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{{Infobox 人物
[[File:Peggy-O'Neal image.jpg|thumb|Cigar box exploits her fame and beauty, showing President Jackson introduced to Peggy O'Neal (left) and two lovers fighting a duel over her (right)]]
| 氏名 = 石川 節子
[[File:Peggy O'Neale Eaton.jpg|thumb|ペギー・イートン(1834-35年の肖像)]]
| ふりがな = いしかわ せつこ
| 画像 = 1912 Ishikawa Setsuko.jpg
| 画像サイズ = 250
| 画像説明 = [[石川啄木]]没後の節子([[大正]]元年)
| 出生名 = 堀合 セツ
| 生年月日 = [[1886年]][[10月14日]]
| 生誕地 = [[岩手県]][[南岩手郡]]上田村新小路11番地<br />(のちの[[盛岡市]]上田、[[岩手大学]]構内)
| 没年月日 = {{死亡年月日と没年齢|1886|10|14|1913|05|05}}
| 死没地 = [[北海道]][[函館市|函館区]]豊川町34番地(豊川病院)
| 死因 = 肺結核
| 墓地 = 北海道[[函館市]][[立待岬]]
| 記念碑 =
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| 国籍 = {{JPN}}
| 出身校 = [[盛岡市]]立[[盛岡白百合学園中学校・高等学校|盛岡女学校]]
| 教育 =
| 職業 = [[代用教員]]
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| 団体 = [[滝沢市|滝沢村]]立篠木尋常高等小学校<br />函館区立宝尋常高等小学校
| 著名な実績 =
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| 影響を与えたもの =
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| 配偶者 = [[石川啄木]]
| 子供 = 石川京子
| 親 =
| 親戚 = [[石川正雄]](義理の息子、長女の夫)
| 受賞 =
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}}
'''石川 節子'''(いしかわ せつこ、[[1886年]]〈[[明治]]19年〉[[10月14日]] - [[1913年]]〈[[大正]]2年〉[[5月5日]])は、[[石川啄木]]の妻。
 
その前半生は平穏に過ぎ、啄木との長い恋愛ののちに結婚する<ref name="堀合216">[[#堀合(1974)|堀合(1974)]] p.216</ref>。1905年(明治38年)5月末の結婚式に啄木が欠席した時に、節子は「吾はあく迄愛の永遠性なると言ふ事を信じ度く候」という決意を表明した<ref>[[#岩城(1985)|岩城(1985)]] pp.219</ref>。夫には生活力がなく、絶え間ない流転と別離の日々が続くなか<ref>[[#石川(1936)|石川(1936)]] p.236</ref>、愚痴一つこぼさず、女手一つで幼い娘の京子を抱え、確執のある姑のかつ子を養いながら、窮乏した生活を耐え忍んだ<ref>[[#石川(1936)|石川(1936)]] p.237</ref>。1909年(明治42年)10月の彼女の家出事件は啄木に深刻な打撃を与え、その文学と思想にも大きな影響をもたらした<ref>[[#岩城(1985)|岩城(1985)]] pp.234-235</ref>。啄木との結婚生活は1912年(明治45年)4月まで、満7年にも満たず、同居した期間は5年もなかった<ref>[[#澤地(1981)|澤地(1981)]] p.229</ref>。啄木は病魔のため大成を見ずに亡くなり、節子もまた同じ病で若くしてこの世を去った<ref name="堀合216" />。
'''ペティコート事件''' (ペティコートじけん、{{lang-en-us|''Petticoat affair''}})は、1829年から1831年にかけて、[[アメリカ合衆国大統領]][[アンドリュー・ジャクソン]]の[[アメリカ合衆国大統領顧問団|閣僚]]とその妻たちが関与した政治スキャンダルである。'''イートン事件'''とも呼ばれている。
 
