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{{Short description|Standard variety of Serbo-Croatian}}
{{Redirect|Crnogorski|other uses|Montenegrin (disambiguation){{!}}Montenegrin}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Montenegrin
| nativename = {{lang-cnr-Latn-Cyrl|crnogorski|црногорски|separator=" / "|label=none}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|cnr|tsr̩nǒɡorskiː|}}
| states = [[Montenegro]]
| ethnicity = [[Montenegrins]]
| speakers = c. 215,000 (2023)
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4 = [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
| fam5 = [[Western South Slavic languages|Western]]
| fam6 = [[Serbo-Croatian]]
| script = {{ubl|[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Montenegrin Latin alphabet]]) | [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet]]) | [[Yugoslav Braille]]}}
| nation = {{MNE}}
| minority = [[Mali Iđoš]] municipality (Serbia)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/08/07/serbian-montenegrins-demand-right-to-use-native-language-08-04-2017/|title = Serbian Montenegrins Demand Official Language Rights|date = 7 August 2017}}</ref>
| agency = Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language
| iso2 = cnr
| iso2comment = <ref name=iso6392>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php|title=ISO 639-2 Language Code List – Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>
| iso3 = cnr
| iso3comment = <ref name=iso6393>{{cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cnr|title=cnr – ISO 639-3|website=www-01.sil.org}}</ref>
| lingua = part of [[53-AAA-g]]
| notice = IPA
| glotto = mont1282
| glottorefname = Montenegrin Standard
}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
'''Montenegrin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|ᵻ|ˈ|n|iː|ɡ|r|ᵻ|n}} {{respell|MON|tin|EE|grin}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2018|isbn=978-0-008-28437-4|edition=13th|chapter=Montenegrin}}</ref>{{efn |name="pronunciations"}} {{lang-cnr-Latn-Cyrl|crnogorski|црногорски|separator=" / "|label=none}} {{IPA|cnr|tsr̩nǒɡorskiː|}}) is the [[standard variety]] of the [[Serbo-Croatian]] language mainly used by [[Montenegrins]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Šipka|first=Danko|author-link=Danko Sipka|year=2019|title=Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages|___location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=201|doi=10.1017/9781108685795|isbn=978-953-313-086-6|s2cid=150383965|lccn=2018048005 |oclc=1061308790|quote=the Montenegrin language (one of the four ethnic variants of Serbo-Croatian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Jelena|last=Ćalić|title=Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide|journal=Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics|publisher=De Gruyter|issn=0933-1883|doi=10.1515/soci-2021-0007|volume=35|issue=1|pages=113–140|year=2021|s2cid=244134335 |quote=The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricity|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mader Skender|first=Mia|title=Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache|language=German|trans-title=The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language|chapter=Schlussbemerkung|trans-chapter=Summary|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/215815/|format=PDF|publisher=University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies|series=UZH Dissertations|pages=196–197|___location=Zurich|year=2022|doi=10.5167/uzh-215815 |accessdate=8 June 2022|type=Dissertation |quote=Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kordić|first=Snježana|author-link=Snježana Kordić|editor-last1=Nomachi|editor-first1=Motoki|editor-link1=Motoki Nomachi|editor-last2=Kamusella|editor-first2=Tomasz|editor-link2=Tomasz Kamusella|title=Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires|publisher=[[Routledge]]|series=Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe|pages=168–169|chapter=Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372202077|chapter-format=PDF|language=en|___location=London|year=2024|doi=10.4324/9781003034025-11|doi-access=|isbn=978-0-367-47191-0|lccn=|oclc=1390118985|s2cid=259576119|s2cid-access=|ssrn=4680766|ssrn-access=free|id={{COBISS.SR|125229577}}. {{COBISS|171014403}}|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/kordic-ideology-against-language |archive-date=2024-01-10|access-date=2024-01-23|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the official language of [[Montenegro]]. Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, [[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]], more specifically on [[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect|Eastern Herzegovinian]], which is also the basis of Standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?], ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'', February 21, 2009</ref>
Montenegro's language has historically and traditionally been called either Serbian or Montenegrin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1991|title=Reprint: A speech in the Assembly gathering on the 16th of February, 1898. made during the respective discussion by the representative of Ante Trumbić|journal=Kolo Matice Hrvatske|volume=1, 2|pages=200–201}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title="O Crnogorcima: Pisma sa Cetinja 1878. godine"|last=Nenadović|first=Ljubomir|year=1889|isbn=86-7558-383-4|___location=Novi Sad|publisher=Чигоја штампа}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Montenegro |volume= 18 |last= Bourchier |first= James David |author-link= James David Bourchier | pages = 766–773; see page 771, third para |quote= Language and Literature.—The Montenegrin language is practically identical with the Serbo-Croatian: it exhibits certain dialectical variations, and has borrowed to some extent from the Turkish and Italian....}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=La questione Montenegrina|last=De Bajza|first=Giuseppe|publisher=Casa editrice Franklin|year=1928|___location=Budapest, Hungary}}</ref> The idea of a Montenegrin standard language separate from [[Serbian language|Serbian]] appeared in the 1990s during the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] through proponents of [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|Montenegrin independence]] from [[Serbia and Montenegro]]. Montenegrin became the [[official language]] of Montenegro in 2007 with the adoption of a new [[Constitution of Montenegro|constitution]].<ref name="CafedelMontenegro">{{cite news |date=2007-10-20 |title=Crna Gora dobila novi Ustav |url=http://www.cafemontenegro.com/index.php?group=23&news=7498 |publisher=[[Radio Antena M|Antena M]] |language=Montenegrin}}</ref>
