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Hikingboii (talk | contribs) Just realized that two hatnotes may be too much and unnecessary. This could also follow the Manual of Style. |
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{{Short description|Most populous city in California, United States}}
{{Redirect2|LA|City of Los Angeles|other uses|Los Angeles (disambiguation)|and|La (disambiguation){{!}}La|and|City of Los Angeles (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
<!--The article is about the city proper of Los Angeles. Please do not put information about the metropolitan area in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]]. Please do not put info about the county in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles County, California]]. -->
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|City]]
| name = Los Angeles
| native_name = {{small|{{native name|es|Los Ángeles}}}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles|Skyline]] of [[downtown Los Angeles]]
| image2 = Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg
| caption2 = [[Hollywood Sign]]
| image3 = Echo Park Lake.jpg
| caption3 = [[Echo Park]]
| image4 = Olvera st los angeles (cropped2).jpg
| caption4 = [[Olvera Street|Calle Olvera]]
| image5 = Los Angeles City Hall 2013 (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Los Angeles City Hall]]
| image6 = Griffith observatory 2006.jpg
| caption6 = [[Griffith Observatory]]
| image7 = Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 01 (cropped2).jpg
| caption7 = [[Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Venice Beach]]
}} <!-- DO NOT change without discussion -->
| image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg
| flag_size = 110px
| image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles.svg
| seal_size = 90px
| seal_link = Seal of Los Angeles
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Los Angeles.svg
| shield_size = 75px
| image_blank_emblem = Wordmark of Los Angeles, California.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Wordmark
| blank_emblem_size = 125px
| blank_emblem_alt = L.A. city seal next to LACITY.GOV
| blank_emblem_link = Seal of Los Angeles
| nicknames = L.A., City of Angels,<ref name=VOAnick /> [[The Entertainment Capital of the World]],<ref name=VOAnick>{{cite news|url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/nicknames-for-los-angeles/1644584.html|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles|work=[[Voice of America]]|first1=Shelley|last1=Gollust|date=April 18, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2014|archive-date=July 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706105931/http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/nicknames-for-los-angeles/1644584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> La-la-land, Tinseltown<ref name=VOAnick />
| image_map = {{maplink
| frame = yes
| plain = yes
| frame-align = center
| frame-width = 280
| frame-height = 280
| frame-coord = SWITCH:{{coord|34|03|N|118|15|W}}###{{coord|33|45|N|118|15|W}}###{{coord|qid=Q99}}###{{coord|39|49|41|N|101|0|0|W}}
| zoom = SWITCH:8;7;5;3
| type = SWITCH:shape;shape;point;point
| marker = city
| title = Los Angeles
| stroke-width = 3
| stroke-color = #0096FF
| fill = #0096FF
| id2 = SWITCH:Q65;Q104994;Q99;Q30
| type2 = shape-inverse
| stroke-width2 = 2
| stroke-color2 = #5f5f5f
| stroke-opacity2 = SWITCH:0;1;1;1
| fill2 = #000000
| fill-opacity2 = SWITCH:0;0.5;0.5;0.5
| switch = Los Angeles;Los Angeles County;California;the United States
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|34|03|N|118|15|W|region:US-CA_type:city(3800000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States<!-- Do not add a flag, see MOS:INFOBOXFLAG -->
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[California]]<!-- Do not add a flag, see MOS:INFOBOXFLAG -->
| subdivision_name2 = [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of California|Region]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|MSA]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Southern California]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles-Long Beach]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim]]
| established_title = [[Pueblo de Los Ángeles|Pueblo]]
| established_date = September 4, 1781<ref name="CaliforniaCounty1899">{{cite book|last=Barrows|first=H.D.|title=Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMg1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151|access-date=September 28, 2011|year=1899|page=151ff|chapter=Felepe de Neve|volume=4|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163845/https://books.google.com/books?id=JMg1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
| established_title1 = [[City status]]
| established_date1 = May 23, 1835<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/this-1835-decree-made-the-pueblo-of-los-angeles-a-ciudad-and-californias-capital| title = This 1835 Decree Made the Pueblo of Los Angeles a Ciudad – And California's Capital| publisher = [[KCET]]| access-date = January 27, 2018| date = April 2016| archive-date = January 28, 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074945/https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/this-1835-decree-made-the-pueblo-of-los-angeles-a-ciudad-and-californias-capital| url-status = live}}</ref>
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date2 = April 4, 1850<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091414/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 21, 2013 | title = California Cities by Incorporation Date | format = DOC | publisher = California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s | access-date = August 25, 2014}}</ref>
| named_for = [[Queen of Heaven|Our Lady, Queen of the Angels]]
<!-- Government ----------->| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor-council]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government | title = About the City Government | publisher = City of Los Angeles | access-date = February 8, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103544/http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government | archive-date = February 8, 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Los Angeles City Council]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Los Angeles|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Karen Bass]] ([[California Democratic Party|D]])
| leader_title1 = [[Los Angeles City Attorney|City Attorney]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hydee Feldstein Soto]] (D)
| total_type = Total
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021">{{cite web | title = 2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files | url = https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt | publisher = United States Census Bureau | access-date = September 7, 2021 | archive-date = September 7, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210907202441/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt | url-status = live}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 498.3
| area_total_km2 = 1290.6
| area_land_sq_mi = 469.1
| area_land_km2 = 1214.9
| area_water_sq_mi = 29.2
| area_water_km2 = 75.7
| elevation_m = 71
| elevation_ft = 233
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| elevation_max_m = 1547
| elevation_max_ft = 5075
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Lukens]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_max_footnotes =
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| population_total = 3898747
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="US Census Bureau 2020 Los Angeles, CA Population">{{cite web |title=US Census Bureau |url=https://data.census.gov/all?q=Los%20Angeles%20city,%20California |website=www.census.gov |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web | title = QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California | url = https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/dashboard/losangelescitycalifornia/LFE041219 | access-date = September 13, 2024 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref>
| population_est = 3,878,704
| pop_est_as_of = 2024
| population_rank = [[List of North American cities by population|3rd]] in North America<br />[[List of United States cities by population|2nd]] in the United States<br />[[List of largest cities in California by population|1st]] in California
| population_density_sq_mi = 8,205
| population_density_km2 = 3,168
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web | url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html | title = List of 2020 Census Urban Areas | website = census.gov | publisher = United States Census Bureau | access-date = January 8, 2023 | archive-date = January 14, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html | url-status = live}}</ref>
| population_urban = 12,237,376 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|2nd]])
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2023 |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2023 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=March 15, 2024 }}</ref>
| population_metro = 12,927,614 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|2nd]])
| population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]]
| population_blank1 = 18316743 (US: [[Combined statistical area|2nd]])
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="PopEstCBSA" />
| population_demonyms = Angeleno, Angelino, Angeleño<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/angelino-angeleno-and-angeleno | title = Angelino, Angeleno, and Angeleño | date = January 10, 2011 | website = KCET|access-date=November 4, 2022 | archive-date = February 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219122950/https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/angelino-angeleno-and-angeleno | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Angeleno | title = Definition of Angeleno | website = Merriam-Webster | date = May 16, 2023|access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date = April 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420032029/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Angeleno | url-status = live}}</ref>
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | title = Total Gross Domestic Product for Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA (MSA) | url = https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP31080 | website = Federal Reserve Economic Data | access-date = January 3, 2024 | archive-date = November 26, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191126024835/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP31080 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA (MSA)">{{Cite web | title = Total Gross Domestic Product for Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA (MSA) | url = https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP40140 | website = fred.stlouisfed.org | access-date = January 8, 2024 | archive-date = June 16, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190616224607/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP40140 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA (MSA)">{{Cite web |title= Total Gross Domestic Product for Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA (MSA) |url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP37100 |website= fred.stlouisfed.org |access-date= January 8, 2024 |archive-date= June 16, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190616224609/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP37100 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| demographics2_info1 = $1.295 trillion (2023)
| demographics2_title2 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]]
| demographics2_info2 = $1.618 trillion (2023)
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = {{collapsible list | framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | hlist = true|90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609<ref>[https://media.metro.net/about_us/pla/images/lazipcodes.pdf Zip Codes Within the City of Los Angeles] {{Webarchive | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170713071849/http://media.metro.net/about_us/pla/images/lazipcodes.pdf | date = July 13, 2017 }} – LAHD</ref> }}
| area_code = [[Area codes 213 and 323|213, 323]], [[Area codes 310 and 424|310, 424]], [[Area codes 818 and 747|818, 747]], [[Area code 626|626]]
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = {{FIPS|06|44000}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|1662328}}, {{GNIS 4|2410877}}
| website = {{URL|https://lacity.gov}}
| leader_title2 = [[Los Angeles City Controller|City Controller]]
| leader_name2 = [[Kenneth Mejia]] (D)
| timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]
| utc_offset = −08:00
| timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −07:00
}}
'''Los Angeles''',{{efn|{{Bulleted list|American English: {{IPAc-en|l|ɔː|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s|audio=En-us-los-angeles.ogg}} {{respell|lawss|_|AN|jəl|əss}}|{{Langx|es|link=no|{{wikt-lang|es|Los Ángeles}}}}, {{IPA|es|los ˈaŋxeles|lang|Pronunciation of Los Angeles in Spanish.ogg}}, {{lit|The Angels}}}}}} often referred to by its initials '''L.A.''', is the [[List of municipalities in California|most populous city]] in the U.S. state of [[California]], and the commercial, [[Financial District, Los Angeles|financial]], and [[Culture of Los Angeles|cultural]] center of [[Southern California]]. With an estimated 3.88 million residents within the city limits {{as of|2024|lc=y}},<ref name="QuickFacts"/> it is the [[List of United States cities by population|second-most populous city]] in the United States, behind [[New York City]]. Los Angeles has an [[Ethnic groups in Los Angeles|ethnically]] and culturally diverse population, and is the principal city of a [[Metropolitan statistical areas|metropolitan area]] of 12.9 million people (2024). [[Greater Los Angeles]], a [[combined statistical area]] that includes the Los Angeles and [[Riverside–San Bernardino]] metropolitan areas, is a sprawling metropolis of over 18.5 million residents.
The majority of the city proper lies in [[Los Angeles Basin|a basin]] in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending partly through the [[Santa Monica Mountains]] and north into the [[San Fernando Valley]], with the city bordering the [[San Gabriel Valley]] to its east. It covers about {{convert|469|sqmi}},<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021" /> and is the [[county seat]] and most populated city of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]], which is the [[List of the most populous counties in the United States|most populous county in the United States]] with an estimated 9.86 million residents {{as of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref name=LosAngelesCountyDecline2022>{{cite web |url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |title=Slowing State Population Decline puts Latest Population at 39,185,000 |website=Department of Finance |publisher=State of California |access-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612004340/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |date=May 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2022}}</ref> It is the [[Tourism in the United States|third-most visited city in the U.S.]] with over 2.7 million visitors as of 2023.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html "America's 10 most visited cities"], World Atlas, September 23, 2021. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614011733/https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html |date=June 14, 2023 }}.</ref>
The area that became Los Angeles was originally inhabited by the [[indigenous people of California|indigenous]] [[Tongva|Tongva people]] and later claimed by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] for [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor [[Felipe de Neve]], on the village of [[Yaanga]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Estrada|first=William David|title=The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJu4Wau5G5UC&pg=PA15 |publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-292-78209-9|pages=15–50}}</ref> It became a part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] in 1821 following the [[Mexican War of Independence]]. In 1848, at the end of the [[Mexican–American War]], Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] and became part of the United States. Los Angeles was [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved [[U.S. state|statehood]]. The discovery of [[petroleum|oil]] in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/ |first1=Cheryl |last1=Preston |title=Subterranean L.A.: The Urban Oil Fields|date=July 16, 2013|website=The Getty Iris|access-date=December 31, 2015|archive-date=January 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101060623/http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was further expanded with the completion of the [[Los Angeles Aqueduct]] in 1913, which delivers water from [[Eastern California]].
Los Angeles has a diverse economy with a broad range of industries. Despite a steep exodus of film and television production since the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name=HollywoodLosAngelesExodus1>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2024-06-24/leaving-los-angeles-hollywood-strike-no-jobs-cost-of-living|title=Hollywood's exodus: Why film and TV workers are leaving Los Angeles|author=Josh Rottenberg|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 24, 2024|access-date=June 25, 2024}}</ref> Los Angeles is still one of the largest hubs of [[American film production]],<ref name=NewYorkStudioBuildingBoomTakingHollywoodProduction>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2024-05-15/new-york-hollywood-post-strike-tv-film-production-soundstage|title=New York's Studio Building Boom Poses Threat to LA's Hollywood Production|author=Stephen Battaglio|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=May 15, 2024|access-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name=HollywoodLosAngelesExodus2>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-05-21/film-tv-los-angeles-california-entertainment-labor-jobs#:~:text=As%20TV%20and%20movie%20productions,to%20be%20filmed%20in%20California. |title=Opinion: Studio productions keep moving out of Los Angeles. We need to stop the bleeding|author=Ivan Ehlers|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=May 21, 2024|access-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref> the world's largest by revenue; the city is an important site in the [[history of film]]. It also has [[Port of Los Angeles|one of the busiest container ports]] in the Americas,<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |date=September 24, 2022 |title=New York is now the nation's busiest port in a historic tipping point for U.S.-bound trade |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610035558/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of NYNJ Beats West Coast Rivals with Highest 2023 Volumes |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-nynj-beats-west-coast-rivals-with-highest-2023-volumes |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511173540/https://maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-nynj-beats-west-coast-rivals-with-highest-2023-volumes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of New York and New Jersey Remains US' Top Container Port |url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/port-new-york-new-jersey-remains-us-top-501852 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=www.marinelink.com |date=December 28, 2022 |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511173540/https://www.marinelink.com/news/port-new-york-new-jersey-remains-us-top-501852 |url-status=live }}</ref> and despite a business exodus from [[downtown Los Angeles]], the city's urban core is evolving as a cultural center with the world's largest showcase of architecture designed by [[Frank Gehry]].<ref name=DowntownLosAngelesHurting>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-04-12/heavy-new-investments-in-the-arts-promise-to-lift-bunker-hill|title=Downtown L.A. is hurting. Frank Gehry thinks arts can lead a revival|author=Roger Vincent|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 12, 2024|access-date=April 14, 2024|archive-date=April 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414001217/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-04-12/heavy-new-investments-in-the-arts-promise-to-lift-bunker-hill|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a [[gross metropolitan product]] of over $1.0 trillion,<ref name=bea/> making it the city with the [[List of cities by GDP|third-largest GDP]] in the world, after [[New York metropolitan area|New York]] and [[Tokyo metropolitan area|Tokyo]]. Los Angeles hosted the [[Summer Olympics]] in [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] and [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]], and will also host in [[2028 Summer Olympics|2028]].
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Toponymy==
{{see also|Etymology of place names in Los Angeles County, California}}
On September 4, 1781, a group of 44 settlers known as "[[Los Angeles Pobladores|Los Pobladores]]" founded the {{lang|es|pueblo|italics=no}} (town) they called {{Langx|es-MX|[[El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles]]|label=none|italics=no|translation=The Town of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Our Lady]] the Queen of the Angels}}.<ref name="almanac">{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|title=Settlement of Los Angeles|website=Los Angeles Almanac|language=en-US|access-date=September 2, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084302/http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The original name of the settlement is disputed; the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] rendered it as "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río [[Portiuncula|Porciúncula]]";<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-12-me-2-story.html|title=Ooh L.A. L.A.|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 12, 1991|access-date=October 24, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111235047/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-12-me-2-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> other sources have shortened or alternate versions of the longer name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-26-me-name26-story.html|title=City of Angels' First Name Still Bedevils Historians|first=Bob|last=Pool|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 26, 2005|access-date=October 24, 2021|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021233935/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-26-me-name26-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in the [[Names (journal)|journal]] of the [[American Name Society]] asserts that the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|l|ɔː|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s}} {{respell|lawss|_|AN|jəl|əs}} was established following the 1850 incorporation of the city and that since the 1880s the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|l|oʊ|s|_|ˈ|æ|ŋ|ɡ|əl|ə|s}} {{respell|lohss|_|ANG|gəl|əs}} emerged from a trend in California to give places Spanish, or Spanish-sounding, names and pronunciations.<ref name="stein">{{cite journal|last=Stein|first=David Allen|year=1953|title=Los Angeles: A Noble Fight Nobly Lost|journal=[[Names (journal)|Names]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=35–38|doi=10.1179/nam.1953.1.1.35 |issn=0027-7738}}</ref> In 1908, librarian [[Charles Fletcher Lummis]], who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard ''g'' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ}}),<ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=February 24, 2011|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|title=The Crusader in Corduroy, the Land of Soundest Philosophy, and the 'G' That Shall Not Be Jellified|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183813/https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=May 6, 2016|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|title=How to Pronounce "Los Angeles," According to Charles Lummis|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190942/https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|url-status=live}}</ref> reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lummis|first=Charles Fletcher|date=June 29, 1908|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32760469/19080629losangeleslummis/|title=This Is the Way to Pronounce Los Angeles|work=Nebraska State Journal|page=4|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185038/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32760469/19080629losangeleslummis/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 1900s, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' advocated for pronouncing it ''Loce AHNG-hayl-ais'' ({{IPAc-en|l|oʊ|s|_|ˈ|ɑː|ŋ|h|eɪ|l|eɪ|s}}), approximating Spanish {{IPA|es|los ˈaŋxeles|}}, by printing the [[respelling]] under its masthead for several years.<ref name="harvey">{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=June 26, 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|title=Devil of a time with City of Angels' name|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183227/https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This did not find favor.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kenyon|first1=John Samuel|author1-link=John Samuel Kenyon|last2=Knott|first2=Thomas Albert|year=1944|title=A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English|___location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=G. & C. Merriam|page=260|url=https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00unse/page/260/mode/1up}}</ref>
Since the 1930s, {{IPAc-en|l|ɔː|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s}} has been most common.<ref>{{cite book|last=Buntin|first=John|date=2009|title=L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City|___location=New York|publisher=Harmony Books|page=16|isbn=978-0-307-35207-1}}</ref> In 1934, the [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] decreed that this pronunciation be used by the federal government.<ref name="harvey"/> This was also endorsed in 1952 by a "jury" appointed by Mayor [[Fletcher Bowron]] to devise an official pronunciation.<ref name="stein"/><ref name="harvey"/>
Common pronunciations in the United Kingdom include {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ɪ|l|iː|z|,_|-|l|ɪ|z|,_|-|l|ɪ|s}} {{respell|loss|_|AN|jil|eez|,_-|iz|,_-|iss}}.<ref>{{Cite EPD|18}}</ref> Phonetician [[Jack Windsor Lewis]] described the most common one, {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=En-uk-Los Angeles.ogg}}, as a [[spelling pronunciation]] based on analogy to Greek words ending in ''-{{zwj}}es'', "reflecting a time when the classics were familiar if Spanish was not".<ref>{{cite book|last=Windsor Lewis|first=Jack|year=1990|chapter=''Happ''Y land reconnoitred: the unstressed word-final -{{zwj}}y vowel in General British pronunciation|editor-last=Ramsaran|editor-first=Susan|title=Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson|publisher=Routledge|pages=159–167|isbn=978-1-138-92111-5|chapter-url=http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html|access-date=June 12, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518022340/http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html|url-status=dead}} Pages 166–167.</ref>
==History==
{{
{{For timeline}}
{{For outline|Outline of the history of Los Angeles}}
===Indigenous history===
[[File:ElAliso treepre1875drawing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yaanga]], a prominent [[Tongva]] village, stood in the area before the Spanish founded Los Angeles.]]
