing]] and the underground economy of undocumented labor are special concerns. They also lament large [[trade deficits]] between the United States and its trading partners, notably [[China]]. Philosophically, they believe domestic products deserve tax breaks over imported goods. They also encourage a return to the days when [[tariffs]] served most of America's revenue needs.
 
Nevertheless, many paleos, especially [[paleolibertarians]], favor [[laissez-faire]] and [[free trade]]. They may even concede America has some economic ills, but they do not scapegoat foreign competition, as they recognize the value of free trade, economies of scale, comparative advantage, and specialization of labor. Many among them place culpability for America's economic ills on bad fiscal, tax and monetary policy, as well as over-regulation by the government, and accept the ''Austrian Theory of Trade Cycle''. Nonetheless, its adherents concurrently reject the edifices of [[globalization]] such as the [[WTO]], [[GATT]], [[NAFTA]], [[CAFTA]], and [[FTAA]]. [[Lew Rockwell]] summarizes this position:
 
<blockquote>NAFTA is imperialist. It preaches to other countries about what kinds of laws and regulations they should have-the social democratic mixed economy that is impoverishing us. NAFTA is, of course, not the free trade of Jefferson, Randolph, Taylor and Calhoun. It is trade for the few and not the many, for the particular interests and not the general interests.<ref>[http://www.mises.org/etexts/sol.pdf Speaking of Liberty], by Lew Rockwell</ref></blockquote>
 
Thus, both groups of paleos complain that [[globalism]], [[globalization]] and [[international finance]] erode [[national sovereignty]] and generally oppose so-called free trade treaties.
 
==Paleoconservative Foreign Policy: America First==
 
In relations with other nations, paleoconservatives are more willing to question the logic of [[globalization]], they are more critical of [[immigration]] policy and the lack of enforcement against undocumented immigrants and they characteristically embrace an [[isolationist]] foreign policy.
 
A central pillar of paleoconservatism is a foreign policy based upon [[non-interventionism]] or [[isolationism]]. American isolationists have opposed political and military commitments, or alliances with, foreign powers (or for that matter international bodies,) particularly those in Europe. They find support in the wisdom of the founding fathers and a subsequent generation of antebellum statesmen. [[George Washington]] had declared, "It is our true policy to steer clear of entangling alliances with any portion of the foreign world." [[John Quincy Adams]] avowed, "America does not go abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own."
 
In the 1930s, paleo predecessors joined with the isolationist left, including [[Charles Beard]], to oppose U.S. entry into any European war. Similarly, they saw no interest worth protecting in Asia. In the eyes of isolationists of the 1930s, for the United States to commit itself to the Dutch East Indies and Singapore, it served as a back door to war, and it antagonized the Japanese. Paleoconservatives often esteem the [[America First]] principles of 1940 as being commensurate with those of the founding fathers as embodied in the Neutrality Act of 1794.
 
During the Cold War a few paleoconservatives supported overseas commitments as necessary to the defense of the United States against [[communist]] aggression. Though Senator Taft and most paleos opposed [[NATO]] almost from the impetus, and this was a central issue in the contest between [[Robert Taft]] and [[Dwight Eisenhower]] for the 1952 Republican nomination. But Taft lost; his death early in 1953 deprived the Old Right of its most articulate leader.
 
The deaths in 1951 of publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]] -- and in 1955 of ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' publisher [[Robert R. McCormick]] -- cost the movement its most critical media outlets. The new conservatism of [[National Review]] treated isolationism as an foolish anachronism. The anti-interventionist position was not widely heard outside of libertarian circles (and the writings of leftist [[Gore Vidal]]) until the 1990s.
 
In his 1995 book ''Isolationism Reconfigured,'' Eric Nordlinger, a Brown University scholar, observed, "[t]here is virtually no disagreement about isolationism having served the country exceptionally well throughout the nineteenth century" and he further surmises "the strategic vision of historical and contemporary isolationism is one of quiet strength and national autonomy." In the eyes of paleos, foreign interventionism is demonstrably counter-productive, and "[t]he United States is strategically immune in being insulated, invulnerable, impermeable, and impervious and thus has few security reasons to become engaged politically and militarily."
 