[[]]
[[アメリカ合衆国副大統領|副大統領]] [[ジョン・カルフーン]]の妻、{{仮リンク|フローリデ・カルフーン|en|Floride Calhoun}}が率いる「'''[[ペティコート]]'''」と呼ばれる女性たちは、社会的に疎外された当時の[[アメリカ合衆国陸軍長官|陸軍長官]]の[[ジョン・ヘンリー・イートン]]と[[マーガレット・オニール・イートン|ペギー・イートン]]の結婚に至るまでの経緯について、「閣僚夫人の道徳的基準」を満たしていないとして、拒否反応を示した。
== 生涯 ==
=== 幼少期 ===
 
事件はジャクソン政権全体に動揺を広げ、最終的に1人を除くすべての閣僚の辞任につながった。[[マーティン・ヴァン・ビューレン]]は大統領になる機会を得た一方で、ジョン・カルフーンが大統領志望の全国的な政治家から南部州の地域的な政治家に変容するきっかけにもなった。
 
[[File:1909 Ishikawa Setsuko.jpg|thumb|350px|right|家出期間中の節子と堀合の家族(明治42年10月)。前列右より、堀合了輔、工藤その、石川京子、祖母キン、堀合ろく子、母の堀合とき子、堀合克巳、石井京。後列右より、堀合赳夫、父の堀合忠操、堀合孝子、堀合忠直、堀合ふき子、節子、高橋ノシ、宮社フシ]]
=== 死 ===
大正2年4月13日、浅草の等光寺において、与謝野寛、[[北原白秋]]、金田一京助、土岐哀果らを発起人として、61名が出席して啄木の一周忌の追悼会が行われた。この会で去る3月23日に、函館の啄木未亡人節子の代理として[[函館市中央図書館|函館図書館]]の[[岡田健蔵]]が上京して、等光寺に埋葬してあった啄木とカツの遺骨を、函館に持ち帰ったことを報告した<ref>[[#冷水(1968)|冷水(1968)]] pp.82-85</ref>。一方、函館図書館でも同じ日に啄木の一周忌の追悼会が催されている。宮崎郁雨、岡田健蔵が幹事となり、堀合忠操、斎藤大硯、岩崎白鯨ら20名あまりが出席している<ref>[[#冷水(1968)|冷水(1968)]] p.88</ref>。この来会者の席上で、啄木と面識のない斎藤咀華が写真を参考にし、宮崎ら友人たちの意見も取り入れて、描いた肖像画の油絵が披露されている<ref name="山下157">[[#山下(2010)|山下(2010)]] p.157</ref>。
 