The settlement of [[Indigenous peoples of California|Indigenous Californians]] in the modern [[Los Angeles Basin]] and the [[San Fernando Valley]] was dominated by the [[Tongva]] (now also known as the ''Gabrieleño'' since the era of Spanish colonization). The historic center of Tongva power in the region was the settlement of [[Yaanga]] ([[Tongva language|Tongva]]: ''Iyáangẚ''), meaning "place of the [[Toxicodendron diversilobum|poison oak]]", which would one day be the site where the Spanish founded the [[Pueblo de Los Ángeles]]. ''Iyáangẚ'' has also been translated as "the valley of smoke".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|title=Smoke is Normal – for 1800|last=Bowman|first=Chris|date=July 8, 2008|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015204/http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|archive-date=July 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|title=Environment: Evolution of a Concept|author=Gordon J. MacDonald|page=2|quote=The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke."|access-date=April 16, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627125913/http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google86">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86|title=Fifteen Hundred California Place Names|last=Bright|first=William|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21271-8|page=86|lccn=97043147|quote=Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163848/https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sfgate2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|title=Roots of native names|last=Sullivan|first=Ron|date=December 7, 2002|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=January 7, 2015|quote=Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'|archive-date=December 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203254/http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
===Spanish rule===
Maritime explorer [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] claimed the area of southern California for the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1542, while on an official military exploring expedition, as he was moving northward along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast from earlier colonizing bases of [[New Spain]] in [[Central America|Central]] and South America.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0cOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21|title=The Herald's History of Los Angeles|last=Willard|first=Charles Dwight|publisher=Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner|year=1901|___location=Los Angeles|pages=21–24|oclc=2058819|access-date=September 29, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163847/https://books.google.com/books?id=o0cOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gaspar de Portolà]] and [[Franciscan]] missionary [[Juan Crespí]] reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|title=Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries|publisher=Pacifica Historical Society|access-date=January 7, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232240/http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Oriana Day) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Empire of Spain|Spanish]] founded [[Mission San Fernando Rey de España]] in 1797.]]
In 1771, Franciscan [[friar]] [[Junípero Serra]] directed the building of the [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel]], the first [[Mission (station)|mission]] in the area.<ref name="LeffingwellWorden2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFn57UJ1mJIC&pg=PA43|title=California missions and presidios|last1=Leffingwell|first1=Randy|last2=Worden|first2=Alastair|date=November 4, 2005|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-89658-492-1|pages=43–44|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163847/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFn57UJ1mJIC&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 4, 1781, a group of 44 settlers known as "[[Los Angeles Pobladores|Los Pobladores]]" founded the {{lang|es|pueblo|italics=no}} (town) they called {{Langx|es-MX|[[El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles]]|label=none|italics=no|translation=The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels}}.<ref name="almanac"/> The present-day city has the largest [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Roman Catholic archdiocese]] in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or ([[New Spain]]) settlers were [[mestizo]] or [[mulatto]], a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California|last1=Mulroy|first1=Kevin|last2=Taylor|author2-link=Quintard Taylor|first2=Quintard|author3=Autry Museum of Western Heritage|date=March 2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98082-9|page=79|chapter=The Early African Heritage in California (Forbes, Jack D.)|access-date=September 30, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eH35EuLuUsC|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163918/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eH35EuLuUsC|url-status=live}}</ref> The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|title=Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|publisher=Chapman pub. co.|year=1902|page=63|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318040525/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of [[El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument|Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza]] and [[Olvera Street]], the oldest part of Los Angeles.<ref name="Estrada2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|title=Los Angeles's Olvera Street|last=Estrada|first=William D.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7385-3105-2|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163849/https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Mexican rule===
[[File:Portrait of Pio Pico (Californian State Library) (detail).jpg|thumb|left|[[Californio]] statesman [[Pío Pico]], who served as the last [[List of governors of California before 1850|Mexican governor of California]], played an influential role in the development of Los Angeles in the late Mexican and early American eras.]]
[[New Spain]] achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the new [[First Mexican Republic|Mexican Republic]]. During Mexican rule, Governor [[Pío Pico]] made Los Angeles the regional capital of [[Alta California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pio Pico, Afro Mexican Governor of Mexican California |url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/pio-pico-afro-mexican-governor-mexican-california |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031612/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/pio-pico-afro-mexican-governor-mexican-california |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=January 24, 2017 |website=African American Registry}}</ref> By this time, the new republic introduced more [[Mexican secularization act of 1833|secularization]] acts within the Los Angeles region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--Secularization and the Ranchos, 1826-1846 |url=https://mchsmuseum.com/secularization.html |access-date=October 26, 2017 |website=mchsmuseum.com |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020212525/http://www.mchsmuseum.com/secularization.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1846, during the wider [[Mexican–American War]], marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in the [[siege of Los Angeles]] where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=K. Jack |title=The Mexican War, 1846-1848 |date=1993 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |edition=Bison books |___location=Lincoln |pages=184|oclc=25746154 }}</ref>
Mexican rule ended during following the American [[Conquest of California]], part of the larger [[Mexican-American War]]. Americans took control from the [[Californios]] after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the [[Treaty of Cahuenga]] on January 13, 1847.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|title=Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|publisher=Chapman pub. co.|year=1902|page=50|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318040525/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mexican Cession]] was formalized in the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] in 1848, which ceded Los Angeles and the rest of Alta California to the United States.
===Post-Conquest era===
{{See also|Victorian Downtown Los Angeles|Los Angeles in the 1920s}}
[[File:Treaty of Cahuenga.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The [[Treaty of Cahuenga]], signed in 1847 by Californio [[Andrés Pico]] and American [[John C. Frémont]], ended the U.S. [[Conquest of California]].]]
[[History of Los Angeles#Railroads|Railroads arrived]] with the completion of the transcontinental [[Southern Pacific Railroad|Southern Pacific]] line from [[New Orleans]] to Los Angeles in 1876 and the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe Railroad]] in 1885.<ref name="Mulholland2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP575do7D48C|title=William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles|last=Mulholland|first=Catherine|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23466-6|page=15|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163850/https://books.google.com/books?id=iP575do7D48C|url-status=live}}</ref> Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped [[California]] become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.<ref name="Kipen2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aezmS52IavcC&pg=PA45|title=Los Angeles in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to the City of Angels|last=Kipen|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-520-26883-8|pages=45–46|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164352/https://books.google.com/books?id=aezmS52IavcC&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab13.txt|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900|date=June 15, 1998|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=February 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215201930/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab13.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> putting pressure on the city's [[water supply]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/mono.htm|title=The Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case)|publisher=[[American University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109051618/http://www1.american.edu/ted/mono.htm|archive-date=January 9, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> The completion of the [[Los Angeles Aqueduct]] in 1913, under the supervision of [[William Mulholland]], ensured the continued growth of the city.<ref name="Reisner1993">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Akn6rUgR_eEC|title=Cadillac desert: the American West and its disappearing water|last=Reisner|first=Marc|publisher=Penguin|year=1993|isbn=978-0-14-017824-1|page=86|author-link=Marc Reisner|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164352/https://books.google.com/books?id=Akn6rUgR_eEC|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles.<ref name="LAgrowth">{{citation|last=Basiago|first=Andrew D.|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|title=Water For Los Angeles – Sam Nelson Interview|url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text|date=February 7, 1988|at=11|access-date=October 7, 2013|archive-date=August 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164559/http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|publisher=City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering|title=Annexation and Detachment Map|url=http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193923/http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FinalReport">{{cite news|url=http://www.lamag.com/citythink/citythinkblog/2013/09/25/citydig-las-20th-century-land-grab|title=CityDig: L.A.'s 20th Century Land Grab|author1-link=Glen Creason|last=Creason|first=Glen|newspaper=Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles|date=September 26, 2013|publisher=Los Angeles Magazine|access-date=October 10, 2013|archive-date=September 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929000119/http://www.lamag.com/citythink/citythinkblog/2013/09/25/citydig-las-20th-century-land-grab|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Paramount Pictures studio gate, c. 1940 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|In the early 20th century, [[Major film studios|Hollywood studios]], like [[Paramount Pictures]], helped transform [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] into the world capital of film and helped solidify LA as a global economic hub.]]
Los Angeles created the first municipal [[zoning]] ordinance in the United States. On September 14, 1908, the [[Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909|Los Angeles City Council]] promulgated residential and industrial land use zones. The new ordinance established three residential zones of a single type, where industrial uses were prohibited. The proscriptions included barns, lumber yards, and any industrial land use employing machine-powered equipment. These laws were enforced against industrial properties after the fact. These prohibitions were in addition to existing activities that were already regulated as nuisances. These included explosives warehousing, gas works, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, and [[Tannery|tanneries]]. Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as the [[Zoning in the United States#Origins and history|1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance]] did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally.<ref name="weiss80">{{cite book|title=The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning|author=Weiss, Marc A|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-231-06505-4|___location=New York|pages=80{{endash}}86}}</ref>
In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.<ref name="Buntin2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6ZlIkYXjiMC&pg=PA18|title=L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City|last=Buntin|first=John|date=April 6, 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-35208-8|page=18|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164353/https://books.google.com/books?id=y6ZlIkYXjiMC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]].<ref name="YoungYoung2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYYMqXUyjnUC&pg=PA21|title=The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia|last1=Young|first1=William H.|last2=Young|first2=Nancy K.|date=March 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33521-1|page=21|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164353/https://books.google.com/books?id=QYYMqXUyjnUC&pg=PA21|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- i'm leaving out the bit about the aviation industry arriving in the 1920s pending further research, as the part about the movies turned out to be somewhat inaccurate; and it was all unsourced anyway.-->
By 1930, the population surpassed one million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930|date=June 15, 1998|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-date=April 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231105/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1932, the city hosted the [[1932 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]].
===Post-WWII===
[[File:WSA Photo 4235.jpg|thumb|right|During [[World War II]], the [[California Shipbuilding Corporation]] on [[Terminal Island]] was among the many builders that made the [[Port of Los Angeles]] one of the largest [[shipyards]] in the country.]]
During [[United States home front during World War II|World War II]] Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. [[California Shipbuilding Corporation|Calship]] built hundreds of [[Liberty Ship]]s and [[Victory Ship]]s on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers ([[Douglas Aircraft Company]], [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aircraft]], [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]], [[North American Aviation]], [[Northrop Corporation]], and [[Vultee Aircraft|Vultee]]). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as [[William S. Knudsen]], of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible."<ref>Parker, Dana T. ''Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II'', pp.5–8, 14, 26, 36, 50, 60, 78, 94, 108, 122, Cypress, CA, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-9897906-0-4}}.</ref>
After the end of [[World War II]] Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, [[Urban sprawl|sprawling]] into the [[San Fernando Valley]].<ref name="Bruegmann2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFjLm2BauZ8C|title=Sprawl: A Compact History|last=Bruegmann|first=Robert|date=November 1, 2006|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07691-1|page=133|author-link=Robert Bruegmann|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164354/https://books.google.com/books?id=HFjLm2BauZ8C|url-status=live}}</ref> The expansion of the state owned [[Interstate Highway System]] during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's privately owned [[Pacific Electric|electrified rail system]], once the world's largest.
<br />
As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area.<ref name="Braun">{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Michael |title=The economic impact of theme parks on regions |url=http://www-sre.wu.ac.at/neurus/braun.pdf |access-date=November 4, 2021 |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207142843/http://www-sre.wu.ac.at/neurus/braun.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An example is [[Beverly Park (amusement park)|Beverly Park]], which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the [[Beverly Center]].<ref name="Jennings">{{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Jay |title=Beverly Park: L.A.'s Kiddieland, 1943–74 |date=February 26, 2021 |publisher=Independently published |isbn=979-8713878917 }}</ref>
In the second half of the 20th century, Los Angeles substantially reduced the amount of housing that could be built by drastically [[Zoning in the United States|downzoning]] the city. In 1960, the city had a total zoned capacity for approximately 10 million people. By 1990, that capacity had fallen to 4.5 million as a result of policy decisions to ban housing through zoning.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monkkonen |first1=Paavo |last2=Manville |first2=Michael |last3=Lens |first3=Michael |date=2024 |title=Built out cities? A new approach to measuring land use regulation |journal=Journal of Housing Economics |volume=63 |article-number=101982 |doi=10.1016/j.jhe.2024.101982 |issn=1051-1377|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Racial tensions led to the [[Watts riots]] in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.<ref name="Hinton2">{{cite book |last1=Hinton |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATS6CwAAQBAJ&q=Turn+left+or+get+shot&pg=PA69 |title=From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674737235 |pages=68–72 |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164354/https://books.google.com/books?id=ATS6CwAAQBAJ&q=Turn+left+or+get+shot&pg=PA69#v=snippet&q=Turn%20left%20or%20get%20shot&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Olympic Torch Tower of the Los Angeles Coliseum.jpg|thumb|left|Opening ceremony of the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum|LA Coliseum]]]]
In 1969, California became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first [[ARPANET]] transmission was sent from the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) to the [[Stanford Research Institute]] in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]].<ref name="HafnerLyon1999">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC|title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|last2=Lyon|first2=Matthew|date=August 1, 1999|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-87216-2|page=153|author-link1=Katie Hafner|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164355/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1973, [[Tom Bradley (American politician)|Tom Bradley]] was elected as the city's first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]'s [[South Los Angeles|South Central]] standoff in 1974 and the [[Hillside Stranglers]] murder cases in 1977–1978.<ref name="vronsky187">{{cite book |last=Vronsky |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/serialkillersmet00vron_582 |title=Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters |year=2004 |isbn=0-425-19640-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/serialkillersmet00vron_582/page/n208 187] |publisher=Penguin |url-access=limited}}</ref>
In early 1984, the city surpassed Chicago in population, thus becoming the second largest city in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1984-04-08 |title=LOS ANGELES REPLACES CHICAGO AS SECOND CITY |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/us/los-angeles-replaces-chicago-as-second-city.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games [[1984 Summer Olympics|for the second time]]. Despite being [[1984 Summer Olympics boycott|boycotted by 14 Communist countries]], the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-30-me-rood30-story.html|title=Rodney W. Rood, 88; Played Key Role in 1984 Olympics, Built Support for Metro Rail|last=Woo|first=Elaine|date=June 30, 2004|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|archive-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213223948/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/30/local/me-rood30|url-status=live}}</ref> and the second Olympics to turn a profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the [[1932 Summer Olympics]], also held in Los Angeles.<ref name="Zarnowski">{{cite journal|author-link1=Frank Zarnowski|last=Zarnowski|first=C. Frank|date=Summer 1992|title=A Look at Olympic Costs|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|archive-date=May 28, 2008|access-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:48 California Willshire Grand (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wilshire Grand Center]], built in 2017, is the [[List of tallest buildings in California|tallest building in California]] and in the [[Western United States]].]]
Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a [[Simi Valley]] jury of four [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD) officers captured on videotape beating [[Rodney King]], culminating in [[Los Angeles riots of 1992|large-scale riots]].<ref name="RuckerUpton2007">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American race riots|last1=Rucker|first1=Walter C.|last2=Upton|first2=James N.|last3=Hughey|first3=Matthew W.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33301-9|pages=376–85|chapter=Los Angeles (California) Riots of 1992|access-date=October 1, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcrpqn0124C&pg=PA376|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164355/https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcrpqn0124C&pg=PA376|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/25/us/california-post-riot/|title=Riot anniversary tour surveys progress and economic challenges in Los Angeles|last=Wilson|first=Stan|date=April 25, 2012|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 23, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154722/http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/25/us/california-post-riot/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1994, the magnitude 6.7 [[Northridge earthquake]] shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-12-20-mn-16032-story.html|title=Study Raises Northridge Quake Death Toll to 72|last=Reich|first=Kenneth|date=December 20, 1995|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 1, 2011|page=B1|archive-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213215204/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-20/news/mn-16032_1_quake-death-toll|url-status=live}}</ref> The century ended with the [[Rampart scandal]], one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html|title=Rampart Scandal Timeline|access-date=October 1, 2011|publisher=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|PBS Frontline]]|archive-date=March 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===21st century===
In 2002, Mayor [[James Hahn]] led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.com/20121104/secession-drive-changed-san-fernando-valley-los-angeles|title=Secession drive changed San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles|author=Orlov, Rick|date=November 3, 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|access-date=January 12, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225225853/http://www.dailynews.com/20121104/secession-drive-changed-san-fernando-valley-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[2022 Los Angeles mayoral election|2022]], [[Karen Bass]] became the city's first female [[Mayor of Los Angeles|mayor]], making Los Angeles the largest U.S. city to have ever had a woman as mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-16/2022-california-election-bass-wins-los-angeles-mayor-caruso|title=Karen Bass elected mayor, becoming first woman to lead L.A.|date=November 16, 2022|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=November 18, 2022|archive-date=November 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117000148/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-16/2022-california-election-bass-wins-los-angeles-mayor-caruso|url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2025, a series of [[January 2025 Southern California wildfires|devastating wildfires]] caused by severe winds swept through Southern California, with the [[Palisades Fire|Pacific Palisades fire]] causing widespread destruction in Los Angeles' northwestern community of [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]], with many calling it the most destructive in the history of the city of Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cleave |first1=Iona |last2=Ibbetson |first2=Connor James |date=2025-01-09 |title=Worst fire in LA's history leaves entire neighbourhoods in ruins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/0/wildfires-la-pictured-comparison-before-after/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
In June 2025, the city experienced [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|protests and riots]] following raids by [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Everything we know about the LA protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj93d3r0zz0o |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Los Angeles is being targeted by the Trump administration over its sanctuary city status sending in hundred of federal agents to target the immigrant community of the city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/21/magazine/trump-los-angeles-immigration.html | title=Trump Got the Fight He Wanted. Did It Turn Out the Way He Expected? | work=The New York Times | last1=Homans | first1=Charles | last2=Montgomery | first2=Philip }}</ref> Trump sent in the Army National Guard and US Marines without consent of local governments.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/06/07/la-ice-00393434 | title=Los Angeles Democrats clash with Trump administration amid ICE crackdown | website=[[Politico]] | date=June 7, 2025 }}</ref>
Los Angeles will host the [[2028 Summer Olympics]] and [[Paralympic Games]], making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|title=Los Angeles will host 2028 Olympics|last=Horowitz|first=Julia|date=August 1, 2017|website=[[CNNMoney]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190432/http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|title=Cities Which Have Hosted Multiple Summer Olympic Games|website=worldatlas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215161622/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|archive-date=December 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{See also|Los Angeles Basin|San Fernando Valley}}
===Topography===
[[File:Los Angeles by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-30.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Los Angeles]]
The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of {{convert|502.7|sqmi|km2|0|sp=us}}, comprising {{convert|468.7|sqmi|km2}} of land and {{convert|34.0|sqmi|km2}} of water.<ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}</ref> The city extends for {{convert|44|mi|km}} from north to south and for {{convert|29|mi|km}} from east to west. The perimeter of the city is {{convert|342|mi|km}}.
Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is [[Mount Lukens]] at {{convert|5074|ft|m|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#50|title=Elevations of the 50 Largest Cities (by population, 1980 Census)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002023211/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|archive-date=October 2, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://angeles.sierraclub.org/hps/guides/09e.htm|title=Mount Lukens Guide|publisher=[[Sierra Club]] Angeles Chapter|access-date=October 3, 2011|archive-date=November 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124012746/http://angeles.sierraclub.org/hps/guides/09e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> located in the foothills of the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] at the north extent of the [[Crescenta Valley]]. The eastern end of the [[Santa Monica Mountains]] stretches from [[Downtown Los Angeles|Downtown]] to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the [[Mt. Washington, Los Angeles|Mt. Washington]] area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as [[Boyle Heights]], the [[Crenshaw, Los Angeles|Crenshaw district]] around the [[Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles|Baldwin Hills]], and the [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]] district.
Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the [[San Gabriel Mountains]], which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is [[Mount San Antonio]], locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches {{convert|10064|ft|m}}. Further afield, the highest point in southern California is [[San Gorgonio Mountain]], {{convert|81|mi|km}} east of downtown Los Angeles,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@34.1149676,-116.8483927,10.69z|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|access-date=May 31, 2022|archive-date=May 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531234432/https://www.google.com/maps/@34.1149676,-116.8483927,10.69z|url-status=live}}</ref> with a height of {{convert|11503|ft}}.
The [[Los Angeles River]], which is largely seasonal, is the primary [[drainage channel]]. It was straightened and lined in {{convert|51|mi|km}} of concrete by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] to act as a flood control channel.<ref name="Gumprecht2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftBJpp7aIoC|title=The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth|last=Gumprecht|first=Blake|date=March 2001|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6642-5|page=173|access-date=October 3, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164859/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftBJpp7aIoC|url-status=live}}</ref> The river begins in the [[Canoga Park, Los Angeles|Canoga Park]] district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller [[Ballona Creek]] flows into the [[Santa Monica Bay]] at [[Playa del Rey, Los Angeles|Playa del Rey]].
===Vegetation===
{{see also|California coastal sage and chaparral}}
[[File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey.jpg|thumb|left|[[Del Rey Lagoon Park|Del Rey Lagoon]] in [[Playa del Rey]]]]
Los Angeles is rich in native plant species partly because of its diversity of habitats, including beaches, [[wetland]]s, and mountains. The most prevalent plant communities are [[coastal sage scrub]], [[chaparral]] shrubland, and [[riparian woodland]].<ref name="Miller2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjbPQ6ZOgzMC&pg=PA15|title=Landscaping with Native Plants of Southern California|last=Miller|first=George Oxford|date=January 15, 2008|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-2967-2|page=15|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164900/https://books.google.com/books?id=RjbPQ6ZOgzMC&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Native plants include: the [[California poppy]], [[matilija poppy]], [[Heteromeles|toyon]], [[Ceanothus]], [[Chamise]], [[Coast Live Oak]], [[Platanus racemosa|sycamore]], [[willow]] and [[Leymus condensatus|Giant Wildrye]]. Many of these native species, such as the [[Helianthus nuttallii|Los Angeles sunflower]], have become so rare as to be considered endangered. [[Washingtonia robusta|Mexican Fan Palms]], [[Phoenix canariensis|Canary Island Palms]], [[Syagrus romanzoffiana|Queen Palms]], [[Date Palm]]s, and [[Washingtonia filifera|California Fan Palms]] are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles.
Los Angeles has a number of official flora:
*the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (''[[Erythrina afra]]'')<ref name="Innovation1979">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkArAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258|title=Tropical legumes: resources for the future : report of an ad hoc panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation|publisher=National Academies|year=1979|page=258|id=NAP:14318|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164903/https://books.google.com/books?id=MkArAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258|url-status=live}}</ref>
*the official flower is the Bird of Paradise (''[[Strelitzia reginae]]'')<ref name="Communications2003">{{cite book|title=Los Angeles Magazine|date=April 2003|publisher=Emmis Communications|page=62|chapter=Flower|issn=1522-9149|access-date=October 6, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164901/https://books.google.com/books?id=-10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
*the official plant is toyon (''[[Heteromeles|Heteromeles arbutifolia]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreiner |first=Casey |date=December 29, 2022 |title=In 2023, let's add toyon to our native plant gardens and put an urban legend to rest |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/newsletter/2022-12-29/native-plant-toyon-california-holly-red-berries-the-wild |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215181332/https://www.latimes.com/travel/newsletter/2022-12-29/native-plant-toyon-california-holly-red-berries-the-wild |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Fauna===
{{Expand section|with=the rest of the animals in the area|date=April 2025}}
{{See also|List of wild animals from Los Angeles}}
The city has an urban [[population genetics|population]] of [[bobcat]]s (''Lynx rufus'').<ref name="Serieys-et-al-2014-bundle">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite journal | last1=Lambert | first1=Max R. | last2=Brans | first2=Kristien I. | last3=Des Roches | first3=Simone | last4=Donihue | first4=Colin M. | last5=Diamond | first5=Sarah E. | title=Adaptive Evolution in Cities: Progress and Misconceptions | journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=36 | issue=3 | year=2021 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.002 | pages=239–257| pmid=33342595 | bibcode=2021TEcoE..36..239L | s2cid=229342193 }}|{{cite journal | last1=Serieys | first1=Laurel E. K. | last2=Lea | first2=Amanda | last3=Pollinger | first3=John P. | last4=Riley | first4=Seth P. D. | last5=Wayne | first5=Robert K. | title=Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations | journal=Evolutionary Applications | publisher=[[Blackwell publishing|Blackwell]] | volume=8 | issue=1 | date=December 2, 2014 | issn=1752-4571 | doi=10.1111/eva.12226 | pages=75–92 | pmid=25667604 | pmc=4310583 | s2cid=27501058}}}}</ref> [[Mange]] is a common problem in this population.<ref name="Serieys-et-al-2014-bundle" /> Although Serieys ''et al.'' 2014 find [[selection (biology)|selection]] of [[immunity (biology)|immune]] genetics at several [[gene locus|loci]] they do not demonstrate that [[adaptation|this produces]] a [[phenotype|real difference]] which helps the bobcats to [[disease resistance|survive future mange outbreaks]].<ref name="Serieys-et-al-2014-bundle" />
===Geology===
[[File:Mt. Lukens overlooking La Crescenta-Montrose.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Lukens]], in the [[San Gabriel Mountains]], is the highest point in LA.]]
Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its ___location on the [[Ring of Fire|Pacific Ring of Fire]]. The geologic instability has produced numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]], which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt.<ref name="quakes">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php|title=Earthquake Facts|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=October 3, 2011|archive-date=October 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010223337/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Strike-slip fault|strike-slip]] [[San Andreas Fault]] system, which sits at the boundary between the [[Pacific Plate]] and the [[North American Plate]], passes through the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The segment of the fault passing through Southern California experiences a major earthquake roughly every 110 to 140 years, and [[seismologist]]s have warned about the next "big one", as the last major earthquake was the [[1857 Fort Tejon earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zielinski |first1=Sarah |title=What Will Really Happen When San Andreas Unleashes the Big One? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-will-really-happen-california-when-san-andreas-unleashes-big-one-180955432/ |website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=September 6, 2020 |date=May 28, 2015 |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925205236/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-will-really-happen-california-when-san-andreas-unleashes-big-one-180955432/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from [[blind thrust earthquake]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=John H.|last2=Shearer|first2=Peter M.|date=March 5, 1999|title=An Elusive Blind-Thrust Fault Beneath Metropolitan Los Angeles|journal=Science|volume=283|issue=5407|pages=1516–1518|bibcode=1999Sci...283.1516S|doi=10.1126/science.283.5407.1516|pmid=10066170|s2cid=21556124}}</ref> Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the [[1933 Long Beach earthquake|1933 Long Beach]], [[1971 San Fernando earthquake|1971 San Fernando]], [[1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake|1987 Whittier Narrows]], and the [[1994 Northridge earthquake|1994 Northridge]] events. All but a few are of low intensity and are not felt. The USGS has released the [[California earthquake forecast|UCERF California earthquake forecast]], which models earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to [[tsunami]]s; harbor areas were damaged by waves from [[1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake|Aleutian Islands earthquake]] in 1946, [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Valdivia earthquake]] in 1960, [[1964 Alaska earthquake|Alaska earthquake]] in 1964, [[2010 Chile earthquake|Chile earthquake]] in 2010 and [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|Japan earthquake]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-earthquake/|title=World's Largest Recorded Earthquake|publisher=Geology.com|access-date=January 12, 2015|archive-date=January 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119014143/http://geology.com/records/largest-earthquake/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Cityscape===
{{Main|List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles}}
{{see also|List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles}}
The city is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/|title=Mapping L.A. Neighborhoods|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031308/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmapguide.com/california/los-angeles-zip-code-map/#regions|title=Los Angeles CA Zip Code Map|website=USMapGuide|access-date=June 6, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050512/https://www.usmapguide.com/california/los-angeles-zip-code-map/#regions|url-status=live}}</ref> some of which had been separately incorporated cities that eventually merged with Los Angeles.<ref name="Abu-Lughod1999">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrLlt1k59voC&pg=PA66|title=New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Janet L.|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8166-3336-4|page=66|author-link=Janet L. Abu-Lughod|access-date=October 2, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164925/https://books.google.com/books?id=rrLlt1k59voC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050707/http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Neighborhood signs |website=LADOT|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref>
====Overview====
[[File:The Griffith Observatory at night, Mt. Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[downtown Los Angeles]] skyline from [[Griffith Park]]]]
The city's street patterns generally follow a [[grid plan]], with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long; [[Sepulveda Boulevard]] is {{convert|43|mi}} long, while [[Foothill Boulevard (Southern California)|Foothill Boulevard]] is over {{convert|60|mi}} long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of the worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker, [[TomTom]]. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/04/01/worst-cities-traffic-usa-los-angeles/70762026/ |date=April 1, 2015 |first1=Mary |last1=Bowerman |title=Los Angeles tops worst cities for traffic in USA|website=USA TODAY|access-date=December 31, 2015|archive-date=January 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101060623/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/04/01/worst-cities-traffic-usa-los-angeles/70762026/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of [[low-rise]] buildings, in contrast to New York City. Outside of a few centers such as [[Downtown Los Angeles|downtown]], [[Warner Center]], [[Century City]], [[Koreatown, Los Angeles|Koreatown]], [[Miracle Mile, Los Angeles|Miracle Mile]], Hollywood, and [[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]], skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. However, downtown Los Angeles has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is the [[Wilshire Grand Center]].
===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Los Angeles}}
{{climate chart
| Los Angeles (Downtown)
|48.9|68.0|3.29
|50.0|68.0|3.64
|52.4|69.9|2.23
|54.8|72.4|0.69
|58.1|73.7|0.32
|61.4|77.2|0.09
|64.7|82.0|0.02
|65.4|84.0|0.00
|64.2|83.0|0.13
|59.9|78.6|0.58
|53.1|72.9|0.78
|48.2|67.4|2.48
|float = right
|clear = right
|units = imperial
|source = NOAA<ref name="Los Angeles Downtown Weatherbox NOAA txt"/>}}
Los Angeles has a two-season [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh'') with dry summers and very mild winters, but it receives more annual precipitation than most semi-arid climates, narrowly missing the boundary of a Mediterranean climate ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb'' on the coast, ''Csa'' otherwise).<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal|author1=Peel, M. C.|author2=Finlayson B. L.|author3=McMahon, T. A.|name-list-style=amp|year=2007|title=Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification |bibcode-access=free |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.|volume=11|issue=5|pages=1633–1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|issn=1027-5606|doi-access=free|bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P}}</ref> Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around {{convert|68|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/05/22/the-myth-of-a-desert-metropolis-los-angeles-was-not-built-in-a-desert-but-are-we-making-it-one/ |first1=Glen M. |last1=MacDonald |title=The Myth of a Desert Metropolis: Los Angeles was not built in a desert, but are we making it one?|date=May 22, 2017|website=Boom California|language=en|access-date=March 8, 2019|archive-date=March 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308110817/https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/05/22/the-myth-of-a-desert-metropolis-los-angeles-was-not-built-in-a-desert-but-are-we-making-it-one/|url-status=live}}</ref> Autumn months tend to be hot, with major heat waves a common occurrence in September and October, while the spring months tend to be cooler and experience more precipitation. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.<ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=159227&refer=|title=Historical Weather for Los Angeles, California, United States of America|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=December 15, 2011|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111084326/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=159227&refer=|url-status=live}}</ref>
Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed {{convert|90|F}} on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.<ref name="weatherbase" /> Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over {{convert|30|F-change|0}}.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA">{{cite web|url=http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf|title=Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)|year=2004|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902181245/http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf|archive-date=September 2, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea is {{convert|63|F}}, from {{convert|58|F}} in January to {{convert|68|F}} in August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beachcalifornia.com/beach/california-ocean-temperature.html|title=Pacific Ocean Temperatures on California Coast|publisher=beachcalifornia.com|access-date=October 5, 2011|archive-date=October 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012162654/http://www.beachcalifornia.com/beach/california-ocean-temperature.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-states/california/los-angeles-ca.php|title=Los Angeles Climate Guide|publisher=weather2travel.com|access-date=October 5, 2011|archive-date=October 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005120119/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-states/california/los-angeles-ca.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
Due to the mountainous terrain of the surrounding region, the Los Angeles area contains a large number of distinct [[microclimate]]s, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the [[Santa Monica Pier]] is {{convert|70|F}} whereas it is {{convert|95|F}} in Canoga Park, {{convert|15|mi}} away.<ref name="climateofCA">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/CALIFORNIA.htm|title=Climate of California|publisher=Western Regional Climate Center|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-date=July 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721042030/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/CALIFORNIA.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city, like much of the Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "[[June Gloom]]". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon.<ref name="Poole2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPWv2OkeXUC&pg=PA22|title=Frommer's Los Angeles 2011|last=Poole|first=Matthew R.|date=September 22, 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-62619-1|page=22|access-date=October 5, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164902/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPWv2OkeXUC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Lake Hollywood Reservoir by clinton steeds.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hollywood Reservoir|Lake Hollywood]] in the [[Santa Monica Mountains]]]]
More recently, statewide [[droughts in California]] have further strained the city's [[water security]].<ref name="drought continues">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Hayley |date=March 1, 2022 |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309150823/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Downtown Los Angeles averages {{convert|14.67|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, mainly occurring between November and March,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.laalmanac.com/weather/we13.php | title=Los Angeles Almanac – seasonal average rainfall | accessdate=December 26, 2021 | archive-date=December 27, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227074311/http://www.laalmanac.com/weather/we13.php | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /> generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Rainfall is usually higher in the hills and coastal slopes of the mountains because of [[orographic]] uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of {{convert|5|–|10|in|abbr=on|mm}} rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than {{convert|20|in|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /> Wet years are usually associated with warm water [[El Niño]] conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water [[La Niña]] episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after [[wildfire]]s have denuded the slopes.
[[File:Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 07.JPG|thumb|right|[[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice Beach]] on the [[South Coast (California)|South Coast of California]]]]
Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a {{convert|32|F}} reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979;<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /> freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations, while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was {{convert|2.0|in|cm|0}} on January 15, 1932.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /><ref name="BurtStroud2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SV229set7RIC&pg=PA100|title=Extreme weather: a guide & record book|last1=Burt|first1=Christopher C.|last2=Stroud|first2=Mark|date=June 26, 2007|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-33015-1|page=100|access-date=October 5, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164902/https://books.google.com/books?id=SV229set7RIC&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/e2-wire/431056-city-of-los-angeles-sees-first-snow-since-1962|title=Los Angeles sees first snow in years|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|last=Frazin|first=Rachel|date=February 21, 2019|publisher=Capitol Hill Publishing Corp.|access-date=April 6, 2019|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020408/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/e2-wire/431056-city-of-los-angeles-sees-first-snow-since-1962|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/snow-falling-in-los-angeles-pasadena-and-california-s-coastal-cities-1446644291928|title=Snow falling in Los Angeles, Pasadena and California's coastal cities|website=nbcnews.com|date=February 22, 2019|publisher=NBC Universal|access-date=April 6, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402012137/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/snow-falling-in-los-angeles-pasadena-and-california-s-coastal-cities-1446644291928|url-status=live}}</ref> with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/weather/accuweather/malibu-snow-snowfall-photos-weather-forecast/507-c4f6e6a1-ce70-4153-859c-273beb266ad7|title=Snow in Malibu? Weather provides surprise in Southern California|website=KUSA.com|date=January 25, 2021|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.9news.com/article/weather/accuweather/malibu-snow-snowfall-photos-weather-forecast/507-c4f6e6a1-ce70-4153-859c-273beb266ad7|url-status=live}}</ref> Brief, localized instances of hail can occur on rare occasions, but are more common than snowfall. At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is {{convert|113|F}} on September 27, 2010,<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /><ref name="RecordHighTemp113">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-27-la-me-hottest-ever-20100928-story.html|title=L.A.'s hottest day ever|last1=Pool|first1=Bob|date=September 27, 2010|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 5, 2011|last2=Lin II|first2=Rong-Gong|archive-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213215200/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/27/local/la-me-hottest-ever-20100928|url-status=live}}</ref> while the lowest is {{convert|28|F}},<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /> on January 4, 1949.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA" /> Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is {{convert|121|F}}, on September 6, 2020, at the weather station at [[Los Angeles Pierce College|Pierce College]] in the [[San Fernando Valley]] neighborhood of [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Los Angeles/Oxnard |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |website=National Weather Service Forecast Office |access-date=September 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014102/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |url-status=live }}</ref> During autumn and winter, [[Santa Ana winds]] sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk.