Thus, while many paleos may echo old republican concerns about large standing armies, most conceptualize a foreign policy based on strategic independence, armed neutrality, and non-interventionism. Paleos are not dogmatic with one another about the practical points of foreign policy, however.<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/gottfried/gottfried39.html Neocons vs. the Old Right] by Paul Gottfried</ref>
 
==Paleoconservatism and Immigration Reform==
Where immigration allows foreigners into a nation, it then becomes a domestic policy concern. Cultural cohesiveness and some degree of cultural homogeneity are important factors for paleoconservatives. Though some celebrate differences and vibrant regional cultures in the United States, most are opposed to multiculturalism and runaway Third World immigration. They see non-European immigration as being averse to their interests because it threatens to displace the historic European cultural homogenity of the United States. Thus, many then tend to reject the aphorism ''[[E Pluribus Unum]]'' since it has been co-opted into a mantra for diversity and [[multiculturalism]]. These paleoconservatives look back to a different tradition, such as the one suggested by [[John Jay]] in ''Federalist'' #2, that emphasizes cultural homogeneity:
<blockquote>Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people — a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs... This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.</blockquote>
Likewise, in modern times, the prophetic 1949 warning of British observer T.S. Eliot has elicited the attention of paleoconservatives:
<blockquote>The real revolution in that country was not what is called the Revolution, but is a consequence of the Civil War; after which arose a plutocratic elite; after which the expansion and material development of the country was accelerated; after which was swollen that stream of mixed immigration, bringing (or rather multiplying) the danger of development into a ''caste system'' which has not yet been quite dispelled. For the sociologist, the evidence from America is not yet ripe.</blockquote>
In [[1965]] [[Ernest van den Haag]] wrote in the [[National Review]]:
<blockquote>The wish to preserve one's identity and the identity of one's nation requires no justification—and no belief in superiority—any more than the wish to have one's own children, and to continue one's family through them need be justified or rationalized by a belief that they are superior to the children of others, or more fit, or better in business. One identifies with one's family, because it is one's family—not because they are better people than others. For no other reason one identifies with one's national group more than with others. Else there would be no nations.<ref>Quoted in [http://www.vdare.com/pb/haag_memoriam.htm In Memoriam: Ernest van den Haag] by Peter Brimelow</ref></blockquote>
Conservative commentator Pat Buchanan's recent book ''The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization'', the late Samuel Francis' anthology of essays entitled ''Revolution from the Middle'' and Chilton Williamson's book ''The Immigration Mystique'' are contemporary paleoconservative expressions of immigration and cultural stances. Paleoconservatives perceive Balkanization, social and ethnic strife will be the end result of runaway immigration, and the attendant failure to cope with illegal immigrants, and the myth of America being ''the universal nation.''
 
Some are less apt to emphasize cultural homogeneity, and place weight on the value of diversity and regional subcultures with a nation. They might acquiesce with this sentiment by [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]], a monarchist and reactionary traditionalist, who declares: <blockquote>Patriotism, not nationalism, should inspire the citizen. The ethnic nationalist who wants a linguistically and culturally uniform nation is akin to the racist who is intolerant toward those who look (and behave) differently. The patriot is a "diversitarian"; he is pleased, indeed proud of the variety within the borders of his country; he looks for loyalty from all citizens. And he looks up and down, not left and right.[http://www.andrewrogers.net/admire/K-L_quotes.html]</blockquote> Still, other American paleos may emphasize appreciation for a vibrant regionalism and the varied subcultures while recognizing the need for some degree of European-American cultural homogenity.
 
==Further reading==
===Books===
:* Bradford, M.E., ''Remembering Who We Are: Observations of a Southern Conservative'', 1985. ISBN 0-8203-0766-1
:* Buchanan, Patrick J., ''The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization'', 2001. ISBN 0-312-28548-5
:* Buchanan, Patrick J., ''A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America's Destiny'', 1999. ISBN 0-89526-272-X
:* Buchanan, Patrick J., ''State of Emergency: How Illegal Immigration Is Destroying America'', 2006. ISBN 0-312-36003-7
:* Buchanan, Patrick J. ''Where the Right Went Wrong: How Neoconservatives Subverted the Reagan Revolution and Hijacked the Bush Presidency'', 2004. ISBN 0-312-34115-6
:* Crunden, Robert, ed., ''The Superfluous Men: Critics of American Culture, 1900-1945'', 1999. ISBN 1-882926-30-7.
:* Fleming, Thomas., ''The Politics of Human Nature'', 1988. ISBN 1-56000-693-5
:* Francis, Samuel T., ''Beautiful Losers: Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism'', 1993. ISBN 0-8262-0976-9
:* Gottfried, Paul, ''Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy, 2003. ISBN 0-8262-1520-3
:* Gottfried, Paul, ''The Conservative Movement'', 1993. ISBN 0-8057-9749-1
:* Kirk, Russell, ''America's British Culture'', 1993. ISBN 1-56000-066-X
:* Kirk, Russell, ''The Conservative Mind'', 7th Ed., 2001. ISBN 0-89526-171-5
:* Kirk, Russell. ''The Politics of Prudence'', 1993. ISBN 1-882926-01-3
:* Kopff, E. Christian, ''The Devil Knows Latin: Why America Needs the Classical Tradition'', 2000. ISBN 1-882926-57-9
:* Raimondo, Justin. ''Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement'', 1993. ISBN 1-883959-00-4.
:* Ryn, Claes, ''America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire'', 2003. ISBN 0-7658-0219-8
:* Scotchie, Joseph, ed., ''The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right'', 1999. ISBN 1-56000-427-4.
:* Williamson, Chilton, ''The Immigration Mystique: America's False Conscience,'' 1996. ISBN 0-465-03286-9
:* Woods, Thomas E. Jr., ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History '', 2004. ISBN 0-89526-047-6
 