==History==
{{One source section|date=December 2023}}
The beginnings of Montenegrin literacy date back to 9th century, during the [[Duklja]] period, with the establishment of numerous monasteries in the coastal region. While traces of Latin and Greek literacy from the Duklja period are partially preserved, there is only indirect evidence of literacy in the Slavic language. The use of [[Glagolitic script]] in Duklja was influenced by the strong center of Slavic literacy in [[Ohrid]], although some argue that Slavic literature in Duklja was written in Latin script. Literary activity flourished around [[Lake Skadar]] during this period, with the Monastery of Prečista Krajinska as a significant center.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature">{{cite web|url= http://www.fcjk.me/o-jeziku |title=O jeziku|publisher=Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature|date=21 May 2023|language=Montenegrin}}</ref>
The [[Principality of Zeta|Zeta]] period begins with the fall of Duklja to Serbian rule and extends through the rule of the [[Balšić]] and [[Crnojević]] families. While there is no consensus on the dating of Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts in present-day Montenegro, it is established that [[Old Church Slavonic]] and [[Cyrillic]] became dominant during the Zeta period, replacing [[Glagolitic script]].<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
In Zeta was established a printing press by [[Đurađ Crnojević]], starting in Obod and later moving to [[Cetinje]]. This press produced five [[incunable|incunabula]], making Montenegro one of the four Slavic nations with incunabula in their language. During this period there was a development of the Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic, exemplified by the [[Miroslav Gospel]] from the 12th century, written in [[Kotor]]. This redaction adapted Old Church Slavonic to the local language of medieval Zeta, influencing Bosnian and Serbian redactions. Despite being erroneously labeled as Zeta-Hum redaction, it originated in Zeta and then spread to Hum.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
The period of written language spans from the late 15th to the 18th century. During this time, written language represents the written realization of the local spoken language. In new socio-historical circumstances in Montenegro, there was a gradual shift towards the reintegration of the Montenegrin language with a popular basis. However, Old Church Slavonic continued to be used in the Orthodox Church for a long time. In this phase, Old Church Slavonic books and Cyrillic script dominated. Yet, in the coastal region, the influence of the Montenegrin type of Old Church Slavonic had little impact on the literature of the period, where Latin and [[Italian language]] prevailed.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
The written language in secular use continued to follow the development of the Montenegrin spoken language, progressively shedding Church Slavonic elements as time passed. The most significant writers during the period of written language emerged in the late Baroque period - [[Andrija Zmajević]] in the coastal part [[Bay of Kotor]] and [[Danilo I, Metropolitan of Cetinje|Danilo Petrović Njegoš]] in the continental part [[Cetinje]]. Both wrote in the Montenegrin vernacular.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
From the second half of the 18th century, strengthened by the state and church organization, conditions were created for the establishment of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language as a means of common communication across the territory under the jurisdiction of the state and church. Even before the birth of [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]], Ivan-Antun Nenadić from [[Perast]] advocated for the phonetic orthographic principle, emphasizing that writing should reflect how people speak and pronounce. This rule was applied early in Montenegrin literature, making it unsurprising that Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reforms were later accepted without significant issues. In the period of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language, three styles can be observed: literary, business, and scientific, all formed in the process of spontaneous Montenegrin linguistic standardization. Montenegrin literature, both linguistically and thematically, originated from everyday life. In the period in question, the highest achievement of such literary language is seen in the letters of [[Petar I Petrović-Njegoš]].<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
As a result of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform, during the transitional period of the Montenegrin language (from the 1830s to World War I), significant changes occurred, and some typical Montenegrin linguistic features were officially abolished. Throughout this period, the language in Montenegro was officially referred to as [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and the assimilation of the Montenegrin language toward the general štokavian Karadžić model was primarily implemented through textbooks and external teaching staff that wholeheartedly followed the principles of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
