Yonah (microprocessor): Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Code name of Intel's first generation 65 nm process CPU cores}}

:''This article is about Intel processors branded as "Intel Core", such as the 65 nanometre processor codenamed '''Yonah''' and its variants. For the "Intel Core Microarchitecture" used in newer Intel microprocessors, see [[Intel Core Microarchitecture]]. For Intel processors branded as "Intel Core 2", see [[Intel Core 2]].''

{{Technical|date=September 2010}}

{| align="right"

{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}

|-

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}

|[[Image:Intel Core Duo.png|float|96px|Intel Core Duo Logo]] [[Image:Intel Core Solo.png|float|96px|Intel Core Solo Logo]]

{{Infobox CPU

|}

| name = Yonah

'''Intel Core''' is the name used for the processor codenamed '''Yonah''' ([[Hebrew languages|Hebrew]] transliteration for [[Jonah]] - יונה), released on [[January 5]] [[2006]]. It replaced the [[Pentium M]] brand used for earlier mobile processors with the same microarchitecture. It was part of a major [[rebranding]] effort by [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] starting January 2006; the next generation of desktop and mobile processors after the Intel Core processor is the [[Intel Core 2]], replacing the [[Pentium]] brand.

| image =Core duo u2500 sl9jq.png

| image_size =

| caption =Core Duo U2500 in BGA packaging

| produced-start = 2006

| produced-end = 2008

| slowest = 1.06

| fastest = 2.33

| slow-unit = GHz

| fast-unit = GHz

| fsb-slowest = 533

| fsb-fastest = 667

| fsb-slow-unit = MT/s

| fsb-fast-unit = MT/s

| size-from = [[65 nm]]

| size-to =

| soldby = [[Intel]]

| designfirm = Intel

| manuf1 = Intel

| core1 =

| sock1 = [[Socket M]]

| pack1 =

| code = {{Unbulleted list|80538 (single-core)|80539 (dual-core)}}

| cpuid = 06Ex

| brand1 = Mobile Celeron 4xx

| brand2 = Mobile Pentium Dual-Core T2xxx

| brand3 = Core Duo T2xxx

| brand4 = Core Duo L2xxx

| brand5 = Core Duo U2xxx

| brand6 = Core Solo T1xxx

| brand7 = Core Solo U1xxx

| arch = [[x86-16]], [[IA-32]]

| microarch = [[P6 (microarchitecture)|P6]]

| numcores = 1–2

| l1cache = 32 KB instruction, 32 KB data per core

| l2cache = 2 MB, shared

| l3cache = <!-- none -->

| application = Mobile

| predecessor = [[Pentium M|Dothan]]

| successor = [[Merom (microprocessor)|Merom]]

| extensions = [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]], [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]], [[SSE2]], [[SSE3]], [[EIST]], [[XD bit]]

| support status = Unsupported

|pack2=FC-BGA 479|brand8=Mobile Xeon LV/ULV}}

'''Yonah''' is the code name of [[Intel]]'s first generation [[65 nm process]] CPU cores, based on cores of the earlier [[Pentium M|Banias (130 nm) / Dothan (90 nm)]] [[Pentium M (microarchitecture)|Pentium M microarchitecture]]. Yonah CPU cores were used within Intel's [[Core Solo]] and [[Core Duo]] mobile microprocessor products. [[SIMD]] performance on Yonah improved through the addition of [[SSE3]] instructions and improvements to [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]] and [[SSE2]] implementations; integer performance decreased slightly due to higher [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] cache. Additionally, Yonah included support for the [[NX bit]].

== Yonah ==

Yonah was the code name for [[Intel Corporation|Intel]]'s first generation of [[65 nanometer|65 nm]] process mobile microprocessors, based on the Banias/Dothan [[Pentium M]] microarchitecture, incorporating [[LaGrande Technology|LaGrande]] security technology. [[SIMD]] performance has been improved through the addition of [[SSE3]] instructions and improvements to [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]] and [[SSE2]] implementations, while integer performance decreased slightly due to higher latency cache. Additionally, Yonah includes support for the [[NX bit]].