{{Los Angeles weatherbox}}
===Environmental issues===
{{Further|Pollution in California#Los Angeles air pollution}}
{{external media|width=210px|float=right|headerimage=|audio1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/fighting-smog-in-los-angeles "Fighting Smog in Los Angeles"], ''Distillations'' Podcast, 2018 [[Science History Institute]]}}
Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The [[Los Angeles Basin]] and the [[San Fernando Valley]] are susceptible to [[Inversion (meteorology)|atmospheric inversion]], which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65|title=What can we do about smog?|last=Stimson|first=Thomas E.|date=July 1955|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|page=65|issn=0032-4558|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164903/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[
The smog season lasts from approximately May to October.<ref name="Information1983">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJNJjq8h2zwC&pg=PA393|title=Smog Hangs Over Olympic Athletes|date=August 11, 1983|journal=New Scientist|page=393|issn=0262-4079|access-date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only {{convert|15|in|mm|-1}} of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the [[United States Clean Air Act|Clean Air Act]]. When the act was passed, California was unable to create a [[State Implementation Plan]] that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles.<ref>"Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. Video, [https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=7 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412020955/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=7 |date=April 12, 2019 }} (see p7,10). July 12, 2016.</ref> More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating [[low-emission vehicle]]s. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include [[Electric car|electric]] and [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] cars, improvements in [[mass transit]], and other measures.
The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usc.edu/76761/las-environmental-success-story-cleaner-air-healthier-kids/|title=L.A.'s Environmental Success Story: Cleaner Air, Healthier Kids|last1=Marziali|first1=Carl|date=March 4, 2015|website=USC News|access-date=March 16, 2015|archive-date=March 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310040251/http://news.usc.edu/76761/las-environmental-success-story-cleaner-air-healthier-kids/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the [[American Lung Association]] ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.<ref name="shortTermPollutedCities">{{cite web|url=http://www.stateoftheair.org/2013/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html|title=Most Polluted Cities|publisher=[[American Lung Association]]|access-date=January 12, 2015|archive-date=January 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107185644/http://www.stateoftheair.org/2013/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/environment/polluted_uscities.html|title=Pittsburgh and Los Angeles the most polluted US cities|date=May 4, 2008|publisher=citymayors.com|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-date=October 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002190451/http://www.citymayors.com/environment/polluted_uscities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.<ref name="Renewable Energy">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-14/los-angeles-meets-20-percent-renewable-energy-goal.html|title=Los Angeles meets 20 percent renewable energy goal|date=January 14, 2011|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201090303/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-14/los-angeles-meets-20-percent-renewable-energy-goal.html|archive-date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stateoftheair.org/2013/msas/los-angeles-long-beach-riverside-ca.html#ozone|title=American Lung Association State of the Air 2013 – Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA|work=American Lung Association State of the Air 2013|access-date=September 1, 2015|archive-date=August 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831183049/http://www.stateoftheair.org/2013/msas/los-angeles-long-beach-riverside-ca.html#ozone|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urban [[oil field]]. There are more than 700 active oil wells within {{convert|1500|ft}} of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] has voiced serious concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-1109-fumes-20131109-story.html|title=EPA officers sickened by fumes at South L.A. oil field|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 9, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2016|archive-date=April 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408023944/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-1109-fumes-20131109-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Los Angeles}}
{{US Census population
| 1850 = 1610
| 1860 = 4385
| 1870 = 5728
| 1880 = 11183
| 1890 = 50395
| 1900 = 102479
| 1910 = 319198
| 1920 = 576673
| 1930 = 1238048
| 1940 = 1504277
| 1950 = 1970358
| 1960 = 2479015
| 1970 = 2811801
| 1980 = 2968528
| 1990 = 3485398
| 2000 = 3694820
| 2010 = 3792621
| 2020 = 3898747
| estyear = 2024
| estimate = 3878704
| estref = <ref name="h138">{{cite web | title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California | website=Census Bureau QuickFacts | date=2024-07-01 | url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/PST045224 | access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref>
| align-fn = center
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|title=Decennial Census by Decade|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706023553/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br>1850–1870<ref name=1870CensusCA1>{{Cite web|title=1870 Census of Population - Population of Civil Divisions less than Counties - California - Almeda County to Sutter County|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1870/population/1870a-12.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907072108/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1870/population/1870a-12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=1870CensusCA2>{{Cite web|title=1870 Census of Population - Population of Civil Divisions less than Counties - California - Tehama County to Yuba County|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1870/population/1870a-13.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828190324/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1870/population/1870a-13.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1880–1890<ref name=1890CensusCA>{{Cite web|title= 1890 Census of Population - Population of California by Minor Civil Divisions |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1890/bulletins/demographics/134-population-of-ca.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><br> 1900<ref name=1900CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1900 Census of Population - Population of California by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/bulletins/demographic/10-population-ca.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812164053/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/bulletins/demographic/10-population-ca.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1910<ref name=1910CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1910 Census of Population - Supplement for California|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-ca.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823050629/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-ca.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1920<ref name=1920CensusCA>{{Cite web|title= 1920 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1920/bulletins/demographics/population-ca-number-of-inhabitants.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><br> 1930<ref name=1930CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1930 Census of Population - Number and Distribution of Inhabitants - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-volume-1/03815512v1ch03.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828162810/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1930/population-volume-1/03815512v1ch03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1940<ref name=1940CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1940 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch03.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=September 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918190408/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1950<ref name=1950CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1950 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-08.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921120611/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br> 1960<ref name=1960CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1960 Census of Population - General population Characteristics - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/vol-01-06-d.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812164028/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/vol-01-06-d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1970<ref name=1970CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1970 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_ca1-01.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812164028/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_ca1-01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 1980<ref name=1980CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1980 Census of Population - Number of Inhabitants - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_caAB-01.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823052400/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_caAB-01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br> 1990<ref name=1990CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=1990 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-6.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=August 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814213918/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
2000<ref name=2000CensusCA>{{Cite web|title= 2000 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-3-6.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> 2010<ref name=2010CensusCA>{{Cite web|title=2010 Census of Population - Population and Housing Unit Counts - California|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph-2/cph-2-6.pdf|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 12, 2024|archive-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204210903/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph-2/cph-2-6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
=== Total population, age and sex ===
The [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]] reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,898,747.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2025 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/PST045224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204075028/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/PST045224 |archive-date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 |website=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts}}</ref> The population density was 8,304.2 people per square mile (3,168 people per square kilometer). 5.2% of the total population is under 5 years old, 19.5% under 18 and 13.8% 65 years old and over.<ref name=":2" /> Females make up 50.2% of the total population.<ref name=":2" />
=== Housing and families ===
Owner-occupied housing units make 36.3% of the total Los Angeles housing units and they cost $879,500 in average. (2019–2023)<ref name=":2" /> With a mortgage, the medium selected monthly owner costs are $3,399 and without a mortgage $950. (2019–2023)<ref name=":2" /> Median gross rent is $1,879. (2019–2023)<ref name=":2" /> There are 1,419,663 households in Los Angeles, with an average of 2.64 people being part of them. (2019–2023).<ref name=":2" />
=== Economy ===
[[File:Distribution of high income households across LA County.png|thumb|left|Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] census tracts]]66.5% of the total population aged 16 and over make up Los Angeles in civilian labor force, while among female residents aged 16 and over the percentage is 61.0%.<ref name=":2" /> In 2022, accommodation and food services made $17,366,966, health care and social assistance sectors made $46,297,839, transportation and warehousing $25,410,257 and the retail sector $81,351,523, with residents spending and average of $21,281 in retail purchases throughout the year.<ref name=":2" /> From 2019 to 2023, the median households income in Los Angeles was $80,366 (2023 dollars), while the per capita income in the past 12 months was $46,270.<ref name=":2" /> 16.5% of Los Angeles inhabitants live in poverty.<ref name=":2" />
===Race and ethnicity===
[[File:Los angeles chinatown0001.jpg|thumb|Los Angeles [[Chinatown, Los Angeles|Chinatown]]]]
According to data in 2023 from the [[United States Census Bureau]] Los Angeles's population is 47.2% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]], 28.3% non-Hispanic [[White Americans|White]], 8.5% [[African Americans|Black]], 12.0% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 1.2% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and 0.1% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/PST045223 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=March 26, 2025 |title=QuickFacts Los Angeles city, California}}</ref> [[Ethnic enclave]]s like [[Chinatown, Los Angeles|Chinatown]], [[Historic Filipinotown, Los Angeles|Historic Filipinotown]], [[Koreatown, Los Angeles|Koreatown]], [[Little Armenia, Los Angeles|Little Armenia]], [[Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles|Little Ethiopia]], [[Tehrangeles]], [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]], [[Little Bangladesh, Los Angeles|Little Bangladesh]], and [[Thai Town, Los Angeles|Thai Town]] provide examples of the [[Multiculturalism|polyglot]] character of Los Angeles.
[[Mexican American|Mexican]] ancestry makes up the largest origin among descendants of [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas|American countries]] other than the United States at 31.9% of the city's population, followed by those of [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] (6.0%) and [[Guatemalan American|Guatemalan]] (3.6%) heritage. Descendants of Mexicans and Central Americans have long established communities in Los Angeles and are spread throughout the entire city and its metropolitan area. It is most heavily concentrated in regions around Downtown, such as [[East Los Angeles (region)|East Los Angeles]], [[Northeast Los Angeles]] and [[Westlake, Los Angeles|Westlake]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neighborhood Wellbeing and Environmental Quality for Latino/a Communities in Southeast Los Angeles – Neighborhood Data for Social Change |url=https://la.myneighborhooddata.org/2021/08/neighborhood-wellbeing-and-environmental-quality-for-latino-a-communities-in-south-east-los-angeles/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The largest Asian ethnic groups are [[Filipino American|Filipinos]] (3.2%) and [[Korean American|Koreans]] (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves—[[Koreatown, Los Angeles|Koreatown]] in the Wilshire Center and [[Historic Filipinotown]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-06/filipinotown-cool-enclaves|title=Here's how HIFI, or Historic Filipinotown got its name|last=Shyong|first=Frank|date=January 6, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=January 6, 2020|archive-date=January 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106154632/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-06/filipinotown-cool-enclaves|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chinese American|Chinese]] people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles's population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits, in the [[San Gabriel Valley]] of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in [[Chinatown, Los Angeles|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinatownla.com/wp1/|title=Welcome to Los Angeles Chinatown|website=chinatownla.com|access-date=June 10, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124023816/http://chinatownla.com/wp1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chinatown and [[Thaitown, Los Angeles, California|Thaitown]] are also home to many [[Thai American|Thais]] and [[Cambodian American|Cambodians]], which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles's population, respectively. The [[Japanese American|Japanese]] comprise 0.9% of the city's population and have an established [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]] in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is in the [[Sawtelle, Los Angeles|Sawtelle]] district of West Los Angeles. [[Indian American|Indians]] make up 0.9% of the city's population. [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]] make up 0.5% of Los Angeles's population.
Los Angeles is also home to Caucasian and Middle Eastern communities, such as [[Armenian American|Armenians]], [[Assyrian Americans|Assyrians]], and [[Iranian Americans|Iranians]], many of whom live in enclaves like [[Little Armenia, Los Angeles|Little Armenia]] and [[Tehrangeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Najafi |first=Leila |date=2021-10-23 |title=A Guide to Tehrangeles, Los Angeles's Pocket of Iranian Culture |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/a-guide-to-iranian-culture-in-los-angeles |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Condé Nast Traveler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Eater Staff |date=2016-08-17 |title=Where to Eat Armenian Food in L.A. {{!}} MOFAD City |url=https://www.eater.com/a/mofad-city-guides/la-armenian-restaurants |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Eater.com}}</ref>
African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group in [[South Los Angeles]], which has emerged as the largest African-American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The neighborhoods of South Los Angeles with highest concentration of African Americans include [[Crenshaw, Los Angeles|Crenshaw]], [[Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles|Baldwin Hills]], [[Leimert Park, Los Angeles|Leimert Park]], [[Hyde Park, Los Angeles|Hyde Park]], [[Gramercy Park, Los Angeles|Gramercy Park]], [[Manchester Square, Los Angeles|Manchester Square]] and [[Watts, Los Angeles|Watts]].<ref name="MaryEllen">{{cite book|title=The City of Watts, California: 1907 to 1926|author=Ray, MaryEllen Bell|year=1985|publisher=Rising Pub. |isbn=978-0-917047-01-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cityofwattscalif0000raym}}</ref> Since the 1990s, the growing cost of living in the city has most impacted the African American population. African Americans are the fastest declining population in the city and many of the formerly predominately African American neighborhoods have become much more diverse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-01-30/investors-leimert-park|title=Do you want to sell your house? In historically Black Leimert Park, the question triggers fear and anger|date=January 30, 2024|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/neighborhood/episodes/black-neighborhood-you-arent-black|title=This Is a Black Neighborhood. You Aren't Black. | There Goes the Neighborhood|website=WNYC Studios}}</ref> There is also a sizable [[Eritrean Americans|Eritrean]] and [[Ethiopian Americans|Ethiopian]] community in the Fairfax region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration|page=693|isbn=9781598842197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP7QCteb0o0C&pg=PA693 |last1=Barkan |first1=Elliott Robert |date=January 17, 2013 |publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>
Los Angeles has the second-largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino, and Guatemalan populations by city in the world, the third-largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian, and Romani (Gypsy) populations in the country.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpQB4ogOQscC&pg=PA83 |title=The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History |page=83 |isbn=9780262581523 |last1=Hayden |first1=Dolores |date=February 24, 1997 |publisher=MIT Press |access-date=November 24, 2022 |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164905/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpQB4ogOQscC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Italian community is concentrated in San Pedro.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQZUOiSqPcC&q=italians+in+los+angeles |title=Italians in Los Angeles |isbn=9780738547756 |last1=Bitetti |first1=Marge |year=2007 |publisher=Arcadia |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427002724/https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQZUOiSqPcC&q=italians+in+los+angeles |url-status=live }}</ref>
Most of Los Angeles' foreign-born population were born in [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], the [[Philippines]] and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/LOSANGELES_web.pdf|title=Los Angeles|website=dornsife.usc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2023|archive-date=July 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721044750/https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/LOSANGELES_web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religious affiliation (2014)<ref name="LAReligion1" /><ref name="LAReligion2" />
|titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right
|bars =
{{bar percent|Christian|darkblue|65}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|32}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|30}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|3}}
{{bar percent|Unaffiliated|purple|25}}
{{bar percent|Jewish|lightgreen|3}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|lightgreen|2}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|2}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Los Angeles|Hindu]]|lightgreen|1}}
{{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|1}}
}}
According to a 2014 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], [[Christianity]] is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).<ref name="LAReligion1">{{cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study: Adults in the Los Angeles Metro Area |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/los-angeles-metro-area/ |year=2014 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731171509/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/los-angeles-metro-area/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LAReligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|date=May 12, 2015|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life|access-date=July 30, 2015|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410223438/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles]] is the largest [[Diocese|archdiocese]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/01/AR2006040101206.html|title=Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights|last=Pomfret|first=John|date=April 2, 2006|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=October 22, 2011|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162635/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/01/AR2006040101206.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Roger Mahony|Cardinal Roger Mahony]], as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]], which opened in September 2002 in downtown Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-04-me-cathedral4-story.html|title=Pomp Past, Masses Flock to Cathedral|last1=Stammer|first1=Larry B.|date=September 4, 2002|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 22, 2011|last2=Becerra|first2=Hector|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131637/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/04/local/me-cathedral4|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the [[Queen of Angels Foundation]] and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf|title=2011 'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion|author=Dellinger, Robert|date=September 6, 2011|work=The Tidings Online|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165934/http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.
[[File:Exterior of Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels dllu.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] (also called Los Angeles Cathedral), the metropolitan cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in Los Angeles.]]
With 621,000 [[American Jews|Jews]] in the metropolitan area, the region has the second-largest population of Jews in the United States, after [[Judaism in New York City|New York City]].<ref name="Jews">{{cite web|url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm|title=World Jewish Population|publisher=SimpleToRemember.com|access-date=October 23, 2011|archive-date=April 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407202909/http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Los Angeles's Jews now live on the [[Westside (Los Angeles County)|Westside]] and in the [[San Fernando Valley]], though [[Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California|Boyle Heights]] once had a large Jewish population prior to World War II due to restrictive housing covenants. Major Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods include [[Hancock Park, Los Angeles|Hancock Park]], [[Pico-Robertson]], and [[Valley Village, Los Angeles|Valley Village]], while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the [[Encino, Los Angeles|Encino]] and [[Tarzana, Los Angeles|Tarzana]] neighborhoods, and [[Persian Jews]] in [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]]. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including [[Reform Judaism|Reform]], [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]. The [[Breed Street Shul]] in [[East Los Angeles, California|East Los Angeles]], built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.isjm.org/jhr/no1/america.htm|title=Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues|date=March 1997|work=Jewish Heritage Report|access-date=October 23, 2011|number=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327105250/http://www.isjm.org/jhr/no1/america.htm|archive-date=March 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos1-2/breedstreet.htm|title=Los Angeles's Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians|date=Spring–Summer 1998|work=Jewish Heritage Report|access-date=October 23, 2011|number=1–2|volume=II|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327105245/http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos1-2/breedstreet.htm|archive-date=March 27, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Kabbalah Centre]] also has a presence in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1223372,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819180859/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1223372,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 19, 2006|title=Madonna Finds A Cause|last=Luscombe|first=Belinda|date=August 6, 2006|work=[[Time Magazine]]|access-date=October 23, 2011}}</ref>
The [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]] was founded in Los Angeles by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at [[Angelus Temple]], which, at its construction, was one of the largest churches in the country.<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, ''Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, page 246–247</ref>
[[File:Wilshire Boulevard Temple 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Wilshire Boulevard Temple]] is one of the largest [[synagogue]]s in LA.]]
Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating, [[First Congregational Church of Los Angeles|First Congregational Church]], was founded in 1867.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty">{{cite web|url=http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm|title=n Overview of Religion in Los Angeles from 1850 to 1930|author=Clifton L. Holland|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133328/http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early 1900s the [[Bible Institute Of Los Angeles]] published the founding documents of the [[Christian Fundamentalist]] movement and the [[Azusa Street Revival]] launched [[Pentecostalism]].<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty" /> The [[Metropolitan Community Church]] also had its origins in the Los Angeles area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mccchurch.org/overview/history-of-mcc/|title=History of MCC – Metropolitan Community Churches|website=www.mccchurch.org|access-date=April 28, 2019|archive-date=May 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504012853/https://www.mccchurch.org/overview/history-of-mcc/|url-status=live}}</ref> Important churches in the city include [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]], [[Bel Air Presbyterian Church]], [[First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles]], [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], [[Second Baptist Church (Los Angeles, California)|Second Baptist Church]], [[Crenshaw Christian Center]], [[McCarty Memorial Christian Church]], and First Congregational Church.
[[File:Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Los Angeles.jpg|thumb|left|[[Second Church of Christ, Scientist (Los Angeles)|Second Church of Christ, Scientist]]]]
The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, including the [[Celebrity Center]] of the [[Church of Scientology]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Miller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ |title=Scientology's Hollywood Real Estate Empire |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718115358/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Because of Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism in Los Angeles|Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], various [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es, [[Sufism]], [[Shinto]]ism, [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Chinese folk religion]] and countless others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. The first Buddhist [[Chinese temple architecture|joss house]] was founded in the city in 1875.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty" /> [[Atheism]] and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. [[Unchurched Belt]].
===
{{main|Homelessness in Los Angeles}}
[[File:Homeless people, Los Angeles, California (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Homeless tents outside [[Los Angeles City Hall]], 2021]]
As of January 2020, there are 41,290 [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless people]] in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County.<ref>{{cite web|title=4558 – 2020 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count Presentation|url=https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=4558-2020-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-presentation|access-date=July 6, 2020|website=www.lahsa.org|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707040526/https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=4558-2020-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-presentation|url-status=live}}</ref> This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Jill|date=June 12, 2020|title=What Los Angeles's Homeless Count Results Tell Us|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130812/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=July 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Homeless Populations">{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Jill|date=June 5, 2019|title=Homeless Populations Are Surging in Los Angeles. Here's Why.|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/us/los-angeles-homeless-population.html|access-date=July 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327093047/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/us/los-angeles-homeless-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is the [[Skid Row, Los Angeles|Skid Row]] neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Gale |last2=Zahniser |first2=David |date=May 29, 2019 |title=L.A. agrees to let homeless people keep skid row property — and some in downtown aren't happy |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-homeless-cleanup-property-skid-row-downtown-lawsuit-mitchell-case-20190529-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810085752/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-homeless-cleanup-property-skid-row-downtown-lawsuit-mitchell-case-20190529-story.html |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=August 19, 2019 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref name="abc7_06132019">{{cite news|url=https://abc7.com/society/las-homeless-aerial-tour-of-skid-row-epicenter-of-crisis/5344680/|title=LA's homeless: Aerial view tour of Skid Row, epicenter of crisis|last=Cristi|first=Chris|date=June 13, 2019|work=ABC7|access-date=June 19, 2019|archive-date=October 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017121638/https://abc7.com/society/las-homeless-aerial-tour-of-skid-row-epicenter-of-crisis/5344680/|url-status=live}}</ref> The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed to lack of housing affordability<ref name="Homeless Populations"/> and to substance abuse.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Doug Smith|author2=Benjamin Oreskes|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-07/homeless-population-mental-illness-disability|title=Are many homeless people in L.A. mentally ill? New findings back the public's perception|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 7, 2019|access-date=June 2, 2022|archive-date=June 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603043500/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-07/homeless-population-mental-illness-disability|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship.<ref name=":0" /> In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=2823 – Report And Recommendations Of The Ad Hoc Committee On Black People Experiencing Homelessness|url=https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness|access-date=July 6, 2020|website=www.lahsa.org|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706211718/https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Economy==
{{Further|Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce}}
{{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Economy}}
[[File:Tree Map of Employment by Industries in Los Angeles County, Ca (2015).svg|thumb|Employment by industry in [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] in 2015]]
The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kato |first1=Takao |last2=Owan |first2=Hideo |last3=Miyajima |first3=Hideaki |date=2018 |title=Does Employee Stock Ownership Work? Evidence from Publicly-Traded Firms in Japan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3217488 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3217488 |issn=1556-5068|hdl=10419/185131 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and [[Transportation in Los Angeles|transportation]]. In the 2017 [[Global Financial Centres Index]], Los Angeles was ranked the 19th most competitive financial center in the world and sixth most competitive in the U.S. after [[Economy of New York City#Finance|New York City]], [[San Francisco#Economy|San Francisco]], [[Economy of Chicago#Finance|Chicago]], [[Economy of Boston|Boston]], and [[Economy of Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although many businesses have left [[downtown Los Angeles]] following the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], efforts are underway to re-invent the neighborhood as a cultural center with a large architectural showcase in [[Bunker Hill, Los Angeles|Bunker Hill]] designed by [[Frank Gehry]].<ref name=DowntownLosAngelesHurting/>
Of the five [[major film studio]]s, only [[Paramount Pictures]] is within Los Angeles' city limits;<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnzsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry|last=Slide|first=Anthony|date=February 25, 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92554-3|language=en|access-date=January 2, 2022|archive-date=November 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164929/https://books.google.com/books?id=KnzsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> it is located in the so-called [[Studio zone|Thirty-Mile Zone]] of entertainment headquarters in Southern California. Their parent company [[Paramount Skydance|Paramount Skydance Corporation]] has had their corporate headquarters in Los Angeles since 2025.<ref name="HQ">{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2025/08/paramount-shifting-corporate-headquarters-to-l-a-skydance-santa-monica-1236481980/ | title=Paramount Shifting Its Corporate Headquarters To L.A., Keeping Skydance Base In Santa Monica | website=Deadline | date=August 8, 2025 | last1=Hayes | first1=Dade }}</ref>
Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Kai Ryssdal |author2=Daisy Palacios |date=2016-10-28 |title=Los Angeles is still the largest manufacturing hub in the country, but it lacks a skilled labor force |url=https://www.marketplace.org/2016/10/28/los-angeles-still-largest-manufacturing-hub-country-it-lacks-skilled-labor-force/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Marketplace |language=en-US}}</ref> The contiguous [[Port of Los Angeles|ports of Los Angeles]] and [[Port of Long Beach|Long Beach]] together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the [[Pacific Rim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magli |first=Dom |date=2024-01-17 |title=Port of Los Angeles ends 2023 as nation's busiest port |url=https://www.porttechnology.org/news/port-of-los-angeles-ends-2023-as-nations-busiest-port/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Port Technology International |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Los Angeles Harbor - panoramio - Zzyzx (1).jpg|thumb|left|The combined [[Port of Los Angeles]]-[[Port of Long Beach]] is the fifth-busiest port in the world.]]
The [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]] has a [[gross metropolitan product]] of over $1.0 trillion ({{As of|2018|lc=y}}),<ref name=bea>{{cite web|url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1|title=Table 3.1. GDP & Personal Income|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis|year=2018|access-date=April 6, 2019|archive-date=October 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080037/https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1|url-status=live}}</ref> making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world, after [[New York metropolitan area|New York]] and [[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]].<ref name=bea /> Los Angeles has been classified an "[[Global city|alpha world city]]" according to a 2012 study by a group at [[Loughborough University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2012|department=Globalization and World Cities Research Network|publisher=[[Loughborough University]]|access-date=January 25, 2014|archive-date=March 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last=Queally|first=James|date=December 13, 2019|title=Dozens of unlicensed cannabis dispensaries raided in L.A. this week|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-12-12/authorities-shut-down-unlicensed-dispensary-in-palms|access-date=December 14, 2019|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archive-date=December 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213042606/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-12-12/authorities-shut-down-unlicensed-dispensary-in-palms|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019|October|df=}}, more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiotakis|first=Steve|date=October 1, 2019|title=Navigating LA's cannabis industry with the city's pot czar|language=en|publisher=KCRW|url=https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/la-opens-its-first-cannabis-cafe/navigating-las-cannabis-industry-with-the-citys-pot-czar|access-date=October 30, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030021836/https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/la-opens-its-first-cannabis-cafe/navigating-las-cannabis-industry-with-the-citys-pot-czar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Alpert Reyes |first=Emily |date=October 29, 2019|title=L.A. should suspend vetting applications for pot shops amid concerns, Wesson urges|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-29/la-pot-shops-licensing-suspection-urged|access-date=October 30, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030034712/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-29/la-pot-shops-licensing-suspection-urged|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{as of|2018}}, Los Angeles is home to three [[Fortune 500]] companies: [[AECOM]], [[CBRE Group]], and [[Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.|Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co]].<ref name="Fortune_500">{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/filtered?hqcity=Los%20Angeles|title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made The List|website=Fortune|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|access-date=April 13, 2015|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142437/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/filtered?hqcity=Los%20Angeles|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles and the surrounding metropolitan area include [[The Aerospace Corporation]], [[California Pizza Kitchen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpk.com/about|title=Our Company: From a legendary pizza to a global brand|website=[[California Pizza Kitchen]]|access-date=July 30, 2022|archive-date=July 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730165052/https://www.cpk.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Capital Group Companies]], [[Deluxe Entertainment Services Group]], [[Dine Brands Global]], [[DreamWorks Animation]], [[Dollar Shave Club]], [[Fandango Media]], [[Farmers Insurance Group]], [[Forever 21]], [[Hulu]], [[Panda Express]], [[SpaceX]], [[Ubisoft Film & Television]], [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Warner Music Group]], and [[Trader Joe's]].
At the end of the second quarter of 2024, Los Angeles saw an office space vacancy rate of 31.5%, a 33.5% increase year-over-year.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Zak |first=Kennedy |date=2024-09-30 |title=Wedbush Moves Its HQ |url=https://labusinessjournal.com/featured/wedbush-moves-its-hq/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Los Angeles Business Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Isabel |first=Sammi |date=2024-08-14 |title=Vacancy rises in Downtown L.A. retail market despite slate of openings |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2024/08/14/dtla-retail-market-report-vacancy-rises.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> Retail vacancy stood at 8.6%, a 15% increase year-over-year.<ref name=":1" />
{{as of|2025}}, Los Angeles is the largest city in the United States to not be home to a [[Federal Reserve Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/federal-reserve-system.htm |title=Federal Reserve Banks |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank |access-date=March 21, 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California LCCN2013631685 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|[[Downtown Los Angeles]] is the [[central business district]] of the city.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, June 2023<ref>{{cite web |date=June 30, 2023 |title=City of Los Angeles' Annual Comprehensive Financial Report |url=https://controller.lacity.gov/acfr23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802001927/https://controller.lacity.gov/acfr22.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
!Rank
!Employer
!Employees
|-
|1
|[[Kaiser Permanente]]
|44,769
|-
|2
|[[University of Southern California]]
|23,227
|-
|3
|[[Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Corp.]]
|18,000
|-
|4
|[[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]]
|16,730
|-
|5
|[[Allied Universal]]
|15,326
|-
|6
|[[Target Corporation|Target Corp.]]
|15,000
|-
|7
|[[Providence Health & Services|Providence Health and Services Southern California]]
|14,395
|-
|8
|[[Ralphs]]/[[Food 4 Less]] ([[Kroger]] Co. Division)
|14,000
|-
|9
|[[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Co.]]
|12,200
|-
|10
|[[Boeing|Boeing Co.]]
|12,005
|}
==Arts and culture==
{{Main|Culture of Los Angeles}}
[[File:Los Angeles Plaza-1.jpg|thumb|right|The city's historic center at [[Los Angeles Plaza|Plaza de Los Ángeles]] near [[Olvera Street|Calle Olvera]]]]
Los Angeles is often billed as the creative capital of the world because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/is-los-angeles-really-the-creative-capital-of-the-world-report-says-yes/2202|title=Is Los Angeles really the creative capital of the world? Report says yes|date=November 19, 2009|publisher=SmartPlanet|access-date=October 14, 2011|archive-date=April 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409103827/http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/is-los-angeles-really-the-creative-capital-of-the-world-report-says-yes/2202|url-status=live}}</ref> and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in [[Human history|world history]].<ref name="Only In LA">{{cite web|url=http://stevens.usc.edu/news_only_in_la.php|title=Only In LA: Tapping L.A. Innovation|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002195549/http://stevens.usc.edu/news_only_in_la.php|archive-date=October 2, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref> Los Angeles is strongly influenced by Mexican American culture due to California formerly being part of Mexico and, previously, the Spanish Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/8/5/mexican-la-history-culture-and-resistance|title=Mexican LA: History, culture and resistance|first=Massoud|last=Hayoun|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The city is also known for [[Murals of Los Angeles|its prolific murals]].<ref name="shatkin2013">{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Magazine | title = Let the Renaissance Begin: L.A. Votes to Lift Mural Ban | last = Shatkin | first = Elina | date = August 28, 2013 | url = https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/let-the-renaissance-begin-la-votes-to-lift-mural-ban/ | access-date = February 8, 2023 | archive-date = February 8, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230208220205/https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/let-the-renaissance-begin-la-votes-to-lift-mural-ban/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
===Landmarks===
{{See also||List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area|National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California}}
[[File:El Cabrillo Courtyard.png|thumb|left|[[El Cabrillo]], a [[Spanish Colonial Revival|Spanish Revival]] style [[National Historic Landmark]]]]
The [[Culture of Los Angeles#Architecture|architecture of Los Angeles]] is influenced by its Spanish, Mexican, and American roots. Popular styles in the city include [[Spanish Colonial Revival]] style, [[Mission Revival]] style, [[California Churrigueresque]] style, [[Mediterranean Revival]] style, [[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco]] style, and [[Mid-century modern|Mid-Century Modern]] style, among others.
Important landmarks in Los Angeles include the [[Hollywood Sign]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodsign.org/|title=The Hollywood Sign, Official website for one of the most iconic landmarks in the world|website=Hollywood sign.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716111045/https://www.hollywoodsign.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], [[Capitol Records Building]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-capitol-records-building-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Capitol Records Building: The Story of an L.A. Icon – Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=August 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015453/https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-capitol-records-building-the-story-of-an-la-icon|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olacathedral.org/|title=Cathedral of our lady of the angels – Los Angeles, CA|website=olacathedral.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725204917/https://olacathedral.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Angels Flight]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.angelsflight.org/|title=Angels Flight Railway: Los Angeles Landmark since 1901|website=angels flight.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721214226/https://www.angelsflight.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/hollywood-tcl-chinese-theatre-95-anniversary-1235268815/|title=Hollywood's iconic TCL Chinese Theatre Celebrates 95 Years of Premieres and Stars|last=Gilchrist|first=Todd|date=May 18, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725205815/https://variety.com/2022/film/features/hollywood-tcl-chinese-theatre-95-anniversary-1235268815/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dolby Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dolby.com/movies-tv/dolby-theatre/#gref|title=The Dolby Theatre|website=dolby.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725073041/https://www.dolby.com/movies-tv/dolby-theatre/#gref|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Griffith Observatory]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://griffithobservatory.org/about/|title=Griffith Observatory: A Symbol of Los Angeles, A Leader in Public Observing|website=[[Griffith Observatory]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522143222/https://griffithobservatory.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Getty Center]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/|title=Getty Center homepage|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726102629/https://www.getty.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Getty Villa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/visit/villa/|title=Visit the Getty Villa Museum|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726102631/https://www.getty.edu/visit/villa/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Stahl House]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stahlhouse.com/|title=The Stahl House – About us|website=[[Stahl House]]|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812182722/https://stahlhouse.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]], [[L.A. Live]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lalive.com/visitor-center/about-la-live|title=About L.A. Live|website=[[L.A. Live]]|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726210959/https://www.lalive.com/visitor-center/about-la-live|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], the [[Venice Canal Historic District]] and boardwalk, [[Theme Building]], [[Bradbury Building]], [[U.S. Bank Tower]], [[Wilshire Grand Center]], [[Hollywood Boulevard]], [[Los Angeles City Hall]], [[Hollywood Bowl]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-hollywood-bowl-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Hollywood Bowl – Discover Los Angeles|website=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=August 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813150526/https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-hollywood-bowl-the-story-of-an-la-icon|url-status=live}}</ref> battleship {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}, [[Watts Towers]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2021-12-24/how-the-watts-towers-were-born-and-how-they-got-to-be-100|title=Watts Towers at 100: Junk turned into art still casts a spell|last=Reynolds|first=Christopher|date=December 24, 2021|website=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725162422/https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2021-12-24/how-the-watts-towers-were-born-and-how-they-got-to-be-100|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Crypto.com Arena]], [[Dodger Stadium]], and [[Olvera Street]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/discover-olvera-street-and-historic-el-pueblo-de-los-angeles|title=Discover Olvera Street And Historic El Pueblo De Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726211332/https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/discover-olvera-street-and-historic-el-pueblo-de-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Movies and the performing arts===
{{further|Music of Los Angeles}}
{{see also|List of films set in Los Angeles|List of songs about Los Angeles}}
[[File:Chinese Theatre (26776735090).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]]]
The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles's cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."<ref name="Only In LA" /> The [[Los Angeles Music Center]] is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation", with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musiccenter.org/visit/index.html|title=Explore the Center|publisher=Music Center of Los Angeles County|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005150134/http://musiccenter.org/visit/index.html|archive-date=October 5, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref> The [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laphil.com/about/our-venues/about-the-walt-disney-concert-hall|title=About Walt Disney Concert Hall|website=laphil.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725162010/https://www.laphil.com/about/our-venues/about-the-walt-disney-concert-hall|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable organizations such as [[Center Theatre Group]], the [[Los Angeles Master Chorale]], and the [[Los Angeles Opera]] are also resident companies of the Music Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laopera.org/|title=LA Opera – Los Angeles|website=[[Los Angeles Opera]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417055111/https://www.laopera.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centertheatregroup.org/about/our-history/|title=Our History – Center Theatre Group|website=centertheatregroup.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725162755/https://www.centertheatregroup.org/about/our-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamasterchorale.org/|title=Los Angeles Chorale Official Homepage|website=lamasterchorale.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725190114/http://www.lamasterchorale.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the [[Colburn School]] and the [[USC Thornton School of Music]].
