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{{Short description|Gender identity other than sex assigned at birth}}
[[de:Transgender]][[eo:Transgenrulo]]
{{hatnote group|{{Distinguish|Transsexual}}{{For|the Crystal Castles song|Transgender (song)}}
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{{Infobox gender and sexual identity
| title = Transgender
| image = Transgender Pride flag.svg
| alt =Five horizontal stripes equally sized colored with two light blue, two pink, and a white stripe in the center
| caption = [[Transgender flag]]
| definition =
| classification = {{hlist|[[Gender modality]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ashley |first1=Florence |last2=Brightly-Brown |first2=Shari |last3=Rider |first3=G. Nic |date=10 June 2024 |title=Beyond the trans/cis binary: introducing new terms will enrich gender research |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=630 |issue=8016 |pages=293–295 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01719-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38858484 |bibcode=2024Natur.630..293A}}</ref>|[[Gender identity]]}}
| abbreviations = {{hlist|[[wikt:TG|TG]]|[[wikt:trans|trans]]}}
| subcategories ={{hlist|[[Trans woman]]|[[Trans man]]|[[Non-binary|Non-binary and genderqueer]]<ref group=lower-roman name=disputed>[[#Terminology|By some definitions]]</ref>|[[Gender nonconformity]]<ref group=lower-roman name=disputed/>|[[Third gender]]<ref group=lower-roman name=disputed/>}}
| synonyms =
| associated_terms = {{hlist|[[Transsexual]]}}
| symbol = Gender sign.svg
| notes = {{reflist|group=lower-roman}}
}}
{{Transgender sidebar}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}
 
A '''transgender''' (often shortened to '''trans''') person has a [[gender identity]] different from that typically associated with the [[sex]] they were [[sex assignment|assigned at birth]].{{sfn|APA|2018}} <!-- Lede definition result of talk page discussion. Please do not change without talk page consensus, except for minor edits. -->
'''Transgender''' is generally used as a catch-all term for a variety of individuals, behaviors and groups centered around the full or partial reversal of [[gender role]]s. This includes a number of sub-categories, which, among others, include ''[[transsexual]]s'', ''[[cross-dresser]]''s, ''[[transvestitism|transvestite]]s'', consciously [[androgynous]] people, [[drag queen]]s and [[drag king]]s. Usually not included, because it is usually not a gender issue, although in practice the line can be hard to draw, are [[transvestic fetish]]ists.
The opposite of ''transgender'' is ''[[cisgender]]'', which describes persons whose gender identity matches their assigned sex.{{sfn|Blank|2014}}
 
Many transgender people desire medical assistance to [[Gender transition|medically transition]] from one sex to another; those who do may identify as [[transsexual]].<ref name="Bevan-2014-42">{{harvnb|Bevan|2014}}. "The term ''transsexual'' was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term ''transgender'' was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince." Referencing {{harvnb|Oliven|1965|p=514}}.</ref><ref name="Polly-2011">{{harvnb|Polly|Nicole|2011|p=57}}. "The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history."</ref> ''Transgender'' does not have a universally accepted definition, including among researchers;{{sfn|''Britannica''|2024}} it can function as an [[umbrella term]]. The definition given above includes binary [[trans men]] and [[trans women]] and may also include people who are [[non-binary gender|non-binary or genderqueer]].<ref name="Franklin-2014">{{harvnb|Franklin|2014|p=740}}. "''Transgender'' is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex that they were assigned at birth. Transgender encompasses a wide variety of identities including, but not limited to, [[transsexual]], [[genderqueer]], [[bi-gender]], [[third gender]], [[cross-dresser]], and [[drag king]]/[[drag queen|queen]]."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|GLAAD|n.d.}}
Occasionally the term [[gender dysphoria]] is used to describe these tendencies, and the reaction to its social consequences, as a psychological condition.
*"An adjective to describe people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth" (¶&nbsp;"Transgender").
*"Many nonbinary people also call themselves transgender and consider themselves part of the transgender community" (¶&nbsp;"Nonbinary People").</ref> Other related groups include [[third-gender]] people, [[cross-dresser]]s, and [[drag queen]]s and [[drag king]]s; some definitions include these groups as well.<ref name="Franklin-2014" /><ref>Variously:
* {{harvnb|Petersen|Hyde|2010|p=486}}. "''Transgender'' is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity [...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative."
* {{harvnb|Towle|Morgan|2013|p=666}}. "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term ''third gender'' is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term ''transgender''."
* {{harvnb|Reisner|Conron|Scout|Mimiaga|2014|p=99}}. "''Transgender'' was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including [[cross-dresser]]s, people who consider themselves to be [[genderqueer]], [[androgynous]], and those whose [[gender nonconformity]] is a part of their identity."</ref>
<!-- The list of groups included is the result of a talk page discussion and is based on the available sources. Discuss changes there first. -->
 
Being transgender is distinct from [[sexual orientation]], and transgender people may identify as [[heterosexual]] (straight), [[homosexual]] (gay or lesbian), [[bisexual]], [[asexuality|asexual]], or otherwise, or may [[Unlabeled sexuality|decline to label]] their sexual orientation.{{sfn|CDC|2020}} Accurate statistics on the number of transgender people vary widely,{{sfn|GEO|2018}} in part due to different definitions of what constitutes being transgender.{{sfn|''Britannica''|2024}} Some countries collect [[census]] data on transgender people, starting with [[Canada]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=27 April 2022 |title=The Daily — Canada is the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620215331/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Easton|2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gammarano |first=Rosina |date=17 May 2024 |title=Current practices in measuring sexual orientation and gender identity in population censuses |url=https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/current-practices-in-measuring-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-in-population-censuses/ |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=ILOSTAT |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians |title=In-depth review of measuring gender identity |url=https://unece.org/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2019/ECE_CES_2019_19-G1910227E.pdf |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[United Nations Economic & Social Council]]}}</ref> Generally, less than 1% of the worldwide population is transgender, with figures ranging from <0.1% to 0.6%.{{sfn|M.H.|2017}}{{sfn|UCSF|n.d.}}
More recently, the term ''transgender'' can also mean someone who considers that they fall "between" genders, and identify themselves as neither fully male, nor fully female.
 
Many transgender people experience [[gender dysphoria]], and some seek medical treatments such as [[Transgender hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]], [[gender-affirming surgery]], or [[psychotherapy]]. Not all transgender people desire these treatments,<ref>{{harvnb|Lamm|Eckstein|2015|p=745}}. "Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria{{snd}}distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender. Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all."</ref> and some cannot undergo them for legal,{{sfn|AP|2024}} financial,{{sfn|Johnson|Hill|Beach-Ferrara|Rogers|2019}} or medical{{sfn|Klein|Paradise|Goodwin|2018}} reasons.
==Transsexual==
Main article: [[Transsexual]]
 
The [[legal status of transgender people]] varies by jurisdiction. Many transgender people experience [[transphobia]] ([[Violence against transgender people|violence]] or discrimination against transgender people) in the workplace,{{sfn|Lombardi|Wilchins|Priesing|Malouf|2008}} in accessing public accommodations,{{sfn|Dallara|2011}} and in healthcare.{{sfn|Bradford|Reisner|Honnold|Xavier|2013}} In many places, they are not legally protected from discrimination.{{sfn|Whittle|2002}}{{Page needed|date=September 2024}} Several cultural events are held to celebrate the awareness of transgender people, including [[Transgender Day of Remembrance]] and [[International Transgender Day of Visibility]],{{sfn|Sudborough|2022}}{{sfn|CBC|2013}} and the [[transgender flag]] is a common transgender pride symbol.{{sfn|Ford|2014}}
A ''transsexual'' is a person who desires to have, or has, a different [[sex]] than s/he had at birth. One typical (though oversimplified) explanation is of a "man trapped in a woman's body" or vice versa. A transsexual makes or desires to make a transition from their birth sex to another, by medical means, normally this process is usually [[hormone|hormonally]] induced, and may include [[sexual reassignment surgery]].
 
== Cross-dresserTerminology ==
[[File:Bell Gallery, Anderson Library U of Minnesota-Transgender Oral History Project-03.jpg|thumb|Display on gender identity, Bell Gallery, Elmer L. Andersen Library, [[University of Minnesota]], [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]]]]
Main articles: [[cross-dresser]], [[transvestitism]], [[drag king]], [[drag queen]], [[transvestic fetishism]]
Before the mid-20th century, various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled ''transsexual'', and later ''transgender'' from mid-century onward.{{sfn|Polly|Nicole|2011}} Imported from the German and ultimately modeled after German ''Transsexualismus'' (coined in 1923),{{sfn|Hirschfeld|1923}} the English term ''transsexual'' has enjoyed international acceptability, though ''transgender'' has been increasingly preferred over ''transsexual''.<ref>{{harvnb|APA|2024}}. "According to the APA Style guide, the term ''transsexual'' is largely outdated, but some people identify with it; this term should be used only for an individual who specifically claims it."</ref> The word ''transgender'' acquired its modern umbrella term meaning in the 1990s.<ref>Variously:
* {{harvnb|Mills|2015|p=12}}. "Indeed, it is arguably only since the 1990s, with the coining of the umbrella term ''transgender'', that gender variance has come to be understood, in certain activist and institutional settings, as being ontologically different from homosexuality."
* {{harvnb|Currah|2006|p=4}}. "From signifying a subject position between cross-dresser and transsexual, the meaning of ''transgender'' expanded radically in the early 1990s to include them, along with other cross-gender practices and identities."</ref>
 
Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.<ref name="APA Complicated">{{cite journal |last1=Glicksman |first1=Eve |date=April 2013 |title=Transgender terminology: It's complicated |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated |url-status=live |journal=Monitor on Psychology |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |volume=44 |issue=4 |page=39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925130527/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=17 September 2013 |quote=Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers}}</ref><ref name="Fenway Meeting">{{cite web |title=Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020025808/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=17 September 2013 |publisher=[[The Fenway Institute]] |page=24 |format=PowerPoint Presentation |quote=Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity}}</ref>
A ''cross-dresser'' is any person who wears the clothing of the opposite gender, for any reason. Cross-dressers may have no desire or intention of adopting other behaviors or practices common to that gender, and particularly does (currently) not wish to undergo medical procedures to facilitate physical changes. Contrary to common belief, most male-bodied cross-dressers prefer female partners.
 
=== ''Transgender'' ===
Many non-Western cultures legitimize cross dressing, often with a ritual background. The so-called [[berdache]] in many [[Native American]] groups is recognized as a separate gender, a woman-living-man, not as a man who wants to be a woman. In reality, different Native American groups had different names for the 'berdache'. The husband of a berdache is not viewed as a berdache, but as a 'normal' male. In some societies there is a corresponding gender for man-living-women ([[amazons]]).
Although the term ''transgenderism'' was once considered acceptable, it has come to be viewed as [[pejorative]], according to GLAAD.<ref>{{harvnb|GLAAD|n.d.|loc=¶&nbsp;"Term to avoid: ''transgenderism'', ''gender ideology''"}}. {{harvnb|GLAAD|2023}}.</ref> Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|Columbia University]] used the term ''transgenderism'' in his 1965 reference work ''Sexual Hygiene and Pathology'', writing that the term which had previously been used, ''transsexualism'', "is misleading; actually, ''transgenderism'' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism".<ref name="Bevan-2014-42"/><ref>{{harvnb|Simon|2017}}. "According to scholars, the word first appeared in print in John F. Oliven's 1965 book, ''Sexual Hygiene and Pathology''. Oliven writes: 'Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes ''transsexualism''. The term is misleading; actually, ''transgenderism'' is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism.' Although Oliven's understanding of ''transgender'' is not the same as our understanding of it today, his use of it is still significant. As K.J. Rawson and Cristan Williams note in their book, ''Transgender*: The Rhetorical Landscape of a Term'', Oliven didn't use the word in the book's 1955 edition; it was added later, when the second edition was revised and published. Gradually, some members of this marginalized community began to apply the word ''transgender'' to themselves. For example, Virginia Charles Prince, publisher of the long-running periodical ''Transvestia'', occasionally used a variation of the word, ''transgenderal''." Quoting {{harvnb|Oliven|1965|p=514}}, and referencing {{harvnb|Rawson|Williams|2014}}.</ref> The term ''transgender'' was then popularized with varying definitions by transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including [[Christine Jorgensen]]{{sfn|Blakemore|2022}} and [[Virginia Prince]],<ref name="Bevan-2014-42"/> who used ''transgenderal'' in the December 1969 issue of ''Transvestia'',<ref>{{harvnb|Prince|1969|p=65}}. "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former. If a word is necessary, I should be termed a ''transgenderal''."</ref> a national magazine for cross-dressers she founded.{{sfn|Ekins|King|2006|pp=13-14}} By the mid-1970s both ''trans-gender'' and ''trans people'' were in use as umbrella terms, while ''transgenderist'' and ''transgenderal'' were used to refer to people who wanted to live their lives as cross-gendered individuals without [[gender-affirming surgery]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ekins|King|1999}}. "Virginia Prince pioneered the term 'transgenderist' and 'transgenderal' (Prince, 1976: 145) to refer to people who lived full-time in the gender opposite their biological sex, but did not seek sex/gender re-assignment surgery. Richard Ekins established the Trans-Gender Archive, at the University of Ulster, in 1986 (Ekins, 1988). The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite; which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena; and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex, sexuality and gender (not just gender), including the binary divide, all have socially constructed components. Not long afterwards, the 'transgender community' came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals, transvestites, transgenderists, drag queens, and so on, as well as (in some uses) to include their partners and friends and professional service providers."</ref> ''Transgenderist'' was sometimes abbreviated as ''TG'' in educational and community resources; this abbreviation developed by the 1980s.<ref>{{harvnb|Rayner|1979}}. {{harvnb|Dame-Griff|2023}}.</ref> In 2020, the ''International Journal of Transgenderism'' changed its name to the ''[[International Journal of Transgender Health]]'' "to reflect a change toward more appropriate and acceptable use of language in our field."{{sfn|Bouman|2020|at=¶&nbsp;5}}
 
By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which ''transgender'' was used as an umbrella term.{{sfn|Peo|1984}} In 1985, Richard Ekins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the [[University of Ulster]].{{sfn|Ekins|King|2006|pp=13-14}} By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined ''transgender'' as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone transitioning.<ref>{{harvnb|ICTLEP|1992}}. "Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment."</ref> [[Leslie Feinberg]]'s pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified ''transgender'' as a term to unify all forms of [[gender nonconformity]]; in this way ''transgender'' has become synonymous with ''[[queer]]''.{{sfn|Stryker|2008b}} In 1994, gender theorist [[Susan Stryker]] defined ''transgender'' as encompassing "all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer socially constructed sex/gender boundaries", including, but not limited to, "transsexuality, heterosexual transvestism, gay drag, [[Butch (lesbian slang)|butch]] lesbianism, and such non-European identities as the Native American [[berdache]] or the Indian [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]".{{sfn|Currah|2006|p=4}}
Drag involves wearing highly exaggerated and outrageous costumes or imitating movie and music stars of the opposite sex. It is a form of [[performing arts|performing art]] practiced by drag queens and kings. Drag is often found in a [[gay]] or [[lesbian]] context. The term ''Drag King'' can also apply to everybody from the female-to-male side of the transgender spectrum who do not see themselves as exclusively male identified.
 
''Transgender'' can also refer specifically to a person whose gender identity is ''opposite'' (rather than ''different from'') the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth.<ref>Variously:
A transvestic fetishist has a fetish for wearing the clothing of the opposite gender. It is often difficult to distinguish between fetishism that happens to have female clothing as an object and transgender behaviour that includes sexual play. Some people feel that transvestic fetishism does not count as cross-dressing.
* {{harvnb|Mallon|1998|pages=275–276}}. "''Transgender:'' Is a person whose gender identity is different from her/his biological gender. Many transgender individuals are persons who report feeling trapped in the wrong body. These people psychologically identify themselves with the opposite biological gender and desire to be a person of that gender."
* {{harvnb|Merriam-Webster|n.d.}} "<em>especially</em>: of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth".
* {{harvnb|Gazzaniga|2018|p=367}}. "A ''transgender'' person was born as one biological sex but feels that her true gender identity is that of the other sex."</ref> In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called ''cisgender''.{{sfn|Martin|2015}}
 
=== Other''Transsexual'' ===
{{See also|Transsexual#Terminology}}
Inspired by [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]'s 1923 term ''seelischer Transsexualismus'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-road-to-inclusion-transgender-health-care-in-canada |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203005012/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-road-to-inclusion-transgender-health-care-in-canada |url-status=live }}</ref> the term ''transsexual'' was introduced to English in 1949 by [[David Oliver Cauldwell]] and popularized by [[Harry Benjamin]] in 1966, around the same time ''transgender'' was coined and began to be popularized.<ref name="Bevan-2014-42"/> Since the 1990s, ''transsexual'' has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people<ref name="Bevan-2014-42"/><ref name="TR2006">''Transgender Rights'' (2006, {{ISBN|0-8166-4312-1}}), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter</ref><ref name="Alegria">{{cite journal |last1=Alegria |first1=Christine Aramburu |title=Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation: Transgender identity and health care |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners |date=April 2011 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=175–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x |pmid=21489011 |s2cid=205909330 |quote=Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002) }}</ref> who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance (for example, sex reassignment surgery) with this.
 
Distinctions between the terms ''transgender'' and ''transsexual'' are commonly based on [[Sex and gender distinction|distinctions between gender and sex]].<ref>For example, Virginia Prince used ''transgender'' to distinguish cross-dressers from trans''sexual'' people ({{cite web |title=glbtq > social sciences >> Prince, Virginia Charles |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211063223/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html |archive-date=11 February 2015 |publisher=glbtq.com}}), writing in ''Men Who Choose to Be Women'' (in ''Sexology'', February 1969) that "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sex -- Medical Definition |url=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81336 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012037/http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81336 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |publisher=medilexicon.com}}: defines sex as a biological or physiological quality, while gender is a (psychological) "category to which an individual is assigned by self or others...".</ref> Transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one's sex, while transgender considerations deal more with one's psychological gender disposition or predisposition, as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/swanstromn/novaswanstrom.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213319/http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/swanstromn/novaswanstrom.pdf |url-status=dead |title=UNCW: Developing and Implementing a Scale to Assess Attitudes Regarding Transsexuality |archive-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref> Many transgender people reject the term ''transsexual''.<ref name="Polly-2011"/><ref name="Swanson">{{cite book |first=A. |last=Swenson |chapter=Medical Care of the Transgender Patient |title=Family Medicine |date=2014 |quote=While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual.}}</ref>{{sfn|GLAAD|n.d.|loc=¶&nbsp;"''Transsexual'' (adj.)"}} [[Christine Jorgensen]] publicly rejected ''transsexual'' in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as ''trans-gender'', saying, "gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."<ref>{{cite news |last=Parker |first=Jerry |date=18 October 1979 |title=Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx |newspaper=Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press |url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2011/08/21/christine-jorgensen-transgender-woman/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161528/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2011/08/21/christine-jorgensen-transgender-woman/|archive-date=25 April 2012|quote="If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 1982 |title=News From California: 'Transgender' |pages=A–10 |newspaper=Appeal-Democrat/[[Associate Press]] |url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/02/06/1982-transgenders-transsexuals-christine-jorgensen/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412004837/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/02/06/1982-transgenders-transsexuals-christine-jorgensen/ |archive-date=12 April 2012 |quote=she describes people who have had such operations' "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained}}</ref> Some have objected to the term ''transsexual'' on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than [[sexuality]].<ref name="Fenway Health Glossary">{{cite web |date=January 2010 |publisher=Fenway Health |___location=Boston, Mass. |title=Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms |url=http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120607/http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |page=15}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2020}} Some people who identify as transsexual people object to being included in the ''transgender'' umbrella.<ref name="Valentine">{{cite journal |last1=Valentine |first1=David |title=Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category |journal=Duke University Press |date=2007 |doi=10.1215/9780822390213|isbn=978-0-8223-9021-3}}</ref><ref name="Stryker 2006">{{cite book |last=Stryker |first=Susan |chapter=Introduction |editor1-last=Stryker |editor1-first=Susan |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Whittle |title=The Transgender Studies Reader |___location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2006 |pages=1–17 |isbn=1-135-39884-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winters |first1=Kelley |title=Gender Madness in American Psychiatry : essays from the struggle for dignity |date=2008 |publisher=GID Reform Advocates |___location=Dillon, Colorado |isbn=9781439223888 |pages=198 |quote=Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not.}}</ref>
''Transgender'' is also used to describe behaviour or feelings that cannot be categorised into these older sub-cathegories, for example, people living in a gender role that is different from the one they were assigned at birth, but who do not wish to undergo any or all of the available medical options, or people who do not wish to identify themselves as ''transsexuals'', ''men'' or ''women'', and consider that they fall between genders, or transcend gender.
 
In his 2007 book ''Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category'', anthropologist David Valentine asserts that ''transgender'' was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term ''transgender'' should not be included in the transgender spectrum.<ref name="Valentine" /> Leslie Feinberg likewise asserts that ''transgender'' is not a self-identifier (for some people) but a category imposed by observers to understand other people.<ref name="Stryker 2006" /> According to the Transgender Health Program (THP) at [[Fenway Health]] in Boston, there are no universally-accepted definitions, and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may have since been deemed offensive. The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer, and avoid the term ''transsexual'' unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it.<ref name="Fenway Health Glossary" />{{Undue weight inline|date=November 2020}}
== Issues ==
 
Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites, called the [[Sex Orientation Scale]] (SOS), in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross-dressing and the relative urgency of their need (if any) for sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="benjaminscale">Benjamin, H. (1966). ''The transsexual phenomenon''. New York: Julian Press, page 23.</ref> Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin's original opinions.<ref name="Ekins2005">Ekins, Richard (2005). Science, politics and clinical intervention: Harry Benjamin, transsexualism and the problem of heteronormativity ''[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]]'' July 2005 vol. 8 no. 3 306-328 {{doi|10.1177/1363460705049578}}</ref> Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis, or for distinction between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender-variant behavior and expression. Benjamin's scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women, and trans men's identities do not align with its categories.<ref name="Hansbury2008">{{Cite journal |last=Hansbury |first=Griffin |date=2008 |title=The Middle Men: An Introduction to the Transmasculine Identities |journal=[[Studies in Gender and Sexuality]] |volume=6 |number=3 |pages=241–264 |doi=10.1080/15240650609349276}}</ref>
Transgender identity has nothing to do with [[sexual orientation]]. Sexual orientations among transgendered people varies just as much as they do among cisgendered people. Although few studies have been done, transgender groups almost always report that their members are more likely to be attracted to those with the same [[gender identity]], compared to the population as a whole; that is, transgendered women are more likely to be attracted to other women, and vice versa. Most transgendered people who are attracted to others of the same gender will identify as gay or lesbian.
 
=== Other terms ===
Many Western societies today have some sort of procedure whereby an individual can change their name, sometimes also their legal gender, to reflect their [[gender identity]]. Medical procedures for transgendered people are also available in most Western and many non-western countries. However, because gender roles are an important part of many cultures, those engaged in strong challenges to the prevalence of these roles, such as many transgendered people, often have to face considerable prejudice.
* ''{{visanc|Transfeminine}}'' (commonly abbreviated to both ''transfem'' and ''transfemme'') refers to a person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation.<ref name="Mardell-2016">{{cite book |last=Hardell |first=Ash |author-link=Ash Hardell |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/962263268 |title=The ABC's of LGBT+ |date=2016 |publisher=Mango Media Inc. |isbn=9781633534094 |___location=Coral Gables, Florida |pages=96 |access-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413205407/https://search.worldcat.org/title/962263268 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''{{visanc|Transmasculine}}'' (commonly abbreviated to ''transmasc'') refers to a person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.<ref name="Mardell-2016" />
* ''Transgendered'' is a common term in older literature. Many within the transgender community deprecate it on the basis that ''transgender'' is an adjective, not a verb.<ref name="Vincent">{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Ben |title=Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare |date=2020 |publisher=[[Policy Press]] |isbn=978-1-4473-5192-4 |___location=Bristol, UK |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V53uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 17, note 10] |doi=10.2307/j.ctv138wrbg |jstor=j.ctv138wrbg |s2cid=225850961}}</ref> Organizations such as [[GLAAD]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'' also state that ''transgender'' should never be used as a noun in English (e.g., "Max is ''transgender''" or "Max is a ''transgender man''", not "Max is ''a transgender''").<ref>{{harvnb|GLAAD|n.d.|loc=¶&nbsp;"Term to avoid: ''transgendered''"}}. "The adjective ''transgender'' should never have an extraneous ''-ed'' tacked onto the end. An ''-ed'' suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. Not using the ''-ed'' suffix also brings transgender into alignment with ''lesbian'', ''gay'', ''bisexual'', and ''queer''. You would not say that [[Elton John]] is ''gayed'' or [[Ellen DeGeneres]] is ''lesbianed'', therefore you would not say [[Laverne Cox]] is ''transgendered''. (Similarly, ''cisgender'' never needs an ''-ed'' at the end.)"</ref><ref name="Guardian Style">{{cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Guardian and Observer style guide: T |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709224453/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t |archive-date=9 July 2017 |publisher=Guardian News & Media |quote=[U]se transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never 'transgendered person' or 'a transgender'. |___location=London}}</ref> ''Transgender'' is also a noun for the broader topic of transgender identity and experience.<ref>{{cite OED|term=transgender, adj. and n.|id=247649|date=March 2003|edition=3rd}}</ref>
* ''Assigned Female At Birth'' (''AFAB''), ''Assigned Male At Birth'' (''AMAB''), ''Designated Female At Birth'' (''DFAB''), and ''Designated Male At Birth (DMAB)'' are terms used to represent a person's sex assigned at birth; they are considered to be more gender-inclusive than the related terms ''biological male'' or ''biological female''.{{Sfn|Cleveland Clinic|2022}}
*The term ''[[Trans (*)|{{visanc|trans}}*]]'' (with an [[asterisk]]) emerged in the 1990s as an [[Inclusive language|inclusive]] term used to encompass a wide range of non-cisgender identities. The asterisk represents a [[Wildcard character|wildcard]], indicating the inclusion of various identities, beyond just transgender and transsexual, such as [[gender-fluid]] or [[agender]], within the transgender umbrella. The use of the asterisk in "trans*" has been debated; some argue that it adds unnecessary complexity, while others say that it enhances inclusivity by explicitly recognizing non-normative gender identities.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Steinmetz |first=Katy |date=3 April 2018 |title=The OED Just Added the Word 'Trans*.' Here's What It Means |url=https://time.com/5211799/what-does-trans-asterisk-star-mean-dictionary/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207080057/https://time.com/5211799/what-does-trans-asterisk-star-mean-dictionary/ |archive-date=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tompkins |first=Avery |date=1 May 2014 |title=Asterisk |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article/1/1-2/26/91872/Asterisk |journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1–2 |pages=26–27 |doi=10.1215/23289252-2399497 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref>
 
=== Shift in use of terms ===
See also: [[intersexual]], [[autogynephilia]], [[two-spirit]]
Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have been superseded by "[[trans man]]" and "[[trans woman]]", respectively. This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans man") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.<ref name="Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10" />
 
In place of transgenderism, terms such as [[wikt:transness|transness]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rivest |first=Paul |date=June 2024 |title=Discourses of disclosure: the un/revolutionary potential of transmasculine sexual scripts |url=https://hal.science/hal-04612848/ |journal=Quaderni del Dipartimento di Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale |issue=8 |pages=219–230}}</ref> [[wikt:transgenderness|transgenderness]], or [[wikt:transidentity|transidentity]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cromwell |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0G--BowVYg8C&dq=%22transness%22+%22transidentity%22&pg=PP11 |title=Transmen and FTMs: Identities, Bodies, Genders, and Sexualities |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=978-0-252-06825-6 |language=en}}</ref> have been suggested,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leal |first=Dodi T. B. |date=October 2021 |title=Gender in Danger: Transdanger People in Performing Arts in Brazil |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-research-international/article/abs/gender-in-danger-transdanger-people-in-performing-arts-in-brazil/6F6A9491CE5D25DCBA45883FF9162ED0 |journal=Theatre Research International |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=398–406 |doi=10.1017/S0307883321000341 |issn=0307-8833|url-access=subscription }}</ref> corresponding to their cisgender counterparts, such as cisness, cisgenderness and cisidentity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alessandrin |first=Arnaud |date=January 2013 |title=La question cisgenre |url=https://hal.science/hal-00789539/ |journal=¿ Interrogations ? Revue pluridisciplinaire de sciences humaines et sociales |issue=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Groneberg |first=Michael |date=2018 |journal=Normed Children: Effects of Gender and Sex Related Normativity on Childhood and Adolescence |title=The Concept of Human Gender: Its Epistemological and Ethical Impact |series=Gender Studies |access-date=7 February 2025 |pages=63–80 |doi=10.14361/9783839430200-006 |isbn=978-3-8376-3020-6 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/37406/1/9783839430200.pdf#page=64 |editor1-last=Schneider |editor1-first=Erik |editor2-last=Baltes-Löhr |editor2-first=Christel}}</ref>
 
== Sexual orientation ==
{{Main|Transgender sexuality}}
 
Gender, gender identity, and being transgender are distinct concepts from sexual orientation.<ref name="apatransgenderanswers">{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx |title=Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615045832/http://apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2010 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |quote=What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?}}</ref> Sexual orientation is an individual's enduring pattern of attraction, or lack thereof, to others (being [[heterosexual|straight]], [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[Asexuality|asexual]], etc.), whereas gender identity is a person's innate knowledge of their own gender (being a man, woman, non-binary, etc.). Transgender people can have any orientation, and generally use labels corresponding to their gender, rather than assigned sex at birth. For example, trans women who are exclusively attracted to other women commonly identify as lesbians, and trans men exclusively attracted to women would identify as straight.{{sfn|GLAAD|n.d.|loc=¶ "Sexual Orientation"}} Many trans people describe their sexual orientation as ''queer,'' in addition to or instead of, other terms.<ref name="BocktingBenner2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bockting |first1=Walter |last2=Benner |first2=Autumn |last3=Coleman |first3=Eli |author-link3=Eli Coleman |title=Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |date=28 March 2009 |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=688–701 |doi=10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3 |pmid=19330439 |s2cid=27207925}}</ref><ref name="usts" /><ref name="Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10" />
 
For much of the 20th century, transgender identity was conflated with [[homosexuality]] and [[transvestism]].<ref name="Haefele-Thomas-2019">{{cite book |last1=Haefele-Thomas |first1=Ardel |title=Introduction to Transgender Studies |date=5 February 2019 |publisher=Harrington Park Press |others=Contributions by Combs, Thatcher. Illustrated by Rains, Cameron. Foreword by Stryker, Susan. Introduction by Clifford, Jo. |isbn=978-1-939594-28-0 |___location=New York, NY, US |pages=107–110 |oclc=1048658263}}</ref><ref name="Gill-Peterson-2018">{{cite book |last=Gill-Peterson |first=Julian |title=Histories of the Transgender Child |date=23 October 2018 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-5815-6 |___location=Minneapolis |pages=80–90 |oclc=1027732161}}</ref> In earlier academic literature, sexologists used the labels [[homosexual transsexual|''homosexual'' and ''heterosexual transsexual'']] to categorize transgender individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex.<ref name="classnongendysphoria">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01541951 |title=The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias |year=1989 |last1=Blanchard |first1=Ray |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=315–334 |pmid=2673136 |s2cid=43151898}}</ref> Critics consider these terms "[[heterosexism|heterosexist]]",<ref name="bagemihl">{{cite book |last=Bagemihl |first=B. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0195104714 |editor1-last=Livia |editor1-first=Anna |chapter=Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity |title=Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality |date=1997 |pages=380–401 |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=Kira |doi=10.1093/oso/9780195104707.003.0023}}</ref> "archaic",<ref name="wahng">Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transmasculinity Asian American Gendering in ''Trappings of Transhood''. in Aldama AJ (ed.) ''Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State''. Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|025334171X}}</ref> and demeaning.<ref name="leiblum2000">Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). ''Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy'', Third Edition. {{ISBN|1-57230-574-6}}, Guilford Press of New York, c2000.</ref> Newer literature often uses terms such as [[androphilia and gynephilia|''attracted to men'' (androphilic), ''attracted to women'' (gynephilic)]], ''attracted to both'' (bisexual), or ''attracted to neither'' (asexual) to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.<ref name="dsmivtwo">APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual's sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in [http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm|date=2007-02-11}} published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/ Mental Health Matters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407163232/http://www.mental-health-matters.com/|date=2007-04-07}} on 2007-04-06.</ref> Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences.<ref name="councritgendeth">{{cite journal |last1=Goethals |first1=Susanne C. |last2=Schwiebert |first2=Valerie L. |title=Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients |journal=[[International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling]] |date=September 2005 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=457–469 |doi=10.1007/s10447-005-8206-8 |s2cid=143746919 |quote=...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons... |via=springerlink.com/}}</ref>
 
The 2015 [[U.S. Transgender Survey]] reported that of the 27,715 transgender and non-binary respondents, 21% said ''queer'' best described their sexual orientation, 18% said [[Pansexuality|''pansexual'']], 16% said ''gay'', ''lesbian'', or ''same-gender-loving'', 15% said ''straight'', 14% said ''bisexual'', and 10% said ''asexual''.<ref name="usts">{{cite web |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |date=2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209150153/http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]]}}</ref> A 2019 Canadian survey of 2,873 trans and non-binary people found that 51% described their sexual orientation as queer, 13% as asexual, 28% as bisexual, 13% as gay, 15% as lesbian, 31% as pansexual, 8% as straight or heterosexual, 4% as [[two-spirit]], and 9% as unsure or [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]].<ref name="Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10">{{cite web |date=10 March 2020 |title=Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10 |url=https://transpulsecanada.ca/results/report-1/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314014752/https://transpulsecanada.ca/results/report-1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2009 study in Spain found that 90% of trans women patients reported being androphilic and 94% of trans men patients reported being gynephilic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gómez-Gil |first1=Esther |last2=Trilla |first2=Antoni |last3=Salamero |first3=Manel |last4=Godás |first4=Teresa |last5=Valdés |first5=Manuel |date=June 2009 |title=Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Psychiatric Characteristics of Transsexuals from Spain |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-007-9307-8 |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=378–392 |doi=10.1007/s10508-007-9307-8 |pmid=18288600 |s2cid=8700968 |issn=0004-0002|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
== Related identities and practices ==
=== Non-binary identity ===
{{Main|Non-binary|Androgyny}}
 
Some non-binary (or genderqueer) people identify as transgender. These identities are not specifically male or female. They can be [[Non-binary gender#Terms, definitions, and identities|agender, androgynous, bigender, pangender, or genderfluid]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCrea |first=Amy |title=Under the Transgender Umbrella: Improving ENDA's Protections |journal=Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law |date=2013 |quote="This article will begin by providing a background on transgender people, highlighting the experience of a subset of non-binary individuals, bigender people, ..." |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/grggenl15&div=25&id=&page= |access-date=7 February 2025 |via=[[Hein Online]]}}</ref> and exist outside of [[cisnormativity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilchins |first=Riki Anne |chapter=It's Your Gender, Stupid |pages=23–32 |editor-last1=Nestle |editor-first1=Joan |editor-last2=Howell |editor-first2=Clare |editor-last3=Wilchins |editor-first3=Riki|url=https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/wilchins-4introessaysgenderqueer-pdf |title=Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary |___location=Los Angeles |publisher=Alyson Publications |date=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nestle |first=J. |chapter=Genders on My Mind |pages=3–10 |editor1-last=Nestle |editor1-first=Joan |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=Clare |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=Riki |access-date= |title=Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary |___location=Los Angeles |publisher=Alyson Publications |date=2002 |quote=...pluralistic challenges to the male/female, woman/man, gay/straight, butch/femme constructions and identities...}}</ref> Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories; bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles (genderfluid) or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously (androgynous), and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless (agender), between genders (intergender), moving across genders ([[genderfluid]]), or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders (pangender).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lindqvist |first=Anna |date=18 February 2020 |title=What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender |journal=[[Psychology & Sexuality]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=332–344 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Non-binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430180322/https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Cydney |date=24 March 2017 |title=The difference between sexual orientation and gender identity |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-difference-between-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/ |access-date=21 November 2020 |work=[[CBS News]] |publisher=[[Viacom CBS]] |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309201625/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-difference-between-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Transvestism and cross-dressing ===
{{Main|transvestism|l1 = Transvestism}}
 
A transvestite is a person who cross-dresses, or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth.<ref name="TV1">E. D. Hirsch, Jr., E.D., Kett, J.F., Trefil, J. (2002) "Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex." in [http://www.bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=transvestite&filter=col59 Definition of the word "transvestite"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012042109/http://bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=transvestite&filter=col59|date=2007-10-12}} from [http://www.bartleby.com/59/ The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818065027/http://www.bartleby.com/59/|date=August 18, 2007}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref><ref name="TV2">various (2006) "trans·ves·tite... (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in [http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/transvestite.html Definition of the word "transvestite"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109164009/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/transvestite.html|date=2007-11-09}} from the [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410031005/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx|date=April 10, 2011}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref> The term ''transvestite'' is used as a synonym for the term ''cross-dresser'',<ref name="TV3">Raj, R (2002) "transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD):" in [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no02_04.htm Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients] from the International Journal of Transgenderism 6,2. Retrieved 2007-08-13. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183942/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no02_04.htm|date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref name="TV4">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=B. |others=et al. |date=2007 |quote=...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing ...transvestite (TV)&nbsp;– same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term... |url=http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/discussion_consultation/genderidentity?page=dfhh-Appendix-2.html |title=Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031902/http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/discussion_consultation/genderidentity?page=dfhh-Appendix-2.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |website=Ontario Human Rights Commission |access-date=13 August 2007}}</ref> although ''cross-dresser'' is generally considered the preferred term.<ref name="TV4" /><ref name="TV6">{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=E. |last2=Peterson |first2=E. N. |date=2006 |quote=...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England... |url=http://www.trans-academics.org/lgbttsqiterminology.pdf |title=LGBTTSQI Terminology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905233210/http://www.trans-academics.org/trans_and_sexuality_termi |archive-date=5 September 2013 |website=Trans-Academics.org |access-date=13 August 2007}}</ref> The term ''cross-dresser'' is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Michael A. Gilbert, professor at the Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, offers this definition: "[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to [that] sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=Michael A. |year=2000 |title=The Transgendered Philosopher |url=http://iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/gilbert.htm |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126101549/http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/gilbert.htm |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> This definition excludes people "who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons", such as "those [[female impersonators]] who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers."<ref name="CD1">Gilbert, Michael 'Miqqi Alicia' (2000) "The Transgendered Philosopher" in [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/gilbert/gilbert.htm Special Issue on What is Transgender?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211239/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/gilbert/gilbert.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ The International Journal of Transgenderism, Special Issue July 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211319/http://symposion.com/ijt/index.htm|date=2007-10-11}}. Retrieved 2007-10-09.</ref> Cross-dressers may not identify with, want to be, or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to change their bodies medically or surgically. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual.{{sfn|Docter|1997}}
 
The term ''transvestite'' and the associated outdated term ''transvestism'' are conceptually different from the term ''[[transvestic fetishism]]'', as ''transvestic fetishist'' refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes.<ref name="TV7">World Health Organization (1992) "...Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines...." in [https://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F65.1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422160923/http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/|date=2009-04-22}} published by the [https://www.who.int/ World Health Organization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705141348/http://www.who.int/|date=2016-07-05}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref><ref name="TV8">APA task force (1994) "...The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross-dressing. Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross-dress. While cross dressed, he usually masturbates..." in [http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm DSM-IV: Sections 302.3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm|date=2007-02-11}} published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref> In medical terms, ''transvestic fetishism'' is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302.3 in the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (''DSM'')<ref name="TV8" /> and F65.1 in the [[International Classification of Diseases|ICD]].<ref name="TV7" />{{update inline|date=January 2023|reason=The specified diagnostic codes refer to the DSM-4-TR and ICD-10 only. Neither code, nor the term "transvestic fetishism" appears in the current version of those manuals DSM-5-R and ICD-11.}}
 
=== Drag ===
{{See also|Drag king|Drag queen|AFAB queen}}
[[File:Victoria Sin, sandwich.jpg|thumb|A [[drag queen]] performer. Drag performers are not inherently transgender.]]
[[Drag (clothing)|Drag]] is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining, unlike those who are transgender or who cross-dress for other reasons.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Understanding Drag |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-drag |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[National Center For Transgender Equality]] |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310044748/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-drag |url-status=live}}</ref> Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by [[second-wave feminism]]. Drag artists have a long tradition in [[LGBTQ culture]].
 
Generally the term ''drag queen'' covers men doing female drag, ''drag king'' covers women doing male drag, and ''faux queen'' covers women doing female drag.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=12 November 2019 |title=The Many Styles Of Drag Kings, Photographed In And Out Of Drag |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drag-kings_l_5db9c682e4b00d83f72159c8 |access-date=3 June 2020 |work=[[HuffPost]] |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080628/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drag-kings_l_5db9c682e4b00d83f72159c8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2012 |title=How Drag Queens Work |url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/drag-queen.htm |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003301/https://people.howstuffworks.com/drag-queen.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons. Drag performers are not inherently considered transgender. However, for some trans people, drag communities have been "a safe and fun arena for exploring gender identity".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rogers |first=Baker A. |date=2018 |title=Drag as a Resource: Trans* and Nonbinary Individuals in the Southeastern United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26597116 |journal=Gender and Society |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=889–910 |doi=10.1177/0891243218794865 |jstor=26597116 |issn=0891-2432}}</ref> Some drag performers such as [[Carmen Carrera|Carmen Carerra]] have later come out as transgender.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McIntyre |first=Joanna |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Explainer: the difference between being transgender and doing drag |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-the-difference-between-being-transgender-and-doing-drag-100521 |access-date=June 24, 2025 |work=The Conversation}}</ref> Drag historian Devin Antheus stated there were overlaps in the past, such as in the 1960s and 1970s: "for a lot of the girls, both queens who currently now identify as trans and those who don't, back in the day, there weren't such precise divisions when people were in internal spaces … they all rolled together."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrew |first=Scottie |date=April 29, 2023 |title=The US has a rich drag history. Here's why the art form will likely outlast attempts to restrict it |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/drag-queen-us-history-explainer-cec |access-date=June 24, 2025 |work=CNN}}</ref>
 
Some drag performers, transvestites, and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically derived term ''[[tranny]]'' for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross-dressing; this term is widely considered an offensive [[Pejorative|slur]] if applied to transgender people.
 
== History ==
{{Main|Transgender history|Third gender}}
A precise history of the global occurrence of transgender people is difficult to assess because the modern concept of being transgender, and of gender in general in relation to transgender identity, did not develop until the mid-1900s. Historical depictions, records and understandings are inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical and (often outsider) anthropological lens until the late 1900s.<ref name="Janssen-2020" />{{sfn|Stryker|2008a}}
 
Some historians consider the Roman emperor [[Elagabalus]] to have been transgender. Elagabalus was reported to have dressed in a feminine manner, preferred to be called "Lady" instead of "Lord" and may have even sought a primitive form of [[gender-affirming surgery]].<ref>Abbie E. Goldberg, Genny Beemyn, ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies'' (2021), page 32</ref><ref>M. Nugent, ''[https://www.academia.edu/28632384/From_Filthy_Catamite_to_Queer_Icon_Elagabalus_and_the_Politics_of_Sexuality_1960_1975_ Helios] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202902/https://www.academia.edu/28632384/From_Filthy_Catamite_to_Queer_Icon_Elagabalus_and_the_Politics_of_Sexuality_1960_1975_ |date=2023-09-25 }}'' 35 (2008) pages 171-172</ref><ref name="Varner-2008">{{cite journal |last=Varner |first=Eric |date=2008 |title=Transcending Gender: Assimilation, Identity, and Roman Imperial Portraits. |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volume. |___location=Ann Arbor, Michigan, US |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |volume=7 <!--Role Models in the Roman World. Identity and Assimilation--> |pages=200–201 |issn=1940-0977 |jstor=40379354 |oclc=263448435 |quote=Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. ... Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady.' Dio concludes his anecdote by having Elagabalus asking his physicians to give him the equivalent of a woman's vagina by means of a surgical incision.}}</ref><ref name="glbtq-enc-elagabal">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Elagabalus |encyclopedia=GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |___location=Chicago |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/elagabalus_S.pdf |access-date=6 August 2007 |last=Godbout |first=Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023701/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/elagabalus_S.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Harry |url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/ |title=The Transsexual Phenomenon |journal=Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences |publisher=[[The Julian Press Inc.]] |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-446-82426-2 |volume=29 |___location=New York |pages=428–430 |doi=10.1111/j.2164-0947.1967.tb02273.x |pmid=5233741 |access-date=27 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424080535/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/ |archive-date=24 April 2005 |issue=4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=November 2023}}
 
Worldwide, a number of societies have had traditional [[third gender]] roles, some of which continue in some form into the present day.<ref name="Armstrong-2021">{{cite web |title=The Trans History You Weren't Taught in Schools |url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2021/06/07/trans-history-gender-diversity |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|YES! Magazine]] |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123215909/https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2021/06/07/trans-history-gender-diversity |url-status=live}}</ref><section begin="history" /> The [[Hippocratic Corpus]] (interpreting the writing of [[Herodotus]]) describes the "disease of the [[Scythians]]" (regarding the [[Enaree]]), which it attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups. This reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s{{en dash}}1700s. [[Pierre Petit (scholar)|Pierre Petit]] writing in 1596 viewed the "Scythian disease" as natural variation, but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a "melancholy", or "hysterical" psychiatric disease. By the early 1800s, being transgender separate from Hippocrates' idea of it was claimed to be widely known, but remained poorly documented. Both trans women and trans men were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s. One of the earliest recorded gender nonconforming people in America was [[Thomas(ine) Hall]], a seventeenth century colonial servant.<ref name="Hickman Porfilio 2012 p. 235">{{cite book |last1=Hickman |first1=H. |last2=Porfilio |first2=B. J. |title=The New Politics of the Textbook: Problematizing the Portrayal of Marginalized Groups in Textbooks |publisher=SensePublishers |series=Constructing Knowledge: Curriculum Studies in Action |year=2012 |isbn=978-94-6091-912-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWcBBKOwzQ4C&pg=PA235 |access-date=10 January 2023 |page=235 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110004810/https://books.google.com/books?id=qWcBBKOwzQ4C&pg=PA235 |url-status=live}}</ref> The most complete account of the time came from the life of the [[Chevalier d'Éon]] (1728{{En dash}}1810), a French diplomat. As cross-dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s, discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender. Much study came out of Germany, and was exported to other Western audiences. Cross-dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s; it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose. But in the latter half of the 1800s, cross-dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger.<ref name="Janssen-2020">{{cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Diederik F. |date=21 April 2020 |title=Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |language=en |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1415–1425 |doi=10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=32319033 |s2cid=216073926}}</ref>
 
[[William A. Hammond]] wrote an 1882 account of transgender [[Pueblo]] "shamans"{{sic}} (''mujerados''), comparing them to the Scythian disease. Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s (including Hammond's associates in the [[American Neurological Association]]) had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples. Explanations varied, but authors generally did not ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes, instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense. Native groups provided much study on the subject, and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII.<ref name="Janssen-2020" />
 
Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany, with the works of Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld coined the term "{{Lang|de|[[wikt:Transvestit|Transvestit]]}}" in 1910, borrowed from 19th-century French word {{Lang|fr|[[Travesti (theatre)|travesti]]}} with the same meaning,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicolas) |first=Bescherelle (M , Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeMsAAAAYAAJ |title=Dictionnaire usuel de tous les verbes français: tant réguliers qu'irréguliers, entièrement conjugués, contenant par ordre alphabétique les 7,000 verbes de la langue française avec leur conjugaison complète, et la solution analytique et raisonnée de toutes les difficultés auxquelles ils peuvent donner lieu |date=1843 |publisher=Chez Breteau & Pichery |volume=2 |pages=896 |language=fr}}</ref> as the scope of transgender study grew, and it was translated to English as "transvestite". His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] in Berlin. Though Hirscheld's legacy is disputed, he revolutionized the field of study. The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and its research was infamously burned in the May 1933 Nazi book burnings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust {{!}} 6 May 1933: Looting of the Institute of Sexology |url=https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/6-may-1933-looting-of-the-institute-of-sexology/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307055315/https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/6-may-1933-looting-of-the-institute-of-sexology/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II. Even when they re-emerged, they reflected a [[forensic psychology]] approach, unlike the more [[sexological]] that had been employed in the lost German research.<ref name="Janssen-2020" /><ref name="LeVay-1996">{{cite book |language=en |title=Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality |first1=Simon |last1=LeVay |date=1996 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm |access-date=17 November 2022 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181804/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm |url-status=live |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5726.001.0001 |doi-access=free |isbn=9780262278201 |via=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><section end=history />
 
== Healthcare ==
{{Main|Transgender health care}}
{{further|Gender transition}}
[[File:Edward de Lacey Evans (1879) admitted into Kew Asylum, portrait 1.png|thumb|234x234px|1879 photograph of [[Edward De Lacy Evans|Edward de Lacy Evans]], upon his admittance into Kew Lunatic Asylum. Evans identified as a man for the majority of his life, later becoming known in Melbourne as the "Wonderful Male Impersonator".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/10568650 |title=Death of De Lacy Evans |work=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |___location=Melbourne |via=[[National Library of Australia]] |date=27 August 1901 |page=5 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>]]
 
===Mental healthcare===
People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth. While individuals may find counseling or psychotherapy helpful, it is no longer recommended as a prerequisite for further transition steps.<ref name="wpath-soc8">{{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=E. |last2=Radix |first2=A. E. |collaboration=WPATH |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8 |journal=[[International Journal of Transgender Health]] |date=19 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S1–S259 |issn=2689-5269 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644 |doi-access=free |pmid=36238954 |pmc=9553112 |url=}}</ref> Research on gender identity with regard to psychology, and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues has existed for decades.<ref name="Brown&Rounsley">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/trueselvesunders0000brow_v7w8/page/n295/mode/2up|last1=Brown|first1=Mildred L.|last2=Rounsley|first2=Chloe Ann|___location=California|date=1996|title=True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism&nbsp;– For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals|publisher=Jossey-Bass: San Francisco|isbn=0-7879-6702-5}}</ref> The term ''gender incongruence'' is listed in the ICD by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]]. In the American (''DSM''), the term ''gender dysphoria'' is listed under code F64.0 for [[Gender dysphoria|adolescents and adults]], and F64.2 for [[Gender dysphoria in children|children]].<ref name="DSM-V-R">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |chapter=Gender Dysphoria |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |author=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |edition=5th ed., text rev. |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x14_Gender_Dysophoria |date=18 March 2022 |isbn=978-0-89042-575-6}}</ref> {{Crossreference|text=(Further information: [[Causes of gender incongruence]].)}}
 
France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |last=Atwill |first=Nicole |date=17 February 2010 |title=France: Gender Identity Disorder Dropped from List of Mental Illnesses {{!}} Global Legal Monitor |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-gender-identity-disorder-dropped-from-list-of-mental-illnesses/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065253/http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-gender-identity-disorder-dropped-from-list-of-mental-illnesses/ |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=[[Library of Congress]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2009 |title=La transsexualité ne sera plus classée comme affectation psychiatrique |trans-title=Transsexuality will no longer be classified as a psychiatric condition |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/16/la-transsexualite-ne-sera-plus-classee-comme-affectation-psychiatrique_1193860_3224.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226213224/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/16/la-transsexualite-ne-sera-plus-classee-comme-affectation-psychiatrique_1193860_3224.html |archive-date=26 February 2018 |language=fr}}</ref> but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2011 |title=La France est très en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels |language=fr |work=[[Libération]] |url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2011/05/17/la-france-est-tres-en-retard-dans-la-prise-en-charge-des-transsexuels_736344 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130231929/http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2011/05/17/la-france-est-tres-en-retard-dans-la-prise-en-charge-des-transsexuels_736344 |archive-date=30 November 2014 |quote=En réalité, ce décret n'a été rien d'autre qu'un coup médiatique, un très bel effet d'annonce. Sur le terrain, rien n'a changé. |trans-quote=In reality, this decree was nothing more than a media stunt, a very nice announcement effect. On the ground, nothing has changed.}}</ref> In 2017, the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders. The ''[[DSM-5]]'' refers to the topic as ''gender dysphoria'' (GD) while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness.{{sfn|Garloch|2016}}
 
Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria "only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability."<ref name="apatransgenderanswersdisorder">{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx |title=Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615045832/http://apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2010 |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |quote=Is being transgender a mental disorder?}}</ref> This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD, which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD. Moreover, GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning. Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviours of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD. GD does not imply an opinion of immorality; the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this solution often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition.<ref name="Brown&Rounsley" />
 
Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients, which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals.<ref name="L. Carroll, P.J. Gilroy, and J. Ryan">{{cite journal |last1=Carroll |first1=L. |last2=Gilroy |first2=P. J. |last3=Ryan |first3=J. |year=2002 |title=Transgender issues in counselor education |journal=Counselor Education and Supervision |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=233–242 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x}}</ref> Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.<ref name="Brown&Rounsley" /> This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly non-binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients' sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance.<ref name="Kozee-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kozee |first1=H. B. |last2=Tylka |first2=T. L. |last3=Bauerband |first3=L. A. |year=2012 |title=Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale |journal=[[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=179–196 |doi=10.1177/0361684312442161 |s2cid=10564167}}</ref>
 
Research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians' experiences instead of transgender clients' experiences.<ref name="H.E. Benson">{{cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=Kristen E. |year=2013 |title=Seeking support: Transgender client experiences with mental health services |journal=[[Journal of Feminist Family Therapy]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=17–40 |doi=10.1080/08952833.2013.755081 |s2cid=144491629}}</ref> Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs. Prior to the seventh version of the [[Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People|Standards of Care]] (SOC), an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery. The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual, transgender, and all gender-nonconforming people.<ref name="SOC">{{cite web |title=Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people – 7th version |url=http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303035205/http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2012 |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=[[The World Professional Association for Transgender Health]]}}</ref>
 
The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual. A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic. The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing [[transphobia]] pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life. As one trans woman reflected, "Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do, specifically, with being transgendered. It has to do because they've had to hide, they've had to lie, and they've felt all of this guilt and shame, unfortunately usually for years!"<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender, and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality-of-life issues.<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Rarely, some choose to [[detransition]].<ref name="detransitionestimates">Detransition estimates:
* "Detransitioning after surgical interventions&nbsp;... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2%&nbsp;... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.{{' "}} {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}
* "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." {{harvnb|Dhejne et al.|2014}}</ref>
 
Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people's mental health experiences. One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training: "Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender, but maybe that's it. I don't think I've had any formal training just going through [clinical] programs&nbsp;... I don't think most [therapists] know. Most therapists{{snd}}Master's degree, PhD level{{snd}}they've had&nbsp;... one diversity class on GLBT issues. One class out of the huge diversity training. One class. And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle."<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition, and numerous people are under- or uninsured, which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients, potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need.<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity, but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population.<ref name="Hanssman, Morrison, & Russian">{{cite journal |last1=Hanssmann |first1=C. |last2=Morrison |first2=D. |last3=Russian |first3=E. |year=2008 |title=Talking, gawking, or getting it done: Providing trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients |journal=[[Sexuality Research and Social Policy]] |volume=5 |pages=5–23 |doi=10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.5 |s2cid=52025741}}</ref> In May 2009, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[ILGA]] |date=16 May 2005 |title=France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France |url=http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/france_transsexualism_will_no_longer_be_classified_as_a_mental_illness_in_france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910105007/http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/france_transsexualism_will_no_longer_be_classified_as_a_mental_illness_in_france |archive-date=10 September 2013 |publisher=ilga.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 2, 2010 |title=Le transsexualisme n'est plus une maladie mentale en France |language=fr |trans-title=Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France |newspaper=[[Le Monde]] |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/02/12/le-transsexualisme-n-est-plus-une-maladie-mentale-en-france_1305090_3224.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213052734/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/02/12/le-transsexualisme-n-est-plus-une-maladie-mentale-en-france_1305090_3224.html |archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>
 
A 2014 study carried out by the [[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy|Williams Institute]] (a [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] think tank) found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide, with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare, harassment, physical or sexual assault, or rejection by family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haas |first1=Ann P. |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf |title=Suicide Attempts among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults: Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey |last2=Rodgers |first2=Philip L. |last3=Herman |first3=Jody L. |year=2014 |publisher=[[American Foundation for Suicide Prevention]] and the [[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy]] |pages=2–3, 11 |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008072751/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> A 2019 follow-up study found that transgender people who wanted and received gender-affirming medical care had significantly lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.<ref name="Herman-2019">{{cite web |last1=Herman |first1=Jody L. |last2=Brown |first2=Taylor N. T. |last3=Haas |first3=Ann P. |date=September 2019 |title=Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513172602/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=13 May 2020 |publisher=[[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy]]}}</ref> Another study on the impact of parental support on trans youth found that among trans children with supportive parents, only 4% attempted suicide, a 93% decrease.{{sfn|Travers|2012}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Suicidal thoughts and attempts by gender affirmation milestones<ref name="Herman-2019"/>
|-
! Intervention Category !! Suicidal Thoughts (Past 12 Months) !! Suicidal Attempts (Past 12 Months) !! Lifetime Suicidal Thoughts !! Lifetime Suicidal Attempts
|-
| Want hormones and have not had them || 57.9 || 8.9 || 84.4 || 41.1
|-
| Want hormones and have had them || 42.9 || 6.5 || 81.9 || 42.4
|-
| Want reassignment surgery, have not had || 54.8 || 8.5 || 83.9 || 41.5
|-
| Want reassignment surgery, have had || 38.2 || 5.1 || 79.0 || 39.5
|-
| Have not "de-transitioned" || 44.2 || 6.7 || 81.6 || 41.8
|-
| Have "de-transitioned" || 57.3 || 11.8 || 86.0 || 52.5
|}
 
Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric. It is not known whether there is a biological basis. This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval, and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others.<ref name="Urquhart-2018">{{cite web |last=Urquhart |first=Evan |date=21 March 2018 |title=A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why? |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321223559/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html |archive-date=21 March 2018 |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2023}}
 
=== Physical healthcare ===
Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people, though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. [[Masculinizing hormone therapy|Hormone replacement therapy for trans men]] induces beard growth and masculinizes skin, hair, voice, and fat distribution. [[Feminizing hormone therapy|Hormone replacement therapy for trans women]] feminizes fat distribution and breasts, as well as diminishes muscle mass and strength. [[Laser hair removal]] or [[Electrology|electrolysis]] removes excess hair for trans women. Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the [[Voice therapy (trans)#Vocal surgeries|voice]], [[Dermabrasion|skin]], [[Facial feminization surgery|face]], [[Chondrolaryngoplasty|Adam's apple]], [[Breast implant|breasts]], [[Liposuction|waist]], [[Buttock augmentation|buttocks]], and [[Sex reassignment surgery male-to-female|genitals]]. Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the [[Male Chest Reconstruction|chest]] and [[Sex reassignment surgery female-to-male#Genital reassignment|genitals]] and remove the [[Hysterectomy|womb]], [[Oophorectomy|ovaries, and fallopian tubes]]. The acronyms "[[gender-affirming surgery|Gender-affirming surgery (GAS)]]" and "sex reassignment surgery" (SRS) refer to genital surgery. The term "sex reassignment therapy" (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition. Use of the term "sex change" has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery, and the term "transition" is preferred.{{sfn|GLAAD|n.d.|loc=¶&nbsp;"Term to avoid: ''sex change'', ''pre-operative'', ''post-operative''"}}<ref name="pfaefflin">Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503090247/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/pfaefflin/1000.htm Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991] from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 2007-09-06.</ref> Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,<ref name="dsmivthree">APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in [http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm|date=2007-02-11}} published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. Retrieved via [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/ Mental Health Matters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407163232/http://www.mental-health-matters.com/|date=2007-04-07}} on 2007-04-06.</ref> and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction.
 
Health risks among transgender people largely align with those of cisgender people with the same hormonal makeup, and the same routine cancer screenings are generally recommended as for cisgender people with the same organs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hedian |first1=Helene Frances |title=Transgender Health Care |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/transgender-health-what-you-need-to-know#:~:text=Research%20shows%20that%20transgender%20and,toward%20trans%20and%20genderfluid%20people. |website=Johns Hopkins Medicine |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref> It has been suggested that trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone may be at increased risk for [[endometrial cancer]] due to the presence of external estrogen, but this theoretical risk has not been proven in a clinical setting, and providers do not recommend any additional preventive measures or routine screening.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wesp |first1=Linda |title=Ovarian and endometrial cancer considerations in transgender men |url=https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/ovarian-cancer |website=UCSF Transgender Care & Treatment Guidelines |publisher=[[University of California - San Francisco]] |access-date=7 February 2025 |___location=San Francisco |date=17 June 2016}}</ref>
 
===Detransition===
{{main|Detransition}}
Detransition refers to the cessation or reversal of a sex reassignment surgery or gender transition. Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,<ref>
*"There is a paucity of literature." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}
*"We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." {{harvnb|Zucker|2019}}</ref> of disputed quality,<ref>"The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." {{harvnb|Marchiano|2017}}</ref> and politically controversial.<ref>"[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary from less than 1% to as high as 13%.<ref>"Detransitioning after surgical interventions&nbsp;... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}</ref> Those who undergo sex reassignment surgery have very low rates of detransition or regret.<ref name="detransitionestimates"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=R. |last2=Mitchell |first2=L. |last3=Sachdeva |first3=J. |date=1 October 2021 |title=Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review |journal=[[BJPsych Open]] |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=e184 |doi=10.1192/bjo.2021.1022 |pmid=34593070 |pmc=8503911 |issn=2056-4724 |quote=Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.}}</ref><ref name="turban">{{cite journal |author1-link=Jack Turban |last1=Turban |first1=Jack L. |last2=Loo |first2=Stephanie S. |last3=Almazan |first3=Anthony N. |last4=Keuroghlian |first4=Alex S. |date=1 June 2021 |title=Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis |journal=[[LGBT Health]] |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=273–280 |doi=10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437 |issn=2325-8292 |pmc=8213007 |pmid=33794108}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bustos |first1=Valeria P. |last2=Bustos |first2=Samyd S. |last3=Mascaro |first3=Andres |last4=Del Corral |first4=Gabriel |last5=Forte |first5=Antonio J. |last6=Ciudad |first6=Pedro |last7=Kim |first7=Esther A. |last8=Langstein |first8=Howard N. |last9=Manrique |first9=Oscar J. |date=19 March 2021 |title=Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e3477 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=8099405 |pmid=33968550}}</ref>
 
The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, with responses from 27,715 individuals who identified as "transgender, trans, genderqueer, [or] non-binary", found that 8% of respondents reported some kind of detransition. "Most of those who de-transitioned did so only temporarily: 62% of those who had de-transitioned reported that they were currently living full time in a gender different than the gender they were thought to be at birth."<ref name="usts" /> Detransition was associated with assigned male sex at birth, nonbinary gender identity, and bisexual orientation, among other cohorts.<ref name="turban"/> Only 5% of detransitioners (or 0.4% of total respondents) reported doing so because gender transition was "not for them"; 82% cited external reason(s), including pressure from others, the difficulties of transition, and discrimination. "The most common reason cited for de-transitioning was pressure from a parent (36%)."<ref>{{harvnb|Boslaugh|2018|p=43}}; {{harvnb|James|Herman|Rankin|Keisling|2016|pp=111, 292–294}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Boslaugh |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&dq=detransition%20harassment&pg=PA43 |title=Transgender Health Issues |date=3 August 2018 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781440858888 |pages=43–44 |language=en |oclc=1031430413 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224426/https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&dq=detransition%20harassment&pg=PA43 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usts" />
 
==Legality==
{{Main|Legal status of transgender people}}
{{further|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}}{{Summary style section|date=August 2025}}[[File:Camille Cabral pour les Trans.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Camille Cabral]], a French transgender activist at a demonstration for transgender people in Paris, October 1, 2005]]
 
Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of [[transsexualism]], to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician that attests the individual's gender transition or having established a different gender role.<ref name="Greenberg">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwOKayHVwcC&q=transgender+rights |title=Transgender Rights |publisher=[[Minnesota University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8166-4312-7 |editor1-last=Currah |editor1-first=Paisley |pages=51–73 |editor2-last=M. Juang |editor2-first=Richard|editor3-last=Minter |editor3-first=Shannon Price |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504201554/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwOKayHVwcC&q=transgender+rights |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, the DSM IV entry was changed from "Transsexual" to "Gender Identity Disorder". In 2013, the DSM V removed "Gender Identity Disorder" and published "Gender Dysphoria" in its place.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nokoff |first=Natalie J. |date=19 January 2022 |title=Table 2. [DSM-5 Criteria for Gender Dysphoria ()]. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577212/table/pediat_transgender.T.dsm5_criteria_for_g/ |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331235403/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK577212/table/pediat_transgender.T.dsm5_criteria_for_g/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In many places, transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations.{{sfn|Whittle|2002}}{{Page needed|date=September 2024}} A report released in February 2011 found that 90% of transgender Americans faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population, and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services.{{sfn|Dallara|2011}} Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. |url=http://glaadblog.org/2010/11/03/in-the-life-follows-lgbt-seniors-as-they-face-inequality-in-healthcare/ |title=IN THE LIFE Follows LGBT Seniors as They Face Inequality in Healthcare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804060104/http://glaadblog.org/2010/11/03/in-the-life-follows-lgbt-seniors-as-they-face-inequality-in-healthcare/ |archive-date=4 August 2011 |website=[[GLAAD]] |date=3 November 2010 |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref>
 
=== Europe ===
{{Main|Transgender rights in Europe}}
[[File:Hate Hurts Wales - Portrayal of Transgender Hate Crime.webm|thumb|A [[Welsh Government]] advisory video on transgender hate crimes]]
{{as of|2017}}, 36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries require sterilisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=– Trans Rights Europe Map & Index 2017 |url=https://tgeu.org/trans-rights-map-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004745/https://tgeu.org/trans-rights-map-2017/ |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=tgeu.org |date=18 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-172556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019060936/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-172556 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=hudoc.echr.coe.int}}</ref>
 
=== Canada ===
{{Main|Transgender rights in Canada}}
Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories. This includes legal change of gender classification. On June 19, 2017, [[An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code|Bill C-16]], having passed the legislative process in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and the [[Senate of Canada]], became law upon receiving [[Royal Assent]], which put it into immediate force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=8269852&Language=E&Mode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224032029/http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&billId=8269852 |url-status=dead |title=House Government Bill C-16 (42-1): An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=Parliament of Canada |archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="cbc-16jun2017">{{cite news |last1=Tasker |first1=John Paul |date=16 June 2017 |title=Canada enacts protections for transgender community |newspaper=[[CBC News]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-senate-1.4163823 |url-status=live |access-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617032107/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-senate-1.4163823 |archive-date=17 June 2017}}</ref> The law updated the [[Canadian Human Rights Act]] and the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]] to include "gender identity and gender expression" as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publications and advocating [[transgender genocide]]. The bill also added "gender identity and expression" to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics. Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Overview of Human Rights Codes by Province and Territory in Canada |url=https://ccdi.ca/media/1414/20171102-publications-overview-of-hr-codes-by-province-final-en.pdf |publisher=Canadian Center for Diversity and Inclusion |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919023941/https://ccdi.ca/media/1414/20171102-publications-overview-of-hr-codes-by-province-final-en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== United States ===
{{Main|Transgender rights in the United States}}
In the United States, transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. Exceptions apply to certain types of employers, for example, employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations.<ref name="Finduslaw">{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21|url=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21|archive-date=October 21, 2010|access-date=June 6, 2010|publisher=finduslaw}}</ref> In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case ''[[R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Neidig |first=Harper |date=15 June 2020 |title=Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules |url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615144030/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In 2016, the [[United States Department of Education]] and [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Grinberg |first=Emanuella |date=14 May 2016 |title=Feds issue guidance on transgender access to school bathrooms |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/politics/transgender-bathrooms-obama-administration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518070709/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/politics/transgender-bathrooms-obama-administration/ |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=19 May 2016 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The same year, the [[United States Department of Defense]] removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military.<ref name="Cronk-2016">{{cite web |date=30 June 2016 |title=Transgender Service Members Can Now Serve Openly, Carter Announces |first1=Terri Moon |last1=Cronk |work=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/822235/transgender-service-members-can-now-serve-openly-carter-announces/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090404/https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/822235/transgender-service-members-can-now-serve-openly-carter-announces/ |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> After back-and-forth reversals by presidents [[Donald Trump]], [[Joe Biden]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kate |date=25 January 2021 |title=Biden lifts transgender military ban |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/lloyd-austin-transgender-military-harris-biden/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103120521/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/lloyd-austin-transgender-military-harris-biden/index.html |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biden to transgender Americans: 'Your president has your back' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/biden-to-transgender-americans-your-president-has-your-back-111031877945 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818123240/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/biden-to-transgender-americans-your-president-has-your-back-111031877945 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> and Trump again, and various stays and reversals in the federal courts, a ban is again in effect {{As of|2025|May|lc=y}}.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Amy |date=2025-05-06 |title=Supreme Court allows Trump to ban transgender people from military |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2025/05/supreme-court-allows-trump-to-ban-transgender-people-from-military/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=SCOTUSblog}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=United States v. Shilling |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/050625zr_6j37.pdf |access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=U.S. Supreme Court}}</ref>
 
The topic of trans rights in the United States has often been contentious and has become a deeply partisan [[wedge issue]] in recent years;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Block |first=Melissa |date=29 June 2022 |title=Americans are deeply divided on transgender rights, a poll shows |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/29/1107484965/transgender-athletes-trans-rights-gender-transition-poll |work=[[National Public Radio]] |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235936/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/29/1107484965/transgender-athletes-trans-rights-gender-transition-poll |url-status=live}}</ref> many pieces of legislation have been passed, and more proposed, that seek to limit the rights of transgender individuals, especially minors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Adeel |date=27 June 2023 |title=States Passed a Record Number of Transgender Laws. Here's What They Say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/27/us/transgender-laws-states.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101090715/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/27/us/transgender-laws-states.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== India ===
{{Main|LGBT rights in India#Transgender rights}}
[[File:Jogappas at Bangalore.jpg|thumb|''[[Hinduism and LGBT topics#The Jogappa|Jogappa]]'' is a transgender community in [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are traditional folk singers and dancers.]]
In April 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declared transgender to be a 'third gender' in Indian law.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 2014 |title=India recognises transgender people as third gender |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/15/india-recognises-transgender-people-third-gender |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415221112/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/15/india-recognises-transgender-people-third-gender |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McCoy |first=Terrence |date=15 April 2014 |title=India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/?tid=hp_mm |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415141006/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/?tid=hp_mm |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 2014 |title=Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' |first1=Dhananjay |last1=Mahapatra |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The transgender community in India (made up of [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijras]] and others) has a long history in India and in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 June 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-HC/articleshow/47677633.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203163129/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-HC/articleshow/47677633.cms |archive-date=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2015 |title=Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-delhi-hc/articleshow/47677858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125192422/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-delhi-hc/articleshow/47677858.cms |archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> Justice [[K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan|KS Radhakrishnan]] noted in his decision that, "Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5356279d4.pdf |title=In the Supreme Court of India Civil Original Jurisdiction Writ Petition (Civil) No.400 of 2012 |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625155637/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5356279d4.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Hijras have faced structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses, and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits. It is also common for them to be banished from communities.<ref name="worldpolicy">{{cite web |date=29 January 2014 |title=Hijras: The Battle for Equality |url=https://worldpolicy.org/2014/01/29/hijras-the-battle-for-equality/ |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623220946/https://worldpolicy.org/2014/01/29/hijras-the-battle-for-equality/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==Sociocultural relationships==
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}}
 
=== LGBTQ community ===
{{See also|LGBTQ|LGBTQ community|LGBTQ culture#Transgender culture}}
[[File:Melissa Venezian.jpg|thumb|A rainbow flag held by a transgender person.]]
 
Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history gay, lesbian and bisexual subcultures were often the only places where gender-variant people were socially accepted {{clarify span|reason=One does not 'belong' to a gender role, one performs it. Possible confusion with gender identity.|date=February 2025 |in the [[gender role]] they felt they belonged to}}; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. This acceptance has had a complex history. Like the wider world, the [[gay community]] in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBTQ rights is often overlooked.{{sfn|Retro Report|2015}}{{failed verification|reason=Nothing in this paragraph is supported by the Retro Report.|date=February 2025}}
 
Transgender individuals have been part of various LGBTQ movements throughout history, with significant contributions dating back to the early days of the [[gay liberation]] movement.<ref name="Morris-2017">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Bonnie J. |title=A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/history |website=www.apa.org |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519220750/https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/history |archive-date=19 May 2023 |language=en |date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The LGBTQ community is not a monolithic group, and there are different modes of thought on who is a part of this diverse community. The changes that came with the Gay Liberation Movement and [[Civil Rights movement]] saw many gay, lesbian, and bisexual people making headway within the public sphere, and gaining support from the wider public, throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. The trans community only experienced a similar surge in activism during the start of the twenty-first century.<ref name="Morris-2017" /> Due to the many different groups that make up the broader LGBTQ movement, there are those within the larger community who do not believe that the trans community has a place within the LGBTQ space.{{sfn|Gamson|1995}}
 
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Transgender people and religion}}
 
=== Feminism ===
{{Main|Feminist views on transgender topics|Transfeminism}}
 
Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time, but have generally become more positive. Second-wave feminism saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women, since they were not seen as "true" women, and as invading women-only spaces.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first1=Michelle |last1=Goldberg |date=28 July 2014 |title=What Is a Woman?|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |access-date=23 January 2022 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113031943/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Marcus156">{{cite book |last=Marcus |first=Eric |title=Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights |date=2002 |publisher=Harper |isbn=9780060933913 |___location=New York |page=156 |oclc=1082454306 |author-link=Eric Marcus}}</ref> Though second-wave feminism argued for the sex and gender distinction, some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause; e.g., they believed that male-to-female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hines |first1=Sally |url=https://archive.org/details/transforminggend00hine |title=TransForming Gender: Transgender Practices of Identity, Intimacy and Care |date=2007 |publisher=[[Policy Press]] |isbn=978-1861349163 |___location=Bristol |pages=[https://archive.org/details/transforminggend00hine/page/n89 85]–101 |url-access=limited}}</ref> By the emergence of [[third-wave feminism]] (around 1990), opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities.<ref name="grady_vox2">{{cite news |last=Grady |first=Constance |date=20 June 2018 |title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth |url-status=live |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172242/https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth |archive-date=5 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Witherspoon Institute">{{cite web |last1=Yenor |first1=Scott |date=31 July 2017 |title=The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History |url=https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2017/07/19766/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215060405/https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2017/07/19766/ |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=21 April 2019 |website=Public Discourse |publisher=[[Witherspoon Institute]]}}</ref> [[Fourth-wave feminism]] (starting around 2012) has been widely trans-inclusive, but trans-exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority, though one that is especially prominent in the UK.<ref name="Flaherty 2018a">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |date=6 June 2018 |title=By Any Other Name |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/06/06/philosophy-really-ignoring-important-questions-about-transgender-identity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519075321/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/06/06/philosophy-really-ignoring-important-questions-about-transgender-identity |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=6 May 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="grady_vox2"/><ref name="Lewis 2019">{{cite news |date=7 February 2019 |title=Opinion {{!}} How British Feminism Became Anti-Trans |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/terf-trans-women-britain.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115191351/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/terf-trans-women-britain.html |archive-date=15 November 2019 |issn=0362-4331 |last=Lewis |first=Sophie}}</ref> Feminists who do not accept that trans women are women have been labeled "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" ([[TERF]]s) or gender-critical feminists by opponents.<ref name="Stryker-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Stryker |first1=Susan |last2=Bettcher |first2=Talia |date=2016 |title=Introduction: Trans/Feminisms |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article/3/1-2/5/91824/IntroductionTrans-Feminisms# |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334127 |access-date=17 September 2020 |doi-access=free |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405174836/https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article/3/1-2/5/91824/IntroductionTrans-Feminisms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zanghellini |first1=Aleardo |date=April 2020 |title=Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion |url=https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/90937/4/2158244020927029.pdf |journal=SAGE Open |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215824402092702 |article-number=2158244020927029 |doi=10.1177/2158244020927029 |s2cid=219733494 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103214816/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/90937/4/2158244020927029.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Discrimination and support ===
{{See also|Transphobia}}
Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination. According to a 2011 aggregation of several studies, approximately 90% of transgender Americans had encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace. 47% had experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender; of this figure, 44% were passed over for a job, 23% were denied a promotion, and 26% were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2011 |title=Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment |first1=Jeff |last1=Krehly |first2=Crosby |last2=Buns|url=https://genprogress.org/gay-and-transgender-people-face-high-rates-of-workplace-discrimination/ |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Generation Progress |language=en-US |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421133050/https://genprogress.org/gay-and-transgender-people-face-high-rates-of-workplace-discrimination/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170?journalCode=wijs20 |title=Patrolling the Boundaries of Gender: Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People in Portuguese Adolescents |first1=María Victoria |last1=Carrera-Fernández |first2=Ana |last2=Almeida |first3=Xosé Manuel |last3=Cid-Fernández |first4=Pablo |last4=Vallejo-Medina |first5=Yolanda |last5=Rodríguez-Castro |journal=[[International Journal of Sexual Health]] |volume=32 |issue=1|pages=40–56 |date=18 December 2019 |doi=10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170 |s2cid=214355852 |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014940/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170?journalCode=wijs20& |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Karolina |last1=Konopka |first2=Monika |last2=Prusik |first3=Michał |last3=Szulawski |title=Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland |journal=Sex Roles |year=2020 |volume=82 |issue=9–10 |pages=600–621 |doi=10.1007/s11199-019-01071-7 |s2cid=199862108 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/4/e031569 |title=Paediatricians' attitudes and beliefs towards transgender people: a cross-sectional survey in Israel |first1=Nitsan |last1=Landau |first2=Uri |last2=Hamiel |first3=Itay Tokatly |last3=Latzer |first4=Elinor |last4=Mauda |first5=Noah |last5=Levek |first6=Liana |last6=Tripto-Shkolnik |first7=Orit |last7=Pinhas-Hamiel |journal=[[BMJ Open]] |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031569 |date=2020 |volume=10 |number=4 |pages=e031569 |pmid=32341041 |pmc=7204925 |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143239/https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/4/e031569 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcop.22546 |title=Individual factors and cisgender college students' attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals |first1=Laura |last1=Hackimer |first2=Cliff Y.-C. |last2=Chen |first3=Jay |last3=Verkuilen |journal=[[Journal of Community Psychology]] |date=5 March 2021 |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=2023–2039 |doi=10.1002/jcop.22546 |issn=0090-4392 |pmid=33667012 |s2cid=232121524 |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610144707/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcop.22546 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
The start of the twenty-first century saw the rise in transgender activism and with it an increase in support.<ref name="Morris-2017"/> Within the United States, groups such as the [[Trevor Project]] have been serving the wider LGBT community including people who identify with the term transgender. The group offers support in the form of educational resources including research, advocacy, and crisis services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Midgon |first1=Brooke |title=Calls to LGBTQ youth crisis hotline rose 33 percent on Inauguration Day: Trevor Project |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/lgbtq/5100814-trump-inauguration-day-lgbtq-suicide/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeill |first1=Zane |title=Transgender Rights Under Threat: Preparing for Federal Crackdowns |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/transgender-rights-under-threat-preparing-for-federal-crackdowns/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=Nonprofit Quarterly |date=20 January 2025}}</ref> The American Civil Liberties Unions (ACLU) also often represents members of the trans community.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chung |first1=Andrew |title=First openly transgender lawyer to argue at US Supreme Court |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=aclu+representing+transgender&tbm=nws&fbs=ABzOT_CWdhQLP1FcmU5B0fn3xuWpA-dk4wpBWOGsoR7DG5zJBnsX62dbVmWR6QCQ5QEtPRqInn_ud8BG5tWxPdEiOpZiqcs2-8hm_Lubj82L_E5oFQydz7e5kf7Eu4rplgi8HAIhO-O0Mb5vRDG8uTfyL54tUaQrQkJ11f0BLZ37orZsxJtMmmfE4iO-p2sheVTb5K8qj8AVzd9BUqfHMGZ55Ni8j8r9XA |access-date=7 February 2025 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=21 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ACLU Launches National Trans Justice Campaign Featuring Diverse Trans Youth & Their Families Ahead of Landmark Supreme Court Case |url=https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-launches-national-trans-justice-campaign-featuring-diverse-trans-youth-their-families-ahead-of-landmark-supreme-court-case-2 |website=Press Releases |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |access-date=7 February 2025 |date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
 
Other groups within the United States specifically advocate for transgender rights. One of these groups directly related to transgender support is the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE), which is committed to advocating for policy changes that protect transgender people and promote equality. Through their research, education, and advocacy efforts, the NCTE works to address issues such as healthcare access, employment discrimination, and legal recognition for transgender individuals.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Center for Transgender Equality |url=https://oge.harvard.edu/links/national-center-transgender-equality#:~:text=The%20National%20Center%20for%20Transgender,empathy%2C%20opportunity%2C%20and%20justice. |website=Office for Gender Equity |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |website=transequality.org |url=https://transequality.org |access-date=26 May 2023 |title=National Center for Transgender Equality |publisher=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]] |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018085034/http://www.transequality.org/ |archive-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> One prominent organization within Europe is Transgender Europe (TGEU), a network of organizations and individuals committed to promoting equality and human rights for transgender people within European borders. TGEU works to challenge discrimination, improve transgender healthcare access, advocate for legal recognition of gender identity, and support the well-being of transgender communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://tgeu.org/about-us/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=TGEU |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518083634/https://tgeu.org/about-us/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wareham |first1=Jamie |title=Trans Rights Increased In Europe Despite Growing Backlash In 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2023/05/11/trans-rights-increased-in-europe-and-asia-in-2022-despite-growing-backlash/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=11 May 2023}}</ref>
 
== Demographics ==
{{See also|Transsexual#Demographics}}
Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable
definitions of transgender.<ref name="Collin2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Collin |first1=Lindsay |last2=Reisner |first2=Sari L. |last3=Tangpricha |first3=Vin |last4=Goodman |first4=Michael |date=2016 |title=Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=613–626 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.001 |pmc=4823815 |pmid=27045261}}</ref> According to a recent systematic review, an estimated 9.2 out of every 100,000 people have received or requested gender affirmation surgery or transgender hormone therapy; 6.8 out of every 100,000 people have received a transgender-specific diagnoses; and 355 out of every 100,000 people self-identify as transgender.<ref name="Collin2016"/> These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender, as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of "transsexualism", "gender identity disorder", or "gender dysphoria", none of which may relate with those that assess self-reported identity.<ref name="Collin2016"/> Common terminology across studies does not yet exist, so population numbers may be inconsistent, depending on how they are being counted.
 
A study in 2020 found that, since 1990, of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men, such that they equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leinung |first1=Matthew C |date=2020 |title=Changing Demographics in Transgender Individuals Seeking Hormonal Therapy: Are Trans Women More Common Than Trans Men? |journal=Transgender Health |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2019.0070 |pmc=7906237 |pmid=33644314}}</ref>
 
=== Asia ===
[[File:Nongthoomfairtex.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nong Tum]], a [[Kathoey]] internationally recognized for her portrayal in the film ''[[Beautiful Boxer]]'']]
 
In [[Thailand]] and [[Laos]],<ref name="Laos1">Doussantousse, S. (2005) "...The Lao Kathoey's characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region..." in [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_doussantousse.htm Male Sexual Health: Kathoeys in the Lao PDR, South East Asia&nbsp;– Exploring a gender minority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819021051/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_doussantousse.htm|date=2007-08-19}} from the [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ Transgender ASIA Research Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/|date=2007-08-23}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> the term ''[[kathoey]]'' is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people<ref name="Thailand1">Jackson, P. (2003) [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403051912/http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html|date=2007-04-03}} in Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, Issue 9, August 2003.</ref> and [[effeminate]] gay men.<ref name="Thailand2">Winter, S. and Udomsak, N. (2002) [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand] in the International Journal of Transgender, Volume 6, Number 1, January&nbsp;– March 2002. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228130914/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm|date=February 28, 2007}}</ref> However, many transgender people in Thailand do not identify as kathoey.<ref name="Winter">Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: ''Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey''. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm Article online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329163435/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_language_and_identity.htm |date=29 March 2012 }}.</ref> Transgender people have also been documented in [[Transsexuality in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Iran1">{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=F. |date=2005 |quote=...He shows me the book in Arabic in which, 41 years ago, Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality. "I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change," says Hojatulislam Kariminia. The Ayatollah's ruling that sex-change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader... |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm |title=Iran's sex-change operations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817100337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm |archive-date=17 August 2007 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref> Japan,<ref name="Japan1">{{cite journal |last1=Mitsuhashi |first1=J. |date=2006 |title=The transgender world in contemporary Japan: the male to female cross-dressers' community in Shinjuku |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=202–227 |doi=10.1080/14649370600673847 |s2cid=143080943 |translator-last1=Hasegawa |translator-first1=K. |quote=...the male to female cross-dressing (MTFCD) community in Shinjuku, Tokyo, which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live...}}</ref> [[Nepal]],<ref name="Nepal1">{{cite web |last=Haviland |first=C. |date=2005 |quote=...The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis, who dance in female clothes... |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4202893.stm |title=Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828102820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4202893.stm |archive-date=28 August 2007 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref> [[Indonesia]],<ref name="Indonesia1">Graham, S. (2002) "...Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para-gender identity. In addition to male-men (oroane) and female-women (makunrai)..., there are calalai (masculine females), calabai (feminine males), and bissu..." in [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_priests_and_gender.htm Priests and gender in South Sulawesi, Indonesia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215412/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_priests_and_gender.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from the [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ Transgender ASIA Research Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/|date=2007-08-23}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> [[Vietnam]],<ref name="Vietnam1">Walters, I. (2006) "...In Vietnam, male to female (MtF) transgender people are categorised as lai cai, bong cai, bong lai cai, dong co, or be-de..." in [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_vietnam.htm Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220422/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_vietnam.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from the [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ Transgender ASIA Research Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/|date=2007-08-23}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> South Korea,<ref name="SKorea1">Shim, S. (2006) "...Rush, catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders, is a cafe owned by a 46-year-old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho-rong. "...Many people in South Korea don't really understand the difference between gay and transgender. I'm not gay. I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful," said Lee..." in [http://english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20060523/480100000020060523094019E8.html S. Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817101936/http://english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20060523/480100000020060523094019E8.html|date=2007-08-17}} from the [http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html Yonhap News Agency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185425/http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html|date=2007-07-17}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> [[LGBT rights in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=News reporting an average of 2-3 Jordanians per year officially change their gender |url=https://www.ammonnews.net/article/208487 |website=Ammon News |language=ar |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616033235/https://www.ammonnews.net/article/208487 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Transgender people in Singapore|Singapore]],<ref name="Singapore1">{{cite web |last=Heng |first=R. |date=2005 |quote=...Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point, we should remember that cross-dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere. Across Asia, there is a tradition of cross-dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them.... |url=http://www.yawningbread.org/guest_2005/guw-101.htm |title=Where queens ruled! - a history of gay venues in Singapore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011160736/http://yawningbread.org/guest_2005/guw-101.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |publisher=[[IndigNation]] |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref> and the [[transgender in China|greater Chinese region]], including Hong Kong,<ref name="HongKong1">{{cite journal |last1=Emerton |first1=R. |date=2006 |title=Finding a voice, fighting for rights: the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=243–269 |doi=10.1080/14649370600673896 |s2cid=145122793 |quote=...Hong Kong's transgender movement at its current stage, with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement...}}</ref><ref name="HongKong2">{{cite web |last=Hung |first=L. |date=2007 |quote=...there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female-to-male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained, dashing iconic presence... |url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc |title=Trans-Boy Fashion, or How to Tailor-Make a King |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927052144/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc |archive-date=27 September 2007 |website=Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref> [[Taiwan]],<ref name="Taiwan1">{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=J. |author-link=Josephine Ho |date=2006 |title=Embodying gender: transgender body/subject formations in Taiwan |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=228–242 |doi=10.1080/14649370600673888 |s2cid=43951816 |quote=...specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body- and subject-formations, in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self-fashioning, but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self-construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it...}}</ref> and the People's Republic of China.<ref name="PRC1">{{cite news |last=Hahn |first=L. |quote=...Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man, Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995; a daring move in a conservative Chinese society... |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/talkasia.xing.scirpt/ |title=Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212746/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/talkasia.xing.scirpt/ |archive-date=11 October 2007 |work=[[CNN]] |date=13 June 2005 |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="PRC3">{{cite news |last=Goldkorn |first=J. |date=2006 |quote=...At one point in 2003, there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it... |url=http://www.danwei.org/newspapers/post_28.php |title=Transsexuals in the Chinese media again |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827131506/http://www.danwei.org/newspapers/post_28.php |archive-date=27 August 2007 |work=Danwei |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref>
 
The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender, referred to as [[hijra (South Asia)|''hijra'']] in Hindi. In India, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating "Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue."<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2014 |title=Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court |editor-first=Deepshikha |editor-last=Ghosh |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/transgenders-are-the-third-gender-rules-supreme-court-508705 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415135613/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/transgenders-are-the-third-gender-rules-supreme-court-508705 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In 1998, [[Shabnam Mausi]] became the first transgender person to be elected in India, in the central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 November 2018 |title=Telangana assembly elections 2018: Chandramukhi eyes Goshamahal glory, ready for tryst with 1st transgender party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/chandramukhi-eyes-goshamahal-glory-ready-for-tryst-with-1st-transgender-party/articleshow/66743495.cms |access-date=22 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122100606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/chandramukhi-eyes-goshamahal-glory-ready-for-tryst-with-1st-transgender-party/articleshow/66743495.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Europe ===
According to [[Amnesty International]], 1.5&nbsp;million transgender people lived in the [[European Union]] {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, making up 0.3% of the population.{{sfn|M.H.|2017}} A 2011 survey conducted by the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] in the UK found that of 10,026 respondents, 1.4% would be classified into a gender minority group. The survey also showed that 1% had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process (including thoughts or actions).<ref name="ehrc2012">{{cite web |last1=Glen |first1=Fiona |last2=Hurrell |first2=Karen |date=2012 |title=Technical note: Measuring Gender Identity |url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/technical_note_final.pdf |access-date=30 May 2019 |publisher=Equality and Human Rights Commission |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802101054/https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/technical_note_final.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
===North America===
The 2021 Canadian census released by [[Statistics Canada]] found that 59,460 Canadians (0.19% of the population) identified as transgender.{{sfn|Easton|2022}} According to the ''Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces'' by Statistics Canada in 2018, 0.24% of the Canadian population identified as transgender men, women or non-binary individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/98-20-0002/982000022020002-eng.cfm |title=Sex at birth and gender: Technical report on changes for the 2021 Census |first=Statistics Canada |last=Government of Canada |date=20 July 2020 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717150155/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/98-20-0002/982000022020002-eng.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
In the [[United States]], over 2.8 million persons identify as transgender, {{as of|2025|lc=y}}.<ref name="guard-20aug2025">{{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Sam |title=More than 2.8m people in US identify as trans, including 724,000 youth, data shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/20/trans-people-us-data |access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 20, 2025}}</ref><ref name="wi-aug2025">{{cite web |title=How Many Adults and Youth Identify as Transgender in the United States? |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/trans-adults-united-states/ |website=[[Williams Institute]] |publisher=[[UCLA School of Law]] |access-date=August 20, 2025 |date=August 2025}}</ref> It's the case for 1% of adults (about 2.1 million persons) and 3.3% of youth (about 724,000 persons aged 13 to 17).<ref name="guard-20aug2025" /><ref name="wi-aug2025" /> Among adults, 32.7% (698,500) are transgender women, 34.2% (730,500) transgender men, and 33.1% (707,100) non-binary.<ref name="guard-20aug2025" /><ref name="wi-aug2025" />
 
The [[Social Security Administration]] has tracked the sex of US citizens since 1936.<ref name="Harris">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Benjamin Cerf |date=2015 |title=Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2015/adrm/carra-wp-2015-03.pdf |website=Census.gov |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823182413/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2015/adrm/carra-wp-2015-03.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A 1968 estimate, by Ira B. Pauly, estimated that about 2,500 transsexual people were living in the United States, with four times as many trans women as trans men.<ref name="Pauly">{{Cite journal |last=Pauly |first=Ira B. |date=1968 |title=The Current Status of the Change of Sex Operation |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |language=en |volume=147 |issue=5 |pages=460–471 |doi=10.1097/00005053-196811000-00003 |issn=0022-3018 |pmid=5726920 |s2cid=42050429}}</ref> One effort to quantify the modern population in 2011 gave a "rough estimate" that 0.3% of adults in the US are transgender.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/upshot/the-search-for-the-best-estimate-of-the-transgender-population.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224081511/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/upshot/the-search-for-the-best-estimate-of-the-transgender-population.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |title=The Search for the Best Estimate of the Transgender Population |first=Claire Cain |last=Miller |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425174542/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |title=How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender? |first=Loyal |last=thisisloyal.com |archive-date=25 April 2015 |website=[[Williams Institute]]}}</ref> In 2016, studies estimated the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0.5 to 0.6%.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Steinmetz |first=Katy |date=30 June 2016 |title=1.4 Million Americans Identify as Transgender, Study Finds |url=https://time.com/4389936/transgender-americans-statistic-how-many/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630205328/http://time.com/4389936/transgender-americans-statistic-how-many/ |archive-date=30 June 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 2016 |title=How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States |url=http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718010850/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=25 August 2016 |publisher=[[The Williams Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crissman |first1=Halley P. |last2=Berger |first2=Mitchell B. |last3=Graham |first3=Louis F. |last4=Dalton |first4=Vanessa K. |year=2016 |title=Transgender Demographics: A Household Probability Sample of US Adults, 2014 |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=213–215 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303571 |pmc=5227939 |pmid=27997239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicalresearch.com/author-interviews/about-1-in-189-us-americans-identify-as-transgender/30672/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004810/https://medicalresearch.com/author-interviews/about-1-in-189-us-americans-identify-as-transgender/30672/ |url-status=dead |title=About 1 in 189 US Americans Identify as Transgender |first=Marie |last=Benz |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
 
In the United States and Canada, some [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders,{{sfn|Fulton|1992|pp=603-610}} such as the [[Zuni people|Zuni]] male-bodied ''[[lhamana]]'',<ref name="thezunilhamana">{{cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Elsie Clews |year=1916 |title=The Zuñi Ła'mana |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=521–8 |doi=10.1525/aa.1916.18.4.02a00060 |issn=1548-1433 |jstor=660121 |quote=Of these 'men-women' ....}}</ref> the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] male-bodied {{Lang|lkt|[[winkte]]}},<ref name="Medicine">{{cite web |last=Medicine |first=B. |date=2002 |url=http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm |title=Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030330115133/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm |archive-date=30 March 2003}}, taken from Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Unit 3, Chapter 2, [[Western Washington University]].</ref> and the [[Mohave people|Mohave]] male-bodied ''alyhaa'' and female-bodied ''hwamee''.<ref name="straightmyth">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=H. N. |date=2001 |title=The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists |journal=Arethusa |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=313–362 |doi=10.1353/are.2001.0016 |s2cid=161526282}}</ref> These traditional people, along with those from other [[Indigenous peoples of North America|North American Indigenous]] cultures, are sometimes part of the contemporary, [[pan-Indian]] [[two-spirit]] community.<ref name="Medicine" /> Historically, in most cultures who have alternate gender roles, if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise [[gender variant]], they have not generally been regarded as other-gendered themselves, simply for being in a same-sex relationship.<ref name="straightmyth" /> In Mexico, the [[Zapotec people|Zapotec]] culture includes a third gender in the form of the [[Muxe]].<ref name="sexualitiesandgendersinzapotecoaxaca">{{cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Lynn |year=2002 |title=Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca |journal=Latin American Perspectives |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=41–59 |doi=10.1177/0094582x0202900203 |issn=0094-582X |jstor=3185126 |s2cid=145808692}}</ref> [[Mahu (person)|Mahu]] is a traditional third gender in Hawai'i and Tahiti. Mahu are valued as teachers, caretakers of culture, and healers, such as [[Kapaemahu]]. Diné (Navajo) have [[Nádleehi]].<ref name="Armstrong-2021"/>
 
=== Latin America ===
In Latin American cultures, a [[Travesti (gender identity)|travesti]] is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine, transfeminine, or "femme" gender identity. Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery. Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself (a "third gender"), a mix between man and woman ("intergender/androgynes"), or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person ("bigender"); they are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulick |first=Don |title=Travesti: Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes |date=1998 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-46099-1 |___location=Chicago |oclc=38842085 }}</ref>
 
Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.<ref name="Schulman-2013">{{Cite news |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/1231466-a-nova-geracao-gay-nas-universidades-dos-eua.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013956/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/1231466-a-nova-geracao-gay-nas-universidades-dos-eua.shtml |url-status=dead |title=A nova geração gay nas universidades dos EUA - 17/02/2013 |trans-title=The New Gay Generation on US College Campuses - 2/17/2013 |first1=Michael |last1=Schulman |archive-date=22 February 2014 |work=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-br}}</ref> These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term "genderqueer",<ref name="Schulman-2013" /> along with the older ''travesti'' term, are known as non-binary and go along with binary transgender identities (those traditionally diagnosed under the obsolete label of "transsexualism") under the single umbrella of ''transgender'', but are distinguished from cross-dressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.<ref>[[João W. Nery]]: ''Viagem solitária: Memórias de um transexual 30 anos depois''; São Paulo: Leya, 2012, p. 293.{{in lang|pt}}</ref>
 
=== Oceania ===
On the [[2023 New Zealand census|2023 New Zealand Census]], 26,097 people self-identified as transgender, defined by [[Statistics New Zealand|Stats NZ]] as someone whose gender identity does not match their sex recorded at birth. This is 0.7 percent of all census-takers who were 15 years of age and older and usually residents of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Census shows 1 in 20 adults belong to Aotearoa New Zealand's LGBTIQ+ population (corrected) {{!}} Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/2023-census-shows-1-in-20-adults-belong-to-aotearoa-new-zealands-lgbtiq-population/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=www.stats.govt.nz |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009000717/https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/2023-census-shows-1-in-20-adults-belong-to-aotearoa-new-zealands-lgbtiq-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Culture==
=== Coming out ===
{{Main|Coming out}}
Coming out is the process of sharing one's identity with others, and can include sharing new pronouns and a new name.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Coming Out as Transgender And/OR Nonbinary |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/transgender/coming-out-trans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210071636/https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/transgender/coming-out-trans |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[Planned Parenthood]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Individuals who have come out are known as ''out''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507000654/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/out |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The experience of coming out can change depending on whether the transgender individual is perceived as the gender with which they identify, which is known as ''passing''.<ref name=":1" /> In certain environments, some passing transgender individuals can choose to be ''stealth'', which means to deliberately avoid coming out, often to avoid transphobia; these individuals are often out in other environments.<ref name=":1" /> The decision for transgender people to come out to current or potential romantic or sexual partners can be especially difficult.<ref name=":1" />
 
The decision to come out is based on navigating others' gender expectations, reactions, and the threat of violence. Coming out is not a 'one-and-done' decision; rather, individuals make ongoing strategic decisions about their gender enactment and identity disclosure based on social contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumbaugh-Johnson |first1=Stacey M. |last2=Hull |first2=Kathleen E. |date=3 July 2019 |title=Coming Out as Transgender: Navigating the Social Implications of a Transgender Identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2018.1493253 |journal=[[Journal of Homosexuality]] |publication-date=27 July 2018 |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=1148–1177 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2018.1493253 |pmid=30052497 |issn=0091-8369|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
The age at which transgender people come out can vary; some transgender individuals will know about and share their identities at a young age, while for others, the process is longer or more complicated.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Transgender Children & Youth: Understanding the Basics |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/transgender-children-and-youth-understanding-the-basics |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |language=en-US |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217235304/https://www.hrc.org/resources/transgender-children-and-youth-understanding-the-basics |url-status=live }}</ref> Different transgender individuals choose to come out at different times during the [[Gender transition|transition]] process and to different people.<ref name=":1" /> Some transgender individuals will choose to come out as bisexual, lesbian, or gay before recognizing their gender identity or choosing to come out as transgender.<ref name=":2" /> Although there are some similarities, coming out as transgender is different than coming out as a sexual minority, such as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.<ref name=":1" /> This is partly due to the relatively lower level of information that people have about transgender people compared to people who are sexual minorities.<ref name=":1" /> Some come out in an [[online identity]] first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social implications in the real world.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marciano |first=A. |year=2014 |title=Living the VirtuReal: Negotiating transgender identity in cyberspace |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=824–838 |doi=10.1111/jcc4.12081 |s2cid=206022665 |doi-access=}}</ref>
 
It may take time for people to understand and respond when a transgender person comes out.<ref name=":1" /> Most transgender people feel healthier and happier when they come out and their gender identity is validated by others.<ref name=":1" />
 
Some transgender people choose not to come out at all.<ref name=":1" /> For some, this decision can be because of stigma, lack of knowledge (by whom?) or fear of rejection by friends and family.<ref name=":2" /> Upon coming out, transgender people can face discrimination, rejection, and violence.<ref name=":1" /> These risks are heightened when transgender individuals are members of other [[Marginalised communities|marginalized communities]].<ref name=":1" />
 
=== Visibility ===
{{main|Transgender Awareness Week|International Transgender Day of Visibility|Transgender Day of Remembrance}}
{{see also|Media portrayals of transgender people|Trans march}}
[[File:Laverne Cox by Sachyn Mital.jpg|thumb|upright|Actress [[Laverne Cox]], who is trans, in July 2014|left]][[File:Existrans 2017 (37146607344).jpg|thumb|Trans March "Existrans" 2017]]
In 2014, the United States reached a "[[transgender tipping point]]", according to [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Steinmetz |first1=K. |date=28 May 2014 |title=The transgender tipping point |url=https://time.com/135480/transgender-tipping-point/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813102939/http://time.com/135480/transgender-tipping-point/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Snow |first1=N. |date=8 May 2015 |title=Laverne Cox: 'Time' magazine's 'transgender tipping point' cover girl |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-snow/laverne-cox-time-magazine_b_7238884.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520220949/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-snow/laverne-cox-time-magazine_b_7238884.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref> At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Townsend |first1=M. |date=3 November 2016 |title=GLAAD's 'Where We Are on TV' report finds progress in LGBTQ representation on TV, but much work still to be done |url=https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaads-where-we-are-tv-report-finds-progress-lgbtq-representation-tv-much-work-still-be-done |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152406/https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaads-where-we-are-tv-report-finds-progress-lgbtq-representation-tv-much-work-still-be-done |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |website=[[GLAAD]]}}</ref>
 
Annual marches, protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues, often taking place during the time of local [[Pride parade]]s for LGBTQ people. These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community, address [[human rights defenders|human rights struggles]], and create visibility.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 Jun 2006 |title=Trans March on Friday |url=https://www.ebar.com/news///237069 |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710225850/https://www.ebar.com/news///237069 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2016 |title=Transgender and Intersex Community Marks 20 Years of Marching in Paris (Video) |url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2016/10/19/transgender-and-intersex-community-marks-20-years-marching-paris-video |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=www.advocate.com |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808212604/https://www.advocate.com/world/2016/10/19/transgender-and-intersex-community-marks-20-years-marching-paris-video |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Gallant |date=18 June 2009 |title=Trans march 'overdue' |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/06/18/trans_march_overdue.html |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710225849/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/06/18/trans_march_overdue.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2019 |title=London's first Trans Pride support 'overwhelming' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-49700743 |access-date=11 June 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309201633/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-49700743 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[International Transgender Day of Visibility]] is an annual holiday occurring on March 31{{sfn|CBC|2013}}<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2014 |title=Model: Why I came out as transgender |url=http://www.kspr.com/news/nationworld/Model-Why-I-came-out-as-transgender/21051646_25244330 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403062937/http://www.kspr.com/news/nationworld/Model-Why-I-came-out-as-transgender/21051646_25244330 |archive-date=3 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=KSPR News}}</ref> dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide. The holiday was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2014 |title=A time to celebrate |newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator |url=http://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/4432181-a-time-to-celebrate/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403075929/http://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/4432181-a-time-to-celebrate |archive-date=3 April 2014}}</ref> [[Rachel Crandall Crocker]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carreras |first=Jessica |title=Transgender Day of Visibility plans erupt locally, nationwide |url=http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=34351 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327152446/http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=34351 |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=3 April 2013 |publisher=PrideSource}}</ref>
 
[[Transgender Day of Remembrance]] (TDOR) is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998. Her murder remains unsolved, but was described in 2022 as "a result of transphobia and anti-trans violence" by the Office of the [[Mayor of Boston]], [[Michelle Wu]].{{sfn|Sudborough|2022}} TDOR memorializes victims of hate crimes and prejudice and raises awareness of hate crimes committed upon living transgender people.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 1998 |title=About TDOR at Transgender Day of Remembrance |url=http://www.transgenderdor.org/?page_id=4|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723151936/http://www.transgenderdor.org/?page_id=4 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=6 July 2011 |publisher=Transgenderdor.org}}</ref> [[Transgender Awareness Week]] is a one-week celebration leading up to TDOR, dedicated to educating about transgender and gender non-conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Transgender Awareness Week |url=https://www.glaad.org/transweek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403012821/https://www.glaad.org/transweek |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=[[GLAAD]]}}</ref> Several [[trans march]]es occur in cities around the world, including Paris, San Francisco, and Toronto, in order to raise awareness of the transgender community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=W. |first=M. L. |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=13 October 2018 |title=Trans et intersexes mobilisés contre les interventions chirurgicales non consenties |trans-title=Trans and intersex people mobilized against non-consensual surgical interventions |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/trans-et-intersexes-mobilises-contre-les-interventions-chirurgicales-non-consenties-13-10-2018-7918182.php |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215033723/https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/trans-et-intersexes-mobilises-contre-les-interventions-chirurgicales-non-consenties-13-10-2018-7918182.php |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Allday|2023}}
 
There are also significant [[Media portrayals of transgender people|portrayals of transgender people in the media]]. [[Transgender literature]] includes literature portraying transgender people, as well as memoirs or novels by transgender people, who often discuss elements of the transgender experience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Trans visibility through literature |url=https://www.uscannenbergmedia.com/2023/06/21/trans-visibility-through-literature/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism|USC Annenberg Media]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215033724/https://www.uscannenbergmedia.com/2023/06/21/trans-visibility-through-literature/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several [[List of feature films with transgender characters|films]] and [[List of transgender characters in television|television shows]] feature transgender characters in the storyline, and several [[List of fictional trans characters|fictional works]] also have notable transgender characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2023 |title=Trans people have never been so visible — or so vulnerable |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/04/13/trans-representation-popular-culture/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230413115334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/04/13/trans-representation-popular-culture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Transgender symbol ⚧ on a trafic light in Trafalgar Square.jpg|thumb|A pedestrian traffic light in [[Trafalgar Square]], [[London]] with the ⚧ symbol, installed for the 2016 [[Pride in London]]]]
 
=== Pride symbols ===
{{Main||LGBT symbols#Transgender}}
{{See also|Transgender flag|Gendered associations of pink and blue}}
A common symbol for the transgender community is the [[Transgender flag#Helms' design|Transgender Pride Flag]], which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999, and was first shown at a pride parade in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], in 2000. The flag consists of five horizontal stripes: light blue, pink, white, pink, and light blue.{{sfn|Ford|2014}} Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis)<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=I'm Scared to Be a Woman |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/24/im-scared-be-woman/human-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906002753/http://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/24/im-scared-be-woman/human-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=8 September 2015 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |quote=a 22-year-old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly – a transgender symbol signifying transformation}}</ref> and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mental health and mental disorders : an encyclopedia of conditions, treatments, and well-being |last=Sperry |first=Len |year=2016 |isbn=9781440803826 |publisher=Greenwood |___location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=1150 |oclc=915943054}}</ref> Several [[gender symbol]]s have been used to represent transgender people, including ⚥ and [[⚧]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Symbols|url=http://www.glbtq.com/slideshows/symbols,7.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804080055/http://www.glbtq.com/slideshows/symbols,7.html|archive-date=August 4, 2008|publisher=[[glbtq.com]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Petronzio|2014}}
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|LGBTQ
}}
{{Sister project links |n=no |b=no |v=no
|commonscat=yes}}
* [[List of fictional trans characters]]
* [[List of transgender people]]
* [[List of transgender publications]]
* [[List of transgender-rights organizations]]
* [[List of people killed for being transgender]]
* [[Outline of transgender topics]]
* [[Transgender culture of New York City]]
* [[Transgender history]]
 
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{clear}}
{{Reflist}}
 
=== Sources ===
==== Secondary scholarly sources ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
*<!-- B -->{{cite book |last=Bevan |first=Dana J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvk7BQAAQBAJ&dq=transsexual&pg=PA42 |title=The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism |date=17 November 2014 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]/[[Greenwood Publishing]] |isbn=9781440831270 |___location=Santa Barbara, California |page=42 |oclc=1021404840 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515150235/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Psychobiology_of_Transsexualism_and/gvk7BQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=transsexual&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bouman |first=Walter Pierre |date=8 January 2020 |title=Sumamus exordio: International Journal of Transgender Health |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2020.1709316 |pmid=33015654 |pmc=7430473}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bradford |first1=Judith |last2=Reisner |first2=Sari L. |last3=Honnold |first3=Julie A. |last4=Xavier |first4=Jessica |date=2013 |title=Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1820–1829 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796 |pmc=3780721 |pmid=23153142}}
*<!-- C -->{{cite journal |author1=Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women |year=2011 |title=Committee Opinion No. 512 |journal=[[Obstetrics & Gynecology]] |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=1454–1458 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823ed1c1 |pmid=22105293 |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book |last=Currah |first=Paisley |chapter=Gender Pluralisms Under the Transgender Umbrella |title=Transgender rights |date=2006 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |editor1-first=Paisley |editor1-last=Currah |editor2-first=Richard M. |editor2-last=Juang |editor3-first=Shannon |editor3-last=Minter |isbn=0-8166-4311-3 |___location=Minneapolis |oclc=68221085 }}
*<!-- D -->{{Cite book |last=Dame-Griff |first=Avery |title=The Two Revolutions: A History of the Transgender Internet |date=2023 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=9781479818341 |pages=9, 22 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Danker et al.|2018}} |last1=Danker |first1=Sara |last2=Narayan |first2=Sasha K. |last3=Bluebond-Langner |first3=Rachel |last4=Schechter |first4=Loren S. |last5=Berli |first5=Jens U. |date=August 2018 |title=A Survey Study of Surgeons' Experience with Regret and/or Reversal of Gender-Confirmation Surgeries |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open |volume=6 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=189 |issn=2169-7574 |doi=10.1097/01.GOX.0000547077.23299.00 |doi-access=free |pmc=6212091}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Dhejne et al.|2014}} |last1=Dhejne |first1=Cecilia |last2=Öberg |first2=Katarina |last3=Arver |first3=Stefan |last4=Landén |first4=Mikael |date=November 2014 |title=An Analysis of All Applications for Sex Reassignment Surgery in Sweden, 1960–2010: Prevalence, Incidence, and Regrets |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1535–45 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0300-8 |pmid=24872188 |s2cid=24755434 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262734734 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Docter |first1=Richard F. |last2=Prince |first2=Virginia |year=1997 |title=Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=589–605 |doi=10.1023/a:1024572209266 |pmid=9415796 |s2cid=43816859}}
*<!-- E -->{{cite journal |last1=Ekins |first1=Richard |last2=King |first2=Dave |title=Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |date=1999 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=580–602 |doi=10.1111/1467-954X.00185 |s2cid=144738527}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ekins |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8eHAAAAIAAJ |title=The Transgender Phenomenon |last2=King |first2=Dave |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7619-7163-4 |pages=13–14 |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2015-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927142037/https://books.google.com/books?id=R8eHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
*<!-- F -->{{cite journal |last1=Fulton |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Steven W. |year=1992 |title=The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=603–610 |doi=10.1086/204124 |issn=1537-5382 |jstor=2743927 |s2cid=145077361}}
*<!-- G -->{{Cite journal |last=Gamson |first=Joshua |date=1995 |title=Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096854 |journal=Social Problems |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=390–407 |doi=10.2307/3096854 |jstor=3096854 |issn=0037-7791 |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519220748/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096854 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |year=2018 |last=Gazzaniga |first=Michael S. |author-link=Michael Gazzaniga |chapter=Human Development |title=Psychological Science |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dokumen.pub_psychological-science-1-6nbsped-9780393640403/page/367/ |edition=6th |publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] |isbn=978-0-393-64040-3 |oclc=992709311 }}
*<!-- H -->{{cite book |last1=Hirschfeld |first1=Magnus |title=Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen|trans-title=Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types|date=1923 |language=de |chapter=Die Intersexuelle Konstitution|trans-chapter=The Intersexual Constitution}}
*<!-- J -->{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Austin H. |last2=Hill |first2=Ivy |last3=Beach-Ferrara |first3=Jasmine |last4=Rogers |first4=Baker A. |last5=Bradford |first5=Andrew |date=11 December 2019 |title=Common barriers to healthcare for transgender people in the U.S. Southeast |journal=International Journal of Transgender Health |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2019.1700203 |issn=2689-5269 |pmc=7430435 |pmid=33015660}}
*<!-- K -->{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=David A. |last2=Paradise |first2=Scott L. |last3=Goodwin |first3=Emily T. |date=1 December 2018 |title=Caring for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Persons: What Clinicians Should Know |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p645.html |journal=American Family Physician |language=en-US |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=645–653 |pmid=30485050 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925020007/https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p645.html |url-status=live }}
*<!-- L -->{{cite book |last1=Lamm |first1=Marnie |last2=Eckstein |first2=Barbara |chapter=Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Health |editor-last1=Maizes |editor-first1=Victoria |editor-first2=Tieraona |editor-last2=Low Dog |title=Integrative Women's Health |date=19 November 2015 |isbn=978-0190214807 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uveJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA745 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lombardi |first1=Emilia L. |last2=Wilchins |first2=Riki Anne |last3=Priesing |first3=Dana |last4=Malouf |first4=Diana |date=October 2008 |title=Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination |journal=[[Journal of Homosexuality]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.1300/J082v42n01_05 |pmid=11991568 |s2cid=34886642}}
*<!-- M -->{{cite book |year=1998 |last=Mallon |first=Gerald P. |author-link=Gerald P. Mallon |chapter=Appendix: Definitions of Key Terms |editor-first=Gerald P. |editor-last=Mallon |title=Foundations of Social Work Practice with Lesbian and Gay Persons |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofsoc00gera/page/275/ |publisher=[[Harrington Park Press]] |isbn=1-56023-101-7 |lccn=97-13382 |oclc=37361633 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Marchiano |first1=Lisa |title=Outbreak: On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics |journal=[[Psychological Perspectives]] |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=345–366 |date=6 October 2017 |doi=10.1080/00332925.2017.1350804 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Mills |first=Robert |title=Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=9780226169262}}
*<!-- O -->{{cite book |last=Oliven |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw4-AQAAIAAJ |title=Sexual Hygiene and Pathology: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions |date=1965 |edition=2nd |publisher=Lippincott |language=en |access-date=22 August 2020 }}
*<!-- P -->{{cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Jennifer |last2=Hyde |first2=Janet Shibley |chapter=Gender Differences in Sexuality |editor-last1=Chrisler |editor-first1=Joan C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtq0M1f_aIMC&q=Transgender%20is%20a%20broad%20term%20characterized%20by%20a%20challenge%20of%20traditional%20gender%20roles%20and%20gender%20identity%20 |title=Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 1 |editor-last2=McCreary |editor-first2=Donald R. |date=12 March 2010 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=9781441914651 |___location=New York; London |oclc=647897357 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515150234/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Handbook_of_Gender_Research_in_Psycholog/Xtq0M1f_aIMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Transgender+is+a+broad+term+characterized+by+a+challenge+of+traditional+gender+roles+and+gender+identity+%5B...%5D+For+example%2C+some+cultures+classify+transgender+individuals+as+a+third+gender%2C+thereby+treating+this+phenomenon+as+normative&pg=PA486 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Ryan |last1=Polly |first2=Julie |last2=Nicole |title=Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice |journal=[[Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal]] |date=March 2011 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4 |pmid=21317698 |s2cid=2481961 |issn=1931-4485 }}
*<!-- R -->{{cite journal |last1=Rawson |first1=K. J. |last2=Williams |first2=Cristan |date=2014 |title=Transgender*: The Rhetorical Landscape of a term |url=http://www.presenttensejournal.org/volume-3/transgender-the-rhetorical-landscape-of-a-term/ |url-status=live |journal=Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society |volume=3 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515040154/http://www.presenttensejournal.org/volume-3/transgender-the-rhetorical-landscape-of-a-term/ |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=18 May 2017 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reisner |first1=S. L. |last2=Conron |first2=K. |last3=Scout |first3=N. |last4=Mimiaga |first4=M. J. |last5=Haneuse |first5=S. |last6=Austin |first6=S. B. |date=13 March 2014 |title=Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018 |journal=[[LGBT Health (journal)|LGBT Health]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018 |pmid=26789619 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023070532/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
*<!-- S -->{{cite book |last=Stryker |first=Susan |title=Transgender History |date=2008a |publisher=Seal Press |isbn=978-1-58005-690-8 |___location=Berkeley, CA |oclc=1162214303 }}
* {{cite journal |author-link1=Susan Stryker |last1=Stryker |first1=Susan |title=Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity |journal=Radical History Review |date=1 January 2008b |volume=2008 |issue=100 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.1215/01636545-2007-026 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article-abstract/2008/100/145/22107/Transgender-History-Homonormativity-and |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185132/https://read.dukeupress.edu/radical-history-review/article-abstract/2008/100/145/22107/Transgender-History-Homonormativity-and |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
*<!-- T -->{{cite book |last1=Towle |first1=Evan B. |last2=Morgan |first2=Lynn M. |chapter=Romancing the Transgender Narrative: Rethinking the Use of the 'Third Gender' Concept |editor1-last=Stryker |editor1-first=Susan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfqOAQAAQBAJ&dq=The%20authors%20note%20that,%20increasingly,%20in%20social%20science%20literature,%20the%20term%20%27third%20gender%27%20is%20being%20replaced%20by%20or%20conflated%20with%20the%20newer%20term%20%27transgender&pg=PA666 |title=The Transgender Studies Reader |editor2-last=Whittle |editor2-first=Stephen |date=18 October 2013 |publisher=New York: [[Routledge]]; Hoboken: [[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1135398842 |editor1-link=Susan Stryker |oclc=1120816658 |author-link=Susan Stryker |author-link2=Stephen Whittle |access-date=24 September 2024 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Travers |first1=Robb |last2=Bauer |first2=Greta |last3=Pyne |first3=Jake |last4=Bradley |first4=Kaitlin |last5=Gale |first5=Lorraine |last6=Papadimitriou |first6=Maria |date=2 October 2012 |title=Impacts of Strong Parental Support for Trans Youth |url=https://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Impacts-of-Strong-Parental-Support-for-Trans-Youth-vFINAL.pdf |journal=TransPulse Canada |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616103314/https://transpulseproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Impacts-of-Strong-Parental-Support-for-Trans-Youth-vFINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}
*<!-- W -->{{cite book |last=Whittle |first=Stephen |title=Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights |publisher=Cavendish Pub |publication-place=London Portland, OR |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85941-743-0 | oclc=810082841 |page=}}
*<!-- Z -->{{cite journal |last1=Zucker |first1=Kenneth J. |author-link=Kenneth Zucker |title=Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1983–1992 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8 |pmid=31321594 |year=2019 |s2cid=197663705}}
{{refend}}
 
==== Reference works ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
*<!-- A --><!-- APA 2018 -->{{cite journal |date=September 2018 |title=A glossary: Defining transgender terms |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/09/ce-corner-glossary |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=32 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712061634/https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/09/ce-corner-glossary |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|APA|2018}} }}
*<!-- APA 2024 -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|APA|2024}} |title=Answers to your questions about transgender people |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915204021/https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |archive-date=15 September 2024 |date=8 July 2024 |orig-date=9 March 2023 |url-status=live}}
*<!-- B --><!-- Britannica 2024 -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Britannica|2024}} |title=Transgender |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/transgender |date=18 September 2024 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923051020/https://www.britannica.com/topic/transgender |url-status=live}}
*<!-- F --> {{cite book |last=Franklin |first=Kolbe |chapter=Transgender Lifestyles |editor-last1=Forsyth |editor-first1=Craig J. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740 |title=Encyclopedia of Social Deviance |editor-last2=Copes |editor-first2=Heith |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1483364698}} {{cbignore}}
*<!-- GLAAD n.d. -->{{cite book |ref={{harvid|GLAAD|n.d.}} |publisher=[[GLAAD]] |chapter-url=https://glaad.org/reference/trans-terms |chapter=Glossary of Terms: Transgender |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |date=n.d. |edition=11th |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923094038/https://glaad.org/reference/transgender/ |url-status=live}}
*<!-- M -->{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Katherine |title=New words notes June 2015|date=June 2015 |url=http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2015-update/new-words-notes-june-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814051905/http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2015-update/new-words-notes-june-2015/ |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=2 August 2015 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{cite web |last=Petronzio |first=Matt |date=13 June 2014 |title=A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols |url=https://mashable.com/2014/06/13/lgbt-pride-symbols/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403014428/https://mashable.com/2014/06/13/lgbt-pride-symbols/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=[[Mashable]]}}
*<!-- Merriam-Webster n.d. -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Merriam-Webster|n.d.}} |year=n.d. |title=''transgender'' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413060630/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transgender |archive-date=13 April 2017 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transgender |work=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]}}
{{refend}}
 
==== News coverage ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
*<!-- A -->{{Cite news |last=Allday |first=Erin |date=24 June 2023 |title=S.F. Trans March draws thousands of participants |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/s-f-trans-march-draws-thousands-participants-18166474.php |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215033723/https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/s-f-trans-march-draws-thousands-participants-18166474.php |url-status=live }}
<!-- AP 2024 -->{{Cite news |ref={{harvid|AP|2024}} |date=5 June 2023 |title=Trans adults in Florida 'blindsided' that new law also limits their access to health care |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/trans-adults-florida-blindsided-new-law-also-limits-access-health-care-rcna87723 |access-date=25 September 2024 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en }}
*<!-- B -->{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |first1=Erin |last1=Blakemore |title=How historians are documenting the lives of transgender people |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-historians-are-documenting-lives-of-transgender-people |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=National Geographic |language=en }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Blank |first=Paula |date=24 September 2014 |title=Will the Word "Cisgender" Ever Go Mainstream? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/cisgenders-linguistic-uphill-battle/380342/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081542/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/cisgenders-linguistic-uphill-battle/380342/ |url-status=live }}
*<!-- C --><!-- CBC 2013 -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|CBC|2013}} |last=<!-- staff --> |title=Nenshi proclaims Trans Day of Visibility |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/nenshi-proclaims-trans-day-of-visibility-1.1329205 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404005217/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2013/03/31/calgary-trans-day-awareness.html |archive-date=4 April 2013 |access-date=4 April 2013 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] }}
* {{cite news |last1=Clark-Flory |first1=Tracy |title=Detransitioning: Going From Male To Female To Male Again |url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/ |work=[[Vocativ]] |access-date=1 September 2017 |date=15 June 2015 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043258/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/ |url-status=live }}
*<!-- E -->{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/census-data-trans-non-binary-statscan-1.6431928 |title='Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for the first time |date=27 April 2022 |last=Easton |first=Rob |work=[[CBC News]] |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427233104/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/census-data-trans-non-binary-statscan-1.6431928 |url-status=live }}
*<!-- G -->{{cite news |last1=Garloch |first1=Karen |date=9 May 2016 |title=What it means to be transgender: Answers to 5 key questions |newspaper=[[Charlotte Observer]] |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article76580862.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220182205/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article76580862.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}
*<!-- M -->{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/09/01/why-transgender-people-are-being-sterilised-in-some-european-countries |url-access=subscription |author1=M.H. |date=1 September 2017 |title=Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322125936/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Myers |first1=Alex |author-link=Alex Myers |date=14 May 2018 |title=Trans Terminology Seems Like It's Changing All the Time. And That's a Good Thing. |language=en |work=[[Slate Magazine]] |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/trans-terminologys-constant-evolution-is-good-for-everyone.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515012348/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/trans-terminologys-constant-evolution-is-good-for-everyone.html |archive-date=15 May 2018 }}
*<!-- R -->{{cite magazine |title=Crossing Over |date=2 June 1979 |magazine=[[Radio Times]] |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c7bd5024c16745aeb82e7b8513470d20 |last=Rayner |first=Claire |access-date=6 June 2023 |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |publication-date=6 June 1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607045655/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c7bd5024c16745aeb82e7b8513470d20 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |url-status=live }}
*<!-- S -->{{cite web |year=2017 |last=Simon |first=Ray |title=Stirring up the origin of the 'alphabet soup' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111041638/https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201711lgbtalphabetsouporigin |archive-date=11 November 2021 |url=https://www.eriegaynews.com/news/article.php?recordid=201711lgbtalphabetsouporigin |work=[[Erie Gay News]] }}
* {{cite news |first1=Susannah |last1=Sudborough |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/06/22/rita-hester-trans-remembrance-day-mural-allston-boston-rixy-pride-michelle-wu/ |title=Rita Hester's murder and legacy are important to Boston, so she's getting a mural in Allston |date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Boston.com]] |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530154554/https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/06/22/rita-hester-trans-remembrance-day-mural-allston-boston-rixy-pride-michelle-wu/ |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
 
==== Other ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
*<!-- A --><!-- ACLU -->{{Cite web |title=Transgender Rights |url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/transgender-rights |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |language=en-US |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520004324/https://www.aclu.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/transgender-rights |url-status=live }}
*<!-- C --><!-- CDC 2020 -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|CDC|2020}} |author=<!--staff writers--> |date=29 September 2020 |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Transgender Persons |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218143833/https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |archive-date=18 February 2021 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[CDC]] |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] }}
*<!-- Cleveland Clinic 2022 -->{{Cite web |last=Cleveland Clinic |date=8 November 2022 |title=AFAB and AMAB: What the Sex You're Assigned at Birth Means for Your Health |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/afab-and-amab-meaning |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927174628/https://health.clevelandclinic.org/afab-and-amab-meaning |archive-date=27 September 2024 }}
*<!-- D -->{{cite web |last=Dallara |first=Angela |work=GLAAD blog |publisher=[[Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |url=http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/ |title=Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community |date=4 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803205502/http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/ |archive-date=3 August 2011 }}
*<!-- F -->{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Zack |date=27 August 2014 |title=Transgender Pride Flag Designer Applauds Smithsonian LGBT Artifacts Collection |url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/08/27/3476435/transgender-pride-flag/ |newspaper=ThinkProgress |___location=United States of America |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032253/http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/08/27/3476435/transgender-pride-flag/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Flores |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Conron |first2=Kerith J. |title=How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender? |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/ |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Williams Institute]] |language=en-US |archive-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425174542/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf |url-status=live }}
*<!-- G --><!-- GEO 2018 -->{{cite report |ref={{harvid|GEO|2018}} |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721642/GEO-LGBT-factsheet.pdf |title=Factsheet: Trans People in the UK |date=3 July 2018 |publisher=[[Government Equalities Office]] |isbn=9781786556738 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408195457/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721642/GEO-LGBT-factsheet.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2022 |url-status=live }}
*<!-- GLAAD 2023 -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|GLAAD|2023}} |url=https://glaad.org/transgenderism-definition-meaning-anti-lgbt-online-hate/ |title=Online Anti-LGBTQ Hate Terms Defined: "Transgenderism" |website=[[GLAAD]] |date=2 November 2023 |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212123554/https://glaad.org/transgenderism-definition-meaning-anti-lgbt-online-hate/ |url-status=live }}
*<!-- I --><!-- ICTLEP 1992 -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|ICTLEP|1992}} |year=1992 |title=First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992) |url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/19/1992-international-conference-on-transgender-law-and-employment-policy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330144938/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/19/1992-international-conference-on-transgender-law-and-employment-policy/ |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |work=organizational pamphlet |publisher=ICTLEP }}
*<!-- J -->{{cite report |last1=James |first1=Sandy E. |last2=Herman |first2=Jody L. |last3=Rankin |first3=Susan |author-link3=Sue Rankin |last4=Keisling |first4=Mara |author-link4=Mara Keisling |last5=Mottet |first5=Lisa |last6=Anafi |first6=Ma'ayan |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |title-link=National Center for Transgender Equality#U.S. Transgender Survey (2015) |year=2016 |publisher=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]] |___location=Washington, DC |chapter=De-Transitioning |chapter-url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184448/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115 |url-status=live }}
*<!-- P -->{{cite web |last=Peo |first=Roger E. |year=1984 |title=The 'Origins' and 'Cures' for Transgender Behavior |newspaper=The TV-TS Tapestry |issue=2 |url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/08/1984-transgender-community-modern-transgender-community/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407040646/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/08/1984-transgender-community-modern-transgender-community/ |archive-date=7 April 2012 }}
* {{cite journal |year=1969 |last=Prince |first=Virginia |author-link=Virginia Prince |title=Change of Sex or Gender |journal=Transvestia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228075718/https://vault.library.uvic.ca/downloads/5815a03a-9de8-40bb-9d46-5118f36aa10d?locale=en |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url=https://vault.library.uvic.ca/downloads/5815a03a-9de8-40bb-9d46-5118f36aa10d?locale=en |volume=IX |issue=60 |publisher=Chevalier Publications |page=65 }}
*<!-- R --><!-- Retro Report -->{{cite web |last1=Retro Report |date=15 June 2015 |title=Transforming History |url=http://www.retroreport.org/video/transforming-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710160835/http://www.retroreport.org/video/transforming-history/ |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=Retro Report }}
*<!-- T --><!-- Trevor Project -->{{Cite web |last=Trevor Project |author-link=Trevor Project |title=Guiding Principles |work=The Trevor Project |url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/strategic-plan/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514191143/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/strategic-plan/ |url-status=live }}
*<!-- U --><!-- UCSF n.d. -->{{cite web |ref={{harvid|UCSF|n.d.}} |url=https://prevention.ucsf.edu/transhealth/education/data-recs-summary |title=Counting Trans Populations |website=Division of Prevention Science |publisher=[[University of California, San Francisco]] |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105623/https://prevention.ucsf.edu/transhealth/education/data-recs-summary |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Haimson |first=Oliver L. |year=2025 |title=Trans Technologies |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262382571 |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5913/Trans-Technologies}}
* {{cite news |last=Sellers |first=Mitchell D. |year=2011 |title=Discrimination and the Transgender Population: A Description of Local Government Policies that Protect Gender Identity or Expression |series=Applied Research Projects |publisher=[[Texas State University-San Marcos]] |url=http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/360 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311062923/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/360/ |archive-date=11 March 2012}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Thanem |first1=Torkild |last2=Wallenberg |first2=Louise |year=2016 |title=Just doing gender? Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work |doi=10.1177/1350508414547559 |journal=Organization |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=250–271 |s2cid=144150015 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101903}}
* [[Z Paige Lerario|Lerario, Z Paige]], "Voice Training for Transgender People: Speech therapy and language strategies can help save lives", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 328, no. 1 (January 2023), p.&nbsp;55. "Voice training is less costly and invasive than a throat operation... Through sessions with a licensed speech-language pathologist, transgender people learn to control pitch, resonance, word choice and other vocal behaviors.... Such training can improve quality of life, reduce voice-related disability and boost self-confidence."
 
{{Transgender topics}}
{{Sexual identities}}
{{LGBTQ|main=expanded}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Transgender topics| ]]
[[Category:LGBTQ studies]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]