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{{Short description|Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 1935}}
{{redirect|Labor Day storm|the storms that hit Syracuse, New York in 1998|New York State Labor Day derechos|the storm that became known as the 1970 Labor Day storm in Arizona|Tropical Storm Norma (1970)}}
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{{citation style|date=May 2019}}
{{over-quotation|date=May 2019}}
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{{Infobox weather event
| image = Labor Day hurricane 1935-09-04 weather map.gif
| caption = Weather Bureau surface weather map of the hurricane moving up the west coast of Florida
| formed = {{start date|1935|08|29}}
| extratropical = {{start date|1935|09|06}}
| dissipated = {{end date|1935|09|10}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| winds = 160
| pressure = 892
| pressure-suffix = <br />(Lowest recorded in the [[United States]]; third-lowest recorded in the Atlantic)
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1935
| fatalities = 423
| damage = 100000000
| areas = [[The Bahamas]], [[Florida Keys]], [[Southwest Florida|Southwest]] and [[North Florida]] (<small>[[Big Bend (Florida)|Big Bend]]</small>), [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[The Carolinas]], [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], [[Delaware]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New England]]
| refs =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1935 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
The '''1935 Labor Day hurricane''' was an extremely powerful and devastating [[Atlantic hurricane]] that struck the [[southeastern United States]] in early September 1935. For several decades, it was the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of [[barometric pressure]] until being surpassed by [[Hurricane Gilbert]] in [[1988 Atlantic hurricane season|1988]];<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hensen|first1=Bob|title=Remembering the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 in the Florida Keys|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/remembering-the-labor-day-hurricane-of-1935-in-the-florida-keys|website=Weather Underground|access-date=August 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829042410/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/remembering-the-labor-day-hurricane-of-1935-in-the-florida-keys|archive-date=August 29, 2016}}</ref> the strongest Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of [[Maximum sustained wind|1-minute sustained winds]] (surpassed by [[Hurricane Allen]] in [[1980 Atlantic hurricane season|1980]]); and the strongest at [[landfall]] by 1-minute sustained winds (tied with [[Hurricane Dorian]] in [[2019 Atlantic hurricane season|2019]]). The fourth [[tropical cyclone]], third tropical storm, second hurricane, and second [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|major hurricane]] of the [[1935 Atlantic hurricane season]], it is one of four [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes|Category 5 hurricanes]] on record to strike the [[contiguous United States]], along with [[Hurricane Camille]] (1969), [[Hurricane Andrew]] (1992), and [[Hurricane Michael]] (2018).
The hurricane intensified rapidly during its time, passing near [[Long Key]] on [[Labor Day]] evening, September 2. The region was swept by a massive [[storm surge]] as the eye passed over the area. The waters quickly receded after carving new channels connecting the bay with the ocean; however, gale-force winds and rough seas persisted into Tuesday, disrupting rescue efforts. The storm continued northwestward along the Florida west coast, weakening before making its second landfall near [[Cedar Key, Florida]], on September 4.
The hurricane caused catastrophic damage in the upper Florida Keys, as a storm surge of approximately {{convert|18|to|20|ft|m}} swept over the low-lying islands. The hurricane's strong winds and the surge destroyed nearly all the structures between [[Tavernier, Florida|Tavernier]] and [[Marathon, Florida|Marathon]]. The town of [[Islamorada, Florida|Islamorada]] was obliterated. Portions of the [[Overseas Railroad|Key West Extension]] of the [[Florida East Coast Railway]] were severely damaged or destroyed. In addition, many veterans died in work camps created for the construction of the [[Overseas Highway]], in part due to poor working conditions. The hurricane also caused more damage in northwest Florida, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and the [[The Carolinas|Carolinas]].
==Meteorological history==
{{
An [[low-pressure area (meteorology)|area of disturbed weather]] developed northeast of the [[Turks Islands]] toward the end of August. By August 31, a definite tropical depression appeared near Long Island in the southeastern Bahamas and quickly intensified. It reached hurricane intensity near the south end of [[Andros, Bahamas|Andros Island]] on September 1.<ref name="American Meteorological Society"/> The storm then [[Rapid intensification|explosively intensified]] and turned toward the [[Florida Keys]] at a speed of 10 mph. The storm had an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] {{convert|9|–|10|mi|km}} across. The storm made landfall late on September 2 near Long Key, at peak intensity, with an intensity of {{convert|892|mbar|inHg}} and 1-minute sustained winds of {{convert|185|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. After leaving the Keys, the storm weakened as it skirted the Florida gulf coast, making a second landfall at Cedar Key. The storm sped up and rapidly weakened over the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic states]], causing heavy rainfall, with the highest total being {{convert|16.7|in|mm}} in Easton, Maryland. The storm finally emerged over the open Atlantic near [[Cape Henry]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tannehill|title=Hurricanes, Their Nature and History|year=1938|pages=214–215}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=SA 1–26|title=Storm Total Rainfall In The United States|author=United States Army Corps of Engineers|publisher=War Department|date=1945}}</ref> The storm continued into the North Atlantic Ocean, where it merged with an [[extratropical cyclone]] on September 10.<ref name="American Meteorological Society" />
{{Most intense Atlantic hurricanes|align=right}}
The first recorded instance of an aircraft flown for the specific purpose of locating a hurricane occurred on the afternoon of September 2, 1935. The Weather Bureau's 1:30 PM advisory<ref>Hearings, p. 184, [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=184&u=1&seq=1&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Hathi Digital Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225324/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=192 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> placed the center of the hurricane at north latitude 23° 20', west longitude 80° 15', moving slowly westward. This was about {{convert|27|miles}} north of [[Isabela de Sagua]], Villa Clara, Cuba, and {{convert|145|miles}} east of [[Havana]]. Captain Leonard Povey of the Aviation Corps of the Cuban Army (Cuerpo de Aviación del Ejército de Cuba) volunteered to investigate the threat to the capital. Flying a [[Curtiss F11C Goshawk|Curtis Hawk II]], Captain Povey, an American expatriate, who was the Aviation Corps' chief training officer, observed the storm north of its reported position. Because he was flying an open-cockpit biplane, he opted not to fly into the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2015/09/02/80th-anniversary-of-the-labor-day-hurricane-and-first-hurricane-reconnaissance/|title=80th Anniversary of the Labor Day Hurricane and first hurricane reconnaissance|date=2 September 2015| agency=NOAA Hurricane Research Division|access-date=September 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Povey">{{cite web|author=Matthew Sitkowski|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|date=April 9, 2012|access-date=August 7, 2015|title=Investigation and Prediction of Hurricane Eyewall Replacement Cycles|url=http://www.aos.wisc.edu/uwaosjournal/Volume18/Sitkowski_PhD_Thesis.pdf|page=49}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Drye|title=Storm of the Century|pages=129–130}}</ref> He later proposed an aerial hurricane patrol.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=esI0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=r4UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=738%2C2516662 Cuba May Use Planes to Scout for Hurricanes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427110928/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=esI0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=r4UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=738,2516662|date=2016-04-27}}, AP, Schenectady Gazette, Sept. 23, 1935, p. 7</ref> Nothing further came of this idea until June 1943, when Colonel Joe Duckworth and Lieutenant Ralph O'Hair flew into [[1943 Surprise Hurricane|a hurricane]] near [[Galveston, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/surprise.html|website=NOAA History, Stories and Tales of the Weather Service|title=The First Flight Into A Hurricane's Eye|access-date=2015-08-08|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030611/http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/surprise.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Records===
The Labor Day hurricane was the most intense tropical cyclone known to make landfall in the Western Hemisphere, having the lowest sea level pressure ever officially recorded on land—a central pressure of {{convert|892|mbar|inHg}}—suggesting an intensity of between {{convert|162|and|164|kn|mph}}. The somewhat compensating effects of a slow ({{convert|7|kn|mph|disp=comma}}) translational velocity along with an extremely tiny radius of maximum wind ({{convert|5|nmi|miles|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) led to an analyzed intensity at landfall of {{convert|160|kn|mph km/h|sigfig=3}}. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane is tied with 2019's [[Hurricane Dorian]] for the highest intensity for a landfalling Atlantic hurricane in HURDAT2, as 1969's [[Hurricane Camille]] has been reanalyzed in 2014 to have the third highest landfalling intensity with {{convert|150|kn|mph km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} winds.<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=American Meteorological Society |date=August 15, 2014 |title=A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landsea-et-al-jclimate-2014.pdf |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=27 |pages=6093–6118 |author1=Christopher W. Landsea |author2=Andrew Hagen |author3=William Bredemeyer |author4=Cristina Carrasco |author5=David A. Glenn |author6=Adrian Santiago |author7=Donna Strahan-sakoskie |author8=Michael Dickinson |issue=16 |doi=10.1175/jcli-d-13-00503.1 |bibcode=2014JCli...27.6093L |s2cid=1785238 |edition=August 2014}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Preparations==