Vuk's principle of introducing the vernacular into literature encountered little opposition in Montenegro, as it was already present there before Vuk. However, the complete acceptance of all aspects of this reform did not proceed smoothly, leading to divisions among Montenegrin cultural figures.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" /> In lengthy debates, [[Jovan Pavlović]] (a consistent follower of Vuk) and [[Lazar Tomanović]] stood out, with Tomanović advocating for the introduction of graphemes ś and ź. Đuro Špadijer, in his Serbian Grammar (intended for 3rd and 4th grades in Montenegrin elementary schools), introduced some characteristics considered by Vuk's model as dialectal and provincial.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
However, from the school year 1863/64, Montenegro began the continuous implementation of Karadžić's linguistic reform in Cetinje schools. This reform would ultimately achieve a definitive victory in Montenegro by the end of the 19th century, primarily in administrative, journalistic, and scientific styles.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
The literary style, which retained fundamental Montenegrin linguistic features, resisted this process the longest and mostly remained beyond the reach of the mentioned reform, entering the 20th century with preserved foundational Montenegrin language characteristics. The preservation of typical Montenegrin language features in the literary style is evident in the works of three representative figures from that period: [[Petar II Petrović Njegoš]], [[Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša]], and [[Marko Miljanov Popović]].<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
===Yugoslav era===
The most significant changes in the Montenegrin literary language occurred during the phase marked by the influence of Serbian linguist [[Aleksandar Belić]], between the two World Wars. Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities, preserved in the literary style in the first two decades of the 20th century, were assimilated into the common "Serbo-Croatian" linguistic template in the new socio-historical framework. Although Belić's Orthography from 1923 formally allowed the use of [[ijekavian]], he emphasized in that edition and subsequent ones that [[jekavian]] jotization is a dialectal phenomenon. Consequently, Montenegrins were obligated to use atypical non-jotized forms such as "djed" (grandfather), "cjedilo" (strainer), "tjerati" (to drive), "sjesti" (to sit), and so on.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" /><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cpc.org.me/latinica/istorija/jezik/638-ukidanje-crnogorskog-jezika-radi-knjizevnog-jedinstva-1857/ |title=Ukidanje crnogorskog jezika radi književnog jedinstva (1857.) |publisher=Montenegrin Orthodox Church|date=1 January 2023|language=Montenegrin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.antenam.net/istorija/305868-zapisnik-iz-1969-o-jeziku-crnogoraca-1 |title=Zapisnik iz 1969. o jeziku Crnogoraca|publisher=Antena M|date=19 November 2023|language=Montenegrin}}</ref>
In subsequent editions, Belić abolished the normative status of the so-called longer endings of pronominal-adjective declension (-ijem, -ijeh) and codified only the short endings. This led Vuk's language model to be gradually abandoned by his followers. Despite the formal acknowledgment of ijekavian in literary language, the interwar period in Montenegro was marked by an increasing use of [[ekavian]]. The introduction of ekavian was implemented through education, as textbooks and teaching staff predominantly followed ekavian norms. This is vividly illustrated by writings in the Montenegrin press of that time.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" /><ref>{{cite journal|title=Indicating ideology: Variation in Montenegrin orthography|date=1 January 2023|doi=10.1016/j.langcom.2022.10.004 |last1=Tyran |first1=Katharina |journal=Language & Communication |volume=88 |pages=41–51 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The contemporary stage in the development of the Montenegrin literary language encompasses the period after World War II, with the improvement of the country's status, the language's standing also improved. Although Montenegro did not gain the right to name its language with its own name, during this period, institutions promoting the Montenegrin language were substantively developed. Associations and organizations like the Montenegrin PEN Center, Matica crnogorska, Duklja Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Institute for Montenegrin Language and Linguistics, and the Montenegrin Society of Independent Writers played a crucial role in preserving Montenegrin values. The Declaration on the Constitutional Status of the Montenegrin Language by the Montenegrin PEN Center in 1997 was a significant document emphasizing the autonomy of the Montenegrin language.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
=== Independence era ===
These efforts culminated in the new Montenegrin Constitution of 2007, where the Montenegrin language gained official status for the first time. The establishment of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language in 2008 and the adoption of the Montenegrin Spelling Book in 2009 represent significant steps in the standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language.<ref name="Faculty for Montenegrin Language and Literature" />
== Language standardization ==
[[File: Petar II Petrovic-Njegos.jpg|thumb|Petar II Petrović-Njegoš was a Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, poet and philosopher whose works are widely considered some of the most important in Montenegrin literature.]]In 2008, the [[government of Montenegro]] formed the Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language, which aims to standardize the Montenegrin language according to international norms. Proceeding documents will, after verification, become a part of the educational programme in Montenegrin schools.
