Content deleted Content added
Stevertigo (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
m →Control by the Islamic State (2014–2016): HTTP to HTTPS for The Christian Science Monitor |
||
Line 1:
{{About|the Iraqi city|the Iraqi district|Fallujah District|the depopulated Palestinian village|Al-Faluja|the American tech-death band|Fallujah (band)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
<!-- Infobox ends -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
<!-- Infobox begins -->
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fallujah
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|ٱلْفَلُّوجَة}}|rtl=yes}}}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of largest cities of Iraq|City]]
| motto =
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 280
|image_style = border:1;
|perrow = 1/2/1
|image1 = Fallujah Barrage USACE NWD.jpg
|image2 = الفلوجة.jpg
|image3 = Fallujah.JPEG
|image4 = US Navy 041213-N-4614W-036 Smoke rises from sporadic fighting between U.S. Marines and insurgents inside the city of Fallujah, Iraq.jpg
}}
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Fallujah Barrage, View along a mosque, road alongside a mosque and Bridges on the [[Euphrates River]] in Fallujah
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Iraq
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Iraq
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Iraq|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Al Anbar Governorate|Al Anbar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Iraq|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fallujah District]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Issa Saer al-Assawi
| leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| established_title = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date =
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3 =
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +03:00
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|33|21|13|N|43|46|46|E|region:IQ|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
| elevation_m = 43
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 31002
| area_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
| population_est = 250,884
| pop_est_as_of = 2018
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="citypop">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates & Cities}}</ref>
}}
'''Fallujah'''{{efn|Also '''Falluja''', '''Fallouja''', or '''Falowja'''.}} ({{langx|ar|ٱلْفَلُّوجَة}} {{Transliteration|ar|al-Fallūjah}} {{IPA|ar|el.fɐl.ˈluː.dʒɐ|}}) is a city in [[Al Anbar Governorate]], [[Iraq]]. Situated on the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]], it is located roughly {{convert|69|km|mi|sp=}} to the west of the capital city of [[Baghdad]] and {{Convert|50|km|mi}} from the neighboring city of [[Ramadi]]. The city is located in the region defined as [[Sunni Triangle]] by the [[United States]], as the majority of its residents are [[Sunni Islam in Iraq|Sunni Arabs]]. In 1947, Fallujah was a small town with a relatively small population but had grown to a population of about 250,900 people by 2018.
Following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], which triggered the [[Iraq War]], the city became a major centre of resistance during [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|insurgency]]. The [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[Iraqi Interim Government]] twice engaged in fierce urban combat with insurgents throughout the city; the [[First Battle of Fallujah|first battle of Fallujah]] failed to dislodge the insurgents, triggering the [[Second Battle of Fallujah|second battle]], in which the coalition forces successfully took control of the city. However, heavy fighting from these two battles left the city severely damaged, though it remained [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupied by the coalition until 2011]]. In January 2014, three years after the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)|American withdrawal from Iraq]], Fallujah was captured by the [[Islamic State]] (IS) and suffered a major population decline. On 23 May 2016, the government announced the beginning of a large-scale military offensive against the IS militants occupying the city, resulting in the [[Third Battle of Fallujah]].<ref name="nytimes-falluja-iraqi-forces">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/world/middleeast/iraq-falluja-isis.html | title=Iraqi Forces Try to Retake Falluja From ISIS | work=The New York Times | date=23 May 2016 | access-date=24 May 2016 | author1=Hassan, Falih | author2=Arango, Tim | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523091107/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/world/middleeast/iraq-falluja-isis.html | archive-date=23 May 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 26 June 2016, the [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] stated that Fallujah had been fully liberated and was free from militant control.<ref name="liberated" /><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news |date=4 January 2014 |title=Iraq government loses control of Fallujah: PM Maliki vows "terrorists" will be eliminated after Islamic State of Iraq and Levant takes over town in Anbar province |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/iraq-government-loses-control-fallujah-20141414625597514.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031653/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/iraq-government-loses-control-fallujah-20141414625597514.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Within Iraq, it is known as the "[[List of mosques in Iraq|city of mosques]]" due to the 200+ mosques that can be found throughout the city as well as in the surrounding villages.