[[File:Hollywood bowl and sign.jpg|left|thumb|[[Hollywood Bowl]] in [[Hollywood Hills]]]]
The city's [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood neighborhood]] has been recognized as the center of the [[Film industry|motion picture industry]], having held this distinction since the early 20th century, and the Los Angeles area is also associated with being the center of the [[television industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-03-09/what-city-do-you-live-in-dont-say-hollywood|title=What city do you live in? Don't say Hollywood|last=Morrison|first=Pat|date=March 9, 2021|website=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=August 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808105212/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-03-09/what-city-do-you-live-in-dont-say-hollywood|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is home to major film studios as well as major record labels. Los Angeles plays host to the annual [[Academy Awards]], the [[Primetime Emmy Awards]], the [[Grammy Awards]] as well as many other entertainment industry awards shows. Los Angeles is the site of the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] which is the oldest film school in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203034021/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-date=February 3, 2006 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film|last=Waxman|first=Sharon|date=January 31, 2006|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref>
===Museums and galleries===
{{See also|List of museums in Los Angeles|List of museums in Los Angeles County, California}}
[[File:Getty Villa exterior.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Getty Villa]] is one of the two campuses of the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]], alongside the [[Getty Center]].]]
There are 841 museums and art galleries in [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]],<ref name="lmu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|title=The Los Angeles Region|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=[[Loyola Marymount University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018115613/http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|archive-date=October 18, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> more museums per capita than any other city in the U.S.<ref name="lmu" /> Some of the notable museums are the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] (the largest art museum in the Western United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/overview|title=Overview|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913200420/http://www.lacma.org/overview|url-status=live}}</ref>), the [[Getty Center]] (part of the [[J. Paul Getty Trust]], the world's wealthiest art institution<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-16-et-getty16-story.html|title=Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses|last=Boehm|first=Mike|date=March 16, 2009|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131152/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/16/entertainment/et-getty16|url-status=live}}</ref>), the [[Petersen Automotive Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petersen.org/|title=Welcome to the Petersen Automotive Museum|website=petersen.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728155057/https://www.petersen.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Huntington Library]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huntington.org/about|title=About the Huntington|website=[[Huntington Library]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726215244/https://www.huntington.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|Natural History Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhm.org/|title=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles|website=nhm.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725005510/https://nhm.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Battleship Iowa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacificbattleship.com/|title=Battleship USS Iowa Official website|website=Pacificbattleship.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116044727/https://www.pacificbattleship.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Broad]], which houses over 2,000 works of contemporary art<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|title=Modern Architecture in Los Angeles|website=brianpetruzzelli.com|date=November 8, 2022|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322212657/https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|Museum of Contemporary Art]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moca.org/about/mission-and-history|title=Welcome to the Museum of Contemporary Art|website=moca.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=August 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808003452/https://www.moca.org/about/mission-and-history|url-status=live}}</ref> A significant number of art galleries are on [[Gallery Row]], and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-aug-05-la-me-0805-art-walk-20110805-story.html|title=Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned|last=Mather|first=Kate|date=August 5, 2011|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130549/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/local/la-me-0805-art-walk-20110805|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Libraries===
[[File:Los Angeles Central Library, 630 W. 5th St. Downtown Los Angeles 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Los Angeles Public Library|Los Angeles Central Library]]|219x219px]]
The [[Los Angeles Public Library]] system operates 72 public libraries in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapl.org/branches/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Branches|publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=October 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022034048/http://www.lapl.org/branches/|url-status=live}}</ref> Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the [[County of Los Angeles Public Library]], many of which are within walking distance to residents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacountylibrary.org/|title=LA County Library|website=lacountylibrary.org|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725192830/https://lacountylibrary.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{see also|List of Michelin-starred restaurants in California}}
Los Angeles' food culture is a fusion of global cuisine brought on by the city's rich immigrant history and population. As of 2025, the [[Michelin]] Guide recognized 20 starred restaurants including 2 restaurants [[Providence (restaurant) |Providence]] and [[Somni]] which earned 3 Michelin stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/california/us-los-angeles/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin|title=Los Angeles Michelin Restaurants|website=guide.michelin.com|access-date=November 29, 2022|archive-date=November 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129165423/https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/california/us-los-angeles/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin|url-status=live}}</ref>
Latin American immigrants, particularly [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] immigrants, brought [[taco]]s, [[burrito]]s, [[quesadilla]]s, [[torta]]s, [[tamale]]s, and [[enchilada]]s served from food trucks and stands, [[taqueria]]s, and [[café]]s. Asian restaurants, many immigrant-owned, exist throughout the city with hotspots in [[Chinatown]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/chinatown-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Guide to Chinatown in Los Angeles|newspaper=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=November 29, 2022|archive-date=November 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128022027/https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/chinatown-the-story-of-an-la-icon|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Koreatown, Los Angeles|Koreatown]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-guide-to-koreatown-in-los-angeles|title=The Guide to Koreantown in Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022|archive-date=November 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129174751/https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-guide-to-koreatown-in-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/a-walking-tour-of-little-tokyo|title=A Walking Tour of Little Tokyo|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022|archive-date=November 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129175142/https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/a-walking-tour-of-little-tokyo|url-status=live}}</ref> Los Angeles also carries an outsized offering of vegan, vegetarian, and plant-based options.
==
{{Main|Sports in Los Angeles}}
{{See also|Soccer in Los Angeles|History of the National Football League in Los Angeles}}
[[File:USC vs University of Oregon November 2019 (cropped).png|alt=|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]]]
Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top-level professional sports teams, several of which play in neighboring communities but use Los Angeles in their name. These teams include the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/history/timeline-1890s|title=Dodgers Franchise Timeline|website=MLB.com|access-date=October 9, 2021|archive-date=October 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009192546/https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/history/timeline-1890s|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Los Angeles Angels]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/angels/history|title=Angels History|website=MLB.com|access-date=October 9, 2021|archive-date=January 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102185048/https://www.mlb.com/angels/history|url-status=live}}</ref> of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB), the [[Los Angeles Rams]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.therams.com/|title=Los Angeles Rams website|website=[[Los Angeles Rams]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723073725/https://www.therams.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Los Angeles Chargers]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL), the [[Los Angeles Lakers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/lakers/history/history.html|title=History of the Lakers|website=[[Los Angeles Lakers]]|access-date=October 9, 2021|archive-date=October 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009181658/https://www.nba.com/lakers/history/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Los Angeles Clippers]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/mini-history-clippers/|title=A Mini History of the L.A. Clippers|last=Treat|first=Jeremy|date=April 15, 2016|newspaper=Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles|access-date=October 9, 2021|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010162444/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/mini-history-clippers/|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), the [[Los Angeles Kings]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/kings|title=Official Los Angeles Kings Website|website=NHL.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723173303/https://www.nhl.com/kings/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Anaheim Ducks]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/ducks|title=Official Anaheim Ducks Website|website=NHL.con|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=August 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809034343/http://ducks.nhl.com/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), the [[Los Angeles Galaxy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lagalaxy.com/?_gl=1*pd7n3j*_ga*OTIyNzU5MTI1LjE2NTg3MDI0MTY.*_ga_T81QCG9DQL*MTY1ODcwMjQxNi4xLjAuMTY1ODcwMjQxNi42MA..|title=LA Galaxy Homepage|website=lagalaxy.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724224232/https://www.lagalaxy.com/?_gl=1*pd7n3j*_ga*OTIyNzU5MTI1LjE2NTg3MDI0MTY.*_ga_T81QCG9DQL*MTY1ODcwMjQxNi4xLjAuMTY1ODcwMjQxNi42MA..|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Los Angeles FC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafc.com/|title=Los Angeles Football Club Homepage|website=LAFC.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=March 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307163636/https://www.lafc.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> of [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS), the [[Los Angeles Sparks]] of the [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sparks.wnba.com/|title=The Official website of the Los Angeles Sparks|website=Sparks.com|publisher=WNBA Media Ventures LLC|access-date=October 9, 2021|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321054058/https://sparks.wnba.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[SoCal Lashings]] of [[Minor League Cricket]] (MiLC) and the [[Los Angeles Knight Riders]] of [[Major League Cricket]] (MLC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lakriders.us/|title=Los Angeles Knight Riders – Official Website|website=lakriders.us|access-date=July 1, 2023|archive-date=February 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227151930/https://www.lakriders.us/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Other notable sports teams include the [[UCLA Bruins]] and the [[USC Trojans]] in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the [[Big Ten Conference]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34173688/source-usc-ucla-considering-move-pac-12-big-ten|title=USC, UCLA moving from Pac-12 to Big Ten in 2024|last=Thamel|first=Pete|author-link=Pete Thamel|date=June 30, 2022|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630181425/https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34173688/source-usc-ucla-considering-move-pac-12-big-ten|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Dodger Stadium field from upper deck 2015-10-04.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dodger Stadium]], home of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] of [[Major League Baseball]]]]
Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but [[History of the National Football League in Los Angeles|hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015]]. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the [[Los Angeles Rams|Rams]] and the [[Las Vegas Raiders|Raiders]]. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to [[St. Louis]], and the Raiders moving back to their original home of [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. After 21 seasons in St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced the Rams would be moving back to Los Angeles for the [[2016 NFL season]] with its home games played at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] for four seasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/rams-to-relocate-to-l-a-chargers-first-option-to-join-0ap3000000621645|title=Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join|last=Hanzus|first=Dan|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|publisher=National Football League|website=NFL.com|archive-date=January 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114055828/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000621645/article/rams-to-relocate-to-la-chargers-first-option-to-join|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|title=Rams to Return to Los Angeles|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120221040/http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|archive-date=January 20, 2016|url-status=dead|publisher=St. Louis Rams}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/01/12/nfl-returns-to-los-angeles-owners-approve-move-by-rams-chargers-with-option-to-join/|title=NFL returns to Los Angeles: Owners approve move by Rams; Chargers with option to join|last=Maske|first=Mark|date=January 12, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 12, 2016|archive-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113043106/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/01/12/nfl-returns-to-los-angeles-owners-approve-move-by-rams-chargers-with-option-to-join/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home games in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 which made them the first professional sports team to play in Los Angeles, and then moved to [[Anaheim Stadium]] from 1980 until 1994. The [[San Diego Chargers]] announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become the [[Los Angeles Chargers]] beginning in the [[2017 NFL season]] and played at [[Dignity Health Sports Park]] in [[Carson, California]], for three seasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/sports/football/san-diego-chargers-los-angeles-nfl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112121903/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/sports/football/san-diego-chargers-los-angeles-nfl.html |archive-date=January 12, 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Chargers are said to be moving to Los Angeles for next season|last=Belson|first=Ken|date=January 11, 2017|website=[[New York Times]]|access-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly built [[SoFi Stadium]], located in nearby [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]] during the 2020 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/sports/rams-chargers-sofi-stadium-virtual-ceremony-final-cost|title=Rams, Chargers unveil $5 billion SoFi Stadium at virtual ceremony ahead of NFL kickoff|last=Barrabi|first=Thomas|date=September 8, 2020|website=[[Fox Business]]|access-date=September 8, 2020|archive-date=September 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910161229/https://www.foxbusiness.com/sports/rams-chargers-sofi-stadium-virtual-ceremony-final-cost|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Crypto.com arena drone shot early 2023.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Crypto.com Arena]], home to the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], [[Los Angeles Kings]], and [[Los Angeles Sparks]]]]
Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including [[Dodger Stadium]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/ballpark|title=Dodger Stadium|website=[[Los Angeles Dodgers]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724235414/https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/ballpark|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacoliseum.com/coliseum-history/|title=Los Angeles Coliseum: Coliseum History|website=lacoliseum.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709182401/https://www.lacoliseum.com/coliseum-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BMO Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|title=Banc of California Stadium: Stadium Info|website=bancofcaliforniastadium.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819111644/https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Crypto.com Arena]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryptoarena.com/arena-info/about-us|title=Crypto.com Arena: About Us|website=cryptoarena.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=March 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301034354/https://www.cryptoarena.com/arena-info/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kia Forum]], SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]], [[Angel Stadium]], [[Honda Center]], and [[Intuit Dome]] are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles's metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|title=XFL.com – Official home of the XFL|website=www.xfl.com|access-date=December 7, 2018|archive-date=December 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124502/https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref>
Los Angeles has twice hosted the [[Summer Olympic Games]]: in [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] and in [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]], and will host the games for a third time in [[2028 Summer Olympics|2028]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|title=Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics|last1=Nagourney|first1=Adam|date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802233825/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Longman|first2=Jeré|author-link=Adam Nagourney}}</ref> Los Angeles will be the third city after London ([[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] and [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]) and Paris ([[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] and [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024]]) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the [[Deaflympics]] in [[1985 Summer Deaflympics|1985]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|title=Games – Deaflympics|work=deaflympics.com|access-date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211093131/http://deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Special Olympics World Games|Special Olympics World Summer Games]] in [[2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games|2015]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/RegionsPages/content.aspx?id=17736&LangType=1033|title=Los Angeles To Host 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games|date=September 14, 2011|publisher=[[Special Olympics]]|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-date=August 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831144313/http://www.specialolympics.org/RegionsPages/content.aspx?id=17736&LangType=1033|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:LAFC vs Philadelphia Union (2018) by Subashwilfred (20180630233148).jpg|thumb|left|[[BMO Stadium]], home of [[Los Angeles FC]] of [[Major League Soccer]]]]
Eight NFL [[Super Bowl]]s were also held in the city and its surrounding areas - two at the Memorial Coliseum ([[Super Bowl I|the first Super Bowl, I]] and [[Super Bowl VII|VII]]), five at the Rose Bowl in suburban [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] ([[Super Bowl XI|XI]], [[Super Bowl XIV|XIV]], [[Super Bowl XVII|XVII]], [[Super Bowl XXI|XXI]], and [[Super Bowl XXVII|XXVII]]), and one at the suburban [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]] ([[Super Bowl LVI|LVI]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/los-angeles-to-host-super-bowl-lvi-in-feb-2022-at-sofi-stadium|title=Los Angeles to host Super Bowl LVI in Feb. 2022 at SoFi Stadium|date=February 9, 2021|website=NFL.com|publisher=[[National Football League]]|access-date=October 10, 2021|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010221011/https://www.nfl.com/news/los-angeles-to-host-super-bowl-lvi-in-feb-2022-at-sofi-stadium|url-status=live}}</ref> The Rose Bowl also hosts an annual and highly prestigious [[NCAA]] [[college football]] game called the [[Rose Bowl game|Rose Bowl]], which happens every New Year's Day.
Los Angeles also hosted eight [[FIFA World Cup]] soccer games at the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]] in [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], including the [[1994 FIFA World Cup Final|final]], where [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] won. The Rose Bowl also hosted four matches in the [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup]], including the [[1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final|final]], where the [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]] won against [[China women's national football team|China]] on penalty kicks. This was the game where [[Brandi Chastain]] took her shirt off after she scored the tournament-winning penalty kick, creating an iconic image. Los Angeles will be one of eleven U.S. host cities for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] with matches set to be held at [[SoFi Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4175139/2022/06/16/world-cup-2026-host-cities-include-los-angeles-miami-new-york-toronto-and-dallas/|title=World Cup 2026 host cities include Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Toronto, and Dallas|date=June 16, 2022|website=[[The Athletic]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=June 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617155214/https://theathletic.com/news/world-cup-2026-cities-list/0mW2zu4eGghJ/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings' [[2012 Stanley Cup Finals|2012 Stanley Cup title]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/los-angeles-dodgers-multiple-titles/|title=Only 10 cities have won multiple titles in a year, Los Angeles now tied for the most|last=Mukherjee|first=Rahul|date=October 27, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 27, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028043505/https://www.latimes.com/projects/los-angeles-dodgers-multiple-titles/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Government==
{{Main|Government of Los Angeles}}
{{further|List of elected officials in Los Angeles}}
{{See also|Government of Los Angeles County}}
[[File:City Hall, LA, CA, jjron 22.03.2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Los Angeles City Hall]], built in 1928, houses the [[Mayor of Los Angeles]] and the [[Los Angeles City Council]].]]
Los Angeles is a [[charter city]] as opposed to a [[general law city]]. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|title=Los Angeles, California Code Resources|publisher=American Legal Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123035002/http://lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|archive-date=January 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> The [[List of elected officials in Los Angeles|elected government]] consists of the [[Los Angeles City Council]] and the [[mayor of Los Angeles]], which operate under a [[mayor–council government]], as well as the [[Los Angeles City Attorney|city attorney]] (not to be confused with the [[Los Angeles County District Attorney|district attorney]], a county office) and [[Los Angeles City Controller|controller]]. The mayor is [[Karen Bass]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mayor.lacity.gov/about-mayor-karen-bass|title=About Mayor Karen Bass|website=[[Mayor of Los Angeles]]|access-date=December 13, 2022|archive-date=December 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213053047/https://mayor.lacity.gov/about-mayor-karen-bass|url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[Los Angeles City Council|15 city council districts]].
The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapdonline.org/|title=Los Angeles Police Department|website=lapdonline.org|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726202401/https://www.lapdonline.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapdonline.org/police-commission/|title=Police Commission – LAPD Online|website=lapdonline.org|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=August 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808073621/https://www.lapdonline.org/police-commission/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Fire Department]] (LAFD),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafd.org/|title=Los Angeles Fire Department|website=lafd.org|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725091139/https://www.lafd.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles]] (HACLA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://locator.lacounty.gov/lac/Location/3175767/housing-authority-of-the-city-of-los-angeles|title=Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles – Services Locator lacounty.gov|website=locator.lacounty.gov|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724230527/https://locator.lacounty.gov/lac/Location/3175767/housing-authority-of-the-city-of-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Department of Transportation]] (LADOT),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ladot.lacity.org/|title=LADOT: Welcome – Los Angeles|website=ladot.lacity.org|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724230750/https://ladot.lacity.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Los Angeles Public Library]] (LAPL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapl.org/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Website|website=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130101/https://lapl.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.