The first Montenegrin standard was officially proposed in 2009. In addition to the letters prescribed by the Serbo-Croatian standard, the proposal introduced two additional letters, {{angle bracket|ś}} and {{angle bracket|ź}}, to replace the [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] {{angle bracket|sj}} and {{angle bracket|zj}}.<ref name="crnogorski-dva-nova-slova">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwide.rs/vesti/53-dva-nova-slova-u-crnogorskom-pravopisu |title=Dva nova slova u crnogorskom pravopisu |date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Worldwide.rs |access-date=2015-05-19}}</ref> The Ministry of Education has accepted neither of the two drafts of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin language, but instead adopted an alternate third one which was not a part of their work. The Council has criticized this act, saying it comes from "a small group" and that it contains an abundance of "methodological, conceptual and linguistic errors".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mondo.rs/v2/tekst.php?vest=142385 |title=Osporen crnogorski pravopis | Mondo |website=www.mondo.rs |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804174002/http://www.mondo.rs/v2/tekst.php?vest=142385 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 21 June 2010, the Council for General Education adopted the first ''Montenegrin Grammar''.
The first written request for the assignment of an international code was submitted by the Montenegrin authorities to the technical committee ISO 639 in 2008, with complete paperwork forwarded to Washington in 2015. After a long procedure, the request was finally approved on 8 December 2017, and [[ISO 639-2]] and [[ISO 639-3]] code '''[cnr]''' was assigned to the Montenegrin language, effective 21 December 2017.<ref name=iso6392 /><ref name=iso6393 /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://senat.me/en/montenegrin-language-iso-code-cnr-approved/|title= Montenegrin language ISO code [cnr] assigned • SENAT.me – MeP|date= 11 December 2017}}
</ref>
== Official status and number of speakers ==
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG
| caption1 = Linguistic structure of Montenegro by settlements, 2011 census
| image2 = Linguistic map of Montenegro by municipality.svg
| caption2 = Linguistic structure of Montenegro by municipalities, 2011 census
}}
The question of the official language remains a controversial issue in Montenegro.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8520466.stm |title=Montenegro embroiled in language row |access-date=2010-03-01 |date=2010-02-19 |work=[[BBC News Online]] }}</ref>
In the [[Principality of Montenegro|Principality/Kingdom of Montenegro]], the language in use was [[Serbian language|Serbian]]. Approximately 95% of the population declared Serbian as their mother tongue in the first population census in then Montenegro, in 1909. Serbian was the officially used language in [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]] until after the 1950 [[Novi Sad Agreement]],{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} and Serbo-Croatian was introduced into the 1974 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro. In the census of 1981 and 1991, the vast majority of inhabitants of Montenegro, 510,320 or 83% of the population, declared themselves speakers of the [[Serbo-Croatian]]. According to the 1992 Constitution of Montenegro, the official language was 'Serbian language of the [[ijekavian]] dialect'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL(2005)096-e|title=Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro|quote=Article 9}}</ref> Organizations promoting Montenegrin as a distinct language have appeared in early 2000s when the then-ruling [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro]] introduced usage of the term. The 2007 Constitution of newly independent Montenegro deems Montenegrin to be the official language.
According to data from the 2023 [[Demographic history of Montenegro|census]], some 215,299 people or 34.5% of the total population declared that their native language was Montenegrin, while 269,307 or 43.2% of the total population declared Serbian as their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Stanovništvo Crne Gore prema nacionalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti, vjeri, maternjem jeziku i jeziku kojim se uobičajeno govori | language=bs | trans-title=Population of Montenegro by nationality or ethnicity, religion, native language and commonly spoken language | url=https://www.monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241020173344/https://www.monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf | archive-date=2024-10-20}}</ref>
== Classification ==
[[File:Montenegrin dialects.jpg|thumb|Shtokavian subdialects in Montenegro (Zeta–Raška dialect in red and light red; Eastern Herzegovinian dialect in yellow)]]
Montenegrin is a standard variety of [[Serbo-Croatian]], a [[Slavic language]] ([[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]), of the [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] subgroup.