Northeast storm warnings<ref name="Flickr">The Hurricane Warning Service, p. 3, June 1, 1933 [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/17220032115/in/set-72157651682420888 Flickr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427112340/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/17220032115/in/set-72157651682420888 |date=2015-04-27 }}</ref> were ordered displayed from [[Fort Pierce]] to [[Fort Myers]] in the September 1, 9:30 AM Weather Bureau advisory.<ref name="HathiTrust Digital Library">Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 184. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=184&u=1&seq=1&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225324/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=192 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> Upon receipt of this advisory the U.S. Coast Guard Station, Miami, FL, sent a plane along the coast to advise boaters and campers of the impending danger by dropping message blocks. A second flight was made on Sunday afternoon. After, planes were placed in the hangar and its door closed at 10:00 AM Monday.<ref>Memorandum of interview with Lt. Olson and Lt. Clemmer [[:File:Memorandum, Kennamer RE Coast Guard, Oct. 5, 1935.jpg|Kennamer]]</ref><ref>U. S. Coast Guard 1935 Hurricane Report [http://www.keyshistory.org/35-hurr-USCG.html Wilkinson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221222458/http://keyshistory.org/35-hurr-USCG.html |date=2015-02-21 }}</ref> The 3:30 AM advisory, September 2 ([[Labor Day]]), predicted the disturbance "will probably pass through the [[Florida Straits]] Monday" and cautioned "against high tides and gales Florida Keys and ships in path."<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, testimony of Ivan R. Tannehill, p. 184. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=184&u=1&seq=1&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Hathitrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225324/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=192 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> The 1:30 PM advisory ordered hurricane warnings<ref name="Flickr"/> for the [[Key West]] district<ref name="HathiTrust Digital Library"/> which extended north to [[Key Largo]].<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 199. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=199&u=1&seq=1&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225325/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=207 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> At around 2:00 PM, Fred Ghent, Assistant Administrator, Florida Emergency Relief Administration, requested a special train to evacuate the veterans work camps located in the upper keys.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 336, record of phone calls by Fred Ghent. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=336&u=1&seq=514&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=346;q1=%22Veterans%20Rehabilitation%20Program%22 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> It departed Miami at 4:25 PM; delayed by a draw bridge opening, obstructions across the track, poor visibility and the necessity to back the locomotive below Homestead (so it could head out on the return trip<ref>There were no turntables on the Florida East Coast Railway below Miami. In routine operations locomotives were reversed using the "[[wye (rail)]]" junctions at Homestead, Marathon or Key West. In this case, it was decided to use the wye at Homestead and run the locomotive backward to Camp #3 on Lower Matecumbe, and then, using a siding, move it to the other end of the train facing forward for the return trip. Using the Marathon wye would have allowed running the engine forward on both legs, but would have added 45.6 miles to the route, much of which was over open water. As it happened the hurricane's eye passed directly over the Long Key crossings. Caught there the entire train would have been lost in the bay. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049888574;view=1up;seq=514 Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, Statements by Loftin, p. 504, Beals, p. 509 and Branch, p. 514.]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) the train finally arrived at the Islamorada station on Upper Matecumbe Key at about 8:20 PM. This coincided with an abrupt wind shift from the northeast (Florida Bay) to southeast (Atlantic Ocean) and the arrival on the coast of the [[storm surge]].<ref name="American Meteorological Society">Monthly Weather Review, September 1935, p. 269. [http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/063/mwr-063-09-0269.pdf American Meteorological Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418123712/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/063/mwr-063-09-0269.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}</ref>
==Impact==
{{Strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricanes|align=right}}
In the Bahamas, the [[British Bahamas|colonial government]] reported that the cyclone caused minor damage to property, but no injuries or fatalities.<ref name="caller">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/corpus-christi-caller-times/170015494/|title=Havana, Vera Cruz, And Florida Make Ready for Storms|date=September 2, 1935|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Corpus Christi Caller|page=1|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Additionally, the ''Climatological Data'' journal noted that "there was one report of some damage on the extreme southern end of [[Andros, The Bahamas|Andros Island]]."<ref name="CD_FL">{{cite journal |last1=Barnett|first1=W. J.|title=Florida Section |journal=Climatological Data |date=September 1935 |volume=39 |issue=9 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-C5D5F555-4725-41CF-89DC-5FFAB1CAE3E0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412053707/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-C5D5F555-4725-41CF-89DC-5FFAB1CAE3E0.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2025|access-date=April 12, 2025 |publisher=Weather Bureau |via=National Centers for Environmental Information |___location=Jacksonville, Florida}}</ref> Rough seas impacted the north coast of Cuba, while the storm also caused some impacts in [[Camagüey Province|Camagüey]] and [[Santa Clara Province|Santa Clara]] provinces due to overflowing inland streams.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer/170054951/|date=September 3, 1935|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|title=Storm Veers From Cuba|agency=Associated Press|page=3|accessdate=April 12, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref>
Three ships were reported to have run aground in the Florida Keys during the storm. The Danish motorship ''[[Leise Maersk (1921)|Leise Maersk]]'' was carried over and grounded nearly 4 miles away near [[Upper Matecumbe Key]], although there was no loss of life. The engine room was flooded and the ship was disabled.<ref name="Monthly Weather Review, September 1935">{{Cite web |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/063/mwr-063-09-0269.pdf |title=Monthly Weather Review, September 1935 |access-date=2015-04-09 |archive-date=2015-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418123712/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/063/mwr-063-09-0269.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The American tanker ''Pueblo'' lost control near {{coord|24|40|N|80|25|W}} around 2 pm on September 2 and was pushed around the storm's center, ending up in [[Molasses Reef]] nearly eight hours later.<ref name="Monthly Weather Review, September 1935"/> The passenger steamship ''Dixie'' ran aground on [[French Reef]]. She was re-floated and towed to New York on September 19. No fatalities resulted from the incident.<ref name="American Meteorological Society" /><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=September 3, 1935|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/170017810/|title=Relief Will Tow Dixie to New York|page=12A|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref>
[[Image:Train derailed by the 1935 hurricane.jpg|thumb|left|Florida East Coast Railway Overseas Railroad relief train derailed near [[Islamorada, Florida|Islamorada]]]]
The hurricane produced squalls and sustained winds up to {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on [[Key West]], causing little damage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-telegram/170800270/|title=Key West Escape Damage in Storm|date=September 3, 1935|newspaper=Long Beach Press-Telegram|accessdate=April 21, 2025|page=10|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Similarly, mostly minor impacts occurred on [[Big Pine Key, Florida|Big Pine]] and [[No Name Key|No Name]] keys, aside from winds blowing away tar paper roofs and ripping window screens. In [[Marathon, Florida|Marathon]], the hurricane demolished a large fish house on [[Boot Key]]. Many dwellings lost their roofs, while some others were destroyed. A school building also suffered damage to its roof and some doors and windows, while a Florida East Coast Railway dredge was swept about three blocks inland. One fisherman in Marathon died. Significant damage occurred to a fish house on [[Key Vaca]], where water reached up to {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} above ground, causing the death of one person. Extensive washouts to the railway and roads were reported on [[Crawl Key|Crawl]] and [[Grassy Key|Grassy]] keys. Waves swept away four people on the latter. Additionally, a report by the Florida Emergency Relief Administration noted that "the only thing standing on this key is one-half of the white foreman's house."<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.keyshistory.org/35-hurr-Aides-report.html|title=An Overall Hurricane Damage Report|publisher=Florida Emergency Relief Administration|date=September 16, 1935|accessdate=April 21, 2025}}</ref>
