Hagryphus: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}

{{Taxobox

{{Automatic taxobox

| color = pink

| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossilrange|75.95}}

| name = Hagryphus

| image = Hagryphus.jpg giganteus - Natural History Museum of Utah - DSC07248.JPG

| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton based on the related ''[[Anzu wyliei|Anzu]]'', [[Natural History Museum of Utah]]

| image_width = 260px

| taxon = Hagryphus

| image_caption = Illustration of an Hagryphus by Michael W. Skrepnick.

| authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005

| status = {{StatusFossil}}

| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''

| regnum = [[Animal]]ia

| type_species_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005

| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]

| classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]]

| superordo = [[Dinosauria]]

| ordo = [[Saurischia]]

| unranked_familia = [[Oviraptorosauria]]

| familia = [[Caenagnathidae]]

| genus = ''Hagryphus''

| binomial = ''Hagryphus giganteus''

| binomial_authority = Zanno & Sampson, 2005

}}

'''''Hagryphus''''' ("[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]", from Egpytian ''Ha'', name of a god of the western desert and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''gryphus'' meaning 'griffin' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature); Zanno and Sampson, 2005) is an [[oviraptorosauria]]n [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] from the Upper [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] of what is now [[Utah]]. To date, only a single species is known, ''H. giganteus''. The [[holotype]] was discovered in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. [[Radiometric dating]] indicates that the beds where the specimen was found date to between 76 and 75 [[million years ago]]. Designated UMNH VP 12765, the type specimen resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[distal]] portion of the left radius. Both the semilunate and radiale are preserved.

[[Image: Hagryphus2.jpeg|thumb|left|Holotype of ''Hagryphus giganteus'']]

'''''Hagryphus''''' (meaning "[[Ha (mythology)|Ha]]'s [[griffin]]") is a [[monospecific]] [[genus]] of [[caenagnathidae|caenagnathid]] [[dinosaur]] from southern [[Utah]] that lived during the [[Late Cretaceous]] (upper [[Campanian]] stage, 75.95 Ma) in what is now the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] of the [[Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument]].<ref name=Zanno2005/> The type and only species, '''''Hagryphus giganteus''''', is known only from an incomplete but articulated left manus and the distal portion of the left radius.<ref name=Zanno2005/> It was named in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno|Lindsay E. Zanno]] and [[Scott D. Sampson]].<ref name=Zanno2005/> ''Hagryphus'' has an estimated length of 2.4–3 metres (8–10 feet) and weight of 50 kilograms (110 lbs).<ref name=Zanno2005/><ref name=Paul2010/>

Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Elmisaurus]] rarus'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''[[Chirostenotes]] pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered.

==Discovery==

[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive endentulous jaws and extensively pneumatized skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws may indicate a diet of eggs but these theropods likely fed on small [[vertebrate]]s as well. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information).

[[File:Hagryphus_giganteus_holotype_salt_lake_city.jpg|thumb|left|Holotype specimen on display at Natural History Museum of Utah, Salt Lake City.]]

To date, only a single species of ''Hagryphus'' has been named, in 2005 by [[Lindsay Zanno]] and [[Scott Sampson]], the [[type species]] ''Hagryphus giganteus''. The generic name is derived from Egyptian ''Ha'', the name of the god of the western desert and a Latinised [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] γρύψ (''gryps'') meaning '[[griffin]]' (a [[Greek mythology|mythological]] bird-like creature). The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "gigantic" in [[Latin]].<ref name=Zanno2005>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L. E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S. D. | year = 2005 | title = A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 897–904 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2}}</ref>