===Articles===
:*[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/January2001/0101RoundTable.htm What Is Paleoconservatism?] by [[Chronicles (magazine)|Chronicles Magazine]]'s editors.
:*[http://www.amconmag.com/03_24_03/cover.html "Whose War?"], by [[Patrick J. Buchanan]], ''[[American Conservative]]'',[[March 24]] [[2003]].
:*[http://www.nationalreview.com/frum/frum031903.asp "Unpatriotic Conservatives"], by [[David Frum]], ''[[National Review]]'' [[April 7]] [[2003]].
:*[http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm "The End of Paleoconservatism"] by [[James Lubinskas]], ''[[FrontPageMagazine]]'', [[November 30]], [[2000]]
:*[http://www.wildwestcycle.com/f_pensees.htm "Pensees: Notes for the reactionary of tomorrow"] by [[Joseph Sobran]], ''[[National Review]]'', [[December 31]] [[1985]].
 
== Prominent paleoconservatives ==
*[[Virginia Abernethy]]
*[[Mel Bradford]]
*[[Peter Brimelow]]
*[[Bay Buchanan]]
*[[Pat Buchanan]]
*[[James Burnham]]
*[[Tucker Carlson]]{{fact}}
*[[T. Kenneth Cribb Jr.]]
*[[Lou Dobbs]]
*[[Rowland Evans]]
*[[Thomas Fleming (author)]]
*[[John T. Flynn]]
*[[Samuel Francis]]
*[[Paul Gottfried]]
*[[Kevin Michael Grace]]
*[[Michael Hill]]
*[[Russell Kirk]]
*[[William S. Lind]]
*[[Donald Livingston]]
*[[John Lukacs]]
*[[Scott McConnell]]
*[[Thomas Molnar]]
*[[Robert Novak]]
*[[Jerry Pournelle]]
*[[Charley Reese]]
*[[William Regnery II]]
*[[Scott P. Richert]]
*[[Paul Craig Roberts]]
*[[Claes Ryn]]
*[[Steve Sailer]]
*[[Joe Sobran]]
*[[Srdja Trifkovic]]
*[[Chilton Williamson]]
*[[Clyde Wilson]]
*[[Aaron D. Wolf]]
*[[John Zmirak]]
 
==Paleoconservative organizations==
*[[League of the South]]
*[[Abbeville Institute]]
*[[Breaking All the Rules (BATR) News]]
*[[Occidental Quarterly|Charles Martel Society]]
*[[Council of Conservative Citizens]]
*[[Free Congress Foundation]]
*[[John Randolph Club]]
*[[Rockford Institute]]
*[[Intercollegiate Studies Institute]]
*[[National Policy Institute]]
*[[American Renaissance (magazine)|New Century Foundation]]
*[[VDARE]]
*[[John Birch Society]]
*[[The St. Thomas More Society]]
*[[Mark Dankof's America]]
*[[The Bob Taft Club]]
 
== External links ==
*[http://www.amren.com/ American Renaissance]
*[http://www.theamericancause.org/ The American Cause]
*[http://www.amconmag.com/ The American Conservative]
*[http://www.batr.net/batrnews/ Breaking All the Rules (BATR)]
*[http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/ Chronicles Magazine]
*[http://www.cofcc.org/ Council of Conservative Citizens]
*[http://www.isi.org/ Intercollegiate Studies Institute]
*[http://www.MarkDankof.com/ Mark Dankof's America]
*[http://www.oldright.com/index.php/ Old Right Topic News]
*[http://www.isi.org/journals/university_bookman.html The University Bookman]
*[http://www.smashleftwingscum.com// Paleoconservative Youth Movement], a weblog.
*[http://theoccidentalquarterly.com/ The Occidental Quarterly]
*[http://www.originaldissent.com/ Original Dissent]
*[http://www.right-now.org/ Right Now!]
*[http://www.salisbury-review.co.uk/ Salisbury Review]
*[http://www.virtuemag.org/ Virtue Magazine]
*[http://www.vdare.com/ VDARE]
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
[[Category:American nationalism]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in the United States]]
[[Category:Criticism of neoconservatism]]
[[Category:Criticism of multiculturalism]]
[[Category:Non-interventionism]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatism| ]]
[[Category:Reactionary]]
 
[[Category:Right-wing populism in the United States]]
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