[[Shtokavian]] dialect, which is a [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] [[supradialect]] of the [[Pluricentric language|pluricentric]] Serbo-Croatian, serves as a basis for the Montenegrin language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sussex |first1=Roland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2bsJdYrwD4C |title=The Slavic Languages |last2=Cubberley |first2=Paul |date=2006-09-21 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45728-6 |language=en}}</ref> Some of the dialects are shared with the neighbouring Slavic languages, such as the [[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect]] and the [[Zeta–Raška dialect]]. The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect is spoken in the majority of Montenegro and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as areas in [[Croatia]] and Serbia, with Montenegro only partially codifying the dialect. The Zeta–Raška dialect is prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of the historical region of [[Raška (region)|Raška]] in Serbia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Okuka |first=Miloš |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwqAQAAIAAJ |title=Srpski dijalekti |date=2008 |publisher=Prosvjeta |isbn=978-953-7611-06-4 |language=hr}}</ref> It is mainly spoken by local ethnic [[Serbs]], Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Okuka |first=Miloš |author-link=Miloš Okuka |url=http://www.isj.sanu.ac.rs/2017/08/07/zbornik-instituta-za-srpski-jezik-sanu-i/ |title=Zetsko-raški dijalekat srpskog jezika |year=2008b |edition=1st |pages=351–369 |language=sr |script-title=sr:Зборник Института за српски језик САНУ }}</ref>
== Writing ==
{{Main|Montenegrin alphabet}}{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
The proponents of the separate Montenegrin language prefer using [[Gaj's Latin]] alphabet over the [[Serbian Cyrillic]]. In both scripts, the Montenegrin alphabets have two additional letters (bold), which are easier to render in [[digital typography]] in the Latin alphabet due to their existence in [[Polish alphabet|Polish]], but which must be created ''ad hoc'' using [[combining character]]s when typesetting Cyrillic.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Latin collation order
|-
! Latin
| A
| B
| C
| Č
| Ć
| D
| Dž
| Đ
| E
| F
| G
| H
| I
| J
| K
| L
| Lj
| M
| N
| Nj
| O
| P
| R
| S
| Š
| {{included|'''[[Ś]]'''}}
| T
| U
| V
| Z
| Ž
| {{included|'''[[Ź]]'''}}
|-
! Cyrillic
| А
| Б
| Ц
| Ч
| Ћ
| Д
| Џ
| Ђ
| Е
| Ф
| Г
| Х
| И
| Ј
| К
| Л
| Љ
| М
| Н
| Њ
| О
| П
| Р
| С
| Ш
| {{included|'''[[С́]]'''}}
| Т
| У
| В
| З
| Ж
| {{included|'''[[З́]]'''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Cyrillic collation order
! Cyrillic
| А
| Б
| В
| Г
| Д
| Ђ
| Е
| Ж
| З
| {{included|'''З́'''}}
| И
| Ј
| К
| Л
| Љ
| М
| Н
| Њ
| О
| П
| Р
| С
| {{included|'''С́'''}}
| Т
| Ћ
| У
| Ф
| Х
| Ц
| Ч
| Џ
| Ш
|-
! Latin
| A
| B
| V
| G
| D
| Đ
| E
| Ž
| Z
| {{included|'''Ź'''}}
| I
| J
| K
| L
| Lj
| M
| N
| Nj
| O
| P
| R
| S
| {{included|'''Ś'''}}
| T
| Ć
| U
| F
| H
| C
| Č
| Dž
| Š
|}
=== Phonology and grammar ===
{{Main|Serbo-Croatian phonology|Serbo-Croatian grammar}}
== Literature ==
Many literary works of authors from [[Montenegro]] provide examples of the local Montenegrin vernacular. The medieval literature was mostly written in [[Old Church Slavonic]] and its [[recension]]s, but most of the 19th century works were written in some of the dialects of Montenegro. They include the folk literature collected by [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] and other authors, as well as the books of writers from Montenegro such as [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš|Petar Petrović Njegoš]]'s ''[[The Mountain Wreath]]'' (''Gorski vijenac''), [[Marko Miljanov]]'s ''The Examples of Humanity and Bravery'' (''Primjeri čojstva i junaštva''), etc. In the second half of the 19th century and later, the [[Eastern Herzegovinian dialect]], which served as a basis for the standard [[Serbo-Croatian]] language, was often used instead of the [[Shtokavian dialect#Zeta–Raška|Zeta–South Raška dialect]] characteristic of most dialects of Montenegro. Petar Petrović Njegoš, one of the most respectable Montenegrin authors, changed many characteristics of the Zeta–South Raška dialect from the manuscript of his ''Gorski vijenac'' to those proposed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić as a standard for the [[Serbian language]].