On Upper Matecumbe Key, near Islamorada, an eleven-car evacuation train encountered a powerful storm surge topped by cresting waves. Eleven cars<ref>6 coaches, 2 baggage cars, and 3 box cars. The box cars were at the rear of the train; being empty and smaller than the other cars they blew off the tracks even before the storm surge arrived, stopping the train from continuing past Islamorada. A close examination of photographs of the wreck show one box car still coupled to the last baggage car. The other two broke off completely and were carried by the surge half-way across the key towards the bay. Two other boxcars were on a siding before the storm and ended up wedged against the sides of coaches 5 and 6, counting back from the locomotive. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=504&u=1&seq=1&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, Statements by Loftin, p. 504, Aitcheson, p. 506, and Branch, p. 515] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225325/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=516 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> were swept from the tracks, leaving only the [[locomotive]] and [[tender (rail)|tender]] upright and still on the rails. Remarkably, everyone on the train survived.<ref>[[Scott Loftin]], FEC co-receiver, concluded on Sept 6, 1935, that the delays likely saved the crew and passengers; if the train had arrived an hour earlier it would have been on Lower Matecumbe or the narrow Indian Key fill when the surge struck and destroyed. "From what we now know it seems that the men could not have been extracted from the camps unless the train had left Miami about 10:00 am." Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 504. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=504&u=1&seq=342&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225324/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=504&u=1&seq=342&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> The locomotive and tender were both [[barge]]d back to [[Miami]] several months later.<!-- [citation needed] --> The hurricane left a path of near-total destruction in the Upper Keys, centered on what is today the village of [[Islamorada, Florida|Islamorada]]. The eye of the storm passed a few miles to the southwest creating a calm of about 40 minutes duration over Lower Matecumbe and 55 minutes (9:20–10:15 PM) over Long Key. At Camp #3 on Lower Matecumbe the surge arrived near the end of the calm with the wind close behind.<ref>Testimonies of [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652758444449 Davis (p. 538)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827045009/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652758444449 |date=2015-08-27 }} and [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157650841976954 Sheeran (p. 931)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827045006/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157650841976954 |date=2015-08-27 }}, VA Investigation, National Archives Building, Washington, DC</ref> Nearly every structure was demolished, and some bridges and railway embankments were washed away. The links—rail, road, and [[ferry]] boats—that chained the islands together were broken. The main transportation route linking the Keys to mainland [[Florida]] had been a single railroad line, the [[Florida Overseas Railroad]] portion of the Florida East Coast Railway. The Islamorada area was devastated, although the hurricane's destructive path was narrower than most tropical cyclones. Its eye was {{convert|8|mi|km}} across and the fiercest winds extended {{convert|15|mi|km}} off the center, less than 1992's [[Hurricane Andrew]], which was also a relatively small and catastrophic Category 5 hurricane. [[Craig Key]], [[Long Key]], and [[Upper Matecumbe Key|Upper Matecumbe]] and [[Lower Matecumbe Key|Lower Matecumbe]] Keys suffered the worst.<ref name="Google News">{{cite news|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=September 5, 1935|page=1|title=Storm Danger Fades Here, Damage Heavy|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FDlPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5581%2C392065|accessdate=April 12, 2025|via=Google News}}</ref>
After the third day of the storm corpses swelled and split open in the subtropical heat, according to rescue workers. Public health officials ordered plain wood coffins holding the dead to be stacked and burned in several locations. The [[National Weather Service]] estimated 408 deaths from the hurricane. Bodies were recovered as far away as [[Flamingo, Florida|Flamingo]] and Cape Sable on the southwest tip of the Florida mainland.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} The [[United States Coast Guard]] and other federal and state agencies organized evacuation and relief efforts. Boats and airplanes carried injured survivors to Miami. The railroad was never rebuilt, but temporary bridges and ferry landings were under construction as soon as materials arrived. On March 29, 1938, the last gap in the Overseas Highway linking Key West to the mainland was completed. The new highway incorporated the roadbed and surviving bridges of the railway.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
Farther north, the cyclone caused wind and flood damage along the [[Florida Panhandle]] and into [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and significant damage to the [[Tampa Bay Area]].<ref name="Google News"/> Parts of southeast Florida, including Miami and [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], mainly experienced downed trees, signs, and powerlines, leaving some people without electricity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/170028258/|title=Miamians Repairing Minor Storm Damage|date=September 4, 1935|newspaper=Miami Herald|page=10|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post/170028057/|date=September 4, 1935|title=Little Damage Done By Disturbance Here|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=1|accessdate=April 10, 2025|___location=West Palm Beach, Florida|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> However, sustained winds estimated at {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]] led to substantial crop damage in southern [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade County]], while a warehouse was partially deroofed and numerous trees littered [[U.S. Route 1 in Florida|the road to]] the Florida Keys.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-telegram/170029377/|title=Heavy Damage to Citrus Crops in Florida Reported|date=September 3, 1935|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Long Beach Press-Telegram|page=1|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Losses to crops in the vicinity of Homestead ranged from $400,000 to $600,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune/170029290/|title=Hurricane Causes Crop Heavy Losses In South Florida|date=September 4, 1935|page=2|agency=United Press International|newspaper=The Tampa Tribune|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> In [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]], [[Seminole]] camps suffered damage due to high winds and floods, while the roads leading from the [[Tamiami Trail]] to [[Marco Island, Florida|Marco Island]] and [[Everglades City, Florida|Everglades City]] were left impassable due to being submerged.<ref name="naples pier">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/170025131/|title=Storm Badly Damages Fishing Pier At Naples|date=September 4, 1935|newspaper=Miami Herald|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Everglades City itself was inundated with up to {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water, but no noteworthy damage occurred other than to wires, trees, and vegetation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/170025131/|title=Little Damage Seen At Everglades City|date=September 4, 1935|newspaper=Miami Herald|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> The hurricane destroyed over half of Naples's {{convert|1000|ft|m|abbr=on}} fishing pier.<ref name="naples pier"/> One person died on [[Florida State Road 80|State Road 80]] near the [[Hendry County, Florida|Hendry]]–[[Lee County, Florida|Lee]] county line when a bus overturned in rainy conditions. The latter also reported damage to approximately 25% of citrus crops, several unroofed buildings, and numerous toppled trees. Rainfall inundated some streets along the [[Caloosahatchee River]] with up to {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune/170021947/|title=Driver Is Killed As Bus Overturns During Lee Storm|date=September 4, 1935|newspaper=The Tampa Tribune|page=2|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> The hurricane deroofed several homes on [[Gasparilla Island]], including at [[Boca Grande, Florida|Boca Grande]], causing most people on the island to evacuate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-orlando-sentinel/170031217/|title=Tampa Feels Storm's Fury|newspaper=Orlando Morning Sentinel|page=2|agency=Associated Press|date=September 4, 1935|accessdate=April 13, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref>
Despite wind gusts reaching {{convert|65|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, Tampa held municipal elections on September 3. A two-story building housing a voting precinct was destroyed, while many other polling places lost electricity, forcing voting to be conducted in candlelight. Throughout the city, the hurricane downed wires, signs, and trees, and washed out roads in a number of places. The [[Ybor City]] neighborhood reported the deroofing of a post office and the shattering of windows at several businesses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune/170019418/|page=1|title=Storm Passes North In Gulf After Lashing Tampa Section|date=September 4, 1935|newspaper=The Tampa Tribune|accessdate=April 10, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Along Florida's gulf coast, the hurricane impacted [[Cedar Key, Florida|Cedar Key]] particularly severely. Nearly all roofs experienced at least minor damage, many of which were blown off, while winds also downed many trees and power lines. The cyclone also severely damaged docks and fishing vessels. Three deaths occurred in the town.<ref name="meta">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1935_3|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|author=Landsea, Christopher W.|work=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=April 12, 2025|___location=Miami, Florida|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Florida governor [[David Sholtz]] described [[Horseshoe Beach, Florida|Horseshoe Beach]] in [[Dixie County, Florida|Dixie County]]" as "completely isolated, with nearly every home there destroyed." A loss of roughly 80% of commercial timber occurred in neighboring [[Taylor County, Florida|Taylor County]], where approximately 300 families became homeless.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-valdosta-daily-times/170132363/|agency=Associated Press|title=Damage In Storm Reaches Millions|date=September 10, 1935|newspaper=The Valdosta Daily Times|page=8|accessdate=April 13, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Governor Sholtz also reported high winds and that "all communications facilities have been disrupted" in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=September 5, 1935|page=2|title=Sholtz Reports Heavy Winds at Tallahassee|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FDlPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2218%2C396165|accessdate=April 12, 2025|via=Google News}}</ref>