Residents of Los Angeles elect [[Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors|supervisors]] for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts.
===Federal and state representation===
In the [[California State Assembly]], Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest — City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref> In the [[California State Senate]], the city is split between eight districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest — City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref> In the [[United States House of Representatives]], it is split among nine congressional districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Los Angeles Hub |url=https://geohub.lacity.org/datasets/ab63122b097641d28d70ef434ebdf852/explore?___location=34.073608,-118.192183,9.98 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |website=geohub.lacity.org |language=en-us |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615184702/https://geohub.lacity.org/datasets/ab63122b097641d28d70ef434ebdf852/explore?___location=34.073608,-118.192183,9.98 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Politics ==
Los Angeles City Presidential Election Results
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin:1em; font-size:95%;"
|+ '''Los Angeles City Presidential Election Results'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRA 2020 |url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::fc9d2d06-7c7f-451c-92cb-122127a79c29 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Daves Redistricting}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Colin |title=Sign In {{!}} Redistricter |url=https://redistricter.com/signin?redirect_url=http%3A%2F%2Fredistricter.com%2Fmap%3Fstates%3DCA%26id%3D5d2bc955-d453-455a-bb05-b1e55d9a8fa3 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=redistricter.com |language=en}}</ref>
!Year
![[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
![[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
![[Third party (United States)|Third Parties]]
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2024 United States presidential election in California|2024]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''70.10%''' ''976,658''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |26.50% ''369,586''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |3.40% ''46,865''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2020 United States presidential election in California|2020]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''76.58%''' ''1,223,368''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |21.40% ''341,804''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |2.02% ''32,238''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2016 United States presidential election in California|2016]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''78.48%''' ''1,016,070''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |16.34% ''211,561''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |5.18% ''67,132''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2012 United States presidential election in California|2012]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''76.32%''' ''892,672''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |21.05% ''246,202''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |2.63% ''30,778''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2008 United States presidential election in California|2008]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''76.25%''' ''903,651''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |21.86% ''259,031''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |1.89% ''22,436''
|-
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[[2004 United States presidential election in California|2004]]
| align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''72.93%''' ''626,345''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}} |25.82% ''221,797''
| align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}} |1.25% ''10,709''
|}
==Crime==
{{Main|Crime in Los Angeles}}
{{See also|List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles}}
[[File:May Day Immigration March LA66.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] on [[May Day]] 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters]]
In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.<ref>{{cite news |title=LA riots: 20 years later, a facelift for the police but scars for South Central |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/26/la-riots-20-years-later |work=The Guardian |date=April 26, 2012 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810130038/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/26/la-riots-20-years-later |url-status=live }}</ref> Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=7204706|title=Los Angeles crime rates hit 50-year lows|author=Powell, Amy|date=January 6, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210109/http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Flos_angeles&id=7204706|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=dead|publisher=[[KABC-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|title=LAPD year-end crime statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=July 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711054236/http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|url-status=live}}</ref> This is a rate of 7.8 per 100,000—down from 1980, when it was 34.2.{{efn|This figure includes 15 officer-involved shootings.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/californ/crime/976.htm|title=Uniform Crime Reports of Los Angelesand Index from 1985 to 2005|access-date=April 20, 2016|archive-date=April 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414083740/http://www.disastercenter.com/californ/crime/976.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf|title=LAPD Online Crime Rates|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=June 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615080842/http://lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, murders rose to their highest rate (8.5) since 2008, although by 2024 (6.1), the spike had receded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homicide in California, 2024|url=https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/Homicide%20In%20CA%202024%20final.pdf#page26|first=Rob|last=Bonta|publisher=California Department of Justice}}</ref>
In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting a category of crime between 2005 and 2012, making the rate in the city appear lower than it was for that period.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Los Angeles Police Underreported Crime Stats for 8 Years |url=https://time.com/4074896/los-angeles-crime-rates-higher-assaults/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310193705/http://time.com/4074896/los-angeles-crime-rates-higher-assaults/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LAPD captain accuses department of twisting crime statistics to make city seem safer |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-crime-stats-claim-20171103-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 6, 2017 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810130039/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-crime-stats-claim-20171103-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Los Angeles crime family|Dragna crime family]] and [[Mickey Cohen]] dominated organized crime in the city during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition era]]<ref name="mafiaLA">{{cite book |last=DeVico |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyIXw1oq56YC&pg=PA153 |title=The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra |publisher=Tate Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-60247-254-9 |page=154 |access-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106164905/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyIXw1oq56YC&pg=PA153 |url-status=live }}</ref> and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the "Battle of Sunset Strip" as part of the [[American Mafia]], but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and [[Hispanic]] gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref name="mafiaLA" />
According to the [[Los Angeles Police Department]], the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/get_informed/content_basic_view/1396|title=Gangs|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=July 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711065918/http://www.lapdonline.org/get_informed/content_basic_view/1396|url-status=live}}</ref> Among them are the [[Crips]] and [[Bloods]], which are both African American street gangs that originated in the [[South Los Angeles]] region. Latino street gangs such as the [[Sureños]], a Mexican American street gang, and [[Mara Salvatrucha]], which has mainly members of [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]] descent, as well as other [[Central American]] descents, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/09/idUSN08492271|title=Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs|author=Serjeant, Jill|date=February 8, 2007|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=January 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123224131/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/02/09/idUSN08492271|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Education==
===Colleges and universities===
[[File:Powell Library (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]]]
[[File:Doheny Memorial Library of USC.jpg|thumb|[[University of Southern California]]]]
[[File:Cal State University, Los Angeles.jpg|right|thumb|[[California State University, Los Angeles]]]]
[[File:2 2011-09-29 WarnerBldg Facade SP-Pano1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[American Film Institute]]]]
[[File:Loyola Marymount SunkenGardens SacredHeartChapel (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Loyola Marymount University]]]]
[[File:OxyThorne cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Occidental College]]]]
There are three public universities within the city limits: [[California State University, Los Angeles]] (CSULA), [[California State University, Northridge]] (CSUN) and [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alumni.ucla.edu/uclas-story/|title=UCLA's Story|website=UCLA.edu|publisher=[[University of California Los Angeles]]|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=June 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617044359/https://alumni.ucla.edu/uclas-story/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Private colleges in the city include:
{{colbegin}}
*[[AFI Conservatory|American Film Institute Conservatory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/|title=Official website of American Film Institute|website=AFI.com|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807003523/http://www.afi.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Alliant International University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alliant.edu/campus-locations/los-angeles|title=Alliant International University – Los Angeles Campus|website=alliant.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206063436/https://www.alliant.edu/campus-locations/los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aada.edu/campuses/los-angeles-campus-overview/|title=American Academy of Dramatic Arts – Los Angeles Campus Overview|website=aada.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=October 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020072911/https://www.aada.edu/campuses/los-angeles-campus-overview/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[American Jewish University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aju.edu/about-aju|title=American Jewish University – About AJU|website=AJU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=April 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406082820/https://www.aju.edu/about-aju|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Abraham Lincoln University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alu.edu/about/alu-history/|title=History of ALU|website=ALU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810075644/https://www.alu.edu/about/alu-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[American Musical and Dramatic Academy|The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus]]
*[[Antioch University]]'s Los Angeles campus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antioch.edu/los-angeles/|title=Antioch University Los Angeles|website=antioch.edu|date=October 18, 2016|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218081516/https://www.antioch.edu/los-angeles/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/|title=Charles R. Drew University: homepage|website=cdrewu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821223019/https://www.cdrewu.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Colburn School]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Colburn|url=https://www.colburnschool.edu/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=colburnschool.edu|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122170839/https://www.colburnschool.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Columbia College Hollywood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://columbiacollege.edu/|title=Columbia College Hollywood – Explore your dreams|website=Colombiacollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100642/https://www.columbiacollege.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Emerson College]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emerson.edu/emerson-los-angeles|title=Emerson Los Angeles|website=Emerson.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=January 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119211620/https://www.emerson.edu/emerson-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Emperor's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emperors.edu/about/|title=Discover Emporor's|website=Emperors.edu|date=April 9, 2010|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=July 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718164258/http://www.emperors.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising]]'s Los Angeles campus (FIDM)
*[[Los Angeles Film School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lafilm.edu/|title=The Los Angeles Film School|website=lafilm.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806003018/http://www.lafilm.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Loyola Marymount University]] (LMU is also the parent university of [[Loyola Law School]] in Los Angeles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmu.edu/about/history/|title=Loyola Marymount: Our History|website=LMU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807184723/http://www.lmu.edu/about/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Mount St. Mary's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msmu.edu/|title=Mount St. Mary's: Fast Facts|website=msmu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829191441/https://www.msmu.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[National University (California)|National University]] of California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nu.edu/locations/southerncalifornia/losangeles/|title=National University – Los Angeles, California|website=nu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041810/https://www.nu.edu/locations/southerncalifornia/losangeles/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Occidental College]] ("Oxy")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxy.edu/about-oxy|title=About Oxy – Occidental College|website=Oxy.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=February 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207031026/https://www.oxy.edu/about-oxy|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Otis College of Art and Design]] (Otis)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otis.edu/|title=Otis College of Art & Design website|website=otis.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510052750/https://www.otis.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Southern California Institute of Architecture]] (SCI-Arc)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciarc.edu/|title=Southern California Institute of Architecture: A School of Architectural Thinking|website=sciarc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813163624/https://sciarc.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Southwestern Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swlaw.edu/about-southwestern/history-southwestern|title=Southwestern Law school – Los Angeles|website=swlaw.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=September 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902014433/http://www.swlaw.edu/about-southwestern/history-southwestern|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[University of Southern California]] (USC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.usc.edu/|title=About USC|website=USC.edu|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809063115/http://about.usc.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Woodbury University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://woodbury.edu/program/school-of-architecture/los-angeles/|title=Los Angeles – Woodbury University|website=woodbury.edu|date=October 14, 2016|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155503/https://woodbury.edu/program/school-of-architecture/los-angeles/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colend}}
The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District:
{{colbegin}}
*[[East Los Angeles College]] (ELAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elac.edu/|title=East Los Angeles College|website=elac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807140408/http://www.elac.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles City College]] (LACC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lacitycollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles City College|website=lacitycollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806194438/http://www.lacitycollege.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Harbor College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lahc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Harbor College|website=lahc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810151652/http://www.lahc.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Mission College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamission.edu/|title=Los Angeles Mission College|website=lamission.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=October 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016164450/http://www.lamission.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Pierce College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piercecollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles Pierce College|website=Piercecollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823193752/http://piercecollege.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Valley College]] (LAVC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Valley College|website=lavc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807030846/http://www.lavc.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Southwest College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lasc.edu/|title=L.A. Southwest College|website=lasc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803151259/http://www.lasc.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Trade-Technical College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lattc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Trade-Technical College|website=lattc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=October 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021183340/http://www.lattc.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[West Los Angeles College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wlac.edu/|title=West Los Angeles College homepage|website=wlac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017|archive-date=July 21, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020721185338/http://www.wlac.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colend}}
There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the [[Claremont Colleges]] consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.
===Schools===
{{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Education|List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California}}[[Los Angeles Unified School District]] serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/district.html|title=US Census, District information|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225054728/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/district.html|archive-date=December 25, 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> After [[California Proposition 13 (1978)|Proposition 13]] was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.
Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the [[Inglewood Unified School District]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=11/19|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121194221/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|url-status=live}} – [https://www.lacoe.edu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=K_bWG5zZlLA%3D&tabid=1145&portalid=0&mid=4133 See map of Inglewood USD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Inglewood%20USD.pdf?ver=2019-04-01-135454-273 |date=May 9, 2022 }}, [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080851/https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d |date=March 19, 2022 }}</ref> and the [[Las Virgenes Unified School District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=6/19|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121194221/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|url-status=live}} – [https://www.lacoe.edu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=i_-JhHrt57s%3d&tabid=1145&portalid=0&mid=4133 See map of Las Virgenes USD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Las%20Virgenes%20USD.pdf?ver=2016-08-01-154827-037 |date=May 9, 2022 }}, [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319080851/https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d |date=March 19, 2022 }}</ref> The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the [[Los Angeles County High School for the Arts]].
==Media==
{{Main|Media in Los Angeles}}
{{See also|List of television shows set in Los Angeles|List of films set in Los Angeles|List of Los Angeles television stations}}
[[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hollywood Sign]] is a prominent symbol of the [[American film industry]].]]
The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast [[designated market area]] in the U.S. (after [[Media in New York City|New York]]) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of local [[Media in Los Angeles#AM|AM]] and [[Media in Los Angeles#FM|FM]] radio and [[Media in Los Angeles#Television|television]] stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven [[VHF]] allocations assigned to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|title=Allocation|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829172310/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|archive-date=August 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/about|title=About the Los Angeles Times|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724222435/https://www.latimes.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[La Opinión]]'' is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laopinion.com/|title=LA Opinión website|website=laopinion.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506143233/https://laopinion.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Korea Times (Los Angeles)|The Korea Times]]'' is the city's major daily [[Korean-language]] paper while ''[[The World Journal]]'' is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The ''[[Los Angeles Sentinel]]'' is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasentinel.net/about|title=About Us: Los Angeles Sentinel|website=lasentinel.net|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713191503/https://lasentinel.net/about|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Investor's Business Daily]]'' is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.investors.com/|title=Investors Business Daily: Stock News and Stock Market Analysis|website=investors.com|access-date=July 26, 2022|archive-date=July 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726030648/https://investors.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:LA Times building.jpg|thumb|right|The former ''[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]'' headquarters]]
As part of the region's aforementioned creative industry, the Big Five major broadcast television networks, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]], [[NBC]], and [[The CW]], all have production facilities and offices throughout various areas of Los Angeles. All four major broadcast television networks, plus major Spanish-language networks [[Telemundo]] and [[Univision]], also own and operate stations that both serve the Los Angeles market and serve as each network's West Coast [[flagship station]]: ABC's [[KABC-TV]] (Channel 7),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7.com/|title=Los Angeles and Southern California News, Weather, Sports|website=abc7.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724002219/https://abc7.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> CBS's [[KCBS-TV]] (Channel 2), Fox's [[KTTV]]-TV (Channel 11),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxla.com/|title=FOX 11 Los Angeles|website=foxla.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723233629/https://www.foxla.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> NBC's [[KNBC]]-TV (Channel 4),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/|title=NBC Los Angeles|website=nbclosangeles.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724012408/https://www.nbclosangeles.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The CW's [[KTLA]]-TV (Channel 5), MyNetworkTV's [[KCOP]]-TV (Channel 13), Telemundo's [[KVEA]]-TV (Channel 52), and Univision's [[KMEX-DT|KMEX-TV]] (Channel 34). The region also has four [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] member stations, with [[KCET]], re-joining the network as secondary affiliate in August 2019, after spending the previous eight years as the nation's largest independent public television station. [[KTBN]] (Channel 40) is the [[flagship station]] of the religious [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]], based out of [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]]. A variety of independent television stations, such as [[KCAL-TV]] (Channel 9), also operate in the area.
[[File:Paramountpicturesmelrosegate (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Paramount Pictures]] Studios]]
There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the ''[[Freedom Communications|Los Angeles Register]]'', Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on coverage of the greater Los Angeles area), ''[[Los Angeles Daily News]]'' (which focuses coverage on the [[San Fernando Valley]]), ''[[LA Weekly]]'', ''[[L.A. Record]]'' (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]]), ''Los Angeles Magazine'', the ''[[Los Angeles Business Journal]]'', the ''Los Angeles Daily Journal'' (legal industry paper), ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' (both entertainment industry papers), and ''[[Los Angeles Downtown News]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|title=Los Angeles Downtown News – History|website=ladowntownnews.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706223303/http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps with certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include ''The [[Daily Breeze]]'' (serving the [[South Bay, Los Angeles|South Bay]]), and ''The [[Long Beach Press-Telegram]]''.
Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides, including ''Time Out Los Angeles'', ''[[Thrillist]]'', ''Kristin's List'', ''DailyCandy'', ''Diversity News Magazine'', ''LAist'', and ''Flavorpill''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|title=Flavorpill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207012702/http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|archive-date=February 7, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laist.com/about-us|title=Welcome to LAist: About Us|website=last.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725193110/https://laist.com/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles|title=Time Out Los Angeles: The L.A. guide for things to do, restaurants, bars, movies, shopping, events and more|website=timeout.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725193415/https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/|title=Thrillist Official website|website=thrillist.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724224954/https://www.thrillist.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{Main|Transportation in Los Angeles}}
==
{{Main|Southern California freeways}}
[[File:Los Angeles - Echangeur autoroute 110 105 (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange]], connecting the [[Interstate 105 (California)|Century Freeway (I-105)]] and the [[Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|Harbor Freeway (I-110)]] in [[South Los Angeles|South LA]]]]
The city and the rest of the [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]] are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. [[Texas Transportation Institute]]'s annual Urban Mobility Report ranked Los Angeles area roads the most congested in the United States in 2019 as measured by annual delay per traveler, area residents experiencing a cumulative average of 119 hours waiting in traffic that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|title=2021 Urban Mobility Report|publisher=Texas Transportation Institute|date=June 2021|access-date=April 22, 2022|archive-date=November 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102161118/https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/[[Oakland]], Washington, D.C., and [[Miami]]. Despite the congestion in the city, the mean daily travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, [[Philadelphia]] and Chicago. Los Angeles's mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.<ref name="ACS2006">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|title=American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 11, 2010|archive-date=September 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916055045/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_}}https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731081240/http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/portname08.htm |date=July 31, 2010 }}</ref>
The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include [[Interstate 5]], which runs south through [[San Diego]] to [[Tijuana]] in Mexico and north through [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], and [[Seattle]] to the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]]; [[Interstate 10]], the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast [[Interstate Highway]] in the United States, going to [[Jacksonville, Florida]]; and [[U.S. Route 101]], which heads to the [[California Central Coast]], San Francisco, the [[Redwood Empire]], and the [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] coasts.
====Buses====
{{Main|Los Angeles Metro}}
[[File:LA Metro 200 bus stop on Alvarado Street.jpg|left|thumb|[[Los Angeles Metro Bus]] operated by the [[Los Angeles Metro]].]]