追悼会の数日後、「苜蓿社」時代の啄木の友人・岩崎白鯨は、この絵を一目節子に見せようと、岡田健蔵と連れだって病院を訪ねた<ref name="山下157" /><ref>[[#堀合(1974)|堀合(1974)]] p.214</ref>。岡田は絵を前にして、当日の様子について詳しく話し、これを機会に啄木会として「啄木文庫」を創設し、啄木の関係資料の収集や保存をしていくことを約束している。節子は啄木が残した日記、書簡および遺稿など一切を「啄木文庫」に託すことを言い残したと伝えられる<ref>[[#坂本(1998)|坂本(1998)]] p.464</ref>。岩崎はその時の節子の様子を、次のように書き記している<ref>磐幸正「啄木遺稿と歌集」(上)『函館毎日新聞』1913年6月21日付朝刊、1面</ref>。
== 背景 ==
{{Quotation|そうだ君の一周忌の記念祭を図書館でやった四五日後に、岡田君と僕とで、咀華君の描いた君の肖像画を節子さんに見せる為に病院まで持って行った。その時は見て貰ったら直ぐ持って帰る積りで行ったのだが節子さんが咳入り〱乍ら一心に眺めてゐるものを、とても持って帰る訳に行かなかったそれで、こっそり岡田君に耳打して、飽きたら返して貰う事にして画を置いて二人ハ帰ったそれは僕にしてハ永の別れであった。然し其日も、節子さんを一目も見なかったといっても可い位ゐのものであった。衰痩た節子さんを、正面に見ることハとても出来なかったのだ。僕ハ始終眼をそらして別の病人の方ばかり見てゐなければならなかったのだ。外へ出てから岡田君に、画を持って帰るに忍びなかったと云ったら、同君も同感だと云ってうつむいた。岡田君もあれを最後に、節子さんに逢はなかったことと思ふ。|岩崎白鯨}}
マーガレット「ペギー」イートンは[[ホワイトハウス]]から少し離れたところにあり、政治家や軍人に人気の有名な交流の場、[[ワシントンD.C.]]の下宿屋兼居酒屋「フランクリンハウス」を経営するウィリアム・オニールの長女だった。ペギーは[[フランス語]]を学び、ピアノを上手に弾き、その時代の女性としては十分な教育を受けていた<ref name="historynet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/andrew-jackson-the-petticoat-affair-scandal-in-jackons-white-house.htm/4|title=Andrew Jackson: The Petticoat Affair, Scandal in Jackson's White House|work=HistoryNet.com|language=英語|accessdate=2020-08-17}}</ref>。のちに[[アメリカ合衆国郵政長官|郵政長官]]を務めた[[ウィリアム・テイラー・バリー]]は「しょっちゅうピアノを弾き、心地よい歌で私たちを楽しませてくれる」「魅力的な女の子」と書いている{{sfn|Marszalek|2000|p=1835}}。若い女の子ゆえに、男性がよく出入りするバーで働き、下宿屋の顧客と何気ないおしゃべりをする彼女には、厳しい視線が注がれるようになっていった。ペギーは長い年月が経過した後に、「私はまだ{{仮リンク|パンタレッツ|en|Pantalettes}}を履き、他の女の子と一緒に[[輪回し]]をしていましたが、年齢問わず男性の注目の的となりました。少女をうぬぼれさせるのに十分でした。」と回想している<ref name="One Woman">{{cite journal | jstor=3124447| title=One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals | author=Wood, Kristen E. | journal=Journal of the Early Republic | date=March 1, 1997 |volume=17 | issue=2 | pages=237–275 | doi=10.2307/3124447}}</ref>。
節子は啄木の肖像画とともに、残りの二週間ほどの命を生きた<ref name="山下157" />。
 
== 血縁の人物のその後 ==
ペギーが15歳のとき、彼女の父親は[[アメリカ陸軍|陸軍]]将校との駆け落ちを阻止した<ref>{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Robert P. |date=2012 |title=Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789-1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6LRVg0kn28C&pg=PA192 |___location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=192 |isbn=978-1-4422-1834-5}}</ref>。17歳になる1816年に、[[アメリカ海軍|海軍]]将校の{{仮リンク|ジョン・B・ティンバーレイク|en|John B. Timberlake}} (1777–1828)と結婚した<ref name="The Long">{{cite journal | title=The Long Agony Is Nearly Over | author=Jr, Royce McCrary and S. D. Ingham | journal=Historical Society of Pennsylvania | date=April 1, 1976}}</ref>。39歳のティンバーレイクは大酒飲みで、借金が山ほどあることで有名だった<ref name="The Long" />。ティンバーレイク夫妻は1818年に[[ジョン・ヘンリー・イートン]]と知り合いになった<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerson |first=Noel Bertram |date=1974 |title=That Eaton Woman: In Defense of Peggy O'Neale Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3crAQAAIAAJ&q=%22john+eaton%22+%22friendly%22+%22timberlake%22&dq=%22john+eaton%22+%22friendly%22+%22timberlake%22 |___location=Barre, MA |publisher=Barre Publishing |page=25}}</ref>。当時、イートンは28歳の裕福な男やもめであり、[[アメリカ合衆国憲法|合衆国憲法]]で規定されている最低年齢の30歳にまだ達していないにもかかわらず、[[テネシー州]]から新たに選出された[[アメリカ合衆国上院|連邦上院]]議員だった<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Richard A. |date=2006 |title=200 Notable Days: Senate Stories, 1787 to 2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/200notabledaysse0000bake |url-access=registration |___location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office |page=[https://archive.org/details/200notabledaysse0000bake/page/41 41] |isbn=978-0-16-076331-1}}</ref>。彼はまた、[[アンドリュー・ジャクソン]]の長年の友人でもあった<ref>{{cite book |last=Belohlavek |first=John M. |date=2016 |title=Andrew Jackson: Principle and Prejudice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |page=65 |isbn=978-0-415-84485-7}}</ref>。
 