For example, most of the [[accusative]]s of place used in the Zeta–South Raška dialect were changed by Njegoš to the [[locative]]s used in the Serbian standard. Thus the stanzas ''"U dobro je lako dobar biti, / na muku se poznaju junaci"'' from the manuscript were changed to ''"U dobru je lako dobar biti, / na muci se poznaju junaci"'' in the printed version. Other works of later Montenegrin authors were also often modified to the East Herzegovinian forms in order to follow the Serbian language literary norm. However, some characteristics of the traditional Montenegrin Zeta–South Raška dialect sometimes appeared. For example, the poem ''[[Onamo namo]]'' by [[Nikola I Petrović Njegoš]], although it was written in the East Herzegovinian Serbian standard, contains several Zeta–South Raška forms: ''"Onamo namo, za brda ona"'' ([[accusative]], instead of [[instrumental case]] ''za brdima onim''), and ''"Onamo namo, da viđu'' (instead of ''vidim'') ''Prizren"'', and so on.
== Language politics ==
[[File:Original montenegrin language alphabet.gif|thumb|A proposed Montenegrin alphabet which contains three more letters than the Serbian counterpart — Ś, З and Ź]]
Most mainstream politicians and other proponents of the Montenegrin language state that the issue is chiefly one of self-determination and the people's right to call the language what they want, rather than an attempt to artificially create a new language when there is none. The Declaration of the [[Montenegrin PEN Center]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montenet.org/language/pen-decl.htm |title=Declaration of Montenegrin P.E.N. Centre |publisher=Montenet.org |access-date=2015-05-19}}</ref> states that the "''Montenegrin language does not mean a systemically separate language, but just one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) by which Montenegrins name their part of [the] Shtokavian system, commonly inherited with [[Muslims (ethnic group)|Muslims]], Serbs and Croats''". Therefore, in 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia signed the [[Declaration on the Common Language]], which states that in Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina a common [[Polycentric language|polycentric standard language]] is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation of languages like [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]] or [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Trudgill|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Trudgill|date=30 November 2017|page=46|title=Time to Make Four Into One|url=https://archive.org/details/PeterTrudgillTimeToMakeFourIntoOne2017|publisher=[[The New European]]|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Dan|last=Nosovitz|date=11 February 2019|title=What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans|magazine=[[Atlas Obscura]]|archive-date=11 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211191959/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-language-is-spoken-in-the-balkans|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sven|last=Milekić|date=30 March 2017|title=Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017|publisher=[[Balkan Insight]]|archive-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330075725/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017|url-status=live|___location=London|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=J.|first=T.|date=10 April 2017|title=Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/04/economist-explains-4|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410083158/http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/04/economist-explains-4|url-status=live|___location=London|issn=0013-0613|access-date=6 January 2018}} [http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2017&mm=04&dd=10&nav_category=12&nav_id=1248942 Alt URL]</ref>
The introduction of the Montenegrin language has been supported by [[Matica crnogorska]], among other important institutions, but met opposition from the [[Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts]]. The chief proponent of Montenegrin was [[Zagreb]]-educated [[Vojislav Nikčević]], professor at the Department of Language and Literature at the [[University of Montenegro]] and the head of the Institute for Montenegrin Language in Podgorica. His dictionaries and grammars were printed by Croatian publishers since the major Montenegrin publishing houses such as Obod in [[Cetinje]] opted for the official nomenclature specified in the Constitution (Serbian until 1974, Serbo-Croatian from 1974 to 1992, Serbian again from 1992 to 2007).<ref>Pravopis crnogorskog jezika, Vojislav Nikčević. Crnogorski PEN Centar, 1997</ref> Nikčević advocates amending the Latin alphabet with three letters Ś, Ź, and З and corresponding Cyrillic letters С́, З́ and Ѕ (representing IPA {{IPAblink|ɕ}}, {{IPAblink|ʑ}} and {{IPAblink|dz}} respectively).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montenet.org/language/letters.htm |title=Language: Montenegrin Alphabet |publisher=Montenet.org |access-date=2015-05-19}}</ref>
Opponents acknowledge that these sounds can be heard by many Montenegrin speakers, however, they do not form a language system and thus are [[allophone]]s rather than phonemes.<ref>[[Politika]]: [http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Crnogorci-dopisali-Vuka.sr.html Црногорци дописали Вука]</ref> In addition, there are speakers in Montenegro who do not utter them and speakers of Serbian and Croatian outside of Montenegro (notably in Herzegovina and Bosanska Krajina) who do. In addition, introduction of those letters could pose significant technical difficulties (the Eastern European character encoding [[ISO/IEC 8859-2]] does not contain the letter З, for example, and the corresponding letters were not proposed for Cyrillic).