== Models and brand names ==

Core Duo is the world's first low-power (less than 25&nbsp;watts) [[Dual Core]] microprocessor, with the previous low being the [[Opteron]] 260 and 860 HE at 55&nbsp;watts. Core Duo was released on 5 January 2006, with the other components of the [[Centrino#Napa platform|Napa platform]]. It is the [[Apple Intel transition|first Intel processor]] to be used in [[Apple Macintosh]] products (although the Apple Developer Transition Kit machines, non-production units distributed to some developers, used [[Pentium 4]] processors).{{fact}}

The [[Intel Core]] Duo brand referred to a low-power (less than 25&nbsp;watts) [[dual-core]] microprocessor, which offered lower power operation than the competing [[AMD]] [[Opteron]] 260 and 860 HE at 55&nbsp;watts. Core Duo was released on January 5, 2006, with the other components of the [[Centrino#Napa platform|Napa platform]]. It was the [[Mac transition to Intel processors|first Intel processor]] to be used in [[Apple Macintosh]] products (although the Apple Developer Transition Kit machines, non-production units distributed to some developers, used [[Pentium 4]] processors).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=1146 | title=Inside Apple's Intel-based Dev Transition Kit (Photos) | first=Katie | last=Marsal | work=[[Apple rumors community|AppleInsider]] | date=June 23, 2005 | access-date=June 13, 2007 | archive-date=March 4, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304201856/http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=1146 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Contrary to early reports, the Intel Core Duo supports Intel's [[Vanderpool]] virtualization technology, except in the T2300E model and proprietary T2150 & T2250 mounted by OEMs, as indicated by [http://www.intel.com/performance/resources/briefs/mobiletechnology.pdf the Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology Performance Brief] and [http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number/proc_info_table.pdf Intel's Processor Number Feature Table]. However, it seems some vendors have chosen to disable this feature by default, making it available through a BIOS option.

There were two variants and one derivative of the Yonah, which did not bear the "Intel Core" brand name:

[[EM64T]] (Intel x86-64 extensions) is not supported by Yonah. However, EM64T support is planned for Yonah's successor, [[Intel Core 2|Core 2]], code-named Merom.

* A dual-core (server) derivative, code-named [[Xeon#Sossaman|Sossaman]], was released on March 14, 2006, as the [[Xeon]] (branded) LV (low-voltage). The Sossaman differed from the Yonah only in its support for dual-socket configurations (two CPUs providing a total of four cores per motherboard, like [[AMD Quad FX]]), and implementation of 36-bit memory addressing ([[Physical Address Extension|PAE]] mode).

'''Intel Core Duo''' consists of two cores on one die, a 2&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- If you are considering changing "MiB" to "MB", please discuss on Talk page first. Thanks, Duckbill --> L2 cache shared by both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls both L2 cache and FSB access. Upcoming steppings of Core Duo processors will also include the ability to disable one core to conserve power.

* A single-core variant, code-named Yonah-1024, was released as the [[Celeron]] (branded) M 400 series CPUs. It was largely identical to the Core Solo branded Yonah, except that it only had half the L2 cache and did not support [[SpeedStep]] and Intel VT-x.

* Another dual-core variant of Yonah was branded as [[Pentium Dual-Core]] T2060, T2080, and T2130 mobile CPUs with Intel VT-x support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Intel® Virtualization Technology List |url=http://ark.intel.com/VTList.aspx#41878 |publisher=Intel corp}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

'''Intel Core Solo''' uses the same two-core die as the Core Duo, but features only one ''active'' core. (There is still high demand for single-core mobile processors, and it is easier for Intel to disable one of the cores of the existing dual-core design than to launch a new production line of CPUs that physically only have one core. Additionally, this allows Intel to sell CPUs that didn't pass quality control because one of the cores was defective, by disabling it). Intel previously used the same strategy with the [[486]] CPU in which early [[486SX]] CPUs were in fact manufactured as [[486DX]] CPUs but the [[FPU]] failed quality control and the connection was physically severed.