ティンバーレイクがイートンに自身の金銭トラブルを話したため、イートンはティンバーレイクが海軍任務中に作った借金の支払いを承認するための立法案を上院で通過させようとしたが、失敗した。結局、イートンはティンバーレイクの借金を支払い、彼にアメリカ海軍の{{仮リンク|地中海艦隊 (アメリカ合衆国)|en|Mediterranean Squadron (United States)|label=地中海艦隊}}の高収入の任務を世話することになった。ティンバーレイクは地中海艦隊で勤務中の1828年4月2日に亡くなった。ワシントンでは、ティンバーレイクがイートンとペギーの浮気が原因で絶望して自殺したのではないかといううわさが流れた<ref name="The Long" />。検死官はティンバーレイクは肺疾患が原因の[[肺炎]]で亡くなったとの結論を出した<ref name="historynet" />。
 
== 論議 ==
ジャクソンは[[1828年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙|1828年の大統領選挙]]に勝利し、彼の[[アメリカ合衆国大統領|大統領]]としての任期は1829年3月4日から始まった。伝えられるところによれば、ジャクソンはペギー・ティンバーレイクがお気に入りで、イートンに彼女と結婚するように後押ししたという<ref>{{cite book |last=Humes |first=James C. |date=1992 |title=My Fellow Americans: Presidential Addresses that Shaped History |url=https://archive.org/details/myfellowamerican00hume |url-access=registration |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Praeger |page=[https://archive.org/details/myfellowamerican00hume/page/41 41] |isbn=978-0-275-93507-8}}</ref>。ペギーとイートンは1829年1月1日に結婚した<ref>{{cite book |last=Grimmett |first=Richard F. |date=2009 |title=St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, DC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKQKhVMFUAwC&pg=PA40 |___location=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Mill City Press |page=40 |isbn=978-1-934248-53-9}}</ref>。ペギーの夫の死からわずか9か月後のことだった。慣習として、二人が結婚するためには、より長い期間[[喪]]に服することが「適切」であると考えられていた<ref>{{cite book |last=Nester |first=William |date=2013 |title=The Age of Jackson and the Art of American Power, 1815-1848 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWquAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |___location=Washington, DC |publisher=Potomac Books |page=107 |isbn=978-1-61234-605-2}}</ref>。
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?99247-1/petticoat-affair ''Booknotes'' interview with John Marszalek on ''The Petticoat Affair'', March 8, 1998], [[C-SPAN]]}}
 
歴史学者{{仮リンク|ジョン・F・マーズザレック|en|John F. Marszalek}}は「ワシントン社会がペギーを受け入れられなかった本当の理由」について、次のように解説している。
{{Quotation|彼女は身の程知らずだった。自分の頭に浮かんだこと、女性が無知であるはずの話題についてさえも率直に話した。女性にふさわしくない方法で世界に身を投じた。(中略)この不潔で不純で前進的で世俗的な女性を受け入れれば、美徳と道徳の壁が侵害され、社会は恐ろしい変化の力に対してこれ以上の防御ができなくなるだろう。マーガレット・イートンは彼女自身はそれほど重要ではなかった。脅威とみなされたのは、彼女が表現したものだった。ふさわしい女性はえり好みはできなかった。彼らは社会の道徳を守るための一環として、彼女が社会に受け入れられるのを阻止しなければならなかった。|John F. Marszalek|{{{sfn|Marszalek|2000|pp=56-57}}}}}
 
== 伝記作品 ==
[[File:Floride Calhoun nee Colhoun.jpg|thumb|Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John Calhoun and leader of the "anti-Peggy" Washington wives]]
 