Then-prime minister [[Milo Đukanović]] declared his open support for the formalization of the Montenegrin language by declaring himself as a speaker of Montenegrin in 2004 interview with Belgrade daily {{lang|sr-latn|[[Politika]]}}. Official Montenegrin government communiqués started to be given in ''English and Montenegrin'' on the government's webpage.<ref>[http://www.gov.me/eng/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215000303/http://www.gov.me/eng/|date=February 15, 2009}}</ref>
In 2004, the government of Montenegro changed the school curriculum so that the name of the mandatory classes teaching the language was changed from "Serbian language" to "Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)". This change was made, according to the government, in order to better reflect the diversity of languages spoken among citizens and to protect human rights of non-Serb citizens in Montenegro who declare themselves as speakers of other languages.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060831183458/http://www.voanews.com/Serbian/archive/2004-03/a-2004-03-26-9-1.cfm Slobodan Backović potpisao odluku o preimenovanju srpskog u maternji jezik], ''[[Voice of America]]'', 26 March 2004</ref>
This decision resulted in a number of teachers declaring a [[Strike action|strike]] and parents refusing to send their children to schools.<ref>{{in lang|sr}} [http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/09/17/srpski/D04091602.shtml "Počelo otpuštanje profesora srpskog"], Glas Javnosti, 17 September 2004.</ref> The towns affected by the strike included [[Nikšić]], [[Podgorica]], [[Berane]], [[Pljevlja]], and [[Herceg Novi]]. The new letters had been used for official documents since 2009, but in 2017, the [[Assembly of Montenegro]] removed them from the official webpage.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
== Sample text ==
Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' in Montenegrin, written in the [[Latin alphabet]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|website=ohchr.org|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=cnr}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text={{lang|cnr|"Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i savješću i jedni prema drugima treba da postupaju u duhu bratstva."|italic=no}}}}
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in Montenegrin, written in [[Montenegrin Cyrillic]] alphabet:
{{Blockquote|text={{lang|cnr|"Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и савјешћу и једни према другима треба да поступају у духу братства."}}}}
Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|website=un.org}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text="All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."}}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Languages}}
* [[Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian]]
* [[Pluricentric language#Serbo-Croatian|Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language]]
* [[Language secessionism#In Serbo-Croatian|Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian]]
* [[Declaration on the Common Language]]
* [[Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro]]
* [[Dialects of Serbo-Croatian]]
* [[Mutual intelligibility#List of dialects or varieties sometimes considered separate languages|Mutual intelligibility]]
== References ==
;Notes
{{notelist |refs=
{{efn |name="pronunciations"|or: '''Montenegrin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|ᵻ|ˈ|n|iː|ɡ|r|ə|n}} {{respell|MON|tih|NEE|grən}}){{hair space}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |editor1-last=Mish |editor1-first=Frederick C. |editor2=Merriam-Webster |editor2-link=Merriam-Webster |date=1983 |title=Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary |edition=9 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |___location=Springfield Mass. |pages=1483– |isbn=978-0-87779-511-7 |oclc=11598288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cd-VAAAACAAJ&pg=PA1483}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |editor1-last=Abate |editor1-first=Frank R. |editor2-last=Jewell |editor2-first=Elizabeth |date=2001 |title=The New Oxford American Dictionary |edition=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=1106 |isbn=978-0-19-511227-6 |oclc=185510850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK6VQgAACAAJ&pg=PA1106}}</ref>}}
}}
;References
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
* {{citation |url=http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/478/18.html |language=sh |title=Govorite li crnogorski? |trans-title=Do you speak Montenegrin? |first=Violeta |last=Arsenić |work=[[Vreme]] |issue=478 |date=4 March 2000 |access-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728152223/http://www.vreme.com/arhiva_html/478/18.html |archive-date= Jul 28, 2013 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Glušica, Rajka |title=O nacionalizmu u jeziku: prikaz knjige ''Jezik i nacionalizam'' |trans-title=On nationalism in the language: Review of the book Jezik i nacionalizam |journal=Riječ |volume=5 |pages=185–191 |year=2011 |issn=0354-6039 |id={{ZDB|1384597-4}} |url=http://www.ff.ac.me/dokumenta2/RIJEC%205%20prelom%2019%204.pdf |language=sh |archive-date=Nov 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104120139/http://www.ff.ucg.ac.me//dokumenta2/RIJEC%205%20prelom%2019%204.pdf |access-date=7 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} <small>[http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=5290253 (COBISS-CG)]</small>.
