Hypoderma tarandi: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of fly}}

{{speciesbox

| name = Reindeer warble fly

| status =

| image = TB(1895) p329 Same Reindeer Fly (Hypoderma tarandi).jpgpng

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[[File:Ice-bound on Kolguev - a chapter in the exploration of Arctic Europe to which is added a record of the natural history of the island (1895) (14595270719).jpg|thumb|A reindeer herd in [[Kolguyev Island]] in 1895. The caption reads: "We entered today on a new phase of reindeer life. For the first time the fly appeared ''(Hypoderma tarandi)'', known to the [[Samoyeds]] as ''Pi-liur'', and to the Russians as ''Orwot.'']]

'''''Hypoderma tarandi''''', also known as the '''reindeer warble fly''' and '''cariboureindeer bot flybotfly''',<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2600172 | pmid=18258079 | doi=10.3201/eid1401.070163 | volume=14 | issue=1 | title=Human ophthalmomyiasis interna caused by ''Hypoderma tarandi'', Northern Canada | year=2008 | journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. | pages=64–6 | last1 = Lagacé-Wiens | first1 = PR | last2 = Dookeran | first2 = R | last3 = Skinner | first3 = S | last4 = Leicht | first4 = R | last5 = Colwell | first5 = DD | last6 = Galloway | first6 = TD}}</ref> is a species of [[warble fly]] that is [[parasitism|parasitic]] on [[reindeer]].<ref>Chillcott, in Stone et al., 1965, Catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico, p. 1112.</ref>

The larvae of this fly are a skin-penetrating ectoparasite that usually infest populations of reindeer and [[caribou]] in [[Arctic]] areas, causing harm to the hides, meat and milk in domesticated herds. They also may cause [[Ophthalmomyiasisophthalmomyiasis]] in humans,<ref>[http:{{cite journal| doi=10.1016//wwwj.sciencedirectijppaw.com/science/article/pii/S22132244130002172013.06.001 | pmid=24533338 | pmc=3862539 | volume=2 | title=Warble infestations by Hypoderma tarandi (Diptera; Oestridae) recorded for the first time in West Greenland muskoxen] | year=2013 | journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife | pages=214–216 | last1 = Samuelsson | first1 = Fredrik | last2 = Nejsum | first2 = Peter | last3 = Raundrup | first3 = Katrine | last4 = Vicky Alstrup Hansen | first4 = Tina | last5 = Moliin Outzen Kapel | first5 = Christian| bibcode=2013IJPPW...2..214S }}</ref> leading to [[uveitis]], [[glaucoma]], and [[retinal detachment]].<ref name=lag>{{cite journal | last1 = Lagacé-Wiens | first1 = P. R. | display-authors = 1 | last2 = et aletal | year = 2008 | title = Human ophthalmomyiasis interna caused by ''Hypoderma tarandi'', Northern Canada | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 14 | issue = 1| pages = 64–6 | pmc=2600172 | pmid=18258079 | doi=10.3201/eid1401.070163}}</ref> ''H. lineatum'' and ''H. sinense'' may also infest humans.<ref name=lag/>

==As food==

{{see also|Entomophagy}}

In cold climates supporting [[reindeer]]- or [[caribou]]-reliant populations, large quantities of ''Hypoderma tarandi'' maggots are available to human populations during the butchery of animals.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfTzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA482|title=Caribou warble grubs edible|first=E.P.|last=Felt|year=1918|journal=Journal of Economic Entomology|volume=11|page=482}}</ref>

''Hypoderma tarandi'' larvae were part of the traditional diet of the [[Nunamiut]] people.<ref>Eric Loker, Bruce Hofkin et al. ''Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach''. p. 229</ref> Copious art dating back to the [[Pleistocene]] in Europe confirms their consumption in premodern times, as well.<ref name="NPA">{{cite book|title=The Nature of Paleolithic Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&pg=PA6|accessdate=7 May 2013|last=Guthrie |first=Russell Dale |year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31126-5|pages=6–}}</ref>

The sixth episode of season one of the television series ''[[Beyond Survival]]'' entitled "The Inuit - Survivors of the Future" features survival expert [[Les Stroud]] and two Inuit guides hunting caribou on the northern coast of [[Baffin Island]] near [[Pond Inlet]], [[Nunavut]], Canada. Upon skinning and butchering of one of the animals, numerous larvae (presumably ''Hypoderma tarandi'', although not explicitly stated) are apparent on the inside of the caribou pelt. Stroud and his two Inuit guides eat (albeit somewhat reluctantly) one larva each, with Stroud commenting that the larva "tastes like milk" and was historically commonly consumed by the Inuit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lesstroud.ca/beyondsurvival/ep6.php |title=Les Stroud - ''Beyond Survival: The Inuit - Survivors of the Future'' |publisher=Lesstroud.ca |date= |accessdate=2015-11-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302015601/http://lesstroud.ca/beyondsurvival/ep6.php |archivedate=2016-03-02 }}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Botfly]]

*''[[Cephenemyia trompe]]'', anotherthe reindeer nose botfly, another parasitic reindeer fly

== References ==

{{reflistReflist|2}}

== External links ==

*{{commonscatcommons category-inline}}

* [http://link.springer.com/article/{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007%2FBF01240631/BF01240631 | title = The two reindeer parasites, ''Hypoderma tarandi'' and ''Cephenemyia trompe'' (Oestridae)] | volume=7 | year=1996 | journal=Chemoecology | pages=1–7 | last1 = Bj | last2 = Nilssen | first2 = Arne C. | last3 = Wibe | first3 = Atle}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q11888717}}

[[Category:Oestridae]]

[[Category:Veterinary entomology]]

[[Category:Parasitic flies]]

[[Category:ParasitesParasitic arthropods of mammals]]

[[Category:Reindeer]]

[[Category:InsectsEdible as foodinsects]]

[[Category:Insects of the Arctic]]

[[Category:Insects described in 1758]]

[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]