When Jackson assumed the presidency, he appointed Eaton as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]. Floride Calhoun, [[Second Lady of the United States]], led the wives of other Washington political figures, mostly those of Jackson's cabinet members in an "anti-Peggy" [[coalition]], which served to shun the Eatons socially and publicly. The women refused to pay [[Courtesy call|courtesy calls]] to the Eatons at their home and to receive them as visitors, and denied them invitations to parties and other social events.<ref>{{cite book |last=Manweller |first=Mathew |title=Chronology of the U.S. Presidency |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA232 |___location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=232 |isbn=978-1-59884-645-4|year=2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|thumb|President Andrew Jackson supported the Eatons in the Petticoat affair.]]
[[Emily Donelson]], niece of Andrew Jackson's late wife [[Rachel Donelson Robards]], and the wife of Jackson's adopted son and confidant [[Andrew Jackson Donelson]], served as Jackson's "surrogate [[First Lady]]".<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA245 Chronology of the U.S. Presidency]'', p. 245.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Strock |first=Ian Randal |date=2016 |title=Ranking the First Ladies: True Tales and Trivia, from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Carrel Books |page= |isbn=978-1-63144-058-8}}</ref> Emily Donelson chose to side with the Calhoun faction, thus leading to Jackson replacing her with his daughter-in-law [[Sarah Yorke Jackson]], as his official hostess.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=naSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 Ranking the First Ladies]''</ref> [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Martin Van Buren]] was a widower, and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet; he raised himself in Jackson's esteem by aligning himself with the Eatons.<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenstein |first=Fred I. |date=2009 |title=Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style from George Washington to Andrew Jackson |url=https://archive.org/details/inventingjobofpr0000gree |url-access=registration |___location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/inventingjobofpr0000gree/page/90 90] |isbn=978-0-691-13358-4}}</ref>
 
Jackson's sympathy for the Eatons stemmed in part from his late wife Rachel being the subject of innuendo during the presidential campaign, when questions arose as to whether her first marriage had been legally ended before she married Jackson. Jackson believed these attacks were the cause of Rachel's death on December 22, 1828, several weeks after his election to the presidency.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gripsrud |first=Jostein |date=2010 |title=Relocating Television: Television in the Digital Context |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k84q2Ems18MC&pg=PA202 |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |page=202 |isbn=978-0-415-56452-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mattes |first1=Kyle |last2=Redlawsk |first2=David P. |date=2014 |title=The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkUZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |___location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=74 |isbn=978-0-226-20202-0}}</ref>
 
Eaton's entry into a high-profile cabinet post helped intensify the opposition of Mrs. Calhoun's group. In addition, Calhoun was becoming the focal point of opposition to Jackson; Calhoun's supporters opposed a second term for Jackson because they wanted Calhoun elected president. In addition, Jackson favored and Calhoun opposed the protective tariff that came to be known as the [[Tariff of Abominations]]. U.S. tariffs on imported goods generally favored northern industries by limiting competition, but southerners opposed them because the tariffs raised the price of finished goods, but not the raw materials produced in the south. The dispute over the tariff led to the [[Nullification Crisis]] of 1832, with southerners - including Calhoun - arguing that states could refuse to obey federal laws to which they objected, even to the point of secession from the Union, while Jackson vowed to prevent secession and preserve the Union at any cost. Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration, Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy in an attempt to gain political leverage.<ref name="historynet" /> [[Duff Green]], a Calhoun protégé and editor of the ''United States Telegraph,'' accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members [[Samuel D. Ingham]] (Treasury) and [[John Branch]] (Navy) removed from their positions.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=194}}
 
Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In 1830, reports had emerged which accurately stated that Calhoun, while [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These reports infuriated Jackson.{{sfn|Cheathem|2008|p=29}} Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters.{{sfn|Remini|1981|pp=306-307}} Calhoun published them in the ''Telegraph.''<ref name="John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832)">{{cite web |url= https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm |title= John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832) |publisher= United States Senate |access-date= May 7, 2016}}</ref> Their publication gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy, which further enraged the President.{{sfn|Remini|1981|pp=306-307}}
 
== 解決 ==
The dispute was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign, giving Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton cabinet members. Postmaster General [[William T. Barry]] was the lone cabinet member to stay, and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington, first as [[List of Governors of Florida|governor of Florida Territory]], and then as [[United States Ambassador to Spain|minister to Spain]].
 