! Brand (main article) !! Model (list) !! Cores !! L2 cache !! [[Thermal design power|TDP]]

|-

| rowspan=3|'''[[Core Duo]]'''

| [[List of Intel Core microprocessors#"Yonah"|T2xxx]] || rowspan=3|2 || rowspan=3|2 MB || 31 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Core microprocessors#"Yonah" (low-voltage, 65 nm)|L2xxx]] || 15 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Core microprocessors#"Yonah" (ultra-low-voltage, 65 nm)|U2xxx]] || 9 W

|-

| rowspan=2|'''[[Core Solo]]'''

| [[List of Intel Core microprocessors#"Yonah"|T1xxx]] || rowspan=2|1 || rowspan=2|2 MB || 27-31 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Core microprocessors#"Yonah" (ultra-low-voltage, 65 nm)|U1xxx]] || 5.5-6 W

|-

| '''[[Pentium Dual-Core]]'''

| [[List of Intel Pentium microprocessors#"Yonah" (65 nm)|T2xxx]] || 2 || 1 MB || 31 W

|-

| rowspan=3|'''[[Celeron]]'''

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Yonah-512" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M 215]] || rowspan=3|1 || 512 KB || 27 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Yonah-1024" (standard-voltage, 65 nm)|M 4x0]] || rowspan=2|1 MB || 27 W

|-

| [[List of Intel Celeron microprocessors#"Yonah-1024" (ultra-low-voltage, 65 nm)|M 4x3]] || 5.5 W

|}

=== Technical specifications ===

Core Duo contains 151 million [[transistor]]s, including the shared 2&nbsp;[[MiBmebibyte|MB]]<!-- If you are considering changing "MiB" to "MB", please discuss on Talk page first. Thanks, Duckbill --> [[L2 cache]]. Yonah's execution core contains a 12 -stage [[Pipeline (computercomputing)|pipeline]], forecastedforecast to eventually be able to clockrun toat a maximum frequency of 2.33&ndash;2.50&nbsp;GHz of maximum frequency. The communication between the L2 cache and both execution cores is handled by ana arbitration[[bus (computing)#Second generation|bus unit controller]] through arbitration, which eliminatesreduces cache coherency traffic over the [[front side bus|FSB]], at the expense of raising the core-to-L2 latency from 10 clock cycles (in the Dothan Pentium M) to 14 clock cycles. The increase in clock frequency offsets the impact of the increased clock cycle latency. The power management components of the core features improved grained thermal control, as well as independent scaling of power between the two cores, resulting in very efficient management of power.

Core processors communicate with the system chipset over a 667&nbsp;MT/s [[front side bus]] (FSB), up from 533&nbsp;MT/s used by the fastest Pentium M.

T2050 & T2250 have also appeared in OEM systems as a low-cost option with a lower 533&nbsp;MT/s FSB and no [[Intel VT-x]].

Yonah is supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 945GT965GT [[List of Intel chipsets#Core/Core 2 mobile chipsets|system chipsets]]. Core Duo and Core Solo use an[[Socket FCPGA6 (478-pin) pinoutM]], but due to pin arrangement and new chipset functions, are not compatible with any previous [[Pentium M]] motherboard.