The storm brought over {{cvt|5|in}} of rain to parts of Georgia when it passed over the state between September 4–5. The heavy rainfall in southern Georgian counties led to the spoilage of cotton. Attendant winds also ruined crops and inflicted minor damage to property.<ref name="CD_GA">{{cite journal |last1=Mindling |first1=George W. |title=Georgia Section |journal=Climatological Data |date=September 1935 |volume=39 |issue=9 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-E600958E-F3E8-457A-A1A3-772930C56510.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201163444/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-E600958E-F3E8-457A-A1A3-772930C56510.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2021 |publisher=Weather Bureau |via=National Centers for Environmental Information |___location=Atlanta, Georgia }}</ref> Property damage along the coastal regions of [[South Carolina]] amounted to $15,000, with the damage primarily occurring in the vicinity of [[Beaufort, South Carolina|Beaufort]], [[Georgetown, South Carolina|Georgetown]], and [[Walterboro, South Carolina|Walterboro]]. Damage to crops in South Carolina was also considerable, with high winds blowing down cotton, corn, sugar cane, and other unharvested crops. Windthrown trees also injured several people.<ref name="CD_SC">{{cite journal |last1=Merchant |first1=G. C. |title=South Carolina Section |journal=Climatological Data |date=September 1935 |volume=38 |issue=9 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-32D153B5-3C54-40C2-A1E0-86F071539A0F.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706160840/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-32D153B5-3C54-40C2-A1E0-86F071539A0F.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=July 6, 2022 |publisher=Weather Bureau |via=National Centers for Environmental Information |___location=Columbia, South Carolina}}</ref> Although winds had decreased over land by the time the storm reached the Mid-Atlantic states, the storm brought excessive rainfall that caused substantial damage to the region's crops. The storm became the wettest tropical cyclone on record for ten counties in Maryland and two counties in Delaware, with rainfall totals peaking between {{cvt|15|–|16|in}}; the highest measured rainfall total was {{cvt|16.63|in}} in [[Easton, Maryland]]. Corn suffered heavy losses in Virginia, contributing the bulk of the state's $1.65 million crop damage toll. Impacts from the storm in Maryland and Delaware were primarily concentrated in the southern portions of the two states; the cost of the damage amounted to around $2 million, including losses of $1 million in [[Caroline County, Maryland]].<ref name="CD_MD">{{cite journal |last1=Weeks |first1=J. R. |title=Maryland and Delaware Section |journal=Climatological Data |date=September 1935 |volume=40 |issue=9 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-1352E209-FDD6-4F8E-8726-40A5144DF3A3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706163040/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-1352E209-FDD6-4F8E-8726-40A5144DF3A3.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=July 6, 2022 |publisher=Weather Bureau |via=National Centers for Environmental Information |___location=Baltimore, Maryland}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
{{Strongest U.S. landfalling hurricanes|align=left}}
===Response===
====Veterans' work camps====
[[Image:Caribee Colony after 1935 Labor Day hurricane.jpg|thumb|Destruction of the Caribee Colony]]
Three veterans' work camps existed in the Florida Keys before the hurricane: #1 on [[Windley Key]], #3 and #5 on [[Lower Matecumbe Key]].<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 3, Testimony of J. Hardin Peterson [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=3&u=1&seq=1&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=9 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> The camp payrolls for August 30 listed 695 veterans.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 390, Letter Hines to Rankin.[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=390&u=1&seq=464&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225326/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=404;q1=%22Veterans%20Rehabilitation%20Program%22 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> They were employed in a project to complete the Overseas Highway connecting the mainland with Key West. The camps, including seven in Florida and four in South Carolina, were established by [[Harry L. Hopkins]], director of the [[Federal Emergency Relief Administration]] (FERA). In the autumn of 1934 the problem of transient veterans in Washington, D.C. "threatened ... to become acute and did become acute in January."<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 8, 1935 |page=11 |title=4,000 Veterans Placed in Southern Camps |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/08/08/93474679.pdf|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> Facilities in the capital were inadequate to handle the large numbers of veterans seeking jobs.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 364, Testimony of Frank Hines. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=365&u=1&seq=400&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225325/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=377;q1=%22Veterans%20Rehabilitation%20Program%22 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref><ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 443, Testimony of Aubrey Williams. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=443&u=1&seq=455&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Hathitrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=455 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] met with Mr. Hopkins and [[Robert Fechner]], director of the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC) to discuss solutions. He "suggested the Southern camp plan and approved the program worked out by Mr. Hopkins for their establishment and maintenance."<ref name="NYT"/> The VA identified eligible veterans.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 365. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=365&u=1&seq=445&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=379;q1=%22Veterans%20Rehabilitation%20Program%22 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> FERA offered grants to the states for their construction projects if they would accept the veterans as laborers. The state Emergency Relief Administrations were responsible for the daily management of the camps.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 435. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=435&u=1&seq=375&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574&q1=%22Veterans+Rehabilitation+Program%22 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225326/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=447;q1=%22Veterans%20Rehabilitation%20Program%22 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> In practice the state ERAs were very much the creatures of FERA, to the extent of handpicking the administrators.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 49, Testimony of Julius Stone. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=49&u=1&seq=445&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Hathitrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=57 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref><ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 435, Testimony of Aubrey Williams. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=435&u=1&seq=53&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Hathitrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225334/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=447 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> That only two states participated was perhaps attributable to the then popular impression that the transient veterans were "diseased" bums and hoboes.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 445, Testimony of Aubrey Williams. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=445&u=1&seq=445&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 Hathitrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=459 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> It was a characterization enthusiastically fed by the media. In August 1935 both ''Time Magazine''<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Time |date=August 26, 1935 |title=Relief: Playgrounds for Derelicts |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,748899,00.html}}</ref> and ''The New York Times'' published sensational articles.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 7, 1935 |page=1 |title=Veterans Find a 'Heaven' In Federal Camp in South |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/08/07/93473532.html?pageNumber=1|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 14, 1935 |page=1 |title=Bonus Army Digs Old 'Swimmin' Hole' as Rehabilitation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/14/archives/bonus-army-digs-old-swimmin-hole-as-rehabilitation-such-is-result.html|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> On August 15, 1935, Hopkins announced the termination of the veterans work program and closure of all the camps.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 16, 1935 |page=9 |title=Veterans' Camps to be Abandoned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/16/archives/veterans-camps-to-be-abandoned-3500-men-in-south-will-be-put-in-ccc.html|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref>
[[Image:Islamorada church after the 1935 Labor Day hurricane.jpg|thumb|left|Church destroyed at Islamorada]]
On August 26 and 27, 1935, one of the veterans, Albert C. Keith, wrote letters to both the President and [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] urging that the camps not be closed. Keith was editor of the weekly camp paper, the ''Key Veteran News''. He was emphatic that the veterans were being defamed and that their work program was a success story, rehabilitating many veterans for return to civilian life. ''The News'' published occasional reports from Camp #2, Mullet Key, [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], at the entrance to Tampa Bay. This was the "colored" veterans camp; the Keys camps were white only. In early August the colored veterans were transferred to the new Camp #8 in [[Gainesville, Florida]].<ref name="Google News"/>
====Rescue====
Improved weather conditions on Wednesday, September 4, permitted the evacuation of survivors to begin. Participation of the rescue included [[American Red Cross]], [[Florida National Guard]], [[Federal Emergency Relief Administration]] (FERA), [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA), [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] (CCC), [[United States Coast Guard]], [[American Legion]],<ref>''The American Legion Monthly'', Volume 19, No. 5 (November 1935), p. 28, "Rendezvous with Death" by Fred C. Painton [http://archive.legion.org/handle/123456789/3437 American Legion Digital Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193847/http://archive.legion.org/handle/123456789/3437 |date=2015-05-04 }}</ref> [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]], Dade County Undertakers Association, Dade County Medical Society, city and county officials, and numerous individuals, including [[Ernest Hemingway]]. Headquarters of the operation was the near shore of Snake Creek on Plantation Key. With the bridge over the creek washed out, this was the farthest point south on the highway. On September 5 at a meeting of all public and private agencies involved Governor [[David Sholtz]] placed the sheriffs of Monroe and Dade Counties in overall control.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 331. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=331&u=1&seq=400&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=341 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref>