* {{cite book|last=Glušica|first=Rajka|title=Njegoševi dani 7: zbornik radova s međunarodnog naučnog skupa, Kotor 30.8.-3.9.2017|publisher=Univerzitet Crne Gore, Filološki fakultet|pages=167–181|language=sh|chapter=Crnogorski jezički nacionalizam|trans-chapter=Montenegrin linguistic nationalism|___location=Nikšić|year=2019|isbn=978-86-7798-062-7}}
* {{citation|url=http://www.suc.org/culture/history/Hist_Serb_Culture/chc/Standard_Language.html |title=Standard Language as an Instrument of Culture and the Product of National History |first=Pavle |last=Ivić |work=[[Serbian Unity Congress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416025545/http://www.suc.org/culture/history/Hist_Serb_Culture/chc/Standard_Language.html |archive-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Kordić |first=Snježana |author-link=Snježana Kordić |editor-last=Ostojić |editor-first=Branislav |title=Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija: radovi sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa, Podgorica 24.-25.5.2007 |publisher=Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti |pages=35–47 |language=sh |chapter=Crnogorska standardna varijanta policentričnog standardnog jezika |trans-chapter=Montenegrin standard variety of a polycentric standard language |chapter-url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430408.CRNOGORSKA_STANDARDNA_VARIJANTA.PDF |url-status=live |___location=Podgorica |year=2008 |isbn=978-86-7215-207-4 |oclc=318462699 |s2cid=232539465 |ssrn=3434494 |id={{CROSBI|430408}} |archive-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921125027/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430408.CRNOGORSKA_STANDARDNA_VARIJANTA.PDF |access-date=19 March 2022}} <small>[http://vbcg.vbcg.me/scripts/cobiss?command=DISPLAY&base=cobib&rid=13291024 (COBISS-CG)]</small>.
* {{cite news|last=Lajović |first=Vuk |date=24 July 2012 |title=Političari prodaju maglu |trans-title=Politicians are blowing smoke |url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/589513.Intervju_Vijesti_Politicari_prodaju_maglu.pdf |language=sh |newspaper=[[Vijesti]] |___location=Podgorica |issn=1450-6181 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921193155/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/589513.Intervju_Vijesti_Politicari_prodaju_maglu.pdf |access-date=3 February 2014 }}
* {{citation|url=http://www.tol.org/client/article/9253-what-language-do-montenegrins-speak.html |title=What Language Do Montenegrins Speak? |first=Aida |last=Ramusović |work=[[Transitions Online]] |date=16 April 2003}} {{subscription required}}
== External links ==
{{Incubator|cnr}}
{{Commons category|Montenegrin language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Montenegrin phrasebook|Montenegrin|a phrasebook}}
{{wiktionary category|Serbo-Croatian language}}
* {{citation|url=http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Montenegro2.pdf |title=A Brief Note on the Effect of Montenegrin Independence on Language |work=[[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use|Permanent Committee on Geographical Names]] |date=October 2006 |access-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016071444/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Montenegro2.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060430102218/http://montenegrina.net/pages/pages1/jezik/jezik_main.htm Language on Montenegrina] <!-- possibly useful linkfarm, TBD -->
{{Languages of Montenegro}}
{{Montenegro topics |collapsed}}
{{Slavic languages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Montenegrin Language}}
[[Category:Montenegrin language|
[[Category:Standard varieties of Serbo-Croatian]]
[[Category:Languages of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Slavic languages written in Latin script]]
[[Category:Languages written in Cyrillic script]]
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