On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a story appeared in the ''Telegraph'' stating that it had been "proved" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney General [[John M. Berrien]] had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=199}} Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|pp=199-200}} On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through Eaton's brother in law, Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and the second time threatened him with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation,{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=200}} and describing his situation as one of "pity and contempt." Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice.{{sfn|Parton|1860|p=366}} Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard, and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city, and returned safely to his home.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=200}} Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge. Eaton admitted that he "passed by" the place where Ingham had been staying, "but at no point attempted to enter ... or besiege it."{{sfn|Remini|1981|p=320}}
 
== 影響 ==
[[File:Mvanburen.jpeg|thumb|Secretary of State Martin Van Buren supported the Eatons, aiding in his rise to the presidency.]]
In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to Great Britain. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would "...kill him, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick."{{sfn|Latner|2002|page=108}} However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy. This raised Van Buren even further in Jackson's esteem.{{sfn|Meacham|2008|pp=171–175}} Van Buren was nominated for vice president, and was elected as Jackson's running mate when Jackson won a second term in [[1832 United States presidential election|1832]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1832 |title=Election of 1832 |last1=Woolley |first1=John |last2=Peters |first2=Gerhard |publisher=American Presidency Project |access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> Van Buren thus became the ''de facto'' heir to the presidency, and succeeded Jackson in 1837.
 
Although Emily Donelson had supported Floride Calhoun, after the controversy ended Jackson asked her to return as his official hostess; she resumed these duties in conjunction with Sarah Yorke Jackson until returning to Tennessee after contracting tuberculosis, leaving Sarah Yorke Jackson to serve alone as Jackson's hostess.
 
John Calhoun resigned as vice president shortly before the end of his term, and returned with his wife to South Carolina.<ref>Cheatham, Mark R. and Peter C. Mancall, eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA30&dq=%22martin+van+buren%22+petticoat+affair&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nNtbVMPIO8ylgwS214C4Ag&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=petticoat%20affair&f=false Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives],'' ABC-CLIO, 2008, 30-32.</ref> Quickly elected to the U.S. Senate, he returned to Washington not as a national leader with presidential prospects, but as a regional leader who argued in favor of states' rights and the expansion of slavery.
 
In regard to the Petticoat affair, Jackson later remarked, "I [would] rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation."<ref>Widmer, Edward L. 2005. ''Martin Van Buren'': The American Presidents Series, The 8th President, 1837–1841. Time Books. {{ISBN|978-0-7862-7612-7}}</ref> To Jackson, Peggy Eaton was just another of many wronged women whom over his lifetime he had known and defended. He believed that every woman he had defended in his life, including her, had been the victim of ulterior motives, so that political enemies could bring him down.{{sfn|Marszalek|2000|p=238}}
 
According to historian [[Daniel Walker Howe]], the episode influenced the emergence of feminism. The Cabinet wives insisted that the interests and honor of all women were at stake. They believed a responsible woman should never accord a man sexual favors without the assurance that went with marriage. A woman who broke that code was dishonorable and unacceptable. Howe notes that this was the feminist spirit that in the next decade shaped the woman's rights movement. The aristocratic wives of European diplomats in Washington shrugged the matter off; they had their national interest to uphold, and had seen how life worked in Paris and London.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848|last=Howe|first=Daniel Walker|author-link=Daniel Walker Howe|series=[[Oxford History of the United States]]|isbn=978-0-19-507894-7|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe/page/337 337–339]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|title-link=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848}}</ref>
 
== 後世の評価 ==
Historian [[Robert V. Remini]] says that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless."{{sfn|Remini|1981|p=320}} Historian Kirsten E. Wood argues that it "was a national political issue, raising questions of manhood, womanhood, Presidential power, politics, and morality."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mrs. Eaton Affair|url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-mrs-eaton-affair/|last=Wills|first=Matthew|date=2019-12-20|website=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>
 