On the evening of September 4, 1935, Brigadier General [[Frank T. Hines]], VA Administrator, received a phone call from [[Hyde Park, New York]]. It was [[Stephen Early]], the President's press secretary. He had orders from the President who was very distressed by the news from Florida. The VA was to: 1. Cooperate with FERA in seeing that everything possible be done for those injured in the hurricane; 2. See that the bodies were properly cared for shipment home to relatives, and that those bodies for which shipment home was not requested be sent to [[Arlington National Cemetery]]; and, 3. Conduct a very careful joint investigation with Mr. Hopkins' organization, to determine whether there was any fault that would lie against anyone in the Administration. Hines's representative in Florida was to take full charge of the situation and all other organizations and agencies were ordered to cooperate.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 371. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=371&u=1&seq=337&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225327/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=383 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref>
The President's first order was straightforward and promptly executed. 124 injured veterans were treated in Miami area hospitals; 9 of these died and 56 were later transferred to VA medical facilities.<ref>Letter, Machlan to Hines, Sept. 16, 1935, VA Investigative Records, National Archives Building, Washington DC</ref> Uninjured veterans were removed to Camp Foster in Jacksonville and evaluated for transfer to the CCC; those declining transfer or deemed unemployable were paid off and given tickets home.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 332. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=332&u=1&seq=381&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225328/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=340 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> All of the FERA transient camps were closed in November 1935.<ref>{{cite new|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 10, 1936|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/06/93778559.pdf|title='Transients' Lose Federal Aid Soon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225323/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/06/93778559.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|page=E11|archivedate=December 25, 2022}}</ref> In December 1935 FERA itself was absorbed within the new WPA, also directed by Hopkins.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 20, 1935|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/11/20/93716248.pdf|title=WPA Speeds Work to 'Wartime Rush'|page=2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225323/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/11/20/93716248.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|archivedate=December 25, 2022}}</ref>
====Recovery====
The second and third orders, however, were almost immediately compromised. At a news conference on September 5, Hopkins asserted that there was no negligence traceable to FERA in the failed evacuation of the camps as the Weather Bureau advisories had given insufficient warning. He also dispatched his assistant, [[Aubrey Willis Williams]], to Florida to coordinate FERA efforts and to investigate the deaths.<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 5, 1935 |title=Defends Failure to Move Veterans; Hopkins Says Action Was Not Warranted by the Reports of Hurricane's Course |page=9 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/06/archives/defends-failure-to-move-veterans-hopkins-says-action-was-not.html|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> Williams and Hines' assistant, Colonel George E. Ijams, both arrived in Miami on September 6. Ijams concentrated on the dead, their collection, identification and proper disposition.<ref>{{cite letter |first=S. L. |last=Leithiser |recipient=Veterans Administration |subject=Hurricane of September 2, 1935 |date=September 19, 1935 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157631453839018/ |access-date=April 12, 2020 }}</ref> This was to prove exceptionally difficult. Bodies were scattered throughout the Keys and their rapid decomposition created ghastly conditions. State and local health officials demanded a ban on all movement of bodies and their immediate burial or cremation in place; the next day Governor Sholtz so ordered.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 332.[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=332&u=1&seq=381&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225328/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=340 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> This was reluctantly agreed to by Hines with the understanding that those buried would be later disinterred and shipped home or to Arlington when permitted by the State health authorities.<ref>Hines to Col. McIntyre, Third Report on Evacuation of Veterans from Florida, Sept. 7, 1935, Hurricane Records, FDR Library</ref>
The cremations began on Saturday, September 7; 38 bodies were burned together at the collection point beside Snake Creek. Over the next week 136 bodies were cremated on Upper Matecumbe Key at 12 different locations. On Lower Matecumbe Key, 82 were burned at 20 sites. On numerous small keys in Florida Bay, bodies were either burned or buried where found. This effort continued into November. 123 bodies had been transported to Miami before the embargo. These were processed at a temporary morgue staffed by fingerprint experts and 8 volunteer undertakers under tents at Woodlawn Park Cemetery. The intention was to identify the remains and prepare them for burial or shipment. With the embargo in force, immediate burial of all the bodies at Woodlawn was mandatory. FERA purchased a plot in Section 2A. The VA coordinated the ceremony with full military honors on September 8.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/170422357/|title=Veterans Who Died on Florida Keys Go to Their Final Resting Flag-Draped Coffins|newspaper=Miami Daily News|date=September 9, 1935|page=8|accessdate=April 16, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> 109 bodies were buried in the FERA plot: 81 veterans, nine civilians, and 19 unidentified bodies.<ref>Plot Plan, Woodlawn Park Cemetery of Hurricane Victims of Keys September 2nd & 3rd 1935 with notes, VA Report of Investigation, National Archives Building, Washington, DC. [[:File:Plot Plan Woodlawn Park Cemetery, Victims of 1935 Labor Day Hurricane.jpg|Plot Plan]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=April 12, 2020 |title=History Of The Florida Keys Memorial |url=http://www.keyshistory.org/hurrmemorial.html |website=Keys Historeum |last=Wilkinson |first=Jerry}}</ref>
The Florida Emergency Relief Administration reported that as of November 19, 1935, 423 people died: 259 veterans and 164 civilians. By March 1, 1936, 62 additional bodies had been recovered, bringing the total to 485: 257 veterans and 228 civilians.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 332, [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=332&u=1&seq=453&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225830/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=340 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref> The discrepancy in veterans' deaths resulted from the difficulty in identifying bodies, particularly those found months after the hurricane, and a question of definition; whether to count just those on the camp payrolls or to include others, not enrolled, who happened to be veterans.
[[Image:Hurricane victims towed on sled behind car, circa Sept. 5, 1935.jpg|thumb|Collection of hurricane victims]]
[[File:Cremation of hurricane victims, Snake Creek, Sept. 7, 1935.jpg|thumb|Sept. 7, 1935, Cremation of hurricane victims, Snake Creek]]
The [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans' Affairs Administration]] (VA) compiled its list of veterans' deaths:
121 dead-positive identifications, 90 missing, and 45 dead-identification tentative - totaling 256. Five others are named in a footnote. One proved to be a misidentification of a previously listed veteran; two were state employees working at the camps, and two were unaffiliated veterans caught in the storm. This gave a total of 260 veterans.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, ps. 390 - 400. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230505015551/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=100;id=mdp.39015049888574;page=root;seq=400;num=390 HathiTrust Digital Library]</ref> Adding this to the Florida Emergency Relief Administration number for civilians gave a total of 488 deaths, 12 of the dead were listed as "colored".<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=E.U |last2=Mathison |first2=J.C. |last3=Bilsbrough |first3=A.P. |date=May 13, 1936 |title=English: Cremations and burials on Florida Keys following the hurricane of Sept. 2, 1935 (including civilians and veterans)}}</ref>
[[Ernest Hemingway]] visited the veteran's camp by boat after weathering the hurricane at his home in Key West; he wrote about the devastation in a critical article titled "Who Killed the Vets?" for ''[[The New Masses]]'' magazine. Hemingway implied that the [[Federal Emergency Relief Administration|FERA]] workers and families, unfamiliar with the risks of Florida hurricane season, were unwitting victims of a system that appeared to lack concern for their welfare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/16158|title=When Hemingway Took the Government to Task for a Hurricane Disaster that Cost Hundreds of Lives | History News Network|website=historynewsnetwork.org}}</ref>
In the same issue of ''The New Masses'' appeared an editorial charging criminal negligence and a cartoon by Russell T. Limbach, captioned ''An Act of God'', depicting burning corpses.<ref>The New Masses, September 17, 1935, Pg 3</ref>
A ''[[The Washington Post]]'' editorial on September 5, titled ''Ruin in the Veterans' Camps'', stated the widely held opinion that the
<blockquote>camps were havens of rest designed to keep Bonus Marchers away from Washington ... Most of these veterans are drifters, psychopathic cases or habitual troublemakers ... Those who are nor physically or mentally handicapped have no claim whatsoever to special rewards in return for bonus agitation.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|series=Editorial|date=September 5, 1935|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/150588904|title=Ruin in the Veterans' Camps|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref></blockquote>
[[Image:An_Act_of_God,_Editorial_Cartoon_by_Russell_T._Limbach,_The_New_Masses,_September_17,_1935,_Page_3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"An Act of God", by Russell T. Limbach]]
====Investigation====
[[File:Burial of 1935 hurricane victims at Woodlawn Cemetery, Miami, FL.jpg|thumb|Sep. 8, 1935, Mass burial at Woodlawn Park Cemetery]]