==History==
The region has been inhabited for many millennia. There is evidence that the area surrounding Fallujah was inhabited in [[Babylonia]]n times. The current name of the city is thought to come from its [[Syriac language|Syriac]] name, '''Pallgutha''', which is derived from the word ''division'' or "canal regulator" since it was the ___location where the water of the Euphrates River divided into a canal. Classical authors cited the name as "Pallacottas". The name in [[Aramaic]] is [[Pumbedita]].<ref name=Yarshater>{{Citation
| last = Yarshater
| first = Ehsan
|author2=Harold Walter Bailey
|author3=Ilya Gershevitch
| title = The Cambridge History of Iran
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1983
| pages = 70
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=RA1-PA69
| isbn = 978-0-521-20092-9 }}
</ref>
===Early history and middle ages===
{{main|Anbar (town)|Nehardea}}
The region of Fallujah lies near the ancient [[Sassanid]] Persian town of ''[[Anbar (town)|Anbar]]'', in the Sassanid province of [[Asōristān]]. The word ''anbar'' is [[Persian language|Persian]] and means "warehouse". It was known as '''Firuz Shapur''' or '''Perisapora''' during the [[Sassanian]] Era. There are extensive ruins {{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} north of Fallujah which are identified with the town of Anbar. Anbar was located at the confluence of the Euphrates River with the King's Canal, today the Saqlawiyah Canal, known in early Islamic times as the [[Nahr Isa]] and in ancient times as the Nahr Malka. Subsequent shifts in the Euphrates River channel have caused it to follow the course of the ancient Pallacottas canal. The town at this site in Jewish sources was known as [[Nehardea]] and was the primary center of [[History of the Jews in Iraq#Babylonia as the center of Judaism|Babylonian Jewry]] until its destruction by the [[Palmyra]]n ruler [[Odenathus]] in 259. The Medieval Jewish traveller [[Benjamin of Tudela]] in 1164 visited "el-Anbar which is [[Pumbeditha]] in [[Nehardea]]" and said it had 3,000 Jews living there.<ref name=Yarshater /><ref>{{Citation|last=Adler |first=Marcus Nathan |author-link=Benjamin of Tudela |title=The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, critical text, translation, and commentary |publisher=Phillip Feldheim Inc. |year=1907 |___location=New York City |pages=Chap. 34 p. 53 |url=http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/history/seminar/benjamin/benjamin1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224080505/http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/history/seminar/benjamin/benjamin1.htm |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref>
The region played host for several centuries to one of the most important [[Jew]]ish academies, the [[Pumbedita Academy]] in the city of [[Pumbedita]], which from 258 to 1038 along with [[Sura Academy|Sura]] ([[ar-Hira]]) was one of the two most important centers of Jewish learning worldwide.<ref>{{Citation
|last = Bacher
|first = Wilhelm
|author-link = Wilhelm Bacher
|title = Academies in Babylonia
|encyclopedia = [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]
|pages = 145–147
|publisher = [[Funk & Wagnalls]]
|___location = New York
|year = 1906
|url = http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=710&letter=A
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|lccn = 16014703
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081027035855/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=710&letter=A
|archive-date = 27 October 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>[[File:Fallujah 1914.jpg|thumb|Fallujah's [[Caravanserai]], ca. 1914|left|242x242px]]Under the [[Ottoman Empire]], Fallujah was a minor stop on one of the country's main roads across the desert west from [[Baghdad]].
===Modern era: 1900–2003===
In the spring of 1920, the British, who had gained control of Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, sent Lieut.-Colonel [[Gerard Leachman]], a renowned explorer and a senior colonial officer, to meet with local leader Shaykh Dhari, perhaps to forgive a loan given to the sheikh.<ref name=":0" /> Exactly what happened depends on the source, but according to the Arab version, Gerard Leachman was betrayed by the sheikh who had his two sons shoot him in the legs, then behead him by the sword.<ref name=":0">{{Citation
|last = Anderson
|first = Jon Lee
|author-link = Jon Lee Anderson
|title = Invasions: Nervous Iraqis remember earlier conflicts
|magazine = [[The New Yorker]]
|date = 24 March 2003
|url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/24/030324fa_fact?currentPage=all
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080624023644/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/24/030324fa_fact?currentPage=all
|archive-date = 24 June 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
During the brief [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] of 1941, the Iraqi Army was defeated by the British in a battle near Fallujah. In 1947 the town had only about 10,000 inhabitants. It grew rapidly into a city after Iraqi independence with the influx of [[petroleum|oil]] wealth into the country. Its position on one of the main roads out of Baghdad made it of central importance.