The [[Los Angeles Metro]] and other regional agencies provide a comprehensive bus system that covers Los Angeles County. While the [[Los Angeles Department of Transportation]] is responsible for contracting local and commuter bus services primarily within the city limits of Los Angeles and several immediate neighboring municipalities in southwest Los Angeles County,<ref>{{Cite web |title=LADOT Transit - DASH, Commuter Express, Cityride |url=https://www.ladottransit.com/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=www.ladottransit.com |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419233222/https://www.ladottransit.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the largest bus system in the city is operated by Metro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles Metro Service in Pasadena |url=https://www.visitpasadena.com/directory/la-metro/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=Visit Pasadena |language=en-US |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105193225/https://www.visitpasadena.com/directory/la-metro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Called [[Los Angeles Metro Bus]], the system consists of 117 routes (excluding Metro Busway) throughout Los Angeles and neighboring cities primarily in southwestern Los Angeles County, with most routes following along a particular street in the city's street grid and run to or through downtown Los Angeles.<ref name="Schedules - LA Metro">{{Cite web |title=Schedules - LA Metro |url=https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules-2/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=www.metro.net |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108210145/https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the third quarter of 2023, the system had an average ridership of approximately 692,500 per weekday, with a total of 197,950,700 riders in 2022.{{American transit ridership|dailycitation}} Metro also runs two [[Los Angeles Metro Busway|Metro Busway]] lines, the [[G Line (Los Angeles Metro)|G]] and [[J Line (Los Angeles Metro)|J]] lines, which are [[bus rapid transit]] lines with stops and frequencies similar to those of Los Angeles's light rail system.
There are also smaller regional public transit systems that mainly serve specific cities or regions in Los Angeles County. For example, the [[Big Blue Bus]] provides extensive bus service in Santa Monica and western Los Angeles County, while [[Foothill Transit]] focuses on routes in the San Gabriel Valley in southeast Los Angeles County with one [[Silver Streak (bus)|express route]] going into downtown Los Angeles. [[Los Angeles World Airports]] also runs two frequent [[FlyAway (bus)|FlyAway]] express bus routes (via freeways) from [[Los Angeles Union Station]] and [[Van Nuys]] to Los Angeles International Airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAX Official Site {{!}} Traffic and Ground Transportation - FlyAway Bus |url=https://www.flylax.com/flyaway-bus |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=www.flylax.com |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104111024/https://www.flylax.com/flyaway-bus |url-status=live }}</ref>
While cash is accepted on all buses, the primary payment method for Los Angeles Metro Bus, Metro Busway, and 27 other regional bus agencies is a [[TAP card]], a contactless stored-value card.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TAP |title=TAP Overview |url=https://www.taptogo.net/articles/en_US/Website_content/about-tap |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=www.taptogo.net |language=en |archive-date=December 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231093227/https://www.taptogo.net/articles/en_US/Website_content/about-tap |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Means of Transportation to Work by Age |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B08101&geo_ids=16000US0644000&primary_geo_id=16000US0644000 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |publisher=Census Reporter |archive-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085344/https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B08101&geo_ids=16000US0644000&primary_geo_id=16000US0644000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Rail====
{{Main|Los Angeles Metro Rail|Metrolink (California)}}
[[File:Los Angeles Metro System Map.png|thumb|Map of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system (as of June 06, 2025).]]
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority also operate a [[Rapid transit|subway]] and [[light rail]] system across Los Angeles and its county. The system is called [[Los Angeles Metro Rail]] and consists of the [[B Line (Los Angeles Metro)|B]] and [[D Line (Los Angeles Metro)|D]] subway lines, as well as the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)|A]], [[C Line (Los Angeles Metro)|C]], [[E Line (Los Angeles Metro)|E]], and [[K Line (Los Angeles Metro)|K]] light rail lines.<ref name="Schedules - LA Metro"/> TAP cards are required for all Metro Rail trips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Pay - LA Metro |url=https://www.metro.net/riding/fares/how-to-pay/ |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=www.metro.net |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930153808/https://www.metro.net/riding/fares/how-to-pay/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the third quarter of 2023, the [[Los Angeles Metro Rail|city's subway system]] is the [[List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership|ninth busiest in the United States]], and its light rail system is the country's second [[List of United States light rail systems by ridership|busiest]].{{American transit ridership|dailycitation}} In 2022, the system had a ridership of 57,299,800, or about 189,200 per weekday, in the third quarter of 2023.{{American transit ridership|dailycitation}}
Since the opening of the first line, the A Line, in 1990, the system has been extended significantly, with more extensions currently in progress. Today, the system serves numerous areas across the county on {{convert|107.4|mi|km|abbr=on}} of rail, including [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[Pasadena]], [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Norwalk, California|Norwalk]], [[El Segundo, California|El Segundo]], [[North Hollywood, Los Angeles|North Hollywood]], [[Inglewood, California|Inglewood]], and [[downtown Los Angeles]]. As of 2023, there are 101 stations in the Metro Rail system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=24-0782_map_GM_Master_Dec2023_DCR_Final.pdf |url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gcdlut6wo0e82otgfbyli/24-0782_map_GM_Master_Dec2023_DCR_Final.pdf?dl=0&rlkey=piw2jp7s8ftcmtasgpsxjh8if |access-date=January 1, 2024 |website=Dropbox |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Metrolink System Map.png|left|thumb|219x219px|[[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] passenger rail map, which stretches from [[Lancaster, California|Lancaster]] to [[Oceanside, California|Oceanside]], with [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]] as the central hub.]]
Los Angeles is also center of its county's [[commuter rail]] system, [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]], which links Los Angeles to Ventura, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties. The system consists of eight lines and 69 stations operating on {{convert|545.6|mi|km|abbr=off}} of track.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Metrolink |url=https://metrolinktrains.com/ |access-date=July 25, 2022 |website=metrolinktrains.com |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417230626/https://metrolinktrains.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Metrolink averages 42,600 trips per weekday, the busiest line being the [[San Bernardino Line]].<ref name="APTA2">{{cite web |title=Transit Ridership Report |url=https://www.apta.com/ |work=[[American Public Transportation Association]] |access-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029130539/https://www.apta.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from Metrolink, Los Angeles is also connected to other cities by intercity passenger trains from [[Amtrak]] on five different lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amtrak Routes & Stations |url=https://www.amtrak.com/train-routes |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=www.amtrak.com |language=en |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105193226/https://www.amtrak.com/train-routes |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the lines is the [[Pacific Surfliner]] route which operates multiple daily round trips between [[San Diego]] and [[San Luis Obispo, California]] through Union Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore the SoCal Coast by Train {{!}} Pacific Surfliner |url=https://www.pacificsurfliner.com/ |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=www.pacificsurfliner.com |language=en |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105053740/https://www.pacificsurfliner.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is Amtrak's busiest line outside the [[Northeast Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2023 |title=Amtrak Fiscal Year 2023 Ridership |url=https://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Amtrak-Fiscal-Year-2023-Ridership.pdf |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=[[Amtrak]] |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212154106/https://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Amtrak-Fiscal-Year-2023-Ridership.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Los Angeles Union Station 22.jpg|thumb|right|[[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]] is served by [[Amtrak California]], [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]], and [[Los Angeles Metro Rail|Metro Rail]].]]The main rail station in the city is [[Union Station (Los Angeles)|Union Station]] which opened in 1939, and it is the largest passenger rail terminal in the [[Western United States]].<ref name="sbcs">{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 4, 1939 |title=Ontario's Mule, Gravity Car in Parade at L. A. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-bernardino-county-sun-ontarios/162312884/ |access-date=November 16, 2018 |work=San Bernardino Daily Sun |___location=San Bernardino County, California |page=14}}</ref> The station is a major regional [[train station]] for [[Amtrak]], [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]] and [[Los Angeles Metro Rail|Metro Rail]]. The station is Amtrak's fifth busiest station, having 1.4 million Amtrak boardings and de-boardings in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 25 Busiest Amtrak Stations: 2019 |url=https://www.bts.gov/geography/geospatial-portal/top-25-busiest-amtrak-stations-2019 |publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation]] |access-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105193225/https://www.bts.dot.gov/geography/geospatial-portal/top-25-busiest-amtrak-stations-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Union Station also offers access to Metro Bus, [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]], LAX FlyAway, and other buses from different agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Station Los Angeles |url=https://www.unionstationla.com/transport-hub |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=Union Station Los Angeles |language=en |archive-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807173352/https://www.unionstationla.com/transport-hub |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===
{{Main|List of airports in the Los Angeles area}}
{{See also|Los Angeles International Airport in popular culture}}
[[File:TheThemeBuildingLosAngeles (cropped2).jpg|thumb|right|[[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles Intl. Airport]] (LAX) is the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|eighth-busiest airport in the world]].]]
The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is [[Los Angeles International Airport]], commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flylax.com/|title=Office website of the Los Angeles International Airport|website=flylax.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727224848/https://www.flylax.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on the Westside of Los Angeles near the [[SoFi Stadium|Sofi Stadium]] in Inglewood.
Other major nearby commercial airports include:
*[[Ontario International Airport]], owned by the city of Ontario, serves the Inland Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flyontario.com/corporate/airport-information|title=Airport Information|website=[[Ontario International Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722203651/https://www.flyontario.com/corporate/airport-information|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hollywood Burbank Airport]], jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, it is the closest airport to downtown Los Angeles and serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodburbankairport.com/about-us/history_facts/|title=History & Facts of Burbank Airport|website=[[Hollywood Burbank Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702230041/https://www.hollywoodburbankairport.com/about-us/history_facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Long Beach Airport]], serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longbeach.gov/lgb/about-us/|title=Long Beach Airport Directory|website=[[Long Beach Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701165202/https://www.longbeach.gov/lgb/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[John Wayne Airport]] of Orange County.
One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also in Los Angeles: [[Van Nuys Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawa.org/welcome_VNY.aspx?id=92|title=Van Nuys Airport General Description|publisher=[[Los Angeles World Airports]]|access-date=October 25, 2011|archive-date=October 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005140814/http://www.lawa.org/welcome_VNY.aspx?id=92|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Seaports====
[[File:Vincent Thomas bridge.San Pedro.JPG|thumb|left|[[Vincent Thomas Bridge]] at [[Terminal Island]] in the [[Port of Los Angeles]]]]
The [[Port of Los Angeles]] is in [[San Pedro Bay (California)|San Pedro Bay]] in the [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]] neighborhood, approximately {{convert|20|mi|km}} south of downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies {{convert|7500|acre|km2}} of land and water along {{convert|43|mi|km}} of waterfront. It adjoins the separate [[Port of Long Beach]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portoflosangeles.org/|title=Port of Los Angeles, the nations #1 container port and global model for sustainability, security, and social responsibility|website=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027132209/https://www.portoflosangeles.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The sea ports of the [[Port of Los Angeles]] and [[Port of Long Beach]] together make up the ''Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008141319/http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harboremployers.com/web/|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association|publisher=Harboremployers.com|access-date=March 16, 2011|archive-date=February 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205043555/http://harboremployers.com/web/|url-status=live}}</ref> Together, both ports are the fifth busiest [[Container (cargo)|container]] port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU's]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf|title=AAPA World Port Rankings 2008|access-date=March 16, 2011|archive-date=December 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202024733/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the [[West Coast of the United States]] – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/facilities/passenger.asp|title=Cruise Passenger and Ferry Terminals|publisher=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207215828/http://portoflosangeles.org/facilities/passenger.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles's coastline. The port includes four bridges: the [[Vincent Thomas Bridge]], [[Henry Ford Bridge]], [[Long Beach International Gateway|Long Beach International Gateway Bridge]], and [[Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge]]. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of [[Avalon, California|Avalon]] (and [[Two Harbors, California|Two Harbors]]) on [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]] is provided by Catalina Express.
==Notable people==
{{Main listing|List of people from Los Angeles}}
==Sister cities==
[[File:Sister cities of Los Angeles.jpg|alt=|thumb|A sign near [[Los Angeles City Hall|LA City Hall]] displaying Los Angeles' sister cities]]
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Los Angeles has 25 [[sister cities]],<ref name="Sistercities">{{cite web|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/|title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles|publisher=[[Government of Los Angeles|Sister Cities Los Angeles]]|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411141114/http://sistercities.lacity.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> listed chronologically by year joined:
{{Colbegin}}
*{{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel (1959)
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan (1959)
*{{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil (1962)
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France (1964)<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | title=Bordeaux– Rayonnement européen et mondial | work=Mairie de Bordeaux | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures | work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Berlin]], Germany (1967)<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | title=Berlin City Partnerships | work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin | date=February 16, 2012 | access-date=September 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ZMB}} [[Lusaka]], Zambia (1968)
*{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico (1969)
*{{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand (1971)
*{{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1971)
*{{flagdeco|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India (1972)
*{{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Tehran]], Iran (1972)
*{{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1979)
*{{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangzhou]], China (1981)<ref name="Guangzhou twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | title=Guangzhou Sister Cities | publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office | access-date=July 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | archive-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece (1984)
* {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1984)
* {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada (1986)<ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web | url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf | title=Vancouver Twinning Relationships | publisher=City of Vancouver | access-date=December 5, 2009 | archive-date=February 5, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010523/http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|EGY}} [[Giza]], Egypt (1989)
*{{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (1990)
*{{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (1991)
*{{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Makati]], Philippines (1992)
*{{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia]] (1993)<ref name="Split twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | title=Gradovi prijatelji Splita |trans-title=Split Twin Towns | work=Grad Split [Split Official City Website] | access-date=December 19, 2013 | language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035937/http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | archive-date=March 24, 2012}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador (2005)
*{{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon (2006)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Ischia, Campania]], Italy (2006)
*{{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (2007)<ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ | title=Yerevan Twin Towns & Sister Cities | work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website | access-date=November 4, 2013 | archive-date=November 7, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107035410/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Colend}}
In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":
*{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Łódź]], Poland
*{{flagicon|AUS}} City of [[Melbourne]], Australia
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Manchester]], United Kingdom<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|title=Twinning link with LA|date=July 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731001604/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|archive-date=July 31, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=July 28, 2009|newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]]}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|title=Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership|year=2007|publisher=The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|archive-date=June 23, 2008|access-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref>
==See also==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Largest cities in Southern California]]
*[[Largest cities in the Americas]]
*[[List of hotels in Los Angeles]]
*[[List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area]]
*[[List of museums in Los Angeles]]
*[[List of museums in Los Angeles County, California]]
*[[List of music venues in Los Angeles]]
*[[List of people from Los Angeles]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California]]
*[[USS Los Angeles|USS ''Los Angeles'']], 4 ships (including 1 airship)
{{colend}}
==Notes==
{{nlist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Main list|Bibliography of Los Angeles}}
{{refbegin}}
===General===
*Abu-Lughod, Janet L. ''New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's global cities'' (U of Minnesota Press, 1999). {{ISBN|978-0-8166-3336-4}}. [https://archive.org/details/newyorkchicagolo0000abul online]
*Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at p. 409 for list.
*{{cite book|title=Southern California: An Island on the Land|author=Carey McWilliams|publisher=Peregrine Smith|year=2009|isbn=978-0-87905-007-8|edition=9th|author-link=Carey McWilliams (journalist)|url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi}}
*{{cite book|title=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West|title-link=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own|author=Richard White|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8061-2567-1|author-link=Richard White (historian)}}
*{{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World|author=David Rieff|publisher=Touchstone|year=1992|isbn=978-0-671-79210-7|author-link=David Rieff}}
*{{cite book|title=Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City|author=Peter Theroux|publisher=Norton|year=1994|isbn=978-0-393-31394-9|author-link=Peter Theroux|url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete}}
*{{cite book|title=Los Angeles: A History of the Future|author=Paul Glover|publisher=Greenplanners|year=1995|isbn=978-0-9622911-0-4|author-link=Paul Glover (activist)}}
*{{cite book|title=Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County|author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-20530-7|place=Berkeley}}
*{{cite book|title=Los Angeles and the Summer Olympic Games |author=Eva Kassens Noor |series=SpringerBriefs in Geography |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-38553-8 |isbn=978-3-030-38553-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-38553-8}}
===Architecture and urban theory===
*{{cite book|title=Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies|author=Reyner Banham|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-26015-3|edition=2nd|place=Berkeley|author-link=Reyner Banham}}
*{{cite book|title=City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles|title-link=City of Quartz|author=Mike Davis|publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84467-568-5|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar)}}
*{{cite book |title=The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 |author=[[Robert M. Fogelson]] |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-520-08230-4 |place=Berkeley}}
*{{cite book|title=The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory|author=Norman M. Klein|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=978-1-84467-242-4}}
*{{cite book|title=L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles|author=Sam Hall Kaplan|publisher=Hennessey and Ingalls|year=2000|isbn=978-0-940512-23-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990|author=Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander|publisher=Getty Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-60606-128-2}}
===Race relations===
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|last=Acuña|first=Rodolfo|publisher=Verso|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3|author-link=Rodolfo Acuña|access-date=September 30, 2011}}
*{{cite book|title=No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels|last=George|first=Lynell|publisher=Verso|year=1992|isbn=978-0-86091-389-4}}
*{{cite book|title=L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present|last=Sides|first=Josh|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-24830-4|place=Berkeley}}
*{{cite book|title=Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A.|author=Eduardo Obregón Pagán|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8078-5494-5}}
*{{cite book|title=The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit|url-access=registration|author=R. J. Smith|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58648-521-4}}
===LGBT===
*{{cite book|title=Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians|author=[[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons|publisher=Basic Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-465-02288-5|url=https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill}}
*{{cite book|title=Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics|last=Hurewitz|first=Daniel|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-520-24925-7|place=Berkeley|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure}}
===Environment===
*{{cite book|title=Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water|title-link=Cadillac Desert|author=Marc Reisner|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1986|isbn=978-0-14-017824-1|author-link=Marc Reisner}}
*{{cite book|title=Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles|author=Chip Jacobs and William Kelly|publisher=Outlook Hardcover|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58567-860-0|url=https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco}}
===Social movements===
*{{cite book|title=Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties|author=Mike Davis and Jon Wiener|publisher=Verso|year=2020|isbn=978-1-78478-024-1}}
===Art and literature===
*{{cite book|title=Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology|publisher=[[Library of America]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-931082-27-3|editor=David L. Ulin|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse}}
*{{cite book|title=Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s|last=Whiting|first=Cécile|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25634-7|place=Berkeley}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
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