Meanwhile, Williams rushed to complete the investigation. He finished on Sunday, September 8, the day an elaborate memorial service and mass burial of hurricane victims (both coordinated by Ijams) were held in Miami.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Daily News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/170422461/|date=September 9, 1935|page=1|title=Thousands Bow in Tribute Paid to Storm Dead|accessdate=April 16, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Ijams, who had been too busy to participate in the investigation and had not questioned any of the 12 witnesses interrogated by Williams, nonetheless signed the 15-page report to the President.<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Report to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the hurricane of September 2, 1935|last1=Williams|first1=Aubrey|last2=Ijams|first2=George E.|date=September 8, 1935|recipient=Franklin D. Roosevelt|publisher=FDR Library|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/albums/72157651991134805/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120740/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/albums/72157651991134805/|archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> That night Williams released it to the Miami press in a radio broadcast immediately following the memorial ceremony. Ijams considered the timing unfortunate after receiving several critical telephone messages.<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Telegram by George E. Ijams to Frank T. Hines|author=Ijams, George E.|recipient=Frank T. Hines|date=September 9, 1935|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/16974696839/in/album-72157651991134805|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> The report exonerated everyone involved and concluded: "To our mind the catastrophe must be characterized as an [[act of God]] and was by its very nature beyond the power of man or instruments at his disposal to foresee sufficiently far enough in advance to permit the taking of adequate precautions capable of preventing the death and desolation which occurred."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Daily News|date=September 9, 1935|page=9|title=Storm Deaths an Act of God, Says Williams|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/170422526/|accessdate=April 16, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Early also found the publicity around the report "unfortunate". In a telegram to his colleague, assistant Presidential secretary [[Marvin H. McIntyre]], Early wrote that he had authorized Hines to proceed with a "complete and exhaustive" joint investigation with Hopkins. Significantly Hines was to "instruct his investigator that under no circumstances will any statement be made to the Press until final report has been submitted to the President."<ref>{{cite letter|author=Early|recipient=Marvin H. McIntyre|subject=Telegram on the Ijams - Williams report|date=September 10, 1935|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651991134805/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120811/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651991134805/|archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> Hopkins gave similar instructions to his investigator. McIntyre also was involved in damage control. On Sept. 10, 1935, the Greater Miami Ministerial Association wrote the President an angry letter labeling the report a "[[Whitewash (censorship)|whitewash]]". McIntyre forwarded it to FERA for a response. Williams returned a draft for the President's signature on Sept. 25th insisting the report was only preliminary and that the "final and detailed report ... will be both thorough and searching".<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Correspondence regarding letter from the Greater Miami Ministerial Association|recipient=Franklin D. Roosevelt |date=September 10, 1935|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652081355106/with/16630675443/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120737/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652081355106/with/16630675443/ |archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref>
Williams assigned [[John Abt]], assistant general counsel for FERA, to complete the investigation. On Sept. 11, 1935, Hines directed the skeptical and meticulous David W. Kennamer to investigate the disaster. There was immediate friction between them; Kennamer believed Abt did not have an open mind and Abt felt further investigation was unnecessary.<ref>{{cite letter|author=Kennamer, D. W.|recipient=Sam Jared Jr.|date=September 12, 1935|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652134280172/|subject=Correspondence from D. W. Kennamer on John Abt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601092639/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652134280172/|archivedate=June 1, 2015|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> Working with Harry W. Farmer, another VA investigator, Kennamer completed his 2 volume report on October 30, 1935. Farmer added a third volume concerning the identification of the veterans. Kennamer's report included 2,168 pages of exhibits,<ref>{{cite report|title=List of Exhibits from D. W. Kennamer's Investigation of the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157649993000704/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601092632/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157649993000704/|archivedate=June 1, 2015|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> 118 pages of findings,<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Administrative letters and findings from D. W. Kennamer's Investigation of the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935|date=October 1935|recipient=Chief, Investigative Division|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651889987429/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601092643/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651889987429/|archivedate=June 1, 2015|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> and a 19-page general comment.<ref>{{cite report|title=Memorandum and General Comments|date=October 5, 1935|author=Kennamer, D. W.|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652013696432/with/16976698627/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419015428/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652013696432/with/16976698627/ |archivedate=April 19, 2015|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> His findings differed substantially from those of Williams, citing three officials of the Florida Emergency Relief Administration as negligent (Administrator Conrad Van Hyning, Asst. Administrator Fred Ghent and Camp Superintendent Ray Sheldon). In a response to Abt's draft report to the President,<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Draft Report to the President regarding the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane, ca. December 1935|recipient=Franklin D. Roosevelt|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651946146877/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601092641/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651946146877/|archivedate=June 1, 2015|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> Ijams sided with Kennamer.<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Revised conclusions on hurricane report|author=Ijams, George E.|recipient=Frank T. Hines|date=January 10, 1936|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157650074623814/with/17207345408/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601092635/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157650074623814/with/17207345408/|accessdate=April 20, 2025|archivedate=June 1, 2015}}</ref> Hines and Hopkins never agreed on a final report, and Kennamer's findings were suppressed. They remained so for decades.<ref>{{cite letter|subject=VA letter denying release of Kennamer's report|recipient=Mathis von Brauchitsch|author=Rettew Jr., W. L.|date=March 26, 1968|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter,_Rettew_to_von_Brauchtisch,_RE_release_of_Kennamer_Report,_March_26,_1968.jpg|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref>
[[Image:Letter, Rettew to von Brauchtisch, RE release of Kennamer Report, March 26, 1968.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Letter]]
One might speculate that Hines wished to avoid a public quarrel with Hopkins, who had enjoyed Roosevelt's patronage since his term as New York Governor. Hines was a holdover from the Hoover administration. Such an internal dispute would embarrass the Roosevelt administration at the time a vote on the [[Adjusted Compensation Payment Act]] ("Bonus Bill") was upcoming (it passed on Jan. 27, 1936, over the President's veto).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Daily News|date=January 27, 1936|title=Roosevelt Veto Upset By 76-19 In Upper House|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/170422680/|accessdate=April 16, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Also, 1936 was a presidential election year. Kennamer did appear at the House hearings in April 1936, along with Hines, Ijams, Williams and the 3 officials he pilloried in his report. He was not questioned about his controversial findings nor did he volunteer his opinions.<ref>Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 334. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=334&u=1&seq=338&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015049888574 HathiTrust Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225830/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=mdp.39015049888574;seq=342 |date=2022-12-25 }}</ref>
On November 1, 1935, the American Legion completed its own report on the hurricane. The Legion's National Commander, Ray Murphy, mailed a copy to President Roosevelt. It concluded that:
{{Blockquote|... the blame for the loss of life can be placed on "Inefficiency, Indifference, and Ignorance." Inefficiency in the setup of the camps. Indifference of someone in charge as to the safety of the men. Ignorance of the real danger from a tropical hurricane. And these "I's" can be added together and they spell "Murder at Matacombe" {{sic}}.
[The] committee early in its investigation noticed a tendency on the part of some to reflect on the character of the men who were veterans in the camps. Several parties referred to them as "bums," "drunkards," "crazy men," "riff-raff" and the like. They seem to think that "they got what was coming to them."
How anyone could arrive at such a conclusion is impossible for us to determine.
If these men were "bums," "drunkards," "crazy men" etc. then it was all the more necessary that every precaution be taken to protect them. If they fell into this category they were subnormal men and should have been treated as such. If they were incapable of caring for themselves then the government should have placed them in hospitals and not have sent them to a wilderness in the high-seas on a so called "rehabilitation program."