Under [[Saddam Hussein]], who ruled Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Fallujah came to be an important area of support for the regime, along with the rest of the region labeled by the US military as the "[[Sunni Triangle]]".<ref name=":1" /> Many residents of the primarily [[Sunni]] city were employees and supporters of Saddam's government, and many senior [[Ba'ath Party]] officials were natives of the city.<ref name=":1" /> Fallujah was heavily industrialised during the Saddam era, with the construction of several large factories, including one closed down by [[United Nations Special Commission]] (UNSCOM) in the 1990s that may have been used to create [[chemical weapons]]. A new highway system as a part of Saddam's infrastructure initiatives circumvented Fallujah and gradually caused the city to decline in national importance by the time of the Iraq War.<ref name=":1">{{Citation
|last = Pike
|first = John
|author-link = John E. Pike
|title = Fallujah
|publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
|date = 4 October 2006
|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/fallujah.htm
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041031002157/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/fallujah.htm
|archive-date = 31 October 2004
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
During the [[Gulf War]], [[Coalition of the Gulf War|Coalition]] warplanes repeatedly attacked a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an [[Iraqi Armed Forces|Iraqi military]] supply line. On 14 February 1991, a [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) fighter jet fired two [[Laser-guided bomb|laser-guided missiles]] which were aimed at the bridge but malfunctioned and instead struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 non-combatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, [[Group captain|Group Captain]] David Henderson, issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error. Coalition warplanes subsequently launched another attack on the bridge, with one missile hitting its target while two others fell into the river and a fourth struck another marketplace in Fallujah, due to its laser guidance system once again malfunctioning.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Sherry|last=Virginia|title=Needless Deaths in the Gulf War: Civilian Casualties During the Air Campaign and Violations of the Laws of War|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-3000-5599-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=A. P. V.|last=Rogers|title=Law on the Battlefield|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7190-6136-3}}</ref>
=== Iraq War (2003–2011) ===
{{main|Fallujah during the Iraq War}}
[[File:BrooklynBridgeFallujah.JPG|thumb|Fallujah as seen from the west, April 2004]]
Fallujah was one of the least affected areas of Iraq immediately after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 invasion by the US-led Coalition]]. Iraqi Army units stationed in the area abandoned their positions and disappeared into the local population, leaving unsecured military equipment behind. Fallujah was also the site of a Ba'athist resort facility called "[[Dreamland, Iraq|Dreamland]]", located a few kilometers outside the city proper. The damage the city had avoided during the initial invasion was negated by damage from looters, who took advantage of the collapse of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s government. The looters targeted former government sites, the Dreamland compound, and the nearby military bases. Aggravating this situation was the proximity of Fallujah to the infamous [[Abu Ghraib prison]], from which Saddam, in one of his last acts, had released all prisoners.
When the US Army entered the town in April 2003, they positioned themselves at the vacated Ba'ath Party headquarters. A Fallujah Protection Force composed of local Iraqis was set up by the US-led occupants to help fight the rising resistance. On the evening of 28 April 2003, a crowd of about two hundred people defied a curfew imposed by the Americans and gathered outside a secondary school used as a military HQ to demand its reopening. Soldiers from the [[82nd Airborne Division|82nd Airborne]] stationed on the roof of the building fired on the crowd, [[Fallujah killings of April 2003|killing 17 civilians and wounding over 70]].<ref>{{citation
|last1 = Bouckaert
|first1 = Peter
|last2 = Abrahams
|first2 = Fred
|title = Violent Response: The U.S. Army in al-Falluja
|publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]]
|place = New York
|date = 16 June 2003
|url = https://www.hrw.org/en/node/12318/section/4
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090216205128/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/12318/section/4
|archive-date = 16 February 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> American forces claim they were responding to gunfire from the crowd, while Iraqi witnesses deny this version. [[Human Rights Watch]] also disputed the American claims and said that the evidence suggested the US troops fired indiscriminately and used disproportionate force.<ref name="hrw">{{cite report |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2003/06/16/iraq-us-should-investigate-al-falluja|title=Iraq: U.S. Should Investigate al-Falluja|date=17 June 2003|access-date=8 January 2014|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105558/http://www.hrw.org/news/2003/06/16/iraq-us-should-investigate-al-falluja|archive-date=24 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 31 March 2004, [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgents]] in Fallujah [[31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush|ambushed a convoy]] containing four American [[private military contractor]]s from [[Blackwater USA]], who were conducting delivery for food caterers [[Eurest Support Services|ESS]].<ref>{{citation
|title = The High-Risk Contracting Business
|series = [[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|FRONTLINE]]
|publisher = [[WGBH-TV]]
|date = 21 June 2005
|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/warriors/contractors/highrisk.html
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161229030637/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/warriors/contractors/highrisk.html
|archive-date = 29 December 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> The four, armed contractors, [[Scott Helvenston]], Jerry (Jerko) Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were dragged from their cars, beaten, and set on fire. Their charred corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung from a bridge spanning the [[Euphrates River]].<ref>{{Citation
|first = Robert
|last = Fisk
|author-link = Robert Fisk
|title = Atrocity in Fallujah
|date = 1 April 2004
|place = London
|newspaper = [[The Independent]]
|url = http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article5974.htm
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081127040039/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article5974.htm
|archive-date = 27 November 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="Chandrasekaran">{{Citation
| last = Chandrasekaran
| first = Rajiv
| author-link = Rajiv Chandrasekaran
| title = Imperial Life in the Emerald City
| place = London
| publisher = [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury Publishing PLC]]
| date = 10 March 2007
| page = 305
| isbn = 978-0-7475-9168-9}}
</ref> This bridge is unofficially referred to as "Blackwater Bridge" by [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|Coalition Forces]] operating there.<ref>{{Citation
|last = Tyson
|first = Ann Scott
|title = Private Security Workers Living on Edge in Iraq
|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
|page = A01
|date = 23 April 2005
|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10547-2005Apr22.html
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123036/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10547-2005Apr22.html
|archive-date = 9 May 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> Photographs of the event were released to [[news agency|news agencies]] worldwide, causing outrage in the United States, and prompting the announcement of a campaign to reestablish American control over the city.<ref name="Chandrasekaran" />[[File:Fallujah 2004.JPG|thumb|alt=refer|The aftermath of an air strike during the [[Second Battle of Fallujah]]|left]]
[[File:US Navy 041114-M-8205V-005 Iraqi Special Forces Soldiers assigned to the 1st Marines, patrol south clearing every house on their way through Fallujah, Iraq, during Operation Al Fajr (New Dawn).jpg|thumb|A city street in Fallujah heavily damaged by the fighting, November 2004|left]]
This led to an abortive US operation to recapture control of the city in [[Operation Vigilant Resolve]], and a successful recapture operation in the city in November 2004, called [[Operation Phantom Fury]] in English and [[Operation Al Fajr]] in Arabic. Operation Phantom Fury resulted in the death of over 1,350 insurgent fighters. Approximately 95 American troops were killed, and 560 wounded. After the successful recapture of the city, U.S. forces discovered a room in which they claimed to find evidence of a beheading, and bomb-making factories, which were shown to the media as evidence of Fallujah's important role in the insurgency against U.S. forces. They also found two hostages—an Iraqi and a Syrian. The Syrian was the driver for two French journalists, Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, who had been missing since August 2004. The Iraqi's captors were Syrian; he thought he was in Syria until found by the Marines.<ref>{{Citation
|last = Harris
|first = Edward
|title = 'Beheading rooms' found
|publisher = [[Taipei Times]]
|page = 7
|date = 14 November 2004
|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/11/16/2003211299
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120928195615/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/11/16/2003211299
|archive-date = 28 September 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> Chesnot and Malbrunot were released by their captors, the [[Islamic Army in Iraq]], on 21 December 2004.<ref>{{Citation
|title = French hostages Georges Malbrunot and Christian Chesnot released
|publisher = [[Reporters Without Borders]]
|date = 22 December 2004
|url = http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=12147
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030171823/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=12147
|archive-date = 30 October 2007
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
The U.S. military first denied that it has used [[White phosphorus (weapon)|white phosphorus]] as an anti-personnel weapon in Fallujah, but later retracted that denial, and admitted to using the incendiary in the city as an offensive weapon.<ref name=":2">{{Citation
|title = US used white phosphorus in Iraq
|work = [[BBC News]]
|date = 16 November 2005
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4440664.stm
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081223230929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4440664.stm
|archive-date = 23 December 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> According to [[George Monbiot]], reports following the events of November 2004 have alleged [[war crimes]], human rights abuses, and a massacre by U.S. personnel.<ref name=":3">George Monbiot, [https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,3604,1647716,00.html "Behind the phosphorus clouds are war crimes within war crimes"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 22 November 2005</ref><ref name=":4" /> This point of view is presented in the 2005 documentary film, ''[[Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre]]''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> On 17 May 2011, AFP reported that twenty-one bodies, in black [[body-bag]]s marked with letters and numbers in [[Latin script]] had been recovered from a mass grave in al-Maadhidi cemetery in the center of the city.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Fallujah police chief Brigadier General Mahmud al-Essawi said that they had been blindfolded, their legs had been tied and they had suffered gunshot wounds.<ref name=":4" /> The Mayor, Adnan Husseini said that the manner of their killing, as well as the body bags, indicated that US forces had been responsible.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Both al-Essawi and Husseini agreed that the dead had been killed in 2004.<ref name=":4" /> The US military declined to comment.<ref name=":4">{{Citation
| title = '21 bodies found in Iraq mass grave
| publisher = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]
| date = 17 May 2011
| url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giPBJ5NN3rMkTWZmapBREDPRYB8w?docId=CNG.2797b7dff287e16a1e77be966d636bc3.dc1
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130124195813/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giPBJ5NN3rMkTWZmapBREDPRYB8w?docId=CNG.2797b7dff287e16a1e77be966d636bc3.dc1
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 24 January 2013
| access-date = 19 June 2011}}
</ref>
Residents were allowed to return to the city in mid-December 2004 after undergoing [[biometric]] identification, provided they wear their ID cards all the time. US officials report that "more than half of Fallujah's 39,000 homes were damaged during [[Operation Phantom Fury]], and about ten thousand of those were destroyed" while compensation amounts to twenty percent of the value of damaged houses, with an estimated 32,000 homeowners eligible, according to Marine Lt Col William Brown.<ref>{{Citation
|last = Tyson
|first = Ann Scott
|title = Increased Security in Fallujah Slows Efforts to Rebuild
|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
|page = A15
|date = 19 April 2005
|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64292-2005Apr18.html
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110720124729/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64292-2005Apr18.html
|archive-date = 20 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> According to NBC, 9,000 homes were destroyed, thousands more were damaged and of the 32,000 compensation claims only 2,500 have been paid as of 14 April 2005.<ref>{{Citation
|last = Miklaszewski
|first = Jim
|author-link = Jim Miklaszewski
|title = Still locked down, Fallujah slow to rebuild
|work = [[NBC News]]
|date = 14 April 2005
|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7503610
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130617233541/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7503610
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 17 June 2013
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
According to Mike Marqusee of ''Iraq Occupation Focus'' writing in the ''[[Guardian (newspaper)|Guardian]]'', "Fallujah's compensation commissioner has reported that 36,000 of the city's 50,000 homes were destroyed, along with 60 schools and 65 mosques and shrines".<ref>{{Citation
|last = Marqusee
|first = Mike
|author-link = Mike Marqusee
|title = A name that lives in infamy
|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]
|page = 32
|date = 10 November 2005
|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/10/usa.iraq
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130829200239/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/10/usa.iraq
|archive-date = 29 August 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> Reconstruction mainly consists of clearing rubble from heavily damaged areas and reestablishing basic utility services. 10% of the pre-offensive inhabitants had returned as of mid-January 2005, and 30% as of the end of March 2005.<ref>{{Citation
|last=Raffaele
|first=Robert
|title=Fallujah Four Months Later
|publisher=[[Voice of America|VOA News]]
|date=31 March 2005
|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-03-31-voa6.cfm
|access-date=21 February 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418094059/http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-03-31-voa6.cfm
|archive-date=18 April 2005
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> In 2006, some reports say two-thirds have now returned and only 15 percent remain displaced on the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{Citation
|title = IRAQ: Fallujah situation improving slowly
|publisher = [[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]
|date = 21 March 2006
|url = http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26215
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090111235359/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26215
|archive-date = 11 January 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
Pre-offensive inhabitant figures are unreliable; the nominal population was assumed to have been 250,000–350,000. Thus, over 150,000 individuals are still living as [[internally displaced person|IDP]]s in tent cities or with relatives outside Fallujah or elsewhere in Iraq. Current{{when|date=January 2022|reason=The figure could have been put here at any time, no citation}} estimates by the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Coalition Forces put the city's population at over 350,000, possibly closing in on half a million. In the aftermath of the offensive, relative calm was restored to Fallujah although almost-daily attacks against coalition forces resumed in 2005 as the population slowly trickled back into the city. From 2005–06, elements of the New Iraqi Army's 2nd and 4th brigades, 1st Division, occupied the city while the Marines maintained a small complex consisting of a security element from [[8th Marine Regiment (United States)|RCT8]] and a [[Civil-military operations center|CMOC]] at the city hall. The Iraqi units were aided by [[Military Transition Team]]s. Most Marine elements stayed outside of the city limits.
In December 2006, enough control had been exerted over the city to transfer operational control of the city from American forces to the 1st Iraqi Army Division.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> During the same month, the Fallujah Police Forces began major offensive operations under their new chief.<ref name=":6" /> Coalition Forces, as of May 2007, are operating in direct support of the Iraqi Security Forces in the city.<ref name=":6" /> The city is one of Anbar province's centers of gravity in a newfound optimism among American and Iraqi leadership about the state of the counterinsurgency in the region.<ref name=":6">{{Citation
|last = Kagan
|first = Frederick W.
|author-link = Frederick Kagan
|title = Plan B? Let's Give Plan A Some Time First
|newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
|date = 6 May 2007
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/opinion/06kagan.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616090301/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/opinion/06kagan.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
|archive-date = 16 June 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation
|last = Semple
|first = Kirk
|title = Uneasy Alliance Is Taming One Insurgent Bastion
|newspaper =[[The New York Times]]
|date = 29 April 2007
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/world/middleeast/29ramadi.html?pagewanted=all
|access-date = 21 February 2009
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140623041232/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/world/middleeast/29ramadi.html?pagewanted=all
|archive-date = 23 June 2014
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> In June 2007, [[Regimental Combat Team 6]] began [[Operation Alljah]], a security plan modeled on a successful operation in [[Ramadi]].<ref name=":6" /> After segmenting districts of the city, Iraqi Police and Coalition Forces established police district headquarters in order to further localize the law enforcement capabilities of the Iraqi Police.<ref name=":6" /> A similar program had met with success in the city of Ramadi in late 2006 and early 2007 (See [[Battle of Ramadi (2006)|Battle of Ramadi]]).<ref name=":6" /> Though the war and occupation ended in 2011, the insurgency continued.
=== Control by the Islamic State (2014–2016) ===
{{Main|Anbar clashes (2013–14)|Battle of Fallujah (2014)|Anbar campaign (2015–16)|Siege of Fallujah (2016)}}{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 250
<!--image 1-->| image1 = Mosque in Fallujah.jpg
| width1 = <!-- displayed width of image; overridden by "width" above -->
| caption1 = January 2008
<!--image 2-->| image2 = Retaking Fallujah from ISIS by Iraqi Armed Forces and patriot militias (7).jpg
| width2 = <!-- displayed width of image; overridden by "width" above -->
| caption2 = June 2016
}}
In January 2014, a variety of sources reported that the city was controlled by [[al-Qaeda]] and/or the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIS; sometimes called ISIL).<ref name="Al Jazeera" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/04/al-qaeda-iraq-fallujah-ramadi/4317125/ |title=Al-Qaeda militants in Iraq seize much of Fallujah: The fighting is the worst violence since U.S. forces left Iraq at the end of 2011 |first=Jim |last=Michaels |work=[[USA Today]] |date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619025819/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/04/al-qaeda-iraq-fallujah-ramadi/4317125/ |archive-date=19 June 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25605459 |title=Iraq conflict: Sunni fighters 'control all of Fallujah' |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=Al-Qaeda-linked militants now control the south of the city, a security source told the BBC. An Iraqi reporter there says tribesmen allied with al-Qaeda hold the rest of Fallujah. |date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107055456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25605459 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> On a broadcast of [[National Public Radio]]'s ''[[All Things Considered]]'', Middle East analyst [[Kirk Sowell]] stated that while ISIS was occupying parts of the city, most of the ground lost was to the tribal militias who are opposed to both the [[Iraqi government]] and al-Qaeda.<ref name="uoooqva">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/01/04/259674015/no-one-controls-fallujah-which-u-s-soldiers-fought-to-free |title='No One Controls Fallujah,' Which U.S. Soldiers Fought To Free |first=Mike |last=Memmont |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104222818/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/01/04/259674015/no-one-controls-fallujah-which-u-s-soldiers-fought-to-free |archive-date=4 January 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fallujah outside Iraq government control: security official|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=4 January 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703055732/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8|archive-date=3 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> More than 100 people were killed as Iraqi police and tribesmen battled militants who took over parts of two cities on Anbar province.<ref>{{cite news|title=More than 100 die as Iraq battles Al-Qaeda|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243086-more-than-100-die-as-iraq-battles-al-qaeda.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=4 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025070231/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243086-more-than-100-die-as-iraq-battles-al-qaeda.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8|archive-date=25 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On the same day, the [[Iraqi Army]] shelled the city of Fallujah with mortars to try to wrest back control from Sunni Muslim militants and tribesmen, killing at least eight people, tribal leaders and officials said. Medical sources in Fallujah said another 30 people were wounded in shelling by the army.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iraq army shells Falluja to dislodge Qaeda, tribes|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=4 January 2014|access-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212909/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx#axzz2oNa3sbT8|archive-date=4 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Despite various reports stating that ISIS was behind the unrest, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' journalist Dan Murphy disputed this allegation and claimed that while ISIS fighters have maintained a presence in the city, various tribal militias who sympathized with the ideas of nationalism and were opposed to both the Iraqi government and the ISIS controlled the largest share of area in Fallujah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0109/What-s-really-going-on-in-Iraq-s-Anbar-Province-video|title=What's really going on in Iraq's Anbar Province?|author=Dan Murphy|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=9 January 2013|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110010617/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0109/What-s-really-going-on-in-Iraq-s-Anbar-Province-video |archive-date=10 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A report from Al Arabiya also backed this claim and alleged that the relationship between the tribesmen and the ISIS militants was only logistical.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2014/01/14/Iraq-s-Anbar-is-religion-trumping-tribe-.html|title=Iraq's Anbar: is religion trumping tribe?|author=Theodore Karasik|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=14 January 2014|access-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116070126/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2014/01/14/Iraq-s-Anbar-is-religion-trumping-tribe-.html|archive-date=16 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 14 January, various tribal chieftains in the province acknowledged "revolutionary tribesmen" were behind the uprising in Fallujah and other parts of Anbar and announced they would support them unless Maliki agreed to cease the ongoing military crackdowns on tribesmen.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140116085020/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=126893 Anbar tribesmen voice opposition to Iraqi PM Maliki]}} World Bulletin.com, 14 January 2014</ref>
Speaking on condition of anonymity at the end of May 2014, an [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar]]-based Iraqi government security officer told [[Human Rights Watch]] that ISIS controlled several neighborhoods of southeast Fallujah as well as several northern and southern satellite communities, while local militias loyal to the [[Anbar Military Council]] controlled the central and northern neighborhoods of the city; however, Human Rights Watch stated that they could not confirm these claims.<ref name=HRW2014>{{cite web|title=Iraq: Government Attacking Fallujah Hospital: Barrel Bombs Hit Residential Areas|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/27/iraq-government-attacking-fallujah-hospital|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=11 June 2014|date=27 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531022746/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/27/iraq-government-attacking-fallujah-hospital|archive-date=31 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Despite the discussion over which groups initially controlled the city, Fallujah was mostly referred to as under ISIL/ISIS control during the occupation.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/26/483592464/iraqi-forces-claim-victory-over-isis-in-fallujah Iraqi Forces Claim Victory Over ISIS In Fallujah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118113135/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/26/483592464/iraqi-forces-claim-victory-over-isis-in-fallujah |date=18 November 2016}}, npr.org, 26 June 2016</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/26/middleeast/falluja-liberated-isis/ Iraqi general: 'The battle for Falluja is over'], cnn.com</ref>
[[File:The consequence of liberation of Fallujah from ISIL.jpg|thumb|Liberation of Fallujah by Iraqi Armed Forces, 28 June 2016|left]]After beginning a [[Anbar campaign (2015–16)|campaign to liberate Anbar Governorate from ISIL]] in July 2015, in February 2016, the Iraqi army and its allies started to encircle the city in the [[Siege of Fallujah (2016)|Siege of Fallujah]]. On 22 May 2016, ''Operation Breaking Terrorism'' was launched to recapture Fallujah,<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-claims-advances-in-jihadist-held-fallujah/2016/05/23/45b266c6-20e6-11e6-b944-52f7b1793dae_story.html Iraqi military claims advances in Islamic State-held Fallujah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524164534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-claims-advances-in-jihadist-held-fallujah/2016/05/23/45b266c6-20e6-11e6-b944-52f7b1793dae_story.html |date=24 May 2016}}, ''The Washington Post''</ref> marking the beginning of the [[Battle of Fallujah (2016)|Battle of Fallujah]]. On 22 May 2016, the Iraqi Army notified the remaining Fallujah residents of its plans to retake the city, and that such residents should either evacuate, or if not possible, to minimally raise a [[white flag]] over their roofs. Over the next several days, the army [[Battle of Fallujah (2016)|made advances on the city]], capturing several surrounding villages on the outskirts on the town, killing a total of ~270 ISIL fighters, at least 35 members of Iraqi forces,<ref name="Rudaw English">{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/250520161|title=Iraqi, allied militias advance on Fallujah; new tactics squeeze ISIS|work=Rudaw English|access-date=21 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629034332/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/250520161|archive-date=29 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ~40 civilians,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/human-catastrophe-unfolds-as-iraqi-army-and-isis-clash-outside-fallujah_us_574d836de4b0dacf7ad55667?yptr=yahoo|title='Human Catastrophe' Unfolds As Iraqi Army And ISIS Clash Outside Fallujah|work=Huffington Post|access-date=21 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603151227/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/human-catastrophe-unfolds-as-iraqi-army-and-isis-clash-outside-fallujah_us_574d836de4b0dacf7ad55667?yptr=yahoo|archive-date=3 June 2016|df=dmy-all|date=31 May 2016}}</ref> and 1 [[Basij]] member, as of 1 June 2016.
On 30 May 2016, the military began to enter the city of Fallujah itself, but began to be stalled on 1 June, trying to attack ISIL members, but keeping the tens of thousands of civilians still trapped inside the city safe.<ref name="jaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/battle-fallujah-iraqi-troops-die-isil-attacks-160602040503487.html|title=Battle for Fallujah: Iraqi troops die in ISIL attacks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201020853/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/battle-fallujah-iraqi-troops-die-isil-attacks-160602040503487.html|archive-date=1 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, by 3 June they began to make further advances on the city, killing 62 more ISIL militants. On 26 June, the Iraqi army reported that it had fully liberated the city, while fighting was ongoing in some pockets northwest of Fallujah which remained under ISIL control.<ref name="liberated">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/iraq-claims-complete-control-over-fallujah-islamic-state-resistance-collapse/news-story/eb0c63789f33bb5479cb3b6a82343cd3 |title=Iraq claims complete control over Fallujah, Islamic State resistance collapse |publisher=News.com.au |date=26 June 2016 |access-date=27 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627140717/http://www.news.com.au/world/iraq-claims-complete-control-over-fallujah-islamic-state-resistance-collapse/news-story/eb0c63789f33bb5479cb3b6a82343cd3 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Geography==
Fallujah's western boundary is the Euphrates River. The Euphrates flows from the west (Ramadi), past Fallujah, and into the Baghdad area. When the river reaches the western edge of Fallujah, it turns north, then quickly south, forming what is commonly referred to as the 'peninsula' area. There are two bridges that cross the Euphrates at Fallujah.
The city's eastern boundary is [[Highway 1 (Iraq)|Highway 1]], a four-lane, divided superhighway that travels from Baghdad past Fallujah towards the west. After the sanctions imposed by the UN after the 1991 Gulf War, this highway became the main supply route for the country. Truckers and travelers from Saudi Arabia, Jordan and southern Syria all merge onto this highway prior to entering the Eastern Al Anbar province. The highway has a prominent 'cloverleaf' interchange with [[Highway 10 (Iraq)|Highway 10]] on the eastern edge of Fallujah. [[Highway 10 (Iraq)|Highway 10]], which also runs through Fallujah. It is a two-lane highway that turns into a four-lane highway once inside of Fallujah. The highway runs east-west from Baghdad through Fallujah then west towards Ramadi. A 'cloverleaf' on-ramp allows for traffic on/off Highway 1. The highway basically splits the city into two halves, north and south.
The northern boundary is a railroad line that runs east-west just along the northern edge of the city. The line sits atop a 10–15 ft high berm all along the northern edge of the city, except where it crosses Highway 1.
There are three major hospital locations in Fallujah. The main hospital (formerly Saddam General) is located downtown, near the west end. The second is located across the Euphrates River in an area of west Fallujah commonly referred to as the 'peninsula', (due to its shape). The third hospital is the Jordanian Field Hospital located east of the Highway 10/Highway 1 interchange.{{Weather box
| ___location = Fallujah
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan high C = 24.45
| Feb high C = 30.32
| Mar high C = 38.14
| Apr high C = 40.1
| May high C = 44.01
| Jun high C = 45.97
| Jul high C = 47.92
| Aug high C = 46.94
| Sep high C = 44.01
| Oct high C = 41.08
| Nov high C = 32.27
| Dec high C = 24.45
| Jan low C = 11.99
| Feb low C = 14.27
| Mar low C = 19.45
| Apr low C = 28.83
| May low C = 31.0
| Jun low C = 35.42
| Jul low C = 38.07
| Aug low C = 41.89
| Sep low C = 34.12
| Oct low C = 27.51
| Nov low C = 18.82
| Dec low C = 29.46
| Jan precipitation mm = 10.92
| Feb precipitation mm = 16.48
| Mar precipitation mm = 17.56
| Apr precipitation mm = 13.77
| May precipitation mm = 8.48
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.21
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.08
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.08
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.17
| Oct precipitation mm = 9.98
| Nov precipitation mm = 16.28
| Dec precipitation mm = 10.62
| year precipitation mm = 8.72
| Jan humidity = 44.67
| Feb humidity = 37.31
| Mar humidity = 29.21
| Apr humidity = 22.97
| May humidity = 18.29
| Jun humidity = 13.13
| Jul humidity = 11.91
| Aug humidity = 12.61
| Sep humidity = 15.1
| Oct humidity = 23.07
| Nov humidity = 36.54
| Dec humidity = 25.58
| source = climate-data.org<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weatherandclimate.com/iraq/anbar/al-fallujah |title=Fallujah Climate |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Climate data}}</ref>
| date = 16 January 2018
}}
==Health effects of the Iraq War==
In 2010, an academic study<ref>Chris Busby, Malak Hamdan and Entesar Ariabi (2010), "[http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/7/2828/pdf Cancer, Infant Mortality and Birth Sex-Ratio in Fallujah, Iraq 2005–2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715061645/http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/7/2828/pdf |date=15 July 2010 }}", ''Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health'', 2010, 7, 2828–2837; {{doi|10.3390/ijerph7072828|doi-access=free}}</ref> had shown "a four-fold increase in all cancers and a 12-fold increase in childhood cancer" since 2004.<ref name=Ind240710>[[Patrick Cockburn]], ''[[The Independent]]'', 24 July 2010, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html Toxic legacy of US assault on Fallujah 'worse than Hiroshima'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106195511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/toxic-legacy-of-us-assault-on-fallujah-worse-than-hiroshima-2034065.html |date=6 January 2012 }}</ref> In addition, the report said the types of cancer were "similar to that in the Hiroshima survivors who were exposed to ionising radiation from the bomb and uranium in the fallout", and an 18% fall in the male birth ratio (to 850 per 1,000 female births, compared to the usual 1,050) was similar to that seen after the [[Hiroshima bombing]].<ref name=Ind240710/> The authors cautioned that while "the results seem to qualitatively support the existence of serious mutation-related health effects in Fallujah, owing to the structural problems associated with surveys of this kind, care should be exercised in interpreting the findings quantitatively".
==See also==
{{Portal|Iraq}}
*[[Fallujah Barrage]]
*[[First Battle of Fallujah]]
*[[Second Battle of Fallujah]]
*[[Third Battle of Fallujah]]
*[[List of places in Iraq]]
==Notes==
{{
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Fallujah}}
*[http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Al_Fallujah.html Iraq Image – Al Fallujah Satellite Observation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175932/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Al_Fallujah.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
*[http://city-journal.org/2008/18_2_fallujah.html Hope for Iraq's Meanest City, ''City Journal,'' Spring 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415094322/http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_2_fallujah.html |date=15 April 2008 }}
*[http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/en/body.asp ''Falluja: The hidden massacre''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201030604/http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/en/body.asp |date=1 December 2005 }} [[RAI|RAI News 24]]
*[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/return-to-fallujah-774846.html Return To Fallujah – The Independent]
{{Coord|33|21|N|43|47|E|type:city|display=title}}
{{Al Anbar cities}}
{{Districts of Iraq}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Populated places in Al Anbar Governorate]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]]
[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]]
[[Category:Cities in Iraq]]
| |||