The 1936 film ''[[The Gorgeous Hussy]]'' is a fictionalized account of the Petticoat affair. It featured [[Joan Crawford]] as Peggy O'Neal, [[Robert Taylor (actor)|Robert Taylor]] as John Timberlake, [[Lionel Barrymore]] as Andrew Jackson, and [[Franchot Tone]] as John Eaton.<ref>Nugent, Frank S., "[https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0CE3D7143CE53ABC4D53DFBF66838D629EDE The Gorgeous Hussy (1936)] Democratic Unconvention in 'The Gorgeous Hussy,' at the Capitol -- 'A Son Comes Home,' at the Rialto," movie review, ''The New York Times,'' 5 September 1936. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref><ref>Schwarz, Frederic D., "[https://www.questia.com/library/p437046/american-heritage/i3099776/vol-57-no-2-april-may 1831: That Eaton Woman]," ''American Heritage,'' April/May 2006, Vol. 57. No. 2 (Subscription only.) Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref>
 
== 脚注 ==
67 ⟶ 79行目:
 
== 参考文献 ==
; 雑誌
* {{cite book |last=Cheathem |first=Mark Renfred |date=2008 |title=Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA17 |___location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-017-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Latner |first=Richard B. |chapter=Andrew Jackson |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |date=2002 |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |edition=7th |chapter-url=http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Jackson-Andrew.html |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Marszalek |first=John F. |date=2000 |orig-year=1997 |title=The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euL5ZJPW-4kC |___location=Baton Rouge |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=978-0-8071-2634-9 |author-link=John F. Marszalek |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Meacham |first=Jon |date=2008 |title=American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0 |url-access=registration |___location=New York |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8129-7346-4 |author-link=Jon Meacham |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Parton |first=James |date=1860 |title=Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog/page/n739 648] |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Mason Brothers |author-link=James Parton |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=1981 |title=Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832 |___location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7 |author-link=Robert V. Remini |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Snelling |first=William Joseph |date=1831 |title=A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson |url=https://archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog/page/n172 164] |___location=Boston, MA |publisher=Stimpson & Clapp |author-link=William Joseph Snelling |ref=harv}}
*Wood, Kirsten E. “‘One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals’: Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair,” ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 17 (Summer 1997): 237-275.
 
; 書籍
==External links==
* {{Cite book|和書|author=堀合了輔|title=啄木の妻節子|year=1974|publisher=洋々社|asin=B000J9GAQU|ref=堀合(1974)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040819181956/http://womenshistory.about.com/library/prm/blandrewjackson1.htm "Andrew Jackson and the Tavern-Keeper's Daughter"], Women's History
* {{Cite book|和書|author=[[岩城之徳]]|title=石川啄木伝|year=1985|publisher=東宝書房|asin=B000J6TZ2Y|ref=岩城(1985)}}
*[http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/jackson/10.html Andrew Jackson on the Web: Petticoat Affair]
* {{Cite book|和書|author=[[石川正雄]]|title=父啄木を語る|year=1936|publisher=[[三笠書房]]|asin=|ref=石川(1936)}}
*[http://www.historynet.com/andrew-jackson-the-petticoat-affair-scandal-in-jackons-white-house.htm J. Kingston Pierce, "Andrew Jackson's 'Petticoat Affair'"], The History Net, June 1999
* {{Cite book|和書|author=[[澤地久枝]]|title=石川節子 愛の永遠を信じたく候|year=1981|publisher=[[講談社]]|asin=B000J7YVGS|ref=澤地(1981)}}
*''This American Life'', [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/485/surrogates# #485 "Surrogates", Act One: Petticoats in a Twist], (January 25, 2013). Sarah Koenig talks with historian Nancy Tomes about the Petticoat Affair.
 
* {{Cite book|和書|author=山下多恵子|title=啄木と郁雨 友の恋歌矢ぐるまの花|year=2010|publisher=未知谷|isbn=978-4896423112|ref=山下(2010)}}
* {{Cite book|和書|author=坂本竜三|title=岡田健蔵伝 北日本が生んだ稀有の図書館人|year=1998|publisher=講談社出版サービスセンター|isbn=978-4876014422|ref=坂本(1998)}}
* {{Cite book|和書|author=[[冷水茂太]]|title=啄木遺骨の行方|year=1968|publisher=永田書房|asin=B000JA4BMY|ref=冷水(1968)}}
* {{Cite book|和書|author=|title=|year=|publisher=|isbn=|ref=()}}
<ref>[[#()|]] p.</ref>
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