Others testified that the men were well-behaved and that a great majority of them would have preferred to have been placed under military discipline in the camps. But these observations are of no real value except to show that some people are trying to "cover up" the real guilt of responsible parties.<ref>{{cite report|title=Report of Special Investigation Committee, Florida Hurricane Disaster to National Executive Committee, The American Legion|author=Melton, Quimby|date=November 1, 1935|page=6|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651944831880/with/17341961906/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529223152/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651944831880/with/17341961906/|archivedate=May 29, 2015|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref>}}
Williams prepared a response for the President stating: "A final report, based upon the facts obtained in this investigation [by the VA and FERA], will be submitted to me shortly. At that time I shall transmit a copy of the report to you for your information and consideration."<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Draft letter, Franklin D. Roosevelt to Ray Murphy|author=Roosevelt, Franklin D.|recipient=Ray Murphy|date=November 14, 1935|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651944831880/with/17341961906/|accessdate=April 20, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529223152/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157651944831880/with/17341961906/|archivedate=May 29, 2015}}</ref>
===Memorials===
====Islamorada====
[[Image:Florida Keys Memorial Dedication Nov 14 1937.jpeg|thumb|left|Dedication of Florida Keys Memorial, Nov. 14, 1937]]
Standing just east of [[U.S. Route 1 in Florida|U.S. 1]] at mile marker 82 in Islamorada, near where Islamorada's post office stood, is a monument<ref>Florida Keys Memorial [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157633373342365/ Flickr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120732/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157633373342365/ |date=2020-07-24 }}</ref> designed by the Florida Division of the [[Federal Art Project]] and constructed using Keys [[limestone]] ("[[Keystone (limestone)|keystone]]") by the [[Works Progress Administration]]. It was unveiled on November 14, 1937, with several hundred people attending.<ref name="flickr.com">{{cite news|title=Matecumbe Monument Honors Victims of 1935 Hurricane|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=10|date=November 15, 1937|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/20968899795/in/album-72157633373342365/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120830/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/20968899795/in/album-72157633373342365/ |archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 16, 2025}}</ref> President Roosevelt sent a telegram to the dedication in which he expressed "heartfelt sympathy" and said, "the disaster which made desolate the hearts of so many of our people brought a personal sorrow to me because some years ago I knew many residents of the keys."<ref name="flickr.com"/> The welcoming committee included Key West Mayor Willard M. Albury, and other local officials.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Miami Daily News|date=February 16, 1939|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/170422779/|page=1|title=Florida Awaits Train Bearing Roosevelt Here|accessdate=April 16, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Hines had been invited to speak but he declined.<ref>{{cite letter|author=Hines, Frank T. Hines|recipient=Charles A. Mills|date=November 2, 1937|subject=Response to invitation for the unveiling of Islamorada monument |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652118331741/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122840/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652118331741/|archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> His attitude to the project was unenthusiastic. In a letter to Williams on June 24, 1937, regarding what to do with the many skeletons of veterans recently discovered in the Keys, he wrote: ″It occurs to me that if a large memorial is erected adjacent to this highway at the place of the disaster it will be observed by all persons using the highway and will serve as a constant reminder of the unfortunate catastrophe which occurred.″<ref>{{cite letter|author=Hines, Frank T.|subject=Discovery of skeletons of veterans in the Florida Keys|recipient=Aubrey Williams|date=June 24, 1937|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652118331741/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122840/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652118331741/|archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> Hines recommended the remains be buried at Woodlawn. A [[frieze]] depicts [[Arecaceae|palm]] trees amid curling waves, fronds bent in the wind. In front of the sculpture a [[ceramic]]-[[tile]] [[mural]] of the Keys covers a stone [[crypt]], which holds victims' ashes from the makeshift funeral pyres, commingled with the skeletons.<ref name="flickr.com"/>
[[Image:The Florida Keys Memorial, view of monument 4856.jpg|thumb|upright|Relief and dedication]]
Although this is a gravesite, no name appears anywhere on the monument. This is not a requirement for the estimated 228 civilian dead, 55 of whom were buried where found or in various cemeteries.<ref name="auto"/> A memorial with identifying information is a statutory entitlement for the veterans.<ref>38 U.S. Code § 2306 (b) [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/2306 Cornell Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521085506/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/2306 |date=2015-05-21 }}</ref>
The memorial was added to the U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]] on March 16, 1995.<ref>National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places, [http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/nrhp/text/95000238.PDF Reference No. 95000238]</ref> A Heritage Monument Trail plaque mounted on a coral boulder before the memorial reads:
<blockquote>The Florida Keys Memorial, known locally as the "Hurricane Monument," was built to honor hundreds of American veterans and local citizens who perished in the "Great Hurricane" on Labor Day, September 2, 1935. Islamorada sustained winds of 200 miles per hour and a barometer reading of 26.35 inches for many hours on that fateful holiday; most local buildings and the Florida East Coast Railway were destroyed by what remains the most savage hurricane on record. Hundreds of World War I veterans who had been camped in the Matecumbe area while working on the construction of U.S. Highway One for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were killed. In 1937 the cremated remains of approximately 300 people were placed within the tiled crypt in front of the monument. The monument is composed of native keystone, and its striking frieze depicts coconut palm trees bending before the force of hurricane winds while the waters from an angry sea lap at the bottom of their trunks. Monument construction was funded by the WPA and regional veterans' associations. Over the years the Hurricane Monument has been cared for by local veterans, hurricane survivors, and descendants of the victims.<ref>{{cite sign|title=Florida Keys Memorial|author=Islamorada Historical Heritage Monument Trail|type=Trail plaque|year=2008|___location=Islamorada, Florida}}</ref></blockquote>
Local residents hold ceremonies at the monument every year on Labor Day (on the Monday holiday) and on Memorial Day to honor the veterans and the civilians who died in the hurricane.<ref>Matecumbe Historical Trust, [http://www.matecumbehistoricaltrust.com/calendar.cfm Calendar of Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107125924/http://matecumbehistoricaltrust.com/calendar.cfm |date=2015-11-07 }} for May and September</ref>
====Woodlawn Park North Cemetery====
[[Image:Hurricane Monument, Woodlawn Park North Cemetery, Miami, FL.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Hurricane Monument, Woodlawn Park North Cemetery, Miami, FL, on site of mass grave]]
On January 31, 1936, Harvey W. Seeds Post No. 29, American Legion, Miami, Florida, petitioned FERA for the deed to the Woodlawn plot.<ref>Resolution, Harvey W. Seeds Post No. 29, American Legion, Jan. 31, 1936 [[:File:American Legion resolution to acquire deed to Woodlawn Plot.jpg|Resolution]]</ref> The Legion would use the empty grave sites for the burial of indigent veterans and accept responsibility for care of the plot. After some initial confusion as to the actual owner,<ref>{{cite letter|subject=Woodlawn Cemetery Plot|author=Wickenden, E.|recipient=Park Trammell|date=March 9, 1936|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letter,_Wickenden_to_Trammell,_RE,_Woodlawn_Plot,_March_9,_1936.jpg|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref> the State of Florida approved the title transfer. A monument was placed on the plot, inscribed: ''Erected by Harvey W. Seeds Post No. 29, The American Legion, in Memory of Our Comrades Who Lost Their Lives on the Florida Keys during the 1935 Hurricane, Lest We Forget''.<ref>{{cite sign |title=Lest We Forget |author=Harvey W. Seeds Post No. 29, American Legion |type=Headstone |year=1936 |___location=Miami, Florida}}</ref>
As with the Islamorada memorial no names are listed, nor were the individual grave sites for the 81 identified veterans marked at Woodlawn. The VA again chose not to obey the President's order, this time to rebury the unclaimed bodies at Arlington. Four bodies were, however, exhumed from Woodlawn cemetery by the families: Brady C. Lewis (November 12, 1936), Benjamin B. Jakeman (December 12, 1936), Thomas K. Moore (January 20, 1937), and Frank De Albar (September 26, 2016). Families marked 5 more graves at Woodlawn. The cemetery director, Gabriel E. Romanach Jr., marked 71 graves with VA markers, leaving 1 unmarked grave as of 2024.<ref>Preservationist Jerry Wilkinson visits unmarked Miami graves of soldiers killed in the 1935 Labor Day hurricane [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ADNIYGbDmU You Tube] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106234948/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ADNIYGbDmU&gl=US&hl=en |date=2019-11-06 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2019}}