Contrary to early reports, the Intel Core Duo supports [[Intel VT-x]] [[x86 virtualization]], except in the T2300E model and proprietary T2050/T2150/T2250 mounted by OEMs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2006 |title=Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology Performance Brief |url=http://www.intel.com/performance/resources/briefs/mobiletechnology.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209060415/http://www.intel.com/performance/resources/briefs/mobiletechnology.pdf |archive-date=February 9, 2006 |access-date=February 3, 2006 |website=www.intel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2007 |title=Processor Number Feature Table |url=http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number/proc_info_table.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312201126/http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number/proc_info_table.pdf |archive-date=March 12, 2007 |access-date=June 26, 2006 |website=www.intel.com}}</ref> The Intel Pentium Dual-Core processors do not have this feature,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark.html |title=Intel product specifications |url-status=dead |website=www.intel.com |access-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-date=November 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121025502/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark.html }}</ref> except for the T2060, T2080, and T2130 mobile CPUs. However some vendors (including HP) chose to disable this feature,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://hardware.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/01/16/2222224 | title=HP Disables VT On Some Intel Laptops | work=[[Slashdot]] | date=January 16, 2007 | access-date=June 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://forums1.itrc.hp.com/service/forums/bizsupport/questionanswer.do?threadId=1051601 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113221714/http://forums11.itrc.hp.com/service/forums/bizsupport/questionanswer.do?threadId=1051601&admit=109447626+1231885083873+28353475 | title=nw8440 - VT disabled in bios | first=Jana | last=Persson | publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] | date=August 15, 2006 | access-date=June 13, 2007 | archive-date=January 13, 2009}}</ref> with others making it available through a BIOS option.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/FAQ#.22KVM:_disabled_by_BIOS.22_error|title=FAQ - KVM|website=www.linux-kvm.org}}</ref>

The T2300E was later introduced as a replacement for the T2300. It has dropped support for [[Virtualization Technology]]. Early Intel specifications mistakenly claimed a halving of the [[Thermal Design Power]].

The T2300E was later introduced as a replacement for the T2300, dropping support for [[Intel VT-x]]. Early Intel specifications mistakenly claimed a halving of the [[Thermal Design Power]].

New T2150 & T2250 have also appeared in OEM systems as a low-cost option with a lower 533Mhz FSB and no [[Virtualization Technology]]. No official data on these processors is yet available from Intel.

Intel 64 (Intel's [[x86-64]] implementation) is not supported by Yonah. However, Intel 64 support is integrated in Yonah's successor, [[Intel Core 2|Core 2]], code-named [[Merom (microprocessor)|Merom]] for mobile and [[Conroe (microprocessor)|Conroe]] for desktop.

=== Advantages and shortcomings ===

In many categories of performance (which support both cores), Yonah represents an uncharacteristically large improvement over its immediate predecessor:

== Advantages and shortcomings ==

* two computational cores with no significant increase in power consumption

{{unreferenced section|date=February 2018}}

The Duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) includes two computational cores, providing performance per watt almost as good as any previous single core Intel processors. In battery-operated devices such as notebook computers, this translates to getting as much total work done per battery charge as with older computers, although the same total work may be done faster. When parallel computations and multiprocessing are able to utilize both cores, the Intel Core Duo delivers much higher peak speed compared to the single-core chips previously available for mobile devices. However, Core (Yonah) did not make any further improvements to single threaded processing performance over Dothan beyond before-mentioned SSE unit enhancements, and it was still only a 32-bit architecture, which proved to be particularly limiting for its server-oriented [[Xeon#Sossaman|Sossaman]] derivative as x86-64 operating systems and software became increasingly prevalent.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

According to Mobile Roadmaps from 2005, Intel's Yonah project originally focused more on reducing the power consumption of its P6-based Pentium M processor and aimed to reduce it by 50% for Intel Core (Yonah). Despite being less power efficient, Intel continued to market the NetBurst-based Mobile Pentium 4 processors for high performance applications until the Yonah project succeeded in extracting higher performance from its lower-power design. The Intel Core Duo's inclusion of two highly efficient cores on one chip can provide better performance than a Mobile Pentium 4 core, and with much better power-efficiency.

The shortcomings of Yonah are largely inherited from previous Pentium M architectures:

* high memory latency due to the lack of on-die memory controller (further aggravated by system-chipset's use of [[DDR-II]] RAM)

* poor [[Floating Point Unit]] (FPU) throughput due to the smaller number of FP units in each CPU core.

* no [[64-bit]] ([[EM64T]]) support

* same or even slightly worse "performance per watt" in single threaded applications compared to its predecessor.

On July 27, 2006, Intel's [[Core 2]] processors were released, which offered x86-64 compatibility and eventually displaced Yonah in production.

The Yonah platform requires all main-memory transactions to pass through the [[Northbridge (computing)|Northbridge]] of the chipset, increasing latency compared to the AMD's [[Turion 64|Turion]] platform. This is a weakness shared by the entire line of Pentium processors (desktop, server, and mobile.) However, application tests show that Yonah's L2-cache system is quite effective at hiding main-memory latency from the execution core, thus diminishing the impact of that latency on real-life performance.

Many feel that Yonah's lack of 64-bit support will be a significant limitation in the future. However, support for 64-bit operating systems is currently limited in the consumer retail market (the only available 64-bit operating systems are [[Mac OS X "Tiger"]], [[Windows XP 64-bit Edition]] and a few commercial Linux distributions), a situation unlikely to change until the releases of [[Mac OS X "Leopard"]] and [[Windows Vista]] in early 2007. Also, few laptops support more than 2 GB of RAM, negating the memory aspect of 64-bit support. Hence, many people believe that for its intended market (mobile and laptop PCs) the lack of EM64T seems inconsequential at the moment.

The [[Xeon#Dual-Core_Xeon_LV|Sossaman]] processor for servers, which is based on Yonah, also lacks EM64T-support. For the server market, this has more severe consequences, since all major server operating systems already support EM64T, and the upcoming [[Microsoft Exchange|Exchange]] 12 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

For these reasons, some consider Core to be a temporary stopgap measure, bridging the brief interregnum between the Pentium M series and the 64-bit [[Intel Core 2]] CPUs, which shipped in 2006.

According to Mobile Roadmaps from 2005, Intel originally seems to have focused more on the power consumption of its p6+ Pentium M and Core processors and aimed to reduce it by 50% with Yonah. Intel originally planned to continue offering desktop (NetBurst) derivations with reduced power consumption for mobile performence solutions and only use p6+ Pentium M/Core processors as medium-to-low performance, low power consumption parts.

The policy was apparently changed later on to trying to keep the power consumption more or less at the same level and increasing the performance by as much as possible.

This change in policy probably resulted from Intel's changed policy of abandoning NetBurst and replacing it with p6+ Pentium M/Core. This meant a shift in priority of the p6+ Pentium M/Core more towards high performance and less towards low power consumption.

==Sossaman==

{{main|Xeon}}

A derivative of Yonah, code-named Sossaman, was released on [[14 March]] 2006 as the Dual-Core [[Xeon]] LV. Sossaman is virtually identical to Yonah, except that Sossaman supports dual-socket configurations (for a total of 4 cores) and implements 36-bit memory addressing ([[Physical Address Extension|PAE]] mode).

==Successor==

{{main|Intel Core 2}}

The successor to Core is the mobile version of the [[Intel Core 2]] line of processors using cores based upon the [[Intel Core Microarchitecture]], released on [[July 27]], 2006. The release of the mobile version of [[Intel Core 2]] marks the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors will be released as both dual and single-core products for desktops and notebooks, unlike the first Intel Core CPUs that were targeted only for notebooks.

==See also==

* [[List of Intel Core microprocessors]]

*[[Merom (microprocessor)|Merom]]

*[[Centrino]]

*[[List of Intel Core microprocessors]]

*[[List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU type]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.intel.com/products/processor/coreduo/ Intel Core Duo Web page]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060206203721/http://www.intel.com/products/processor/coresolo/ Intel Core Solo Web page]

*[http://www.intel.com/support/processors/mobile/pm/sb/CS-007967.htm Processor comparison table]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070809234956/http://balusc.xs4all.nl/srv/har-cpu-int-c1.php Intel Core technical specifications]

*[http://www.techpowerup.com/cpudb/ techPowerUp! CPU Database]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060127010333/http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2648 Tested] against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M

*[http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2005/1122/kaigai225_04.pdf Some Core Duo Specs]

*[http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2006/volume10issue02/index.htm Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology papers]

*[http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2648 Tested] against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M

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{{Intel processors|p6}}

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