The [[holotype]] was discovered in 2002 by [[Michael Getty]] in the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] (Late [[Campanian]]) in the [[Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument]] of southern Utah. The find was scientifically reported in 2003.<ref name=Zanno2003>{{cite journal | last1 = Zanno | first1 = L.E. | last2 = Sampson | first2 = S.D. | year = 2003 | title = A new caenagnathid specimen from the Kaiprowits Formation (Late Campanian) of Utah | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2003.10010538| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| page = 114A | s2cid = 220410105 }}</ref> [[Radiometric dating]] of rocks from slightly below the rock bed where the fossil was found indicates that the specimen died 75.95 [[million years ago]].<ref name=Talos>{{Cite journal|first1=Lindsay E. |last1=Zanno |first2=David J. |last2=Varricchio |first3=Patrick M. |last3=O'Connor |first4=Alan L. |last4=Titus |first5=Michael J. |last5=Knell |year=2011 |title=A new troodontid theropod, ''Talos sampsoni'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 6|pages=e24487 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024487 |pmid=21949721 |pmc=3176273 |issue=9|doi-access=free }}</ref> Designated UMNH VP 12765, the [[type specimen]] resides in the collections of the [[Utah Museum of Natural History]] in [[Salt Lake City]]. It consists of an incomplete but articulated left manus and the [[Anatomical terms of ___location#Proximal and distal|distal]] portion of the left radius. The hand lacks the second claw. In the wrist both the semilunate carpal bone and the radiale are preserved. Also some fragmentary foot elements, found at the hillside near the hand, have been catalogued under the same inventory number.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

== Size ==

As the species name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated to have been approximately 3 meters (10 ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976). ''H. giganteus'' is estimated to be 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''Chirostenotes''.

== References Description==

[[File:Hagryphus_Scale.svg|thumbnail|left|Size comparison of ''Hagryphus'']]

*[[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], R. 1976. [On a new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae fam. n.) of Mongolia]. Doklady Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R. 226:685-688.

As the specific name indicates, ''Hagryphus giganteus'' was a particularly large oviraptorosaur, estimated by the describers to have been approximately three meters (10&nbsp;ft) long, which makes it one of the largest members of the [[clade]] [[Oviraptorosauria]] ([[Rinchen Barsbold|Barsbold]], 1976), apart from the later described ''[[Gigantoraptor]]''. ''H. giganteus'' was estimated to have been 30-40% larger than the next largest known North American oviraptorosaur, ''[[Chirostenotes]]''. The hand of the holotype was about a foot long.<ref name=Zanno2005/> However, later estimates have been lower: [[Gregory S. Paul]] in 2010 gave a length of eight feet and a weight of fifty kilogrammes.<ref name=Paul2010>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 150</ref>

*Zanno, L. E. and Sampson, S. D. 2005. A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4):897-904, December 2005.

==Classification==

== External links ==

[[File:Hagryphus.jpg|thumb|right|Silhouette showing the known hand]]

*[http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/04/05/feathered.dinosaur.ap/index.html Article about ''Hagryphus giganteus''] — [[CNN]].

[[File:Hagryphus giganteus trunk detail salt lake city.jpg|thumb|right|Left hand of the reconstructed skeleton]]

*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"]

In 2003 Zanno & Sampson reported the new find as a member of the [[Caenagnathidae]].<ref name=Zanno2003/> However, in 2005 they limited the precision of the determination to a more general [[Oviraptorosauria]]. ''Hagryphus'' would then be the southernmost known oviraptorosaurian from the Americas.<ref name=Zanno2005/>

Other known [[species]] of [[North America]]n oviraptorosaurs include ''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', ''[[Microvenator]] celer'', and ''Chirostenotes pergracilis''. This group of dinosaurs is better known from the Cretaceous of [[Asia]], where forms such as ''[[Khaan]] mckennai'', ''[[Conchoraptor]] gracilis'' and ''[[Oviraptor]] philoceratops'' have been discovered.

[[Category:Cretaceous animals]]

[[Category:North American dinosaurs]]

[[Category:Cretaceous dinosaurs]]

[[Category:Oviraptorosaurs]]

[[Oviraptorosaur]]s are characterized by a shortened snout, massive edentulous jaws and extensively [[Skeletal pneumaticity|pneumatized]] skulls, often sporting elaborate crests, the function of which remains unknown. The toothless jaws have indicated to some a diet of eggs but these theropods more likely fed on plants or small [[vertebrate]]s. Evidence suggests that they were feathered and some [[Paleontology|paleontologists]] consider them to be true [[bird]]s (see the main article [[Oviraptorosauria]] for further information).