One other veteran killed in the storm rests at Arlington, Daniel C. Main.<ref>Main grave site [[:File:Daniel C. Main grave site detail, Arlington NC.pdf|Arlington NC]]</ref> His was a special case, the only veteran who died in the camps who was neither cremated in the Keys nor buried at Woodlawn. Main was the camp medical director and was killed in the collapse of the small hospital at Camp #1. His body was quickly recovered by survivors and shipped to his family before the embargo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Injured Recount Camp Gale Horror|agency=Associated Press|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/09/05/93482510.html?pageNumber=3|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 5, 1935|page=3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225225827/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/09/05/93482510.html?pageNumber=3 |archivedate=December 25, 2022|accessdate=April 20, 2025|quote="Dr. Lassiter Alexander, medical officer at Camp No. 1, Snake Creek, who had injuries to his back, related: ... One of those killed in the collapse of the Snake Creek Hotel was Dr. E. {{sic}} C. Main, medical director of the camp, who lost his life before my eyes."}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Bodies Buried at Woodland Cemetery Victims of Hurricane|date=September 13, 1935|author=Sacco, S. C.|page=2|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/8695951325/in/album-72157633373970669/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120755/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/8695951325/in/album-72157633373970669/|archivedate=July 24, 2020|accessdate=April 20, 2025}}</ref>
====Veterans Key====
On February 27, 2006, the [[U.S. Board on Geographic Names]] approved a proposal by [http://www.keyshistory.org/index.html Jerry Wilkinson], President, Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys, to name a small island off the southern tip of Lower Matecumbe Key for the veterans who died in the hurricane. It is near where Camp #3 was located. ''Veterans Key''<ref>Veterans Key, [http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:2084384 U.S. Board on Geographic Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725005013/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:2084384 |date=2020-07-25 }}</ref> and several concrete pilings are all that remain of the 1935 bridge construction project.<ref>Veterans Key Images [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652459576601/ Flickr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601111243/https://www.flickr.com/photos/bareford94/sets/72157652459576601/ |date=2015-06-01 }}</ref>
====Department of Veterans Affairs Actions====
Government furnished headstones and grave markers are provided for eligible veterans buried in National Cemeteries, State veterans cemeteries and private cemeteries. Memorial markers are also provided when remains are unavailable for burial. Under a 2009 VA regulation the applicant in all cases was defined as the veteran's [[next of kin]].<ref>38 CFR 38.632 [https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/38/38.632 Cornell Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061657/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/38/38.632 |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Prior to the 2009 rule any person with knowledge of the veteran could apply. When enforcement began in 2012, many groups and volunteers objected. They had worked for decades in cooperation with the VA to mark unmarked veterans' graves, many from the Civil War era. They argued that the next-of-kin (if any) was often impossible to locate and that the very existence of an unmarked grave was evidence of the family's indifference.<ref>Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs, Oct. 30, 2013 [http://veterans.house.gov/hearing/focused-issues-on-dignified-burials-a-national-cemetery-update House Archives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609134725/http://veterans.house.gov/hearing/focused-issues-on-dignified-burials-a-national-cemetery-update |date=2015-06-09 }}</ref> Two bills were introduced in Congress, H. R. 2018 and S. 2700 which would have again allowed unrelated applicants. Both bills died in committee. On October 1, 2014, the VA proposed a rule change which would include unrelated individuals in the categories of applicants .<ref>AO95 - Proposed Rule - Applicants for VA Memorialization Benefits [http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=VA-2014-VACO-0020-0001 regulations.gov]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925153342/http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=VA-2014-VACO-0020-0001 |date=2012-09-25 }}</ref>
The revision became effective on March 2, 2016.<ref>Federal Register /Vol. 81, No. 41 /Rules and Regulations, Page 10765</ref> It added several categories of applicants unrelated to the veteran for headstones and grave markers; however, it retained the family member only restriction on memorial markers. This provision was challenged in an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.<ref>United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, No. 19-4633, Richard C. Bareford, Appellant, v. Denis McDonough, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Appellee</ref> The case was argued on January 14, 2021 and decided on February 28, 2022. The court ruled that the restriction was arbitrary and capricious, that it be set aside and remanded for further development. The VA appealed the ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, but filed a joint stipulation of voluntary dismissal on April 24, 2024.<ref>United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, No. 2023-1189, Richard C. Bareford, Claimant-Appellee, v. Denis McDonough, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Respondent-Appellant.</ref> Memorial markers for 166 veterans lost in the Labor Day Hurricane were placed at South Florida National Cemetery in 2023.
[[File:Memorial Markers at South Florida National Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Memorial markers for veterans lost in 1935 Hurricane at South Florida National Cemetery]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Andrew]] (1992) – A devastating Category 5 hurricane that took a similar track
* [[Hurricane Irma]] (2017) – A destructive Category 5 hurricane that took a similar track
* [[Hurricane Dorian]] (2019) – Another Category 5 hurricane of an almost identical intensity that made landfall in the Bahamas on U.S. Labor Day
* [[Hurricane Ian]] (2022) – A devastating and destructive Category 5 Hurricane that is the deadliest hurricane to make landfall in Florida since this hurricane
* [[List of Atlantic hurricane records]]
* [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
===Histories===
* {{cite book|last=Douglas|first=Marjory|title=Hurricane|publisher=Rinehart|year=1958|isbn=978-0891760153|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hurricane-Marjory-Stoneman-Douglas/dp/B0007DMRTC}} Excerpt:[http://www.keyshistory.org/35-hurr-Douglas.html ''The Florida Keys, 1935'']
* {{cite book|last=Drye|first=Willie|title=Storm of the Century: The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935|publisher=National Geographic Society|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7922801-0-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikQTAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Knowles|first=Thomas Neil|title=Category 5: The 1935 Labor Day Hurricane|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8130331-0-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xYoAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Scott|first=Phil|title=Hemingway's Hurricane|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-0714791-0-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-96fIQAACAAJ}}
===Government publications===
* United States. Congress. House. Committee on World War Veterans' Legislation. ''Florida Hurricane Disaster: Hearings Before the Committee On World War Veterans' Legislation, House of Representatives, Seventy-fourth Congress, Second Session, On H.R. 9486, a Bill for the Relief of Widows, Children And Dependent Parents of World War Veterans Who Died As the Result of the Florida Hurricane At Windley Island And Matecumbe Keys September 2, 1935'' ... Washington DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1936. Full text viewability at [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000197819/Home HathiTrust Digital Library]
* United States. Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Publication No. 197: ''The Hurricane'' by Ivan R. Tannehill, Principal Meteorologist, Weather Bureau. Washington DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1939. Ebook available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=LqvNAAAAMAAJ Google Books]
===Dissertations===
* {{cite thesis|last=Seiler|first=Christine Kay|date=2003|title=The Veteran Killer: the Florida Emergency Relief Administration and the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935|type=Ph.D.|publisher=Florida State University|oclc=79137317}}
==External links==
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]
** [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Storm_pages/labor_day/labor_article.html Excerpts from the Labor Day 1935 Hurricane Monthly Weather Review Article]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217042252/http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/hurricanes.cfm Images of historic Florida Hurricanes (State Archives of Florida)]
* [http://www.keyshistory.org Keys Historeum, Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys]
** [http://www.keyshistory.org/hurrmemorial.html Florida Keys Memorial]
** [http://www.keyshistory.org/casehurricanes.html Florida Hurricane History]
** [http://www.keyshistory.org/35-hurr-Aides-report.html FERA Overall Hurricane Damage Report]
**[http://www.keyshistory.org/35-hurr-census2.html 1935 Census of Civilian Victims/survivors of 1935 Hurricane]
*[https://www.gendisasters.com/florida/6382/southern-fl-quotlabor-day-hurricanequot-sep-1935 1935 Newspaper reports]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823035028/http://www3.gendisasters.com/florida/6382/southern-fl-quotlabor-day-hurricanequot-sep-1935 |date=2010-08-23}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111011023256/http://semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=631 Horrific Florida Keys Hurricane, Labor Day 1935 Biot Report #631: July 05, 2009]
{{Florida Keys}}
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{{1935 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
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[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Florida|L (1935)]]
[[Category:History of Key West, Florida|L (1935)]]
[[Category:History of Monroe County, Florida|L (1935)]]
[[Category:1935 meteorology|Labor Day hurricane, 1935]]
[[Category:1935 natural disasters in the United States|Labor Day hurricane, 1935]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Florida|L (1935)]]
[[Category:1935 in Florida|Labor Day hurricane]]
[[Category:August 1935 in the United States]]
[[Category:September 1935 in the United States]]
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