[[nl:Hagryphus]]

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Funston (2020) is reproduced below.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Funston|first=Gregory|date=2020-07-27|title=Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution|url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/29362|journal=Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology|language=en|volume=8|pages=105–153|doi=10.18435/vamp29362|issn=2292-1389|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade

|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Anomalipes zhaoi]]''

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''

|2='''''Hagryphus giganteus''''' }}

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Nomingia gobiensis]]''

|2={{clade

|label1=[[Caenagnathidae|Elmisaurinae]]

|1={{clade

|1=''[[Citipes elegans]]''

|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]'' }}

|label2=[[Caenagnathinae]]

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''

|2=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]'' }}

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Anzu wyliei]]''

|2=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]}}

[[File:Oviraptorosaur manus.png|thumb|right|Hand (F) of compared to those of other [[oviraptorosaurs]]]]

The results of an earlier analysis by Funston & Currie (2016) are reproduced below.<ref name=apatoraptor1>{{cite journal |author=Gregory F. Funston and Philip J. Currie |year=2016 |title=A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue= 4|pages=e1160910 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 |s2cid=131090028 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_new_caenagnathid_Dinosauria_Oviraptorosauria_from_the_Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation_of_Alberta_Canada_and_a_reevaluation_of_the_relationships_of_Caenagnathidae/3172573 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%

|label1=[[Caenagnathidae]]

|1={{clade

|1=''[[Microvenator celer]]''

|label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span>

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Gigantoraptor erlianensis]]''

|label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span>

|2={{clade

|1='''''Hagryphus giganteus'''''

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=''[[Epichirostenotes curriei]]''

|2=''[[Anzu wyliei]]'' }}

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Caenagnathus collinsi]]''

|label2=[[Elmisaurinae]]

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Caenagnathasia martinsoni]]''

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Chirostenotes pergracilis]]''

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Leptorhynchos elegans]]''

|2={{clade

|1=''[[Apatoraptor pennatus]]''

|2=''[[Elmisaurus rarus]]''

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleoenvironment==

[[File:Teratophoneus chasing Parasaurolophus.jpg|thumb|right|''Hagryphus'' (left foreground) and other [[dinosaurs]] of the [[Kaiparowits Formation]] ]]

The only known specimen of ''Hagryphus'' was recovered at the [[Kaiparowits Formation]], in southern Utah. [[Argon-argon dating|Argon-argon radiometric dating]] indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Res 26: 307–318.</ref><ref>Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap (Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp.</ref> During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the [[Western Interior Seaway]], a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, [[Laramidia]] to the west and [[Appalachia]] to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland [[peat]] swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.<ref>Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp.</ref> This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Presidential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|access-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archive-date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

''Hagryphus'' shared its [[natural environment|paleoenvironment]] with [[theropod]]s such as [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]]s, the [[troodontidae|troodontid]] ''[[Talos sampsoni]]'', [[ornithomimids]] like ''[[Ornithomimus|Ornithomimus velox]]'', [[tyrannosaurids]] like ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Teratophoneus]]'', [[ankylosauria|armored ankylosaurids]], the [[hadrosaurid|duckbilled hadrosaurs]] ''[[Parasaurolophus|Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus]]'' and ''[[Gryposaurus|Gryposaurus monumentensis]]'', and the [[ceratopsians]] ''[[Utahceratops|Utahceratops gettyi]]'', ''[[Nasutoceratops titusi]]'' and ''[[Kosmoceratops|Kosmoceratops richardsoni]]''.<ref name=ZS05>{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included [[chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] (sharks and rays), [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[crocodilia]]ns. A variety of early [[mammal]]s were present including [[multituberculate]]s, [[metatheria]]ns, and [[eutheria]]ns.<ref name=ECHKP99>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |author2=Cifelli, Richard L. |author3=Hutchinson, J. Howard |author4=Kirkland, James I. |author5= Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete, David D.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |___location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=1-55791-634-9 }}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}

* [[Timeline of oviraptorosaur research]]

==Notes==

{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite journal| last=Barsbold | first=Rinchen | author-link=Rinchen Barsbold | year=1976 | title=[A new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae n. fam.) in Mongolia] | journal=[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]] | volume=226 | issue=3 | pages=685–688}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}

*[http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 University of Utah press release, "Giant Raptor Dinosaur Discovered in Utah Monument"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612002934/http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=040306-2 |date=2007-06-12 }}

{{Oviraptorosauria}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q137257}}

[[Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America]]

[[Category:Caenagnathidae]]

[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2005]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Scott D. Sampson]]

[[Category:Paleontology in Utah]]

[[Category:Kaiparowits Formation]]

[[Category:Campanian genus first appearances]]

[[Category:Campanian